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EIF4E-Regulation-eIF4E phosphorylation is also related to its ability to suppress RNA export and its oncogenic potential as first shown in cell lines.c. Regulation of eIF4E by Partner Proteins Assembly of the eIF4F complex is inhibited by proteins known as eIF4E-binding proteins (4E-BPs), which are small heat-stable pr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
EIF4E-Regulation-Many other partner proteins has been found that can both stimulate or repress eIF4E activity, such as homeodomain containing proteins, including HoxA9, Hex/PRH, Hox 11, Bicoid, Emx-2 and Engrailed 2. While HoxA9 promotes mRNA export and translation activities of eIF4E, Hex/PRH inhibits nuclear function... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
EIF4E-The Role of eIF4E in Cancer-The role of eIF4E in cancer was established after Lazaris-Karatzas et al. made the discovery that over-expressing eIF4E causes tumorigenic transformation of fibroblasts. Since this initial observation, numerous groups have recapitulated these results in different cell lines. As a resul... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
EIF4E-The Role of eIF4E in Cancer-In the first clinical trials targeting eIF4E, old antiviral drug ribavirin was used as a m7G cap competitor which had substantial activity in cancer cell lines and animal models associated with dysregulated eIF4E. In the first trial to ever target eIF4E, ribavirin monotherapy was demon... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
EIF4E-FMRP represses translation through EIF4E binding-Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMR1) acts to regulate translation of specific mRNAs through its binding of eIF4E. FMRP acts by binding CYFIP1, which directly binds eIF4e at a domain that is structurally similar to those found in 4E-BPs including EIF4EBP3, EI... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
EIF4E-Interactions-EIF4E has been shown to interact with: . Other direct interactors: PML; arenavirus Z protein; Importin 8; potyvirus VPg protein, LRPPRC, RNMT and others. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Album cover-An album cover (also referred to as album art) is the front packaging art of a commercially released studio album or other audio recordings. The term can refer to either the printed paperboard covers typically used to package sets of 10 in (25 cm) and 12 in (30 cm) 78-rpm records, single and set... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Album cover-In the case of all types of tangible records, it also serves as part of the protective sleeve. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Early history-Around 1910, 78-rpm records replaced the phonograph cylinder as the medium for recorded sound. The 78-rpm records were issued in both 10- and 12-inch diameter sizes and were usually sold separately, in brown paper or cardboard sleeves that were sometimes plain and sometimes printed to show the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Early history-German record company Odeon pioneered the "album" in 1909 when it released the Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky on four double-sided discs in a specially designed package. (It is not indicated what the specially designed package was.) The practice of issuing albums does not seem to have been ta... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Early history-Beginning in the 1920s, bound collections of empty sleeves with a plain paperboard or leather cover were sold as "record albums" (similar to a photograph album) that customers could use to store their records. (The name "record album" was printed on some covers.) These empty albums were sold i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Early history-Starting in the 1930s, record companies began issuing collections of 78-rpm records by one performer or of one type of music in specially assembled collections. These albums of several 78-rpm records could include a collection of popular songs related by either performer or style, or extended-... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Early history-In 1938, Columbia Records hired Alex Steinweiss as its first art director. He is credited with inventing the concept of album covers and cover art, replacing the plain covers used before. After his initial efforts at Columbia, other record companies followed his lead. By the late 1940s, record... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Early history-When the 10- and 12-inch long-playing records (LPs) came along in 1948, and box sets of 45-rpm records soon followed (see gramophone record), the name "album" was used for the new format of collections, and the creation of artistic original album covers continued. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Formats-From the 1950s through to the 1980s, the 12" LP record and the 45 rpm record became the major formats for the distribution of popular music. The LP format remains in use for occasional new releases, though other formats have largely supplanted it. The size of the typical cardboard LP sleeve cover is... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Formats-Starting in the mid-1990s, the compact disc (CD) was the most common form of physically distributed music products. Packaging formats vary, including the jewel case (which since 1982 has been the most popular form of CD packaging), and the cardboard and plastic combination commonly known as a Digipa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Formats-In the 1980s and early 1990s, CDs were often sold as jewel cases enclosed within cardboard longboxes measuring 12 in (30 cm) by 6 in (15 cm), which provided more space for album artwork than the jewel cases they contained, but were seen as harmful to the environment since the cardboard box was typic... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Design-Album covers are one of the various ways in which first impressions affect an audience's perception of a given musician or band, or other content of the album. Album covers' design cover may also add to how an audience forms an opinion of them and their music. There are various ways in which an album... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Design-The album cover eventually became an important part of the culture of music. Under the influence of designers like Bob Cato, who at various stages in his long music career was vice president of creative services at both Columbia Records and United Artists, album covers became renowned for being a mar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Design-The importance of design was such that some cover artists specialised or gained fame through their work. Such people include the design team Hipgnosis, through their work on Pink Floyd albums and others; Roger Dean, famous for his Yes and Greenslade covers; Cal Schenkel, for Captain Beefheart's Trout... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Design-The talents of many photographers and illustrators from both inside and outside of the music industry have been used to produce a vast array of memorable LP/CD covers. Photographer Mick Rock produced some of the most iconographic album covers of the 1970s, including Queen's Queen II (recreated for th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Design-Legends from photography and video/film who have also produced record cover images include Drew Struzan (Black Sabbath, Alice Cooper, Iron Butterfly, The Beach Boys and others), Annie Leibovitz (John Lennon, Bruce Springsteen, Patti Smith), Richard Avedon (Whitney Houston, Teddy Pendergrass), David L... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Design-A number of artists and bands feature members who are, in their own right, accomplished illustrators, designers and photographers and whose talents are exhibited in the artwork they produced for their own recordings. Examples include Jimmy Page (Led Zeppelin IV), Chris Mars (Replacements' Pleased to ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Design-A genre of music that people have found issues in album covers is reggae. There are certain reggae artists that feel that the way they are displayed on their own album covers is not an accurate way of describing themselves and their culture. The stereotypical rasta lifestyle depicted on many reggae a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Design-Album cover art was the subject of a 2013 documentary film, The Cover Story: Album Art, by Eric Christensen, a San Francisco Bay Area record collector.The physical design of album covers has been the subject of creative innovation. Ogden's Nut Gone Flake by the Small Faces was originally in a circula... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Packaging-The album cover is a component of the overall packaging of an album. Especially in the case of vinyl records with paperboard sleeves, these packages are prone to wear and tear, although wear and tear does often take place to some degree on covers contained within plastic cases. A variety of treatm... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Packaging-The surface of a vinyl record is readily damaged, so aside from the outer paperboard sleeve, there is usually an inner protective cover to protect against dust and handling. This is normally shaped to allow it to readily slide within the outer cover. The inner sleeve is either thin white paper, ei... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Packaging-Packaging formats for compact discs widened the variety of presentations as well, even as the size of the CD meant that album covers were no longer so large. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Packaging-Besides the practicalities of identifying specific records, album covers serve the purpose of advertising the musical contents on the LP, through the use of graphic design, photography, and/or illustration. An album cover normally has the artist's name, sometimes in logo form; and the album title.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Packaging-Parental advisory labels are warning labels that are required to be placed on album covers when the music on the album contains explicit content such as vulgar language. These labels have been known to be controversial when it comes to keeping underage audiences from this content. There are a few ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Album covers in the age of downloads and streaming-In August 2008, album cover designer Peter Saville suggested that the album cover was dead. Album art is still considered a vital part of the listening experience to many.Both MP3, WMA, M4A (Apple Format) music files are able to contain embedded digital alb... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Album covers in the age of downloads and streaming-Some artists have used Internet technology to generate even more cover art. For instance, Nine Inch Nails initially released its album The Slip as a free download on the band's website, attaching separate but thematically connected images to each individual... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Album cover-Banned covers-Some album covers have been banned due to depicting violence, nudity, or other offensive imagery. For instance, Guns N' Roses's 1987 album Appetite for Destruction's cover depicted a robot rapist about to be punished by a metal avenger, and Kanye West's 2010 album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fan... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
2,3-Bis(acetylmercaptomethyl)quinoxaline-2,3-Bis(acetylmercaptomethyl)quinoxaline-2,3-Bis(acetylmercaptomethyl)quinoxaline is an antiviral agent which can inhibits poliovirus RNA synthesis in vitro and in vivo and inhibits human herpesvirus 1 multiplication in vitro. It does not interfere with attachment, penetration o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-Mainspring-A mainspring is a spiral torsion spring of metal ribbon—commonly spring steel—used as a power source in mechanical watches, some clocks, and other clockwork mechanisms. Winding the timepiece, by turning a knob or key, stores energy in the mainspring by twisting the spiral tighter. The force of the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-Modern mainsprings-A modern watch mainspring is a long strip of hardened and blued steel, or specialised steel alloy, 20–30 cm long and 0.05-0.2 mm thick. The mainspring in the common 1-day movement is calculated to enable the watch to run for 36 to 40 hours, i.e. 24 hours between daily windings with a power... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-Modern mainsprings-Since 1945, carbon steel alloys have been increasingly superseded by newer special alloys (iron, nickel and chromium with the addition of cobalt, molybdenum, or beryllium), and also by cold-rolled alloys ('structural hardening'). Known to watchmakers as 'white metal' springs (as opposed to... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-Modern mainsprings-In their relaxed form, mainsprings are made in three distinct shapes: Spiral coiled: These are coiled in the same direction throughout, in a simple spiral.
