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Monosaccharide-Structure and nomenclature-While most stereoisomers can be arranged in pairs of mirror-image forms, there are some non-chiral stereoisomers that are identical to their mirror images, in spite of having chiral centers. This happens whenever the molecular graph is symmetrical, as in the 3-ketopentoses H(CH... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Structure and nomenclature-Distinct stereoisomers that are not mirror-images of each other usually have different chemical properties, even in non-chiral environments. Therefore, each mirror pair and each non-chiral stereoisomer may be given a specific monosaccharide name. For example, there are 16 disti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Structure and nomenclature-Generally, a monosaccharide with n asymmetrical carbons has 2n stereoisomers. The number of open chain stereoisomers for an aldose monosaccharide is larger by one than that of a ketose monosaccharide of the same length. Every ketose will have 2(n−3) stereoisomers where n > 2 is... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Structure and nomenclature-These are also referred to as epimers which have the different arrangement of −OH and −H groups at the asymmetric or chiral carbon atoms (this does not apply to those carbons having the carbonyl functional group). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Structure and nomenclature-Configuration of monosaccharides Like many chiral molecules, the two stereoisomers of glyceraldehyde will gradually rotate the polarization direction of linearly polarized light as it passes through it, even in solution. The two stereoisomers are identified with the prefixes D-... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Structure and nomenclature-The D- and L- prefixes are also used with other monosaccharides, to distinguish two particular stereoisomers that are mirror-images of each other. For this purpose, one considers the chiral carbon that is furthest removed from the C=O group. Its four bonds must connect to −H, −... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Structure and nomenclature-In the Fischer projection, the D- and L- prefixes specifies the configuration at the carbon atom that is second from bottom: D- if the hydroxyl is on the right side, and L- if it is on the left side.
Note that the D- and L- prefixes do not indicate the direction of rotation of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Structure and nomenclature-Cyclisation of monosaccharides (hemiacetal formation) A monosaccharide often switches from the acyclic (open-chain) form to a cyclic form, through a nucleophilic addition reaction between the carbonyl group and one of the hydroxyl groups of the same molecule. The reaction creat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Structure and nomenclature-In these cyclic forms, the ring usually has five or six atoms. These forms are called furanoses and pyranoses, respectively—by analogy with furan and pyran, the simplest compounds with the same carbon-oxygen ring (although they lack the double bonds of these two molecules). For... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Structure and nomenclature-For many monosaccharides (including glucose), the cyclic forms predominate, in the solid state and in solutions, and therefore the same name commonly is used for the open- and closed-chain isomers. Thus, for example, the term "glucose" may signify glucofuranose, glucopyranose, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Structure and nomenclature-Cyclization creates a new stereogenic center at the carbonyl-bearing carbon. The −OH group that replaces the carbonyl's oxygen may end up in two distinct positions relative to the ring's midplane. Thus each open-chain monosaccharide yields two cyclic isomers (anomers), denoted ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Structure and nomenclature-Haworth projection The stereochemical structure of a cyclic monosaccharide can be represented in a Haworth projection. In this diagram, the α-isomer for the pyranose form of a D-aldohexose has the −OH of the anomeric carbon below the plane of the carbon atoms, while the β-isome... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Derivatives-A large number of biologically important modified monosaccharides exist: Amino sugars such as: galactosamine glucosamine sialic acid N-acetylglucosamine Sulfosugars such as: sulfoquinovose Others such as: ascorbic acid mannitol glucuronic acid | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boron porphyrins-Boron porphyrins-Boron porphyrins are a variety of porphyrin, a common macrocycle used for photosensitization and metal trapping applications, that incorporate boron. The central four nitrogen atoms in a porphyrin macrocycle form a unique molecular pocket which is known to accommodate transition metals... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boron porphyrins-Boron porphyrins-Boron in particular has been shown to prefer binding to porphyrin in a 2:1 stoichiometry, primarily due to its small atomic radius, but the Group XIII element will bind in a 1:1 ratio with corrole, a macromolecule with a structure similar to porphyrin but with a smaller N4 pocket.
