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Sequence assembly-Influence of technological changes-The complexity of sequence assembly is driven by two major factors: the number of fragments and their lengths. While more and longer fragments allow better identification of sequence overlaps, they also pose problems as the underlying algorithms show quadratic or eve... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sequence assembly-Influence of technological changes-In the earliest days of DNA sequencing, scientists could only gain a few sequences of short length (some dozen bases) after weeks of work in laboratories. Hence, these sequences could be aligned in a few minutes by hand. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sequence assembly-Influence of technological changes-In 1975, the dideoxy termination method (AKA Sanger sequencing) was invented and until shortly after 2000, the technology was improved up to a point where fully automated machines could churn out sequences in a highly parallelised mode 24 hours a day. Large genome ce... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sequence assembly-Influence of technological changes-By 2004 / 2005, pyrosequencing had been brought to commercial viability by 454 Life Sciences. This new sequencing method generated reads much shorter than those of Sanger sequencing: initially about 100 bases, now 400-500 bases. Its much higher throughput and lower c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sequence assembly-Influence of technological changes-From 2006, the Illumina (previously Solexa) technology has been available and can generate about 100 million reads per run on a single sequencing machine. Compare this to the 35 million reads of the human genome project which needed several years to be produced on hu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sequence assembly-Influence of technological changes-Later, new technologies like SOLiD from Applied Biosystems, Ion Torrent and SMRT were released and new technologies (e.g. Nanopore sequencing) continue to emerge. Despite the higher error rates of these technologies they are important for assembly because their longe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sequence assembly-Assembly algorithms-Different organisms have a distinct region of higher complexity within their genome. Hence, the need of different computational approaches is needed. Some of the commonly used algorithms are: Graph Assembly: is based on Graph theory in computer science. The de Bruijn Graph is an e... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sequence assembly-Programs-For a lists of de-novo assemblers, see De novo sequence assemblers. For a list of mapping aligners, see List of sequence alignment software § Short-read sequence alignment.
Some of the common tools used in different assembly steps are listed in the following table: | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nolisting-Nolisting-Nolisting is the name given to a technique to defend electronic mail domain names against e-mail spam.Each domain name on the internet has a series of one or more MX records specifying mail servers responsible for accepting email messages on behalf of that domain, each with a preference. Nolisting i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nolisting-Implementation-A simple example of MX records that demonstrate the technique: MX 10 dummy.example.com.
MX 20 real-primary-mail-server.example.com.
This defeats spam programs that only connect to the highest priority (lowest numbered) MX and do not follow the standard error-handling of retrying the next priori... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nolisting-Drawbacks-The technique relies on spammers using simple software that doesn't retry the next priority MX, and so becomes ineffective if or when spammers begin using more sophisticated software. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nolisting-Drawbacks-Some legitimate SMTP applications are also very simple and only send to the lowest numbered MX record. This might be the case with simple devices such as printers or data loggers, or with older legacy software. Mail from them will also fail unless there is some mechanism to allow a "whitelist" of IP... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nolisting-Drawbacks-It is important that the highest priority (lowest numbered) MX should be completely unresponsive on port 25. If it is open and responds with a 4xx error, (i.e. "retry later"), then email from some MTAs (such as qmail), may be lost if they do not step to the next MX record, but instead wait and conti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nolisting-Similar techniques-There are alternate techniques that suggest "sandwiching" the valid MX records between non-responsive ones. Some variants also suggest configuring the highest-numbered hosts to always return 4xx errors (i.e. "retry later").A simple example of MX records that demonstrate the technique: MX 10... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mir-744 microRNA precursor family-Mir-744 microRNA precursor family-In molecular biology mir-744 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mir-744 microRNA precursor family-miR-744 and cancer in mice-miR-744 plays a role in tumour development and growth in mouse cell lines. Its expression induces cyclin B1 expression, whilst knockdown sees a resultant decreased level of mouse cyclin B through the Ccnb1 gene. Short-term overexpression of miR-744 in mouse c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mir-744 microRNA precursor family-TGF-β1 repression-Multiple miR-744 binding sites have been identified in the proximal 3' untranslated region of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). Direct targeting of TGF-β1 by miR-744 has been identified, and transfection is seen to inhibit endogenous TGF-β1 synthesis by dire... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mir-744 microRNA precursor family-EEF1A2 repression-miR-744 directly targets translation elongation factor and known protooncogene EEF1A2. mIR-744 also upregulates during resveratrol treatment of MCF7 breast cancer cells. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Degrees of freedom problem-Degrees of freedom problem-In neuroscience and motor control , the degrees of freedom problem or motor equivalence problem states that there are multiple ways for humans or animals to perform a movement in order to achieve the same goal. In other words, under normal circumstances, no simple o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Degrees of freedom problem-History-The study of motor control historically breaks down into two broad areas: "Western" neurophysiological studies, and "Bernsteinian" functional analysis of movement. The latter has become predominant in motor control, as Bernstein's theories have held up well and are considered founding... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Degrees of freedom problem-History-Pre-Bernstein In the latter 19th and early 20th centuries, many scientists believed that all motor control came from the spinal cord, as experiments with stimulation in frogs displayed patterned movement ("motor primitives"), and spinalized cats were shown to be able to walk. This tra... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Degrees of freedom problem-History-Bernstein Although Lashley (1933) first formulated the motor equivalence problem, it was Bernstein who articulated the DOF problem in its current form. In Bernstein's formulation, the problem results from infinite redundancy, yet flexibility between movements; thus, the nervous system... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Degrees of freedom problem-Difficulties-The DOF problem is still a topic of study because of the complexity of the neuromuscular system of the human body. Not only is the problem itself exceedingly difficult to tackle, but the vastness of the field of study makes synthesis of theories a challenge. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Degrees of freedom problem-Difficulties-Counting degrees of freedom One of the largest difficulties in motor control is quantifying the exact number of DOFs in the complex neuromuscular system of the human body. In addition to having redundant muscles and joints, muscles may span multiple joints, further complicating t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Degrees of freedom problem-Difficulties-Types of studies Another difficulty in motor control is unifying the different ways to study movements. Three distinct areas in studying motor control have emerged: limb mechanics, neurophysiology, and motor behavior. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Degrees of freedom problem-Difficulties-Limb mechanics Studies of limb mechanics focus on the peripheral motor system as a filter which converts patterns of muscle activation into purposeful movement. In this paradigm, the building block is a motor unit (a neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates) and complex mod... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Degrees of freedom problem-Difficulties-Neurophysiology In neurophysiological studies, the motor system is modeled as a distributed, often hierarchical system with the spinal cord controlling the "most automatic" of movements such as stretch reflexes, and the cortex controlling the "most voluntary" actions such as reac... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Degrees of freedom problem-Difficulties-Motor behavior Studies of motor behavior focus on the adaptive and feedback properties of the nervous system in motor control. The motor system has been shown to adapt to changes in its mechanical environment on relatively short timescales while simultaneously producing smooth mo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Degrees of freedom problem-Difficulties-Abundance or redundancy Finally, the very nature of the DOF problem poses questions. For example, does the nervous system really have difficulty in choosing from DOFs, or is the abundance of DOFs necessary for evolutionary survival? In very extreme movements, humans may exhaust t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Degrees of freedom problem-Hypotheses and proposed solutions-There have been many attempts to offer solutions or conceptual models that explain the DOF problem. One of the first hypotheses was Fitts' Law, which states that a trade-off must occur between movement speed and movement accuracy in a reaching task. Since the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Degrees of freedom problem-Hypotheses and proposed solutions-Optimal control hypothesis A general paradigm for understanding motor control, optimal control has been defined as "optimizing motor control for a given aspect of task performance," or as a way to minimize a certain "cost" associated with a movement. This "co... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Degrees of freedom problem-Hypotheses and proposed solutions-Open and closed-loop models Both open-loop and closed-loop models of optimal control have been studied; the former generally ignores the role of sensory feedback, while the latter attempts to incorporate sensory feedback, which includes delays and uncertainty... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Degrees of freedom problem-Hypotheses and proposed solutions-Learning and optimal control Bernstein suggested that as humans learn a movement, we first reduce our DOFs by stiffening the musculature in order to have tight control, then gradually "loosen up" and explore the available DOFs as the task becomes more comfort... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Degrees of freedom problem-Hypotheses and proposed solutions-Limits of optimal control Optimal control is a way of understanding motor control and the motor equivalence problem, but as with most mathematical theories about the nervous system, it has limitations. The theory must have certain information provided before ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Degrees of freedom problem-Hypotheses and proposed solutions-Muscle synergy hypothesis In order to reduce the number of musculoskeletal DOFs upon which the nervous system must operate, it has been proposed that the nervous system controls muscle synergies, or groups of co-activated muscles, rather than individual muscl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Degrees of freedom problem-Hypotheses and proposed solutions-Equilibrium point hypothesis and threshold control In the Equilibrium Point hypothesis, all movements are generated by the nervous system through a gradual transition of equilibrium points along a desired trajectory. "Equilibrium point" in this sense is taken... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Degrees of freedom problem-Hypotheses and proposed solutions-Force control and internal models The force control hypothesis states that the nervous system uses calculation and direct specification of forces to determine movement trajectories and reduce DOFs. In this theory, the nervous system must form internal models—... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Degrees of freedom problem-Hypotheses and proposed solutions-Uncontrolled manifold (UCM) hypothesis It has been noted that the nervous system controls particular variables relevant to performance of a task, while leaving other variables free to vary; this is called the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis (UCM). The uncont... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Degrees of freedom problem-Unifying theories-Not all theories about the selection of movement are mutually exclusive. Necessarily, they all involve reduction or elimination of redundant DOFs. Optimal feedback control is related to UCM theory in the sense that the optimal control law may not act along certain dimensions... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
President (video game)-President (video game)-President is a 1987 game released by Kevin Toms for the Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
President (video game)-Gameplay-Following on from Toms' Football Manager and Software Star games, President is a game where the player takes control of a small country, and decides whether to be a dictator, or a hero. The player has to balance the wants and needs of their virtual citizens, while also balancing the book... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
President (video game)-Reception-Your Sinclair gave the game a positive review, awarding it 7/10. Similarly, Sinclair User gave the game 4/5. However, Crash were less favourable, only awarding it 29%. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Travel guitar-Travel guitar-Travel guitars are small guitars with a full or nearly full scale-length. In contrast, a reduced scale-length is typical for guitars intended for children, which have scale-lengths of one-quarter (ukulele guitar, or guitalele), one-half, and three-quarter. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Travel guitar-Examples-Examples of travel guitars include the following: C. F. MartinModel: Backpacker.A very small guitar with a body shaped like an elongated triangle, similar in shape to certain types of psaltery, and designed to be very portable and inexpensive while still being constructed of quality woods. The gu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pot (poker)-Pot (poker)-The pot in poker refers to the sum of money that players wager during a single hand or game, according to the betting rules of the variant being played. It is likely that the word pot is related to or derived from the word jackpot. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pot (poker)-Pot (poker)-At the conclusion of a hand, either by all but one player folding, or by showdown, the pot is won or shared by the player or players holding the winning cards. Sometimes a pot can be split between many players. This is particularly true in high-low games where not only the highest hand can win, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pot (poker)-Pot (poker)-See "all in" for more information about side pots. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Equivalent narcotic depth-Equivalent narcotic depth-Equivalent narcotic depth (END) (historically also equivalent nitrogen depth) is used in technical diving as a way of estimating the narcotic effect of a breathing gas mixture, such as nitrox, heliox or trimix. The method is used, for a given breathing gas mix and div... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Equivalent narcotic depth-Oxygen narcosis-Although oxygen has greater lipid solubility than nitrogen and therefore should be more narcotic according to the Meyer-Overton correlation, it is likely that some of the oxygen is metabolised, thus reducing its effect to a level similar to that of nitrogen or less.There are al... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Equivalent narcotic depth-Oxygen narcosis-Objective testing has failed to demonstrate oxygen narcosis, and research continues. There has been difficulty in identifying a reliable method of objectively measuring gas narcosis, but quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) has produced interesting results. Quantification ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Equivalent narcotic depth-Carbon dioxide narcosis-Although carbon dioxide (CO2) is known to be more narcotic than nitrogen – a rise in end-tidal alveolar partial pressure of CO2 of 10 millimetres of mercury (13 mbar) caused an impairment of both mental and psychomotor functions of approximately 10% – the effects of car... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Equivalent narcotic depth-Other components of the breathing gas mixture-It is generally accepted as of 2023, that helium has no known narcotic effect at any depth at which gas can be breathed, and can be disregarded as a contributor to inert gas narcosis. Other gases which may be considered include hydrogen and neon. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Equivalent narcotic depth-Standards-The standards recommended by the recreational certification agencies are basically arbitrary, as the actual effects of breathing gas narcosis are poorly understood, and the effects quite variable between individual divers. Some standards are more conservative than others, and in almo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Equivalent narcotic depth-Standards-Some training agencies, such as CMAS, GUE, and PADI and include oxygen as equivalent to nitrogen in their equivalent narcotic depth (END) calculations. PSAI considers oxygen narcotic but less so than nitrogen. Others like BSAC, IANTD, NAUI and TDI do not consider oxygen narcotic. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Equivalent narcotic depth-Calculations-In diving calculations it is assumed unless otherwise stipulated that the atmospheric pressure is 1 bar or 1 atm. and that the diving medium is water. The ambient pressure at depth is the sum of the hydrostatic pressure due to depth and the atmospheric pressure on the surface. Som... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Equivalent narcotic depth-Calculations-Since in the absence of conclusive evidence, oxygen may or may not be considered narcotic, there are two ways to calculate END depending on which opinion is followed. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Equivalent narcotic depth-Calculations-Oxygen considered narcotic Since for these calculations oxygen is usually assumed to be equally narcotic to nitrogen, the ratio considered is of the sum of nitrogen and oxygen in the breathing gas and in air, where air is approximated as entirely consisting of narcotic gas. In thi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Equivalent narcotic depth-Calculations-Metres The partial pressure in bar, of a component gas in a mixture at a particular depth in metres is given by: fraction of gas × (depth/10 + 1)So the equivalent narcotic depth can be calculated as follows: partial pressure of narcotic gases in air at END = partial pressure of na... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Equivalent narcotic depth-Calculations-Feet The partial pressure of a gas in a mixture at a particular depth in feet is given by: fraction of gas × (depth/33 + 1)So the equivalent narcotic depth can be calculated as follows: partial pressure of narcotic gases in air at END = partial pressure of narcotic gases in trimix... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Equivalent narcotic depth-Calculations-Oxygen not considered equally narcotic to nitrogen The ratio of nitrogen between the gas mixture and air is considered. Oxygen may be factored in at a narcotic ratio chosen by the user, or assumed to be negligible. In this system nitrox mixtures are not considered equivalent to ai... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Decoy (chess)-Decoy (chess)-In chess, a decoy is a tactic that lures an enemy man off its square and away from its defensive role. Typically this means away from a square on which it defends another piece or threat. The tactic is also called a deflection. Usually the piece is decoyed to a particular square via the sacr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Decoy (chess)-Examples-The game Honfi–Barczay, Kecskemet 1977, with Black to play, illustrates two separate decoys. First, the white queen is set up on c4 for a knight fork: 1... Rxc4! 2. Qxc4Next, the fork is executed by removing the sole defender of the a3-square: 2... Qxb2!+ 3. Rxb2 Na3+ 4. Kc1Finally, a zwischenz... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Decoy (chess)-Examples-In this position, after the moves 1.Rf8+ Kxf8 (forced) 2.Nd7+ Ke7 3.Nxb6, White wins the queen and the game. A similar, but more complex position is described by Huczek. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Decoy (chess)-Examples-In the diagrammed position from Vidmar–Euwe, Carlsbad 1929, Black had just played 33...Qf4, threatening mate on h2. White now uncorks the elegant combination 34.Re8+ Bf8 (forced) 35.Rxf8+ (attraction) Kxf8 (forced) 36.Nf5+ (discovered check) Kg8 (36...Ke8 37.Qe7#) 37.Qf8+ (attraction) 1–0 Black r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Decoy (chess)-Examples-This example shows a position from the game Dementiev–Dzindzichashvili, URS 1972. White had just played 61.g6 (with the threat 62.Qh7+ Kf8 63.Rxf5+). However, Black continued with the crushing 61...Rh1+ (attraction) 62. Kxh1 (best) Nxg3+ (the white rook is pinned) 63.Kh2 Nxh5 and White has droppe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Decoy (chess)-Examples-Perhaps the most celebrated game featuring a decoy theme is Petrosian–Pachman, Bled 1961, which also involved a queen sacrifice. Pachman resigned after 19.Qxf6+ (attraction) Kxf6 20.Be5+ Kg5 21.Bg7! setting a mating net. In the game Menchik–Graf, Semmering 1937, Graf resigned after 21.Rd7, defle... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Western Disturbance-Western Disturbance-A western disturbance is an extratropical storm originating in the Mediterranean region that brings sudden winter rain to the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent, which extends as east as up to northern parts of Bangladesh and South eastern Nepal. It is a non-monsoonal prec... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Western Disturbance-Formation-Western disturbances originate in the Mediterranean region. A high-pressure area over Ukraine and neighbourhood consolidates, causing the intrusion of cold air from polar regions towards an area of relatively warmer air with high moisture. This generates favorable conditions for cyclogenes... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Western Disturbance-Significance and impact-Western disturbances, specifically the ones in winter, bring moderate to heavy rain in low-lying areas and heavy snow to mountainous areas of the Indian Subcontinent. They are the cause of most winter and post-monsoon season rainfall across northwest India. Precipitation duri... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Western Disturbance-Significance and impact-Western disturbances are usually associated with cloudy sky, higher night temperatures and unusual rain. Excessive precipitation due to western disturbances can cause crop damage, landslides, floods and avalanches. Over the Indo-Gangetic plains, they occasionally bring cold w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Western Disturbance-Significance and impact-The strongest western disturbances usually occur in the northern parts of Pakistan, where flooding is reported number of times during the winter season. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Western Disturbance-Effects on monsoon-Western disturbances start declining in numbers after winter. During the summer months of April and May, they move across north India. The southwest monsoon current generally progresses from east to west in the northern Himalayan region, unlike western disturbances which follow a ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Relcovaptan-Relcovaptan-Relcovaptan (SR-49059) is a non-peptide vasopressin receptor antagonist, selective for the V1a subtype. It has shown positive initial results for the treatment of Raynaud's disease and dysmenorrhoea, and as a tocolytic, although it is not yet approved for clinical use. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
NGC 89-NGC 89-NGC 89 is a barred spiral or lenticular galaxy, part of Robert's Quartet, a group of four interacting galaxies. This member has a Seyfert 2 nucleus with extra-planar features emitting H-alpha radiation. There are filamentary features on each side of the disk, including a jet-like structure extending abou... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Banach measure-Banach measure-In the mathematical discipline of measure theory, a Banach measure is a certain type of content used to formalize geometric area in problems vulnerable to the axiom of choice. Traditionally, intuitive notions of area are formalized as a classical, countably additive measure. This has the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Banach measure-Banach measure-A Banach measure on Ω which takes values in {0, 1} is called an Ulam measure on Ω. As Vitali's paradox shows, Banach measures cannot be strengthened to countably additive ones. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Banach measure-Banach measure-Stefan Banach showed that it is possible to define a Banach measure for the Euclidean plane, consistent with the usual Lebesgue measure. This means that every Lebesgue-measurable subset of R2 is also Banach-measurable, implying that both measures are equal.The existence of this measure pr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Acefylline-Acefylline-Acefylline (INN), also known as 7-theophyllineacetic acid, is a stimulant drug of the xanthine chemical class. It acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist. It is combined with diphenhydramine in the pharmaceutical preparation etanautine to help offset diphenhydramine induced drowsiness.A silanol–m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Differential algebraic group-Differential algebraic group-In mathematics, a differential algebraic group is a differential algebraic variety with a compatible group structure. Differential algebraic groups were introduced by Cassidy (1972). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Biotextile-Biotextile-Biotextiles are structures composed of textile fibers designed for use in specific biological environments where their performance depends on biocompatibility and biostability with cells and biological fluids. Biotextiles include implantable devices such as surgical sutures, hernia repair fabrics,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Biotextile-Biotextile-They were first created 30 years ago by Dr. Martin W. King, a professor in North Carolina State University’s College of Textiles.Medical textiles are a broader group which also includes bandages, wound dressings, hospital linen, preventive clothing etc. Antiseptic biotextiles are textiles used in ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Biotextile-New developments-In the new paradigm of tissue engineering, professionals are trying to develop new textiles so that the body can form new tissue around these devices so it’s not relying solely on synthetic foreign implanted material. Graduate student Jessica Gluck has demonstrated that viable and functionin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DIY Kindle Scanner-DIY Kindle Scanner-The DIY Kindle Scanner, or Do It Yourself Kindle Scanner, is a robotic device made from Lego Mindstorms which was designed and built by Peter Purgathofer from 2012 to 2013. The robot interfaces with Purgathofer's personal computer and a Kindle to make a copy of the Kindle e-book. T... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DIY Kindle Scanner-Background-Peter Purgathofer is an associate professor at the Vienna University of Technology in Austria. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DIY Kindle Scanner-Background-When he released a video on Vimeo documenting the operation of the device, Purgathofer wrote that the project was meant to be an artistic reflection connecting the ideas of “book scanning, copyright, and digital rights management.” In a reply to an email, Purgathofer stated that the projec... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DIY Kindle Scanner-Operation-The robot is first set up so that it can operate the computer as well as hold the Kindle. The image capture software must already be running on the computer and the Kindle must be open to the first page of the book to be scanned into the computer. The robot then runs through a loop where it... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DIY Kindle Scanner-Reaction-Several critics have recognized that more direct means of bypassing digital rights management are available. In this context, the DIY Kindle Scanner has been labeled as a type of Rube Goldberg machine.Additionally, Cory Doctorow made the claim that the project was in fact a legal means of by... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DIY Kindle Scanner-General References-"DIY Kindle Scanner", Post-Digital Publishing Archive. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
Hoffelder, Nate. "Kindle Plus Legos Plus Mac Equals DIY Scanner (video)", The Digital Reader. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
Love, Dylan. "This Lego Robot Can Outwit Amazon's Kindle And Make Copies Of Yo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Monosaccharide-Monosaccharides (from Greek monos: single, sacchar: sugar), also called simple sugars, are the simplest forms of sugar and the most basic units (monomers) from which all carbohydrates are built.They are usually colorless, water-soluble, and crystalline solids. Contrary to their name (sugar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Monosaccharide-Examples of monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose (levulose), and galactose. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of disaccharides (such as sucrose and lactose) and polysaccharides (such as cellulose and starch). The table sugar used in everyday vernacular is itself a dis... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Monosaccharide-The monosaccharide glucose plays a pivotal role in metabolism, where the chemical energy is extracted through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to provide energy to living organisms. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Structure and nomenclature-With few exceptions (e.g., deoxyribose), monosaccharides have this chemical formula: (CH2O)x, where conventionally x ≥ 3. Monosaccharides can be classified by the number x of carbon atoms they contain: triose (3), tetrose (4), pentose (5), hexose (6), heptose (7), and so on. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Structure and nomenclature-Glucose, used as an energy source and for the synthesis of starch, glycogen and cellulose, is a hexose. Ribose and deoxyribose (in RNA and DNA, respectively) are pentose sugars. Examples of heptoses include the ketoses, mannoheptulose and sedoheptulose. Monosaccharides with eig... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Structure and nomenclature-Linear-chain monosaccharides Simple monosaccharides have a linear and unbranched carbon skeleton with one carbonyl (C=O) functional group, and one hydroxyl (OH) group on each of the remaining carbon atoms. Therefore, the molecular structure of a simple monosaccharide can be wri... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Structure and nomenclature-If the carbonyl is at position 1 (that is, n or m is zero), the molecule begins with a formyl group H(C=O)− and is technically an aldehyde. In that case, the compound is termed an aldose. Otherwise, the molecule has a ketone group, a carbonyl −(C=O)− between two carbons; then i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Structure and nomenclature-The various classifications above can be combined, resulting in names such as "aldohexose" and "ketotriose". | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Structure and nomenclature-A more general nomenclature for open-chain monosaccharides combines a Greek prefix to indicate the number of carbons (tri-, tetr-, pent-, hex-, etc.) with the suffixes "-ose" for aldoses and "-ulose" for ketoses. In the latter case, if the carbonyl is not at position 2, its pos... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Structure and nomenclature-Open-chain stereoisomers Two monosaccharides with equivalent molecular graphs (same chain length and same carbonyl position) may still be distinct stereoisomers, whose molecules differ in spatial orientation. This happens only if the molecule contains a stereogenic center, spec... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Structure and nomenclature-For example, the triketose H(CHOH)(C=O)(CHOH)H (glycerone, dihydroxyacetone) has no stereogenic center, and therefore exists as a single stereoisomer. The other triose, the aldose H(C=O)(CHOH)2H (glyceraldehyde), has one chiral carbon—the central one, number 2—which is bonded t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Monosaccharide-Structure and nomenclature-The Fischer projection is a systematic way of drawing the skeletal formula of an acyclic monosaccharide so that the handedness of each chiral carbon is well specified. Each stereoisomer of a simple open-chain monosaccharide can be identified by the positions (right or left) in ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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