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Visual system-Structure-Optic chiasm The optic nerves from both eyes meet and cross at the optic chiasm, at the base of the hypothalamus of the brain. At this point, the information coming from both eyes is combined and then splits according to the visual field. The corresponding halves of the field of view (right and ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Structure-Optic tract Information from the right visual field (now on the left side of the brain) travels in the left optic tract. Information from the left visual field travels in the right optic tract. Each optic tract terminates in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in the thalamus. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Structure-Lateral geniculate nucleus The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is a sensory relay nucleus in the thalamus of the brain. The LGN consists of six layers in humans and other primates starting from catarrhines, including cercopithecidae and apes. Layers 1, 4, and 6 correspond to information from th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Structure-Optic radiation The optic radiations, one on each side of the brain, carry information from the thalamic lateral geniculate nucleus to layer 4 of the visual cortex. The P layer neurons of the LGN relay to V1 layer 4C β. The M layer neurons relay to V1 layer 4C α. The K layer neurons in the LGN r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Structure-Visual cortex The visual cortex is the largest system in the human brain and is responsible for processing the visual image. It lies at the rear of the brain (highlighted in the image), above the cerebellum. The region that receives information directly from the LGN is called the primary visual ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Structure-Visual association cortex As visual information passes forward through the visual hierarchy, the complexity of the neural representations increases. Whereas a V1 neuron may respond selectively to a line segment of a particular orientation in a particular retinotopic location, neurons in the late... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Structure-Along with this increasing complexity of neural representation may come a level of specialization of processing into two distinct pathways: the dorsal stream and the ventral stream (the Two Streams hypothesis, first proposed by Ungerleider and Mishkin in 1982). The dorsal stream, commonly referr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Structure-However, there is still much debate about the degree of specialization within these two pathways, since they are in fact heavily interconnected.Horace Barlow proposed the efficient coding hypothesis in 1961 as a theoretical model of sensory coding in the brain. Limitations in the applicability o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Structure-In the parietal lobe, the lateral and ventral intraparietal cortex are involved in visual attention and saccadic eye movements. These regions are in the Intraparietal sulcus (marked in red in the adjacent image). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Development-Infancy Newborn infants have limited color perception. One study found that 74% of newborns can distinguish red, 36% green, 25% yellow, and 14% blue. After one month, performance "improved somewhat." Infant's eyes do not have the ability to accommodate. The pediatricians are able to perform no... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Development-Childhood and adolescence Depth perception, focus, tracking and other aspects of vision continue to develop throughout early and middle childhood. From recent studies in the United States and Australia there is some evidence that the amount of time school aged children spend outdoors, in natur... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Development-Adulthood Eyesight is often one of the first senses affected by aging. A number of changes occur with aging: Over time, the lens become yellowed and may eventually become brown, a condition known as brunescence or brunescent cataract. Although many factors contribute to yellowing, lifetime exp... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Other functions-Balance Along with proprioception and vestibular function, the visual system plays an important role in the ability of an individual to control balance and maintain an upright posture. When these three conditions are isolated and balance is tested, it has been found that vision is the most... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Clinical significance-Proper function of the visual system is required for sensing, processing, and understanding the surrounding environment. Difficulty in sensing, processing and understanding light input has the potential to adversely impact an individual's ability to communicate, learn and effectively... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Clinical significance-Glaucoma is a type of blindness that begins at the edge of the visual field and progresses inward. It may result in tunnel vision. This typically involves the outer layers of the optic nerve, sometimes as a result of buildup of fluid and excessive pressure in the eye.Scotoma is a typ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Clinical significance-Homonymous hemianopia is a type of blindness that destroys one entire side of the visual field typically caused by injury in the primary visual cortex.