Boro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boron porphyrins-Synthesis-Boron porphyrins first appeared in the literature during the 1960's and 1970's, in initially available literature the complex was never well characterized. The Boron porphyrin compounds can be synthesized either from the free base porphyrin or from a lithium porphyrin complex as starting mate... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boron porphyrins-Synthesis-The second is Li2(ttp) reacted with BX3. The (BX2)2(por) can undergo reduction to form a B-B bond and eliminate X2, giving (BX)2(por). From here, the halides can be replaced with BuLi to give (B-Bu)2(por), reacted with alcohols to give (B-OR)2(por), or even undergo halogen abstraction via wea... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boron porphyrins-Geometry-One of the major differences between p-block-element-centered porphyrins and transition-metal-centered porphyrins is the far smaller size of the interstitial atom, especially in the case of the first-row p-block. Other than protons, the next smallest atom known to bind to the central N4 pocket... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boron porphyrins-Geometry-This coordination motif is interesting because it introduces both boron and porphyrin to geometries they do not regularly adopt. Porphyrin readily binds to transition metals, which are capable of octahedral or square planar geometries. Boron, without available d-orbitals, typically adopts a tr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boron porphyrins-Geometry-Corroles are distinct from porphyrins in that they contain one less methine to bridge between pyrrole units, creating a lower-symmetry compound and a smaller N4 pocket. For boron chemistry, this slightly smaller core allows for the possibility of binding to a single boron, whereas the porphyri... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boron porphyrins-Geometry-The Brothers group has shown the stereochemical implications of comparing diboryl porphyrin with diboryl corrole: porphyrin prefers transoid orientation of the diboryl unit, whereas corrole prefers the cisoid orientation. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boron porphyrins-Non-central boron-porphyrin interactions-Two examples of boron-containing compounds that have been linked to porphyrin are BODIPY and diketonate. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boron porphyrins-Non-central boron-porphyrin interactions-The BODIPY chromophore acts as an antenna: it absorbs a broad range of UV-visible light, then emits at a wavelength compatible with porphyrin absorption, allowing for efficient energy transfer.This work has been extended to triads and to porphyrins with various ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boron porphyrins-Reactivity-Reduction One consequence of geometric strain on both the boron and the porphyrin moieties is unique reactivity. The Brothers group was able to demonstrate reductive coupling, wherein two BX2 units inside the porphyrin pocket become X-B-B-X, only occurs with X=Br and when the substrates are ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boron porphyrins-Reactivity-Hydrolysis Hydrolysis is one of the primary reactions to occur in diboryl porphyrin complexes. In this reaction, RBOBR(por) reacts with water to exchange a B-OH bond for a B-R bond, liberating the R group.
Hydrolysis products are important intermediates in the synthesis of the B-O-B(por) com... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boron porphyrins-Reactivity-DFT computations show that hydrolysis, as in the scheme shown here, is energetically favorable (breaking of a relatively weak B-C bond, formation of a strong B-O bond, formation of benzene). However, only one of the two phenyl groups is observed to undergo hydrolysis. This suggests thermodyn... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Boron porphyrins-Reactivity-Halogen abstraction (Also see Geometry section above for a discussion of the B-B bonding environment.) Abstraction of halogens with two equivalents of sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate gives the dication with both boron atoms within the porphyrin plane. Two reversible red... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Deep diving-Deep diving is underwater diving to a depth beyond the norm accepted by the associated community. In some cases this is a prescribed limit established by an authority, while in others it is associated with a level of certification or training, and it may vary depending on whether the diving is r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Deep diving-For some recreational diving agencies, "Deep diving", or "Deep diver" may be a certification awarded to divers that have been trained to dive to a specified depth range, generally deeper than 30 metres (98 ft). However, the Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) defines anything f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Deep diving-Deep diving can mean something else in the commercial diving field. For instance early experiments carried out by COMEX using heliox and trimix attained far greater depths than any recreational technical diving. One example being its "Janus 4" open-sea dive to 501 metres (1,640 ft) in 1977.The o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Deep diving-An atmospheric diving suit (ADS) allows very deep dives of up to 700 metres (2,300 ft). These suits are capable of withstanding the pressure at great depth permitting the diver to remain at normal atmospheric pressure. This eliminates the problems associated with breathing pressurised gases. In ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Depth ranges in underwater diving-Assumed is the surface of the waterbody to be at or near sea level and underlies atmospheric pressure.
