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Conjunctivitis-Signs and symptoms-Viral Between 65% and 90% of cases of viral conjunctivitis are caused by adenoviruses. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conjunctivitis-Signs and symptoms-Viral conjunctivitis is often associated with an infection of the upper respiratory tract, a common cold, or a sore throat. Its symptoms include excessive watering and itching. The infection usually begins in one eye but may spread easily to the other eye.Viral conjunctivitis manifests... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conjunctivitis-Signs and symptoms-Allergic Allergic conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva due to allergy. The specific allergens may differ among patients. Symptoms result from the release of histamine and other active substances by mast cells, and consist of redness (mainly due to vasodilation of the perip... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conjunctivitis-Signs and symptoms-Bacterial Bacterial conjunctivitis causes the rapid onset of conjunctival redness, swelling of the eyelid, and a sticky discharge. Typically, symptoms develop first in one eye, but may spread to the other eye within 2–5 days. Conjunctivitis due to common pus-producing bacteria causes m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conjunctivitis-Signs and symptoms-Bacteria such as Chlamydia trachomatis or Moraxella spp. can cause a nonexudative but persistent conjunctivitis without much redness. Bacterial conjunctivitis may cause the production of membranes or pseudomembranes that cover the conjunctiva. Pseudomembranes consist of a combination o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conjunctivitis-Signs and symptoms-Chemical Chemical eye injury may result when an acidic or alkaline substance gets in the eye. Alkali burns are typically worse than acidic burns. Mild burns produce conjunctivitis, while more severe burns may cause the cornea to turn white. Litmus paper may be used to test for chemical... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conjunctivitis-Signs and symptoms-Biomarkers Omics technologies have been used to identify biomarkers that inform on the emergence and progression of conjunctivitis. For example, in chronic inflammatory cicatrizing conjunctivitis, active oxylipins, lysophospholipids, fatty acids, and endocannabinoids alterations, from ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conjunctivitis-Causes-Infective conjunctivitis is most commonly caused by a virus. Bacterial infections, allergies, other irritants, and dryness are also common causes. Both bacterial and viral infections are contagious, passing from person to person or spread through contaminated objects or water. Contact with contami... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conjunctivitis-Causes-Viral Adenoviruses are the most common cause of viral conjunctivitis (adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis). Herpetic keratoconjunctivitis, caused by herpes simplex viruses, can be serious and requires treatment with aciclovir. Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis is a highly contagious disease caused by o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conjunctivitis-Causes-Bacterial The most common causes of acute bacterial conjunctivitis are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. Though very rare, hyperacute cases are usually caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Neisseria meningitidis. Chronic cases of bacterial conjunctivitis ar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conjunctivitis-Causes-Allergic Conjunctivitis may also be caused by allergens such as pollen, perfumes, cosmetics, smoke, dust mites, Balsam of Peru, or eye drops. The most frequent cause of conjunctivitis is allergic conjunctivitis and it affects 15% to 40% of the population. Allergic conjunctivitis accounts for 15% o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conjunctivitis-Causes-Other Computer vision syndrome Dry eye syndrome Reactive arthritis: Conjunctivitis is part of the triad of reactive arthritis, which is thought to be caused by autoimmune cross-reactivity following certain bacterial infections. Reactive arthritis is highly associated with HLA-B27. Conjunctivitis i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conjunctivitis-Diagnosis-Cultures are not often taken or needed as most cases resolve either with time or typical antibiotics. If bacterial conjunctivitis is suspected, but no response to topical antibiotics is seen, swabs for bacterial culture should be taken and tested. Viral culture may be appropriate in epidemic ca... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conjunctivitis-Diagnosis-Classification Conjunctivitis may be classified either by cause or by extent of the inflamed area.