Semi-reverse: The outer end of the spring is coiled in the reverse direction for less than one turn (less than 360°).
Reverse (resilie... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-Operation-The mainspring is coiled around an axle called the arbor, with the inner end hooked to it. In many clocks, the outer end is attached to a stationary post. The spring is wound up by turning the arbor, and after winding its force turns the arbor the other way to run the clock. The disadvantage of thi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-Operation-In the form used in modern watches, called the going barrel, the mainspring is coiled around an arbor and enclosed inside a cylindrical box called the barrel which is free to turn. The spring is attached to the arbor at its inner end, and to the barrel at its outer end. The attachments are small ho... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-Operation-The mainspring is wound by turning the arbor, but drives the watch movement by the barrel; this arrangement allows the spring to continue powering the watch while it is being wound. Winding the watch turns the arbor, which tightens the mainspring, wrapping it closer around the arbor. The arbor has ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-Operation-Hazards The mainspring contains a lot of energy. If precautions are not taken during disassembly the spring can release suddenly, causing potentially serious injury. Before servicing, mainsprings are “let down” gently by pulling the click back while holding the winding key, allowing the spring to s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-History-Mainsprings appeared in the first spring-powered clocks, in 15th-century Europe. It replaced the weight hanging from a cord wrapped around a pulley, which was the power source used in all previous mechanical clocks. Around 1400 coiled springs began to be used in locks, and many early clockmakers were... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-History-Fusee The fusee was a much longer-lasting innovation. This was a cone-shaped pulley that was turned by a chain wrapped around the mainspring barrel. Its curving shape continuously changed the mechanical advantage of the linkage to even out the force of the mainspring as it ran down. Fusees became the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-History-Stopwork Another early device which helped even out the spring's force was stopwork or winding stops, which prevented the mainspring from being wound up all the way, and prevented it from unwinding all the way. The idea was to use only the central part of the spring's 'torque curve', where its force ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-History-Remontoire A fourth device used in a few precision timepieces was the remontoire. This was a small secondary spring or weight which powered the timepiece's escapement, and was itself rewound periodically by the mainspring. This isolated the timekeeping element from the varying mainspring force. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-History-Going barrel The modern going barrel, invented in 1760 by Jean-Antoine Lépine, produces a constant force by simply using a longer mainspring than needed, and coiling it under tension in the barrel. In operation, only a few turns of the spring at a time are used, with the remainder pressed against the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-History-The built-in tension of the spring in the going barrel makes it hazardous to disassemble even when not wound up. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-Broken mainsprings-Because they are subjected to constant stress cycles, up until the 1960s mainsprings generally broke from metal fatigue long before other parts of the timepiece. They were considered expendable items. This often happened at the end of the winding process, when the spring is wound as tightl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-Broken mainsprings-'Knocking' or 'banking' Even if the mainsprings were not prone to breakage, too much force during winding caused another problem in early watches, called 'knocking' or 'banking'. If very little slack was left in the spring after winding ('overwinding"), the pressure of the last turn of the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-Broken mainsprings-Motor or safety barrel Around 1900, when broken watchsprings were more of a problem, some pocketwatches used a variation of the going barrel called the motor barrel or safety barrel. Mainsprings usually broke at their attachment to the arbor, where bending stresses are greatest. When the m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-Broken mainsprings-In the motor barrel, the functions of the arbor and barrel were reversed from the going barrel. The mainspring was wound by the barrel, and turned the arbor to drive the wheel train. Thus if the mainspring broke, the destructive recoil of the barrel would be applied not to the wheel train ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-Broken mainsprings-Safety pinion A safety pinion was an alternate means of protection, used with the going barrel. In this, the center wheel pinion, which the barrel gear engages, was attached to its shaft with a reverse screw thread. If the spring broke, the reverse recoil of the barrel, instead of being pa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-The myth of 'overwinding'-Watches and clocks are often found stopped with the mainspring fully wound, which led to a myth that winding a spring-driven timepiece all the way up damages it. Several problems can cause this type of breakdown, but it is never due to "overwinding", as timepieces are designed to ha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-The myth of 'overwinding'-Another common cause of a watch stopped at full wind is that if a watch is dropped then the balance staff can break and the watch can no longer run even when the mainspring is fully wound. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-Self-winding watches and 'unbreakable' mainsprings-Self-winding or automatic watches, introduced widely in the 1950s, use the natural motions of the wrist to keep the mainspring wound. A semicircular weight, pivoted at the center of the watch, rotates with each wrist motion. A winder mechanism uses rotations... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-Self-winding watches and 'unbreakable' mainsprings-In automatic watches, motion of the wrist could continue winding the mainspring until it broke. This is prevented with a slipping clutch device. The outer end of the mainspring, instead of attaching to the barrel, is attached to a circular expansion spring c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-'Tired' or 'set' mainsprings-After decades of use, mainsprings in older timepieces are found to deform slightly and lose some of their force, becoming 'tired' or 'set'. This condition is mostly found in springs in barrels. It causes the running time between windings to decrease. During servicing the mainspri... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-'Tired' or 'set' mainsprings-When removed from the barrel, if the diameter of the relaxed spring lying on a flat surface is less than 2½ times the barrel diameter, it is 'tired'. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-Power reserve indicator-Some high-grade watches have an extra dial on the face indicating how much power is left in the mainspring, often graduated in hours the watch has left to run. Since both the arbor and the barrel turn, this mechanism requires a differential gear that measures how far the arbor has bee... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mainspring-Unusual forms of mainspring-A mainspring is usually a coiled metal spring, however there are exceptions: The wagon spring clock: During a brief time in American clockmaking history, coilable spring steel was not available in the United States, and inventive clockmakers built clocks powered by a stack of leaf... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
A feather in your cap-A feather in your cap-The term a feather in your cap is an English idiomatic phrase believed to have derived from the general custom in some cultures of a warrior adding a new feather to their headgear for every enemy slain. or in other cases from the custom of establishing the success of a hunter... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
A feather in your cap-A feather in your cap-The phrase today has altered to a more peaceful allusion, where it is used to refer to any laudable success or achievement by an individual that may help that person in the future. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
A feather in your cap-Traditions involving feathers in headdress-Examples of the use of feathers related to the killing of enemy combatants can be found in the traditional cultures of the Meunitarris of Alberta; and the Mandan people (present-day North and South Dakota), both of whom wore feathers in their headdress: a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
A feather in your cap-Traditions involving feathers in headdress-Other examples of feathers in caps which appear to be related to hunters and warriors can be found in mythological stories of historical figures such as the Austrian bailiff of Altdorf, Albrecht Gessler an aggressor who made Swiss national hero William Te... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Somaesthetics-Somaesthetics-Somaesthetics is an interdisciplinary field of inquiry aimed at promoting and integrating the theoretical, empirical and practical disciplines related to bodily perception, performance and presentation. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Somaesthetics-Etymology-The term ‘somaesthetics’ was coined by the American pragmatist philosopher Richard Shusterman in 1996 through the compounding of “soma”, an expression derived from the Greek word for body, and “aesthetics”, a word derived from the Greek aesthesis, meaning ‘sensory perception’. Shusterman has rep... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Somaesthetics-Origin and development-Somaesthetics as a research project initially arose from the work of Richard Shusterman during the mid-1990s in response to what he perceived as needed developments within his two principal modes of inquiry: pragmatist aesthetics and philosophy as an embodied art of living. While pr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Somaesthetics-Origin and development-Shusterman proposed three fundamental dimensions of his emerging field: • Analytic somaesthetics, as the most theoretically-oriented of the three, “describes the basic nature of bodily perceptions and practices and also of their function in our knowledge and construction of reality”... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Somaesthetics-Origin and development-• Practical somaesthetics focuses on practicing somatic care “through intelligently disciplined body work aimed at somatic self-improvement (whether in a representational, experiential, or performative mode)".Over the past two decades, somaesthetics has become a truly interdisciplin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Inflation-restriction exact sequence-Inflation-restriction exact sequence-In mathematics, the inflation-restriction exact sequence is an exact sequence occurring in group cohomology and is a special case of the five-term exact sequence arising from the study of spectral sequences.