Not included are the differing ranges of freediving – without breathing during a dive. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Particular problems associated with deep dives-Deep diving has more hazards and greater risk than basic open-water diving. Nitrogen narcosis, the "narks" or "rapture of the deep", starts with feelings of euphoria and over-confidence but then leads to numbness and memory impairment similar to alcohol intoxic... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Particular problems associated with deep dives-Many of these problems are avoided by the use of surface supplied breathing gas, closed diving bells, and saturation diving, at the cost of logistical complexity, reduced maneuverability of the diver, and greater expense. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Dealing with depth-Both equipment and procedures can be adapted to deal with the problems of greater depth. Usually the two are combined, as the procedures must be adapted to suit the equipment, and in some cases the equipment is needed to facilitate the procedures. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Dealing with depth-Equipment adaptations for deeper diving The equipment used for deep diving depends on both the depth and the type of diving. Scuba is limited to equipment that can be carried by the diver or is easily deployed by the dive team, while surface-supplied diving equipment can be more extensive... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Dealing with depth-Scuba divers carry larger volumes of breathing gas to compensate for the increased gas consumption and decompression stops.
Rebreathers, though more complex, manage gas much more efficiently than open-circuit scuba.
Use of helium-based breathing gases such as trimix reduces nitrogen narco... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Dealing with depth-The most radical equipment adaptation for deep diving is to isolate the diver from the direct pressure of the environment, using armoured atmospheric diving suits that allow diving to depths beyond those currently possible at ambient pressure. These rigid, articulated exoskeleton suits ar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Dealing with depth-Procedural adaptations for deeper diving Procedural adaptations for deep diving can be classified as those procedures for operating specialized equipment, and those that apply directly to the problems caused by exposure to high ambient pressures. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Dealing with depth-The most important procedure for dealing with physiological problems of breathing at high ambient pressures associated with deep diving is decompression. This is necessary to prevent inert gas bubble formation in the body tissues of the diver, which can cause severe injury. Decompression ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Dealing with depth-Gas management procedures are necessary to ensure that the diver has access to suitable and sufficient breathing gas at all times during the dive, both for the planned dive profile and for any reasonably foreseeable contingency. Scuba gas management is logistically more complex than surfa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Dealing with depth-Surface supplied diving distributes the task loading between the divers and the support team, who remain in the relative safety and comfort of the surface control position. Gas supplies are limited only by what is available at the control position, and the diver only needs to carry suffic... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Dealing with depth-Saturation diving is a procedure used to reduce the high-risk decompression a diver is exposed to during a long series of deep underwater exposures. By keeping the diver under high pressure for the whole job, and only decompressing at the end of several days to weeks of underwater work, a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Ultra-deep diving-Mixed gas Amongst technical divers, there are divers who participate in ultra-deep diving on scuba below 200 metres (656 ft). This practice requires high levels of training, experience, discipline, fitness and surface support. Only twenty-six people are known to have ever dived to at least... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Ultra-deep diving-The difficulties involved in ultra-deep diving are numerous. Although commercial and military divers often operate at those depths, or even deeper, they are surface supplied. All of the complexities of ultra-deep diving are magnified by the requirement of the diver to carry (or provide for... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Ultra-deep diving-High-pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) HPNS, brought on by breathing helium under extreme pressure causes tremors, myoclonic jerking, somnolence, EEG changes, visual disturbance, nausea, dizziness, and decreased mental performance. Symptoms of HPNS are exacerbated by rapid compression, a fe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Ultra-deep diving-Decompression algorithm There are no reliable decompression algorithms tested for such depths on the assumption of an immediate surfacing. Almost all decompression methodology for such depths is based upon saturation, and calculates ascent times in days rather than hours. Accordingly, ultr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Ultra-deep diving-Air A severe risk in ultra-deep air diving is deep water blackout, or depth blackout, a loss of consciousness at depths below 50 metres (160 ft) with no clear primary cause, associated with nitrogen narcosis, a neurological impairment with anaesthetic effects caused by high partial pressur... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Fatalities during depth record attempts-Maurice Fargues, a member of the GRS (Groupement de Recherches Sous-marines, Underwater Research Group headed by Jacques Cousteau), died in 1947 after losing consciousness at depth in an experiment to see how deep a scuba diver could go. He reached 120 m (394 ft) befo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Fatalities during depth record attempts-Hope Root died on 3 December 1953 off the coast of Miami Beach trying set a deep diving record of 125 m (410 ft) with an Aqua-Lung; he passed 152 m (500 ft) and was not seen again. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Fatalities during depth record attempts-Archie Forfar and Ann Gunderson died on 11 December 1971 off the coast of Andros Island, while attempting to dive to 146 m (479 ft), which would have been the world record at the time. Their third team member, Jim Lockwood, only survived due to his use of a safety wei... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep diving-Fatalities during depth record attempts-Sheck Exley died in 1994 at 268 m (879 ft) in an attempt to reach the bottom of Zacatón in a dive that would have extended his own world record (at the time) for deep diving.
