text stringlengths 0 73.6k | source stringclasses 4
values |
|---|---|
Slitherlink-Solution methods-Another useful notation when solving Slitherlink is a ninety degree arc between two adjacent lines, to indicate that exactly one of the two must be filled. A related notation is a double arc between adjacent lines, indicating that both or neither of the two must be filled. These notations a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slitherlink-Solution methods-Many of the methods below can be broken down into two simpler steps by use of arc notation. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slitherlink-Solution methods-Exactly 2 or 0 lines at each point A key to many deductions in Slitherlink is that every point has either exactly two lines connected to it, or no lines. So if a point which is in the centre of the grid, not at an edge or corner, has three incoming lines which are X'd out, the fourth must a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slitherlink-Solution methods-Corners If a 1 is in a corner, the actual corner's lines may be X'd out, because a line that entered said corner could not leave it except by passing by the 1 again. This also applies if two lines leading into the 1-box at the same corner are X'd out.If a 3 is in a corner, the two outside e... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slitherlink-Solution methods-Rules for squares with 1 If a line comes into a corner of a 1 and if one of the three remaining directions that the line can continue, the one that is not a side of the 1 is a known blank, then the two sides of the 1 opposite that corner can be X'd out.This also applies in reverse. That is,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slitherlink-Solution methods-A rule for squares with 2 If a 2 has any surrounding line X’d, then a line coming into either of the two corners not adjacent to the X’d out line cannot immediately exit at right angles away from the 2, as then two lines around the 2 would be impossible, and can therefore be X’d. This means... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slitherlink-Solution methods-Rules for squares with 3 If a 3 is adjacent to a 0, either horizontally or vertically, then all edges of that 3 can be filled except for the one touching the 0. In addition, the two lines perpendicular to the adjacent boxes can be filled.If two 3s are adjacent to each other horizontally or ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slitherlink-Solution methods-If a line reaches a corner of a 3, there must be lines on both sides of the 3 that said corner is not adjacent to, because if the 3's sole empty space were not adjacent to it, the corner would have three lines connected to it. Furthermore, the segment leading away from the 3 at the corner r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slitherlink-Solution methods-Diagonals of 3s and 2s If two 3s are adjacent diagonally, the edges which do not run into the common point must be filled in.Similarly, if two 3s are in the same diagonal, but separated by any number of 2s (and only 2s) the outside edges of the 3s must be filled in, just as if they were adj... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slitherlink-Solution methods-Diagonals of a 3 and 1 If a 1 and a 3 are adjacent diagonally and the outer two sides of the 1 are X'd out, then the outer two sides of the 3 must be filled in.The opposite is the same: if the outer two corners of the 3 are filled in, then the outer two corners of the 1 must be X'd out. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slitherlink-Solution methods-Diagonals starting with a 2 If a line reaches a corner of a 2, and the line must continue through one of the two connecting sides of the 2, then exactly one of the other two sides of the 2 must be filled, and that line must continue through one of the two connecting sides of the diagonally ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slitherlink-Solution methods-A rule for closed regions If a region of the lattice is closed-off (such that no lines can "escape"), and is not empty, there must be a non-zero, even number of lines entering the region that begin outside the region. (An odd number of lines entering implies an odd number of segment ends in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slitherlink-Solution methods-In the figure below, the line at the top-left will close off the top-right region of the lattice whether it proceeds down or to the right. The line to the right (around two sides of the 3) has entered the closed region. To satisfy the rule, the first line must enter the region, and the seco... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slitherlink-Solution methods-Rules for puzzles that have only 1 solution If there are exactly two possible paths, A and B, between two points in the solution (two points that have been, or must be, reached by lines); and if a solution containing A must also work with B, and the reverse is not true; then B is the correc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slitherlink-Solution methods-If there is a 2 in a corner, and the two non-diagonally adjacent squares are unconstrained, lines can be drawn as shown below. (In the figure, the question mark represents any number or blank, but the number will only be a 2 or 3. A puzzle with only one solution cannot have a 2 in a corner ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slitherlink-History-Slitherlink is an original puzzle of Nikoli; it first appeared in Puzzle Communication Nikoli #26 (June 1989). The editor combined two original puzzles contributed there. At first, every square contained a number and the edges did not have to form a loop. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slitherlink-Video games-Slitherlink puzzles have been featured in video games on several platforms. A game titled Slither Link was published in Japan by Bandai for the Wonderswan portable console in 2000. Slitherlink puzzles were included alongside Sudoku and Nonogram puzzles in the Loppi Puzzle Magazine: Kangaeru Puzz... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Small-signal model-Small-signal model-Small-signal modeling is a common analysis technique in electronics engineering used to approximate the behavior of electronic circuits containing nonlinear devices with linear equations. It is applicable to electronic circuits in which the AC signals (i.e., the time-varying curren... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Small-signal model-Overview-Many of the electrical components used in simple electric circuits, such as resistors, inductors, and capacitors are linear. Circuits made with these components, called linear circuits, are governed by linear differential equations, and can be solved easily with powerful mathematical frequen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Small-signal model-Overview-However in some electronic circuits such as radio receivers, telecommunications, sensors, instrumentation and signal processing circuits, the AC signals are "small" compared to the DC voltages and currents in the circuit. In these, perturbation theory can be used to derive an approximate AC ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Small-signal model-Variable notation-DC quantities (also known as bias), constant values with respect to time, are denoted by uppercase letters with uppercase subscripts. For example, the DC input bias voltage of a transistor would be denoted VIN . For example, one might say that VIN=5 Small-signal quantities, which ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Small-signal model-PN junction diodes-The (large-signal) Shockley equation for a diode can be linearized about the bias point or quiescent point (sometimes called Q-point) to find the small-signal conductance, capacitance and resistance of the diode. This procedure is described in more detail under diode modelling#Smal... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Small-signal model-Differences between small signal and large signal-A large signal is any signal having enough magnitude to reveal a circuit's nonlinear behavior. The signal may be a DC signal or an AC signal or indeed, any signal. How large a signal needs to be (in magnitude) before it is considered a large signal de... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Small-signal model-Differences between small signal and large signal-A small signal is part of a model of a large signal. To avoid confusion, note that there is such a thing as a small signal (a part of a model) and a small-signal model (a model of a large signal). A small signal model consists of a small signal (havi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shikkui-Shikkui-Shikkui (漆喰) is an ecological nontoxic Japanese lime plaster primarily made out of hydrated lime and calcium carbonate coming from reprocessed eggshells. It is mainly used for surface coatings of walls and ceilings in housing construction.
This material is reputed to achieve a notable range of tradition... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shikkui-Ecological characteristics-Limix, a Shikkui plaster-based material, has a low carbon footprint in production, and a low energy consumption in production (85% less compared to baked ceramic tiles). It absorbs VOC odors and CO2. It is also fully recyclable or decomposable. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shikkui-Technical specifications-ASTM Test Data The Shikkui Surface Coatings have been tested in accordance with the ASTM International standards by accredited testing laboratories in the United States.
• Fire Resistance (ASTM E84) Class A (Type I in other codes) • VOC Content (ASTM D3960) Zero-VOC material • Shore D H... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Backstitch-Backstitch-Backstitch or back stitch and its variants stem stitch, outline stitch and split stitch are a class of embroidery and sewing stitches in which individual stitches are made backward to the general direction of sewing. In embroidery, these stitches form lines and are most often used to outline shape... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Backstitch-How to do it-A versatile stitch which is easy to work, backstitch is ideal for following both simple and intricate outlines and as a foundation row for more complex embroidery stitches such as herringbone ladder filling stitch. Although superficially similar to the Holbein stitch, which is commonly used in b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Backstitch-How to do it-Basic backstitch is the stitch used to outline shapes in modern cross-stitch, in Assisi embroidery and occasionally in blackwork. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Backstitch-How to do it-Stem stitch is an ancient technique; surviving mantles embroidered with stem stitch by the Paracas people of Peru are dated to the first century BCE. Stem stitch is used in the Bayeux Tapestry, an embroidered cloth probably dating to the later 1070s, for lettering and to outline areas filled wit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Backstitch-Description of the technique-Backstitch is most easily worked on an even-weave fabric, where the threads can be counted to ensure regularity, and is generally executed from right to left. The stitches are worked in a 'two steps forward, one step back' fashion, along the line to be filled, as shown in the dia... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Backstitch-Variants-Variants of backstitch include: Basic backstitch or point de sable.