Specifically, let G be a group, N a no... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Inflation-restriction exact sequence-Inflation-restriction exact sequence-Then the inflation-restriction exact sequence is: 0 → H 1(G/N, AN) → H 1(G, A) → H 1(N, A)G/N → H 2(G/N, AN) →H 2(G, A) In this sequence, there are maps inflation H 1(G/N, AN) → H 1(G, A) restriction H 1(G, A) → H 1(N, A)G/N transgression H 1(N, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Triphosphoribosyl-dephospho-CoA synthase-Triphosphoribosyl-dephospho-CoA synthase-In enzymology, a triphosphoribosyl-dephospho-CoA synthase (EC 2.7.8.25) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + 3-dephospho-CoA ⇌ 2'-(5"-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA + adenineThus, the two substrates of this enzyme... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Walther graph-Walther graph-In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Walther graph, also called the Tutte fragment, is a planar bipartite graph with 25 vertices and 31 edges named after Hansjoachim Walther. It has chromatic index 3, girth 3 and diameter 8.
If the single vertex of degree 1 whose neighbour has degr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Walther graph-Algebraic properties-The Walther graph is an identity graph; its automorphism group is the trivial group.
The characteristic polynomial of the Walther graph is : 22 31 20 411 18 3069 16 14305 14 43594 12 88418 10 119039 103929 55829 16539 2040 ) | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Torsades de pointes-Torsades de pointes-Torsades de pointes, torsade de pointes or torsades des pointes (TdP) (, French: [tɔʁsad də pwɛ̃t̪], translated as "twisting of peaks") is a specific type of abnormal heart rhythm that can lead to sudden cardiac death. It is a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that exhibits dis... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Torsades de pointes-Signs and symptoms-Most episodes will revert spontaneously to a normal sinus rhythm. Symptoms and consequences include palpitations, dizziness, lightheadedness (during shorter episodes), fainting (during longer episodes), and sudden cardiac death. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Torsades de pointes-Causes-Torsades occurs as both an inherited (linked to at least 17 genes) and as an acquired form caused most often by drugs and/or electrolyte disorders that cause excessive lengthening of the QT interval.Common causes for torsades de pointes include drug-induced QT prolongation and less often diar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Torsades de pointes-Causes-Medications as causes Knowledge that TdP may occur in patients taking certain prescription drugs has been both a major liability and reason for removal of 14 medications from the marketplace. Forty-nine drugs known to cause TdP and another 170 that are known to prolong QT remain on the market... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Torsades de pointes-Risk factors-The following is a partial list of factors associated with an increased tendency towards developing torsades de pointes: Medications Hypokalemia (low serum potassium) Hypomagnesemia (low serum magnesium) Hypocalcemia (low serum calcium) Bradycardia (slow heartbeat) Heart failure Left ve... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Torsades de pointes-Pathophysiology-Action potential of cardiac muscles can be broken down into five phases: Phase 0: Sodium channels open, resulting in the entrance of Na+ into the cells; this results in the depolarization of the cardiac muscles.