Causes Allergy Bacteria Viruses Chemicals AutoimmuneNeonatal conjunctivitis is often grouped separately from bacterial conjunctivitis because it is caused by different bacteria than the more commo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conjunctivitis-Diagnosis-Differential diagnosis Some more serious conditions can present with a red eye, such as infectious keratitis, angle-closure glaucoma, or iritis. These conditions require the urgent attention of an ophthalmologist. Signs of such conditions include decreased vision, significantly increased sensit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conjunctivitis-Prevention-The most effective prevention is good hygiene, especially avoiding rubbing the eyes with infected hands. Vaccination against adenovirus, Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococcus, and Neisseria meningitidis is also effective.Povidone-iodine eye solution has been found to prevent neonatal conjunctiv... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conjunctivitis-Management-Conjunctivitis resolves in 65% of cases without treatment, within 2–5 days. The prescription of antibiotics is not necessary in most cases.
Viral Viral conjunctivitis usually resolves on its own and does not require any specific treatment. Antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine) or mast cell st... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conjunctivitis-Management-Bacterial Bacterial conjunctivitis usually resolves without treatment. Topical antibiotics may be needed only if no improvement is observed after 3 days. No serious effects were noted either with or without treatment. Because antibiotics do speed healing in bacterial conjunctivitis, their use ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conjunctivitis-Management-Chemical Conjunctivitis due to chemicals is treated via irrigation with Ringer's lactate or saline solution. Chemical injuries, particularly alkali burns, are medical emergencies, as they can lead to severe scarring and intraocular damage. People with chemically induced conjunctivitis should n... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conjunctivitis-Epidemiology-Conjunctivitis is the most common eye disease. Rates of disease is related to the underlying cause which varies by the age as well as the time of year. Acute conjunctivitis is most frequently found in infants, school-age children and the elderly. The most common cause of infectious conjuncti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conjunctivitis-History-An adenovirus was first isolated by Rowe et al. in 1953. Two years later, Jawetz et al. published on epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.: 437 "Madras eye" is a colloquial term that has been used in India for the disease. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conjunctivitis-Society and culture-Conjunctivitis imposes economic and social burdens. The cost of treating bacterial conjunctivitis in the United States was estimated to be $377 million to $857 million per year. Approximately 1% of all primary care office visits in the United States are related to conjunctivitis. Appr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sound post-Sound post-In a string instrument, the sound post or soundpost is a dowel inside the instrument under the treble end of the bridge, spanning the space between the top and back plates and held in place by friction. It serves as a structural support for an archtop instrument, transfers sound from the top plate... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sound post-Sound post-The sound post is sometimes referred to as the âme, a French word meaning "soul". The bow has also been referred to as the soul of these instruments. The Italians use the same term, anima, for this.Sound posts are used: In all members of the violin family In some members of the viol family In some... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sound post-Sound post adjustment-The position of the sound post inside a violin is critical, and moving it by very small amounts (as little as 0.5mm or 0.25mm, or less) can make a big difference in the sound quality and loudness of an instrument. Specialized tools for standing up or moving a sound post are commercially... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sound post-Sound post adjustment-Soundpost adjustment is as much art as science, depending on the ears, experience, structural sense, and sensitive touch of the luthier. The rough guidelines in the following section outline the effects of various moves, but the interaction of all the factors involved keeps it from bein... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sound post-Effect of position on the instrument-Moving the sound post towards the fingerboard tends to increase brilliance and loudness. Moving the sound post towards the tail piece decreases the loudness and adds a richness or hollowness to the tonal quality of the instrument. Moving it towards the outside of the inst... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fuel pump-Fuel pump-A fuel pump is a component used in many liquid-fuelled engines (such as petrol/gasoline or diesel engines) to transfer the fuel from the fuel tank to the device where it is mixed with the intake air (such as the carburetor or fuel injector).