Threaded backstitch Pekinese stitch, a looped interlaced backstitch Stem stitch, in which each stitch overlaps the previous stitch to one side, forming a twisted line of stitching, with the thread passing below the needle. It is gen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tonkatsu sauce-Tonkatsu sauce-Tonkatsu sauce or katsu sauce is a Japanese sauce served with tonkatsu (pork cutlet). It is a thick (viscosity over 2.0 pascal-second, per JAS Standard) Japanese Worcestershire-type sauce. It is similar to a brown sauce (British Isles), and can include a fish sauce, tomatoes, prunes, dates... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tonkatsu sauce-History and varieties-The first tonkatsu sauce was made in 1948 by Oliver Sauce Co., Ltd. of Hyogo Prefecture. The Bull-Dog brand of tonkatsu sauce, for example, is made from malt vinegar, yeast, and vegetable and fruit purees, pastes, and extracts.
In the United States, Kikkoman brand sells a fruity to... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flip or Flop (franchise)-Flip or Flop (franchise)-Flip or Flop is a television franchise of television programs. With the exception of Flip or Flop: Follow Up, each series follows a format, with couples in different parts of the United States purchasing homes, flipping them, and reselling.
As of December 29, 2017, 132 ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flip or Flop (franchise)-Overview-Flip or Flop The El Moussas were both real estate agents prior to the crash in 2008, and later they began flipping homes, mostly in Orange County, California.In 2011, Tarek asked a friend to help him make an audition tape for HGTV. The friend filmed an entire episode of the process of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flip or Flop (franchise)-Overview-Flip or Flop Follow-Up Flip or Flop Follow-Up premiered July 14, 2015. The show revisits old house flips from previous Flip or Flop episodes. The series goes deeper into the issues with the individual flips, and shows previously unaired footage. The series also updates on houses that r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flip or Flop (franchise)-Overview-Flip or Flop Vegas Flip or Flop Vegas is a television series airing on HGTV hosted by real estate agents Bristol and Aubrey Marunde. Filmed in Las Vegas, Nevada, it premiered on April 6, 2017. On June 5, 2017, HGTV announced Flip or Flop Vegas would be renewed for a second season, with... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flip or Flop (franchise)-Overview-Flip or Flop Atlanta Flip or Flop Atlanta is a television series airing on HGTV hosted by real estate agent Anita Corsini and contractor husband Ken. Filmed in the metro Atlanta, Georgia area, it premiered on July 20, 2017. On August 21, 2017, HGTV announced Flip or Flop Atlanta would ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flip or Flop (franchise)-Overview-Flip or Flop Nashville Flip or Flop Nashville will be a television series airing on HGTV hosted by real estate agents DeRon Jenkins and Page Turner. It will premiere on January 18, 2018 and will be filmed in Nashville, Tennessee.
Flip or Flop Fort Worth Flip or Flop Fort Worth is a tel... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flip or Flop (franchise)-Overview-Christina on the Coast In June 2018 it was announced that Christina would be receiving her own spin off show known as Christina on the Coast. The series premiere will focus on Christina renovating her new home following her divorce; with the remaining seven episodes focusing on her fix... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Media multitasking-Media multitasking-Media multitasking is the concurrent use of multiple digital media streams. Media multitasking has been associated with depressive symptoms and social anxiety by a single study involving 318 participants. A 2018 review found that while the literature is sparse and inconclusive, peo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Media multitasking-Cognitive distraction-A touchstone 2009 study by Stanford University used experiments to compare heavy media multitaskers to light media multitaskers in terms of their cognitive control and ability to process information. Findings from the experiment include: When intentionally distracting elements ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Media multitasking-Cognitive distraction-Researchers tried to disprove this theory over several decades, and although they found a handful of activities that people can do simultaneously without slowing, these activities are relatively simple and so far removed from everyday human activities—that they cannot be used as... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Media multitasking-Cognitive distraction-In the workforce Multitasking behavior in the workforce has been increasing steadily since the 1990s as people have easier, and therefore faster, access to information and communication through smart technologies that have become cheaper over time. Although multitasking behavior... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Media multitasking-Cognitive distraction-While driving Research in media multitasking in real-world settings focused mostly on using cellphones while driving. There is an overwhelming amount of evidence to show that talking on a phone while driving is very dangerous, often leading to crashes, including those fatal to b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Media multitasking-Learning-Students commonly use multiple portable digital technologies, including laptops, tablets and smartphones with wireless access to the Internet. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Media multitasking-Learning-Students can use technologies in the classroom to multi-task in two specific ways when given the choice: For on-task purposes that supplement learning and ease the learning task, or for off-task purposes such as entertainment or social interaction. Overall, research shows that digital techno... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Media multitasking-Learning-On-task multitasking Students use technology for many diverse on-task purposes including taking notes, conducting literature searches, viewing video/audio files, creating and viewing spreadsheets and PowerPoint slides, completing online tests and assignments, and even texting friends to ask ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Media multitasking-Learning-Students in grade school and high school benefit most from on-task use of technology. This is largely because at the grade school and high school levels, technology is integrated into the design of the course, and teachers provide the necessary structure and supervision. Such conditions allo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Media multitasking-Learning-However, university students do not generally benefit from technology. The results of one study showed no benefits to using laptops for improving student GPA (grade point average) in comparison to students who did not use laptops.