Phase 1: Sodium channels close; this stops depolarization. Potassium cha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Torsades de pointes-Pathophysiology-Phase 3: Calcium channels close (inward Ca++ stops), but potassium channels are still open (outward K+ current); this persists until the cells gain back normal polarization (repolarization achieved). Please note that phase 0 leads to a net gain of Na+, while phases 1–3 lead to a net ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Torsades de pointes-Pathophysiology-Phase 4: Exciting triggers (e.g. sinus node) will cause minor depolarization in the cells; this will result in increasing permeability of sodium channels, which trigger the opening of sodium channels.Repolarization of the cardiomyocytes occurs in phases 1–3, and is caused predominant... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Torsades de pointes-Diagnosis-The ECG tracing in torsades demonstrates a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia with a characteristic illusion of a twisting of the QRS complex around the isoelectric baseline (peaks, which are at first pointing up, appear to be pointing down for subsequent "beats" when looking at ECG trace... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Torsades de pointes-R-on-T phenomenon-The R-on-T phenomenon is the superimposition of a premature ventricular contraction on the T wave of a preceding heart beat. Studies suggest that R-on-T phenomenon is likely to start a sustained ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. It's considered a cardiac arrhyth... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Torsades de pointes-R-on-T phenomenon-On the ECG, this phenomenon is showing when a ventricular extrasystole (R) (T-wave) is superimposed during the repolarization phase of the previous action of the heart. Not all premature chamber actions can trigger these dangerous arrhythmias; the risk is increased with ischemia of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Torsades de pointes-R-on-T phenomenon-In the Lown grading system of ventricular arrhythmias, the R-on-T phenomenon is the fifth, most threatening class. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Torsades de pointes-Treatment-The treatment of torsades de pointes aims to restore a normal rhythm and to prevent the arrhythmia recurring. While torsades may spontaneously revert to a normal sinus rhythm, sustained torsades requires emergency treatment to prevent cardiac arrest. The most effective treatment to termina... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Torsades de pointes-History-The phenomenon was originally described in a French medical journal by Dessertenne in 1966, when he observed this cardiac rhythm disorder in an 80-year-old female patient with complete intermittent atrioventricular block. In coining the term, he referred his colleagues to the "Dictionnaire L... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Torsades de pointes-Terminology-The singular and plural forms (torsade de pointes, torsades de pointes and torsades des pointes) have all often been used. The question of whether each one is grammatically "correct" and the others "incorrect" has repeatedly arisen. This is seen among major medical dictionaries, where on... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Jell-O 1-2-3-Jell-O 1-2-3-Jell-O 1-2-3 was a Jell-O gelatin product introduced in 1969 and discontinued in 1996. The product was one 4.3 ounce (121 g) powdered mix that, when properly prepared, separated and solidified into three distinct layers: a creamy top, a mousse-like middle, and regular Jell-O bottom. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Jell-O 1-2-3-In popular culture-In season 1, episode 16 of the TV show The Nanny, Fran's mother prepared Jell-O 1-2-3 for her and the Sheffields. Fran notes that it hasn't been produced in a long time, and her mother claims she's been saving it for a "special occasion".
In season 1, episode 3 of the TV show The Kids in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Valuation (geometry)-Valuation (geometry)-In geometry, a valuation is a finitely additive function from a collection of subsets of a set X to an abelian semigroup. For example, Lebesgue measure is a valuation on finite unions of convex bodies of Rn.
Other examples of valuations on finite unions of convex bodies of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Valuation (geometry)-Definition-Let X be a set, and let S be a collection of subsets of X.
A function ϕ on S with values in an abelian semigroup R is called a valuation if it satisfies whenever A, B, A∪B, and A∩B are elements of S.
If ∅∈S, then one always assumes 0.
Examples Some common examples of S are t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Valuation (geometry)-Valuations on convex bodies-From here on, let V=Rn , let K(V) be the set of convex bodies in V , and let ϕ be a valuation on K(V) We say ϕ is translation invariant if, for all K∈K(V) and x∈V , we have ϕ(K+x)=ϕ(K) Let (K,L)∈K(V)2 . The Hausdorff distance dH(K,L) is defined as where Kε is... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Valuation (geometry)-Valuations on convex bodies-The space of continuous, translation-invariant valuations from K(V) to C is denoted by Val (V).
The topology on Val (V) is the topology of uniform convergence on compact subsets of K(V).
Equipped with the norm where B⊂V is a bounded subset with nonempty interior... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Valuation (geometry)-Valuations on convex bodies-Its construction is based on Hadwiger's characterization of n -homogeneous valuations. If Val i(V) and Gr i(V), then the restriction ϕ|E is an element Val i(E), and by Hadwiger's theorem it is a Lebesgue measure. Hence defines a continuous section of the line bu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Valuation (geometry)-Valuations on convex bodies-Theorem (Klain). The linear map Kl Val Gr Dens ) is injective.
A different injection, known as the Schneider embedding, exists for odd valuations. It is based on Schneider's description of simple valuations. It is a linear injection of Val i−(V), the space of odd i -... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Valuation (geometry)-Valuations on convex bodies-Its definition is reminiscent of the Klain embedding, but more involved. Details can be found in.The Goodey-Weil embedding is a linear injection of Val i into the space of distributions on the i -fold product of the (n−1) -dimensional sphere. It is nothing but the Sch... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Valuation (geometry)-Valuations on convex bodies-Irreducibility Theorem The classical theorems of Hadwiger, Schneider and McMullen give fairly explicit descriptions of valuations that are homogeneous of degree 1, n−1, and dim V.
But for degrees 1<i<n−1 very little was known before the turn of the 21st century. McMu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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