Carbureted engines often use low-pressure mechanical pumps... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fuel pump-Low-pressure mechanical pumps-On engines that use a carburetor (e.g. in older cars, lawnmowers and power tools), a mechanical fuel pump is typically used in order to transfer fuel from the fuel tank into the carburetor. These fuel pumps operate at a relatively low fuel pressure of 10–15 psi (0.7–1.0 bar). Th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fuel pump-High-pressure mechanical pumps-Pumps for modern direct-injection engines operate at a much higher pressure, up to 30,000 psi (2,100 bar) and have configurations such as common rail radial piston, common rail two piston radial, inline, port and helix, and metering unit. Injection pumps are fuel lubricated whic... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fuel pump-High-pressure mechanical pumps-Port and Helix pumps Port and Helix pumps are most commonly used in marine diesel engines because of their simplicity, reliability, and its ability to be scaled up in proportion to the engine size. The pump is similar to that of a radial piston-type pump, but instead of a piston... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fuel pump-High-pressure mechanical pumps-Plunger-type pumps Plunger-type pumps are a type of positive-displacement pump used by diesel engines. These pumps contain a chamber whose volume is increased and/or decreased by a moving plunger, along with check valves at the inlet and discharge ports. It is similar to that of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fuel pump-Electric pumps-In fuel-injected petrol engines, an electric fuel pump is typically located inside the fuel tank. For older port injection and throttle-body injection systems, this "in-tank" fuel pump transports the fuel from the fuel tank to the engine, as well as pressurising the fuel to typically 40–60 psi ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fuel pump-Electric pumps-Since the electric pump does not require mechanical power from the engine, it is feasible to locate the pump anywhere between the engine and the fuel tank. The reasons that the fuel pump is typically located in the fuel tank are: By submerging the pump in fuel at the bottom of the tank, the pum... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fuel pump-Turbopumps-Rocket engines use a turbopump to supply the fuel and oxidizer into the combustion chamber. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
BODIPY-BODIPY-BODIPY is the technical common name of a chemical compound with formula C9H7BN2F2, whose molecule consists of a boron difluoride group BF2 joined to a dipyrromethene group C9H7N2; specifically, the compound 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene in the IUPAC nomenclature. The common name is an abbrevi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
BODIPY-Structure-In its crystalline solid form, the core BODIPY is almost, but not entirely, planar and symmetrical; except for the two fluorine atoms, that lie on the perpendicular bisecting plane. Its bonding can be explained by assuming a formal negative charge on the boron atom, and a formal positive charge on one ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
BODIPY-Synthesis-BODIPY and its derivatives can be obtained by reacting the corresponding 2,2'-dipyrromethene derivatives with boron trifluoride-diethyl ether complex (BF3·(C2H5)2O) in the presence of triethylamine or 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU). The difficulty of the synthesis was due to instability of th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
BODIPY-Derivatives-The BODIPY core has a rich derivative chemistry due to the high tolerance for substitutions in the pyrrole and aldehyde (or acyl chloride) starting materials.Hydrogen atoms at the 2 and 6 positions of the cyclic core can be displaced by halogen atoms using succinimide reagents such as NCS, NBS and NI... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
BODIPY-Fluorescence-BODIPY and many of its derivatives have received attention recently for being fluorescent dyes with unique properties. They strongly absorb UV-radiation and re-emit it in very narrow frequency spreads, with high quantum yields, mostly at wavelengths below 600 nm. They are relatively insensitive to t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
BODIPY-Fluorescence-The unsubstituted BODIPY has a broad absorption band, from about 420 to 520 nm (peaking at 503 nm) and a broad emission band from about 480 to 580 nm (peaking at 512 nm), with a fluorescence lifetime of 7.2 ns. Its fluorescence quantum yield is near 1, greater than that of substituted BODIPY dyes an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