Two further studies showed that students who did not use lapt... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Media multitasking-Learning-Off-task multitasking A large portion of students use digital technologies for off-task purposes during classroom lectures, with social networking (especially Facebook), instant messaging, texting, emailing, and web-browsing being used most commonly Moreover, young adults multitask more than... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Media multitasking-Learning-One experimental study compared the impact of using 4 different technologies for off-task purposes including MSN, email, texting, and Facebook, to three control groups during real classroom lectures. The three control groups included one group of students who were free to use any amount of t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Media multitasking-Learning-While all studies show that any kind of off-task multitasking lowers performance, some tasks impair performance more than others. Specifically, social networking is particularly bad for student performance as it leads to higher levels of unfinished assignments and lower GPAs.
Moreover, off-t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Media multitasking-Learning-Student multitasking An observational study of how students study at home examined their study habits and strategies. The results showed that most students prefer to task-switch a lot and focus for only approximately 6 minutes before reaching for their favorite digital device. Moreover, the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Media multitasking-Learning-Karpinski and colleagues (2013) compared multitasking behaviors of students from Europe to those of students from the U.S. They found that only the students from the U.S. were distracted by multitasking to the point that their GPA suffered. This was due to two main reasons: the U.S. students... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-DEC Alpha-Alpha (original name Alpha AXP) is a 64-bit reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). Alpha was designed to replace 32-bit VAX complex instruction set computers (CISC) and to be a highly competitive RISC processor for... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-DEC Alpha-Operating systems that support Alpha included OpenVMS (formerly named OpenVMS AXP), Tru64 UNIX (formerly named DEC OSF/1 AXP and Digital UNIX), Windows NT (discontinued after NT 4.0; and prerelease Windows 2000 RC2), Linux (Debian, SUSE, Gentoo and Red Hat), BSD UNIX (NetBSD, OpenBSD and FreeBSD up ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-History-PRISM Alpha emerged from an earlier RISC project named Parallel Reduced Instruction Set Machine (PRISM), itself the product of several earlier projects. PRISM was intended to be a flexible design, supporting Unix-like applications, and Digital's existing VAX/VMS software, after minor conversion. A new... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-History-RISCy VAX As the meeting broke up, Bob Supnik was approached by Ken Olsen, who stated that the RISC chips appeared to be a future threat to their VAX line. He asked Supnik to consider what might be done with VAX to keep it competitive with future RISC systems.This led to the formation of the "RISCy VA... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-History-Alpha The new design uses most of the basic PRISM concepts, but was re-tuned to allow VMS and VMS programs to run at reasonable speed with no conversion at all. The primary Alpha instruction set architects were Richard L. Sites and Richard T. Witek. The PRISM's Epicode was developed into the Alpha's P... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-History-The main contribution of Alpha to the microprocessor industry, and the main reason for its performance, is not so much the architecture but rather its implementation. At that time (as it is now), the microchip industry was dominated by automated design and layout tools. The chip designers at Digital c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-History-Originally, the Alpha processors were designated the DECchip 21x64 series, with "DECchip" replaced in the mid-1990s with "Alpha". The first two digits, "21" signifies the 21st century, and the last two digits, "64" signifies 64 bits. The Alpha was designed as 64-bit from the start and there is no 32-b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-History-Improved models The first few generations of the Alpha chips were some of the most innovative of their time. The first version, the Alpha 21064 or EV4, is the first CMOS microprocessor whose operating frequency rivalled higher-powered ECL minicomputers and mainframes.