Dave Shaw died in 2005 in an attempt at the deepest ever body recovery and deepest ever dive ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
OR2A1-OR2A1-Olfactory receptor 2A1/2A42 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OR2A1 gene.Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled re... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anthropological science fiction-Anthropological science fiction-The anthropologist Leon E. Stover says of science fiction's relationship to anthropology: "Anthropological science fiction enjoys the philosophical luxury of providing answers to the question "What is man?" while anthropology the science is still learning ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anthropological science fiction-Authors and works-Chad Oliver Anthropological science fiction is best exemplified by the work of writers such as Ursula K. Le Guin, Michael Bishop, Joanna Russ, Ian Watson, and Chad Oliver. Of this pantheon, Oliver is alone in being also a professional anthropologist, author of academic ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anthropological science fiction-Authors and works-Le Guin's novel The Left Hand of Darkness has been called "the most sophisticated and technically plausible work of anthropological science fiction, insofar as the relationship of culture and biology is concerned",: 472 and also rated as "perhaps her most notable book"... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anthropological science fiction-Authors and works-Geoffery Samuel has pointed out some specific anthropological aspect to Le Guin's fiction, noting that: the culture of the people of Gethen in The Left Hand of Darkness clearly owes a lot to North-West Coast Indian and Eskimo culture; the role of dreams of Athshe (in Th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anthropological science fiction-Authors and works-However, Fredric Jameson says of The Left Hand of Darkness that the novel is "constructed from a heterogeneous group of narratives modes ...", and that: ... we find here intermingled: the travel narrative (with anthropological data), the pastiche myth, the political nov... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars-Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars-The Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) was a visible-infrared spectrometer aboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter searching for mineralogic indications of past and present water on Mars. T... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars-Objectives-CRISM was being used to identify locations on Mars that may have hosted water, a solvent considered important in the search for past or present life on Mars. In order to do this, CRISM was mapping the presence of minerals and chemicals that may indicate pa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars-Instrument overview-CRISM measured visible and infrared electromagnetic radiation from 362 to 3920 nanometers in 6.55 nanometer increments. The instrument had two modes, a multispectral untargeted mode and a hyperspectral targeted mode. In the untargeted mode, CRISM ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars-Instrument design-The data collecting part of CRISM was called the Optical Sensor Unit (OSU) and consisted of two spectrographs, one that detected visible light from 400 to 830 nm and one that detected infrared light from 830 to 4050 nm. The infrared detector was coo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars-Investigations-CRISM began its exploration of Mars in late 2006. Results from the OMEGA visible/near-infrared spectrometer on Mars Express (2003–present), the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER; 2003–2019), the TES thermal emission spectrometer on Mars Global Surveyor (MGS... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars-Investigations-Soil forms from parent rocks through physical disintegration of rocks and by chemical alteration of the rock fragments. The types of soil minerals can reveal if the environment was cool or warm, wet or dry, or whether the water was fresh or salty. Beca... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars-Investigations-Not all ancient Martian lakes were fed by inflowing valley networks. CRISM discovered several craters on the western slope of Tharsis that contain "bathtub rings" of sulfate minerals and a kind of phyllosilicate called kaolinite. Both minerals can form... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars-Investigations-The identification of hot spring deposits was a priority for CRISM, because hot springs would have had energy (geothermal heat) and water, two basic requirements for life. One of the signatures of hot springs on Earth is deposits of silica. The MER Spi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars-Investigations-Crustal composition Understanding the composition of Mars' crust and how it changed with time tells us about many aspects of Mars' evolution as a planet, and was a major goal of CRISM. Remote and landed measurements prior to CRISM, and analysis of Mart... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars-Investigations-The first recognition of widespread sedimentary rock on Mars came from the Mars Orbiter Camera which found that several areas of the planet - including Valles Marineris and Terra Arabia - have horizontally layered, light-toned rocks. Follow-up observat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars-Investigations-Modern climates To understand Mars' ancient climate, and whether it might have created environments habitable for life, first we need to understand Mars' climate today. Each mission to Mars has made new advances in understanding its climate. Mars has s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars-Investigations-Mars' atmosphere is so thin and wispy that solar heating of dust and ice in the atmosphere - not heating of the atmospheric gases - is more important in driving weather. Small, suspended particles of dust and water ice - aerosols - intercept 20–30% of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars-Investigations-The south polar seasonal cap has a bizarre variety of bright and dark streaks and spots that appear during spring, as carbon dioxide ice sublimates. Prior to MRO there were various ideas for processes that could form these strange features, a leading m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools-International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools-The International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools was founded in 1992 and is published by World Scientific. It covers research on artificial intelligence (AI) tools or tools that use AI, including arch... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools-Abstracting and indexing-The journal is abstracted and indexed in: Inspec Science Citation Index Expanded ISI Alerting Services CompuMath Citation Index Current Contents/Engineering, Computing, and Technology | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
P-form electrodynamics-P-form electrodynamics-In theoretical physics, p-form electrodynamics is a generalization of Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
P-form electrodynamics-Ordinary (via. one-form) Abelian electrodynamics-We have a one-form A , a gauge symmetry A→A+dα, where α is any arbitrary fixed 0-form and d is the exterior derivative, and a gauge-invariant vector current J with density 1 satisfying the continuity equation d⋆J=0, where ⋆ is the Hodge star o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
P-form electrodynamics-p-form Abelian electrodynamics-We have a p-form B , a gauge symmetry B→B+dα, where α is any arbitrary fixed (p − 1)-form and d is the exterior derivative, and a gauge-invariant p-vector J with density 1 satisfying the continuity equation d⋆J=0, where ⋆ is the Hodge star operator.
Alternative... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
P-form electrodynamics-Non-abelian generalization-Just as we have non-abelian generalizations of electrodynamics, leading to Yang–Mills theories, we also have nonabelian generalizations of p-form electrodynamics. They typically require the use of gerbes. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MBASIC-MBASIC-MBASIC is the Microsoft BASIC implementation of BASIC for the CP/M operating system. MBASIC is a descendant of the original Altair BASIC interpreters that were among Microsoft's first products. MBASIC was one of the two versions of BASIC bundled with the Osborne 1 computer. The name "MBASIC" is derived fr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MBASIC-Environment-MBASIC version 5 required a CP/M system with at least 28 kB of random access memory (RAM) and at least one diskette drive.
Unlike versions of Microsoft BASIC-80 that were customized by home computer manufacturers to use the particular hardware features of the computer, MBASIC relied only on the CP/M ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MBASIC-Environment-MBASIC in the uncustomized form had no functions for graphics, color, joysticks, mice, serial communications, networking, sound, or even a real-time clock function. MBASIC did not fully support the features of the host CP/M operating system, for example, it did not support CP/M's user areas for organ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MBASIC-Features-Language system MBASIC is an interpreter. Program source text was stored in memory in tokenized form, with BASIC keywords replaced by one-byte tokens which saved memory space and speeded execution. Any line prefixed with a line number was stored as program text; BASIC statements not prefixed with a line... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MBASIC-Features-Program text, variables, disk buffers and the CP/M operating system itself all had to share the 64 kilobyte address space of the 8080 processor. Typically when first starting MBASIC there would be less than 32 kB memory available for programs and data, even on a machine equipped with a full 64 kilobytes... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MBASIC-Features-A particular advantage of MBASIC was the full-text error messages provided for syntax and run-time errors. MBASIC also had a "trace" function that displayed line numbers as they were executed. While this occupied the same screen space as normal program output, it was useful for detecting conditions such... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MBASIC-Features-Files and input/output Data could be read and stored to disk as either sequential files (delimited by the CP/M convention of CR/LF at the end of each line) or else as fixed-record-length random access files, which, given a sufficiently determined programmer, could be used to perform database-type record... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MBASIC-Features-Variables and data types MBASIC supported the following data types: 8-bit character data, in strings of length 0 to 255 characters; 16-bit integers; 32-bit floating point (single precision), equivalent to six decimal digits, with a two-digit exponent; 64-bit floating point (double precision), equivalent... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MBASIC-Features-Arrays of the above types were allowed with up to 7 dimensions, but no functions or operators worked on arrays; for example, there was no assignment of arrays. Unlike some other BASIC implementations of the time, MBASIC did not provide support for matrix operations, complex numbers, or a decimal (BCD) d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MBASIC-Features-Early versions of BASIC on microcomputers were infamous for one- or two-character variable names, which made the meanings of variables difficult to recall in complex programs. MBASIC version 5 allowed identifiers up to 40 characters long, which permitted programmers to give variables readable names. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MBASIC-Features-Program flow control Program flow control in MBASIC was controlled by IF...THEN...ELSE... conditional tests, WHILE...WEND loops, and GOTO and GOSUB instructions. No CASE statement was available, although an ON...GOTO... (computed GOTO) provided multi-way branches. Subroutines had no parameters and all v... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MBASIC-PEEKs, POKEs, and user functions-No discussion of BASICs on the 8-bit computers of the late '70s and early '80s would be complete without mentioning the importance of the PEEK and POKE functions for directly reading and writing to memory. Since these systems typically had no memory protection, this allowed a pro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MBASIC-PEEKs, POKEs, and user functions-For more complex operations, MBASIC allowed user-defined functions that could be called from a BASIC program. These were typically placed in a reserved area of memory, or POKEd into string constants, as a series of machine codes (op codes). MBASIC also provided hardware INP and O... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MBASIC-Successors to MBASIC-Besides Microsoft's BASIC-80 for CP/M, a variant of MBASIC was also available as for the ISIS-II operating system.
MSX-BASIC is also a well known successor of MBASIC, featuring several extensions specific to the MSX machines. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MBASIC-Successors to MBASIC-All the functions of CP/M MBASIC were available in the IBM PC disk-based BASICA or GWBASIC which made migration of programs from CP/M systems to PC-compatibles possible. The tokens used to represent keywords were different, so CP/M programs had to be saved in ASCII source form. Typically scr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MBASIC-BASCOM-Microsoft sold a CP/M BASIC compiler (known as BASCOM) which used a similar source language to MBASIC. A program debugged under MBASIC could be compiled with BASCOM. Since program text was no longer in memory and the run-time elements of the compiler were smaller than the interpreter, more memory was avai... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MBASIC-BASCOM-Developers welcomed BASCOM as an alternative to the popular but slow and clumsy CBASIC. Unlike CBASIC, BASCOM did not need a preprocessor for MBASIC source code so could be debugged interactively. A disadvantage was Microsoft's requirement of a 9% royalty for each compiled copy of a program and $40 for ha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MBASIC-Importance of MBASIC-MBASIC was an important tool during the era of 8-bit CP/M computers. Skilled users could write routines in MBASIC to automate tasks that in modern-day systems would be performed by powerful application program commands or scripting languages. Exchange of useful MBASIC programs was a common f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MBASIC-Other uses-MBASIC is also the name of a commercial BASIC compiler for the Microchip Technology PIC microcontroller family developed by Basic Micro, Inc., unrelated to the CP/M interpreter. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ANKRD35-ANKRD35-Ankyrin repeat domain 35 also known as ANKRD35 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ANKRD35 gene. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ANKRD35-Related gene problems-TAR syndrome 1q21.1 deletion syndrome 1q21.1 duplication syndrome | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ArcGIS Pro-ArcGIS Pro-ArcGIS Pro is desktop GIS software developed by Esri, which replaces their ArcMap software generation. The product was announced as part of Esri's ArcGIS 10.3 release, ArcGIS Pro is notable in having a 64 bit architecture, combined 2-D, 3-D support, ArcGIS Online integration and Python 3 support.A... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
4-Chlorobenzonitrile-4-Chlorobenzonitrile-4-Chlorobenzonitrile is an organic compound with the formula ClC6H4CN. It is a white solid. The compound, one of three isomers of chlorobenzonitrile, is produced industrially by ammoxidation of 4-chlorotoluene. The compound is of commercial interest as a precursor to pigments. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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