Quadrantanopia is a type of blindness that destroys only a part of the visual field typically caused by partial injury in the primar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-Other animals-Different species are able to see different parts of the light spectrum; for example, bees can see into the ultraviolet, while pit vipers can accurately target prey with their pit organs, which are sensitive to infrared radiation. The mantis shrimp possesses arguably the most complex visual ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-History-In the second half of the 19th century, many motifs of the nervous system were identified such as the neuron doctrine and brain localization, which related to the neuron being the basic unit of the nervous system and functional localisation in the brain, respectively. These would become tenets of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual system-History-The notion that the cerebral cortex is divided into functionally distinct cortices now known to be responsible for capacities such as touch (somatosensory cortex), movement (motor cortex), and vision (visual cortex), was first proposed by Franz Joseph Gall in 1810. Evidence for functionally distin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Twiddler's syndrome-Twiddler's syndrome-Twiddler's syndrome is a malfunction of a pacemaker due to manipulation of the device and the consequent dislodging of the leads from their intended location. As the leads move, they stop pacing the heart and can cause strange symptoms such as phrenic nerve stimulation resulting ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
4-HO-DSBT-4-HO-DSBT-4-HO-DsBT (4-hydroxy-N,N-di-sec-butyltryptamine) is a tryptamine derivative which acts as a serotonin receptor agonist. It was first made by Alexander Shulgin and is mentioned in his book TiHKAL, but was never tested by him. However it has subsequently been tested in vitro and unlike the n-butyl and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thorium(IV) hydroxide-Thorium(IV) hydroxide-Thorium(IV) hydroxide is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula Th(OH)4. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thorium(IV) hydroxide-Production-Thorium(IV) hydroxide can be produced by reacting sodium hydroxide and soluble thorium salts. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thorium(IV) hydroxide-Reactions-New thorium(IV) hydroxide is soluble in acid but its solubility will decrease when older.Thorium(IV) hydroxide will break up at high temperature and produce thorium dioxide: Th(OH)4 → ThO2 + 2 H2OAt high pressure, thorium(IV) hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide, and produce thorium carb... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
4-Isopropenylphenol-4-Isopropenylphenol-4-Isopropenylphenol is an organic compound with the formula CH2=(CH3)CC6H4OH. The molecule consists of a 2-propenyl group (CH2=C-CH3) affixed to the 4 position of phenol. The compound is an intermediate in the production of bisphenol A (BPA), 2.7 Mkg/y of which are produced annua... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
4-Isopropenylphenol-Synthesis and reactions-The high-temperature hydrolysis of BPA gives the title compound together with phenol: (CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2 + H2O → CH2=(CH3)CC6H4OH + C6H5OHThe compound can also be produced by catalytic dehydrogenation of 4-isopropylphenol.4-Isopropenylphenol undergoes O-protonation by sulfuric ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Recoilless rifle-Recoilless rifle-A recoilless rifle (rifled), recoilless launcher (smoothbore), or simply recoilless gun, sometimes abbreviated to "RR" or "RCL" (for ReCoilLess) is a type of lightweight artillery system or man-portable launcher that is designed to eject some form of countermass such as propellant gas ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Recoilless rifle-Recoilless rifle-Because some projectile velocity is inevitably lost to the recoil compensation, recoilless rifles tend to have inferior range to traditional cannon, although with a far greater ease of transport, making them popular with paratroop, mountain warfare and special forces units, where porta... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Recoilless rifle-Design-There are a number of principles under which a recoilless gun can operate, all involving the ejection of some kind of counter-mass from the rear of the gun tube to offset the force of the projectile being fired forward. The most basic method, and the first to be employed, is simply making a doub... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Recoilless rifle-Design-The most common system involves venting some portion of the weapon's propellant gas to the rear of the tube, in the same fashion as a rocket launcher. This creates a forward directed momentum which is nearly equal to the rearward momentum (recoil) imparted to the system by accelerating the proje... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Recoilless rifle-Design-Recoilless rifle rounds for breech-loading reloadable systems resemble conventional cased ammunition, using a driving band to engage the rifled gun tube and spin-stabilize the projectile. The casing of a recoilless rifle round is often perforated to vent the propellant gases, which are then dire... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Recoilless rifle-Design-Since venting propellant gases to the rear can be dangerous in confined spaces, some recoilless guns use a combination of a countershot and captive piston propelling cartridge design to avoid both recoil and backblast. The Armbrust "cartridge," for example, contains the propellant charge inside ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Recoilless rifle-History-The earliest known example of a design for a gun based on recoilless principles was created by Leonardo da Vinci in the 15th or early 16th century. This design was of a gun which fired projectiles in opposite directions, but there is no evidence any physical firearm based on the design was cons... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Recoilless rifle-History-In 1879 a French patent was filed by Alfred Krupp for a recoilless gun.The first recoilless gun known to have actually been constructed was developed by Commander Cleland Davis of the US Navy, just prior to World War I. His design, named the Davis gun, connected two guns back-to-back, with the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Recoilless rifle-History-The first recoilless gun to enter service in Germany was the 7.5 cm Leichtgeschütz 40 ("light gun" '40), a simple 75 mm smoothbore recoilless gun developed to give German airborne troops artillery and anti-tank support that could be parachuted into battle. The 7.5cm LG 40 was found to be so use... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Recoilless rifle-History-During World War II, the Swedish military developed a shoulder-fired 20 mm device, the Pansarvärnsgevär m/42 (20 mm m/42); the British expressed their interest in it, but by that point the weapon, patterned after obsolete anti-tank rifles, was too weak to be effective against period tank armor.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Recoilless rifle-History-By the time of the Korean War, recoilless rifles were found throughout the US forces. The earliest American infantry recoilless rifles were the shoulder-fired 57 mm M18 and the tripod-mounted 75 mm M20, later followed by the 105 mm M27: the latter proved unreliable, too heavy, and too hard to a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Recoilless rifle-History-The Soviet Union adopted a series of crew-served smoothbore recoilless guns in the 1950s and 1960s, specifically the 73mm SPG-9, 82mm B-10 and 107mm B-11. All are found quite commonly around the world in the inventories of former Soviet client states, where they are usually used as anti-tank gu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Recoilless rifle-History-The British, whose efforts were led by Charles Dennistoun Burney, inventor of the Wallbuster HESH round, also developed recoilless designs. Burney demonstrated the technique with a recoilless 4-gauge shotgun. His "Burney Gun" was developed to fire the Wallbuster shell against the Atlantic Wall ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Recoilless rifle-History-During the late 1960s and 1970s, SACLOS wire-guided missiles began to supplant recoilless rifles in the anti-tank role. While recoilless rifles retain several advantages such as being able to be employed at extremely close range, as a guided missile typically has a significant deadzone before i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Recoilless rifle-History-Front-line recoilless weapons in the armies of modern industrialized nations are mostly man-portable devices such as the Carl Gustav, an 84 mm weapon. First introduced in 1948 and exported extensively since 1964, it is still in widespread use throughout the world today: a huge selection of spec... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Recoilless rifle-Civilian use-Obsolete 75mm M20 and 105mm M27 recoilless rifles were used by the U.S. National Park Service and the U.S. Forest Service as a system for triggering controlled avalanches at a safe distance, from the early 1950s until the US Military's inventory of surplus ammunition for these weapons was ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ponazuril-Ponazuril-Ponazuril (INN), sold by Merial, Inc., now part of Boehringer Ingelheim, under the trade name Marquis® (15% w/w ponazuril), is a drug currently approved for the treatment of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in horses, caused by coccidia Sarcocystis neurona. More recently, veterinarians have ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric Image Animation System-Electric Image Animation System-The Electric Image Animation System (EIAS) is a 3D computer graphics package published by EIAS3D. It currently runs on the macOS and Windows platforms. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric Image Animation System-History-Electric Image, Inc. was initially a visual effects production company. They developed their own in-house 3D animation and rendering package for the Macintosh beginning in the late 1980s, calling it ElectricImage Animation System. (To avoid confusion with the current product with... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric Image Animation System-History-EIAS has been used in numerous film and television productions, such as: Piranha 3D, Alien Trespass, Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl, Daddy Day Care, K-19: The Widowmaker, Gangs of New York, Austin Powers: Goldmember, Men In Black II, The Bourne Identity, B... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric Image Animation System-History-TV Shows: Revolution, Breaking Bad, Alcatraz, Pan AM, The whole Truth, Lost, Flash Forward, Fringe, Surface, Weeds, Pushing Daisies, The X-Files, Alias, Smallville, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Babylon 5, Young Indiana Jones, Star Trek Voyager, Mists of Avalon, Star Trek Enter... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric Image Animation System-History-Electric Image, Inc. was always a small company that produced software on the Mac platform and so never had a large a market share. Play, Inc. purchased Electric Image corporation in November 1998. The first version of EIAS released under the Play moniker was version 2.9. Play la... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric Image Animation System-History-In 2000, Dwight Parscale (former CEO of Newtek) and original Electric Image founders Markus Houy and Jay Roth bought back the original company from Play Inc. On September 19, 2000, the company bought back the shares of Electric Image from Play and set about to recapture the produ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric Image Animation System-History-Versions 6.0 and 6.5 were subsequently released with vast improvements to the rendering engine and OpenGL performance. Version 6.5r2 added FBX file importing capability. 6.6 added Universal Binary support and finally drops support for Mac OS 9. Version 7.0 brought Multi-Layer Ren... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric Image Animation System-History-In 2009, EITG began negotiations to sell the intellectual property rights of ElectricImage. On January 12, 2010 it was announced that Tomas Egger, Igor Yatsenko, and Igor Ivaniuk had become the new owners of EIAS. Known collectively as "The Igors", Igor Yatsenko and Igor Ivaniuk ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric Image Animation System-Market positioning-The existing customer base for EIAS favors it for its fast renderer, its high output quality, and its camera mapping features. The tool set lends itself particularly well to hard-surface animation/rendering and other forms of non-organic tasks. It is most popular with ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric Image Animation System-Components-The Electric Image Animation System is not a single program, but rather a suite of several programs designed to work together. Each of the primary programs handles a particular part of the production workflow: Animator Animator is the EIAS animation program. It can directly im... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric Image Animation System-Components-Camera Camera is the EIAS rendering program, known for its speed and high image quality. As of version 9.0, it supports ray tracing, Phong shading, scanline rendering, spatial anti-aliasing, motion blur, caustics, radiosity, Photon mapping, Irradiance Cache, Screen Cache and g... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric Image Animation System-Components-Renderama Renderama and Renderama Slave compose EIAS's distributed network rendering system. It allows for the rendering of a project to be distributed over a network's computers (i.e., for the formation of a render farm). It supports both single and multiprocessor computers, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electric Image Animation System-Components-Modeler Modeler saves its files in Electric Image's "FACT" file format for importing into Animator (see above). It supports ACIS modeling, "ÜberNurbs" (EIAS' subdivision surfaces modeling technology), LAWS (based on parametric formulas) as well as Boolean operations and other ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Gamma camera-Gamma camera-A gamma camera (γ-camera), also called a scintillation camera or Anger camera, is a device used to image gamma radiation emitting radioisotopes, a technique known as scintigraphy. The applications of scintigraphy include early drug development and nuclear medical imaging to view and analyse im... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Gamma camera-Imaging techniques-Scintigraphy ("scint") is the use of gamma cameras to capture emitted radiation from internal radioisotopes to create two-dimensional images.
SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) imaging, as used in nuclear cardiac stress testing, is performed using gamma cameras. Usually o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Gamma camera-Imaging techniques-Multi-headed gamma cameras can also be used for positron emission tomography (PET) scanning, provided that their hardware and software can be configured to detect "coincidences" (near simultaneous events on 2 different heads). Gamma camera PET is markedly inferior to PET imaging with a p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Gamma camera-Construction-A gamma camera consists of one or more flat crystal planes (or detectors) optically coupled to an array of photomultiplier tubes in an assembly known as a "head", mounted on a gantry. The gantry is connected to a computer system that both controls the operation of the camera and acquires and s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Gamma camera-Construction-The system accumulates events, or counts, of gamma photons that are absorbed by the crystal in the camera. Usually a large flat crystal of sodium iodide with thallium doping NaI(Tl) in a light-sealed housing is used. The highly efficient capture method of this combination for detecting gamma r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Gamma camera-Signal processing-Hal Anger developed the first gamma camera in 1957. His original design, frequently called the Anger camera, is still widely used today. The Anger camera uses sets of vacuum tube photomultipliers (PMT). Generally each tube has an exposed face of about 7.6 cm in diameter and the tubes are ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Gamma camera-Signal processing-The location of the interaction between the gamma ray and the crystal can be determined by processing the voltage signals from the photomultipliers; in simple terms, the location can be found by weighting the position of each photomultiplier tube by the strength of its signal, and then ca... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Gamma camera-Spatial resolution-In order to obtain spatial information about the gamma-ray emissions from an imaging subject (e.g. a person's heart muscle cells which have absorbed an intravenous injected radioactive, usually thallium-201 or technetium-99m, medicinal imaging agent) a method of correlating the detected ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Gamma camera-Spatial resolution-The conventional method is to place a collimator over the detection crystal/PMT array. The collimator consists of a thick sheet of lead, typically 25 to 55 millimetres (1 to 2.2 in) thick, with thousands of adjacent holes through it. There are three types of collimators: low energy, medi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Gamma camera-Spatial resolution-The best current camera system designs can differentiate two separate point sources of gamma photons located at 6 to 12 mm depending on distance from the collimator, the type of collimator and radio-nucleide. Spatial resolution decreases rapidly at increasing distances from the camera fa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knowledge ark-Knowledge ark-A knowledge ark (also known as a doomsday ark or doomsday vault) is a collection of knowledge preserved in such a way that future generations would have access to said knowledge if all other copies of it were lost. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knowledge ark-Knowledge ark-Scenarios where access to information (such as the Internet) would become otherwise impossible could be described as existential risks or extinction-level events. A knowledge ark could take the form of a traditional library or a modern computer database. It could also be pictorial in nature,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knowledge ark-Knowledge ark-Other types of knowledge arks might include genetic material, such as in a DNA bank. With the potential for widespread personal DNA sequencing becoming a reality, an individual might agree to store their genetic code in a digital or analog storage format which would enable later retrieval of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knowledge ark-Examples-An example of a DNA bank is the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, a seedbank which is intended to preserve a wide variety of plant seeds (such as important crops) in case of their extinction. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knowledge ark-Examples-The Memory of Mankind project involves engraving human knowledge on clay tablets and storing it in a salt mine. The engravings are microscopic.A Lunar ark has been proposed which would store and transmit valuable information to receiver stations on Earth. The success of this would also depend on ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knowledge ark-Examples-The Arch Mission Foundation sent the Lunar Library, a 30 million page knowledge ark designed to survive for millions or billions of years in space, to the moon on the Israeli Beresheet spacecraft in 2019. The spacecraft experienced a crash landing. However, the library likely survived intact.The ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pseudostrabismus-Pseudostrabismus-Pseudostrabismus is the false appearance of crossed eyes. When the eyes are actually crossed or not completely aligned with one another, it is called strabismus. Pseudostrabismus is more likely to be observed in East Asian or Native American infants, due to the presence of epicanthic f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pseudostrabismus-Pseudostrabismus-Pseudostrabismus generally occurs in infants and toddlers, whose facial features are not fully developed. The bridge of their nose is wide and flat, creating telecanthus (increased distance between medial canthus of both eyes). With age, the bridge will narrow, and the epicanthic folds... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pseudostrabismus-Pseudostrabismus-To detect the difference between strabismus and pseudostrabismus, clinicians use a flashlight to shine into the child's eyes. When the child is looking at the light, a reflection can be seen on the front surface of the pupil. If the eyes are aligned with one another, the reflection fro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pseudostrabismus-Pseudostrabismus-Rakel's Textbook of Family Medicine states, "A common misconception is that children with crossed eyes outgrow the condition, but this is generally not the case. This belief stems from the confusion between true strabismus and pseudostrabismus. When a child's eyes are truly crossed, it... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Threose-Threose-Threose is a four-carbon monosaccharide with molecular formula C4H8O4. It has a terminal aldehyde group rather than a ketone in its linear chain, and so is considered part of the aldose family of monosaccharides. The threose name can be used to refer to both the D- and L-stereoisomers, and more generall... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Mock trial-A mock trial is an act or imitation trial. It is similar to a moot court, but mock trials simulate lower-court trials, while moot court simulates appellate court hearings. Attorneys preparing for a real trial might use a mock trial consisting of volunteers as role players to test theories or exper... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Litigation related mock trials-Litigators may use mock trials to assist with trial preparation and settlement negotiations of actual cases. Unlike school-related mock trials, these mock trials can take numerous forms depending on the information sought. For example, when faced with complex fact issues in a p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Competitive school-related mock trials around the world-Asia Pacific Guam has been hosting the annual Asia-Pacific Invitational Mock Trial Competition. In 2011 and 2012, there were 14 teams from Guam, South Korea, and Saipan in its 4th annual competition. The competition was held at the Superior Court of Gua... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Competitive school-related mock trials around the world-Australia Mock trial competitions in Australia are held regionally. These include: The Law Society of South Australia Mock Trial Competition comprises a series of simulated court cases by students years 10, 11 and 12 from 32 schools in South Australia.
... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Competitive school-related mock trials around the world-The New South Wales Mock Trial Competition has been running since 1981 for students years 10 and 11 in New South Wales initially with 28 schools. There have also been international events with mock trial competitions between Australia and the United Kin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Competitive school-related mock trials around the world-Continental Europe Mock trials in continental Europe are less coordinated than their UK or US counterparts, but there are a few isolated examples. In Germany, the Faculty of Legal Sciences of the University of Regensburg organizes the REGINA Mock Trial.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Competitive school-related mock trials around the world-United Kingdom The Bar National Mock Trial Competition involves students taking on the roles of barristers and witnesses and presenting their case against teams from other schools. Young Citizens, in association with His Majesty's Courts and Tribunal Se... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Competitive school-related mock trials around the world-In Scotland, The School Mock Court Case Project runs both primary and secondary school competitions, although has undertaken a number of international competitions. Currently some 100 schools, circa 3,000 students are involved. As of 2021, international... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Competitive school-related mock trials around the world-United States Competition framework Competitive mock trial functions in yearly cycles. Each year, a case packet is distributed to all participating schools in late summer to early fall. The case packet is a series of documents including the charges, pen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Competitive school-related mock trials around the world-National mock trial teams consist of a minimum of six and a maximum of twelve official members. The size of state mock trial teams can vary; California, for example, allows up to 25 official team members. Each team prepares both sides of the case: prose... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Competitive school-related mock trials around the world-Procedure The mock trial begins with the judge entering the courtroom. The judge then gives out the instructions to the jury (about what they are to listen to). Then if there is a pretrial motion, the defense and prosecution give their respective pretri... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Competitive school-related mock trials around the world-Objections A main part of Mock Trial is the raising and arguing of objections given by opposing teams. Objections are raised when the opposing counsel attempts to bring in evidence or testimony that go against the rules of evidence. When an objection is... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Competitive school-related mock trials around the world-Judging There are several different ways that a mock trial can be judged. In one, the judges for scoring the mock trial consist of the presiding judge and two scoring judges, all of whom score the teams. In a second method, there are two scoring judges ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Competitive school-related mock trials around the world-Unlike real law, the victorious team does not necessarily have to win on the merits of the case. Instead, evaluators score individual attorneys and witnesses on a 1–10 scale (though some states use different scales for high school competitions) based on... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Competitive school-related mock trials around the world-In some competitions, points can be deducted from a team's score for testifying with information outside the scope of the mock trial materials and for unsportsmanlike conduct or abuse of objections. However, scores are completely at a judge's discretion... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Competitive school-related mock trials around the world-Power matching In the first round of the tournament, all of the teams are randomly matched to compete with each other. After the first round of some tournaments, teams are “power matched” to go up against other teams with similar records (e.g. in the se... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Competitive school-related mock trials around the world-Of course, there are practical exceptions to the theory of power matching. Tab room coordinators who are creating brackets for each round may deviate from the rules of power matching in order to 1. allow each team to alternate between prosecution/plaint... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Competitive school-related mock trials around the world-National championship format In the national championship format, which is also employed by invitationals across the country, the tournament is power matched through the last round. While this determines the strongest team at the tournament overall, it ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Competitive school-related mock trials around the world-Power protection When tournaments are power protected, it means that the first rounds of competition are power matched as stated above. In the last round(s), however, the team with the strongest record is paired against the team with the weakest record.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Competitive school-related mock trials around the world-Levels of competition Elementary school At the elementary school level, the mock trial guide by American Bar Association suggests to use role-playing from scripted mock trials such as fairy tale mock trials as a way to introduce the concept of conflicts... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Competitive school-related mock trials around the world-The first format focuses on how the cases are developed such as New Jersey Law Fair competitions. Students grades 3 to 6 are asked to generate, develop and write the case from their own idea to include details of the facts, issue, witnesses, statements,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Competitive school-related mock trials around the world-Middle school Although there is no national competition for middle/junior high school level, there are many intrastate competitions held by state/county level organizers: * With the exception of New Jersey, all competitions have similar format as in hig... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mock trial-Competitive school-related mock trials around the world-High school The mock trial program was started to allow high school students to experience a courtroom setting in a variety of hands-on roles. The mock trials are set up and structured just like a real court and are bound by the same rules. This can hel... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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