The second, 21164 or EV5, is the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-History-The unproduced 21464 or EV8 would have been the first to include simultaneous multithreading, but this version was canceled after the sale of DEC to Compaq. The Tarantula research project, which most likely would have been called EV9, would have been the first Alpha processor to feature a vector proce... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Design principles-The Alpha architecture was intended to be a high-performance design. Digital intended the architecture to support a one-thousandfold increase in performance over twenty-five years. To ensure this, any architectural feature that impeded multiple instruction issue, clock rate or multiprocessin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Registers-The architecture defines a set of 32 integer registers and a set of 32 floating-point registers in addition to a program counter, two lock registers and a floating-point control register (FPCR). It also defines registers that were optional, implemented only if the implementation required them. Lastl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Registers-The integer registers are denoted by R0 to R31 and floating-point registers are denoted by F0 to F31. The R31 and F31 registers are hardwired to zero and writes to those registers by instructions are ignored. Digital considered using a combined register file, but a split register file was determined... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Registers-The program counter is a 64-bit register which contains a longword-aligned virtual byte address, that is, the low two bits of the program counter are always zero. The PC is incremented by four to the address of the next instruction when an instruction is decoded. A lock flag and locked physical addr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Data types-In the Alpha architecture, a byte is defined as an 8-bit datum (octet), a word as a 16-bit datum, a longword as a 32-bit datum, a quadword as a 64-bit datum, and an octaword as a 128-bit datum. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Data types-The Alpha architecture originally defined six data types: Quadword (64-bit) integer Longword (32-bit) integer IEEE T-floating-point (double precision, 64-bit) IEEE S-floating-point (single precision, 32-bit)To maintain a level of compatibility with the VAX, the 32-bit architecture that preceded the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Memory-The Alpha has a 64-bit linear virtual address space with no memory segmentation. Implementations can implement a smaller virtual address space with a minimum size of 43 bits. Although the unused bits were not implemented in hardware such as TLBs, the architecture required implementations to check wheth... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Instruction formats-The Alpha ISA has a fixed instruction length of 32 bits. It has six instruction formats. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Instruction formats-The integer operate format is used by integer instructions. It contains a 6-bit opcode field, followed by the Ra field, which specifies the register containing the first operand and the Rb field, specifies the register containing the second operand. Next is a 3-bit field which is unused an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Instruction formats-The integer literal format is used by integer instructions which use a literal as one of the operands. The format is the same as the integer operate format except for the replacement of the 5-bit Rb field and the 3 bits of unused space with an 8-bit literal field which is zero-extended to ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Instruction formats-Branch instructions have a 6-bit opcode field, a 5-bit Ra field and a 21-bit displacement field. The Ra field specifies a register to be tested by a conditional branch instruction, and if the condition is met, the program counter is updated by adding the contents of the displacement field ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Instruction formats-The CALL_PAL format is used by the CALL_PAL instruction, which is used to call PALcode subroutines. The format retains the opcode field but replaces the others with a 26-bit function field, which contains an integer specifying a PAL subroutine. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Instruction set-Control instructions The control instructions consist of conditional and unconditional branches, and jumps. The conditional and unconditional branch instructions use the branch instruction format, while the jump instructions use the memory instruction format. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Instruction set-Conditional branches test whether the least significant bit of a register is set or clear, or compare a register as a signed quadword to zero, and branch if the specified condition is true. The conditions available for comparing a register to zero are equality, inequality, less than, less than... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Instruction set-Unconditional branches update the program counter with a new address computed in the same way as conditional branches. They also save the address of the instruction following the unconditional branch to a register. There are two such instructions, and they differ only in the hints provided for... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Instruction set-Integer arithmetic The integer arithmetic instructions perform addition, multiplication, and subtraction on longwords and quadwords; and comparison on quadwords. There is no instruction(s) for division as the architects considered the implementation of division in hardware to be adverse to sim... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Instruction set-The instructions that operate on longwords ignore the most significant half of the register and the 32-bit result is sign-extended before it is written to the destination register. By default, the add, multiply, and subtract instructions, with the exception of UMULH and scaled versions of add ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Instruction set-The compare instructions compare two registers or a register and a literal and write '1' to the destination register if the specified condition is true or '0' if not. The conditions are equality, inequality, less than or equal to, and less than. With the exception of the instructions that spec... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Instruction set-The integer arithmetic instructions use the integer operate instruction formats. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Instruction set-Logical and shift The logical instructions consist of those for performing bitwise logical operations and conditional moves on the integer registers. The bitwise logical instructions perform AND, NAND, NOR, OR, XNOR, and XOR between two registers or a register and literal. The conditional move... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Extensions-Byte-Word Extensions (BWX) Later Alphas include byte-word extensions, a set of instructions to manipulate 8-bit and 16-bit data types. These instructions were first introduced in the 21164A (EV56) microprocessor and are present in all subsequent implementations. These instructions perform operation... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Extensions-Motion Video Instructions (MVI) Motion Video Instructions (MVI) was an instruction set extension to the Alpha ISA that added instructions for single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) operations. Alpha implementations that implement MVI, in chronological order, are the Alpha 21164PC (PCA56 and PCA57... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Extensions-MVI's simplicity is due to two reasons. Firstly, Digital had determined that the Alpha 21164 was already capable of performing DVD decoding through software, therefore not requiring hardware provisions for the purpose, but was inefficient in MPEG-2 encoding. The second reason is the requirement to ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Extensions-MVI consists of 13 instructions: Floating-point Extensions (FIX) Floating-point extensions (FIX) are an extension to the Alpha Architecture. It introduces nine instructions for floating-point square-root and for transferring data to and from the integer registers and floating-point registers. The A... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Implementations-At the time of its announcement, Alpha was heralded as an architecture for the next 25 years. While this was not to be, Alpha has nevertheless had a reasonably long life. The first version, the Alpha 21064 (otherwise named the EV4) was introduced in November 1992 running at up to 192 MHz; a sl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Implementations-The Alpha 21164 or EV5 became available in 1995 at processor frequencies of up to 333 MHz. In July 1996 the line was speed bumped to 500 MHz, in March 1998 to 666 MHz. Also in 1998 the Alpha 21264 (EV6) was released at 450 MHz, eventually reaching (in 2001 with the 21264C/EV68CB) 1.25 GHz. In ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Implementations-In 1996, the production of Alpha chips was licensed to Samsung Electronics Company. Following the purchase of Digital by Compaq the majority of the Alpha products were placed with API NetWorks, Inc. (formerly Alpha Processor Inc.), a private company funded by Samsung and Compaq. In October 200... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Implementations-On June 25, 2001, Compaq announced that Alpha would be phased out by 2004 in favor of Intel's Itanium, canceled the planned EV8 chip, and sold all Alpha intellectual property to Intel. Hewlett-Packard merged with Compaq in 2002; HP announced that development of the Alpha series would continue ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Implementations-Alpha is also implemented in the Piranha, a research prototype developed by Compaq's Corporate Research and Nonstop Hardware Development groups at the Western Research Laboratory and Systems Research Center. Piranha is a multicore design for transaction processing workloads that contains eight... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Implementations-Model history ISA extensions R – Hardware support for rounding to infinity and negative infinity. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Implementations-B – BWX, the "Byte/Word Extension", adding instructions to allow 8- and 16-bit operations from memory and I/O M – MVI, "multimedia" instructions F – FIX, instructions to move data between integer and floating-point registers and for square root C – CIX, instructions for counting and finding bi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Performance-To illustrate the comparative performance of Alpha-based systems, some Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC) performance numbers (SPECint95, SPECfp95) are listed below. Note that the SPEC results claim to report the measured performance of a whole computer system (CPU, bus, memory, co... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Alpha-based systems-The first generation of DEC Alpha-based systems comprise the DEC 3000 AXP series workstations and low-end servers, DEC 4000 AXP series mid-range servers, and DEC 7000 AXP and 10000 AXP series high-end servers. The DEC 3000 AXP systems use the same TURBOchannel bus as the prior MIPS-based D... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DEC Alpha-Alpha-based systems-DEC also produced a personal computer (PC) configuration Alpha workstation with an Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) bus, the DECpc AXP 150 (codename Jensen, also named the DEC 2000 AXP). This is the first Alpha system to support Windows NT. DEC later produced Alpha versions o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.