BODIPY-Potential applications-BODIPY conjugates are widely studied as potential sensors and for labelling by exploiting its highly tunable optoelectronic properties.Numerous BODIPY derivatives are being investigated as electroactive species for single-substance redox flow batteries. In recent years, BODIPY derivatives... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Frédéric Gagey-Frédéric Gagey-Frédéric Gagey (born 29 June 1956) is a French businessman, the current CFO of Air France–KLM.Gagey is a graduate of the Ecole Polytechnique and the ENSAE School of Economics, Statistics and Finance. He also holds a master's degree in economics from the Université de Paris I.His career sta... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Frédéric Gagey-Frédéric Gagey-In 2016, Gagey was appointed Executive Vice President Finance of the Air France-KLM group. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Endothoracic fascia-Endothoracic fascia-The endothoracic fascia is the layer of loose connective tissue deep to the intercostal spaces and ribs, separating these structures from the underlying pleura. This fascial layer is the outermost membrane of the thoracic cavity. The endothoracic fascia contains variable amounts ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kolmogorov equations (continuous-time Markov chains)-Kolmogorov equations (continuous-time Markov chains)-In mathematics and statistics, in the context of Markov processes, the Kolmogorov equations, including Kolmogorov forward equations and Kolmogorov backward equations, are a pair of systems of differential equations... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kolmogorov equations (continuous-time Markov chains)-The equations-For the case of a countable state space we put i,j in place of x,y . The Kolmogorov forward equations read ∂Pij∂t(s;t)=∑kPik(s;t)Akj(t) ,where A(t) is the transition rate matrix (also known as the generator matrix), while the Kolmogorov backward eq... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kolmogorov equations (continuous-time Markov chains)-Background-The original derivation of the equations by Kolmogorov starts with the Chapman–Kolmogorov equation (Kolmogorov called it fundamental equation) for time-continuous and differentiable Markov processes on a finite, discrete state space. In this formulation, i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kolmogorov equations (continuous-time Markov chains)-Relation with the generating function-Still in the discrete state case, letting s=0 and assuming that the system initially is found in state i , the Kolmogorov forward equations describe an initial-value problem for finding the probabilities of the process, given th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kolmogorov equations (continuous-time Markov chains)-History-A brief historical note can be found at Kolmogorov equations. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
National Clinical Guideline Centre-National Clinical Guideline Centre-The National Guideline Centre (NGC), formerly known as the National Clinical Guideline Centre, is hosted by the Royal College of Physicians,The guidelines provide recommendations for good practice by healthcare professionals. The guidelines are also ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dual EC DRBG-Dual EC DRBG-Dual_EC_DRBG (Dual Elliptic Curve Deterministic Random Bit Generator) is an algorithm that was presented as a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) using methods in elliptic curve cryptography. Despite wide public criticism, including the public identification of the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dual EC DRBG-Weakness: a potential backdoor-Weaknesses in the cryptographic security of the algorithm were known and publicly criticised well before the algorithm became part of a formal standard endorsed by the ANSI, ISO, and formerly by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). One of the weaknesses ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dual EC DRBG-Weakness: a potential backdoor-In September 2013, The New York Times reported that internal NSA memos leaked by Edward Snowden indicated that the NSA had worked during the standardization process to eventually become the sole editor of the Dual_EC_DRBG standard, and concluded that the Dual_EC_DRBG standard... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dual EC DRBG-Description-Overview The algorithm uses a single integer s as state. Whenever a new random number is requested, this integer is updated. The k-th state is given by sk=gP(sk−1) The returned random integer r is a function of the state. The k-th random number is rk=gQ(sk) The function gP(x) depends on the fi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dual EC DRBG-Description-Details The algorithm allows for different constants, variable output length and other customization. For simplicity, the one described here will use the constants from curve P-256 (one of the 3 sets of constants available) and have fixed output length. The algorithm operates exclusively over a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dual EC DRBG-Description-X(x,y)=x Output integers are truncated before being output mod 16 The functions gP and gQ . These functions raise the fixed points to a power. "Raising to a power" in this context, means using the special operation defined for points on elliptic curves.
gP(x)=X(Px) gQ(x)=t(X(Qx)) The generato... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dual EC DRBG-Security-The stated purpose of including the Dual_EC_DRBG in NIST SP 800-90A is that its security is based on computational hardness assumptions from number theory. A mathematical security reduction proof can then prove that as long as the number theoretical problems are hard, the random number generator i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dual EC DRBG-Security-The alleged NSA backdoor would allow the attacker to determine the internal state of the random number generator from looking at the output from a single round (32 bytes); all future output of the random number generator can then easily be calculated, until the CSPRNG is reseeded with an external ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dual EC DRBG-Standardization and implementations-NSA first introduced Dual_EC_DRBG in the ANSI X9.82 DRBG in the early 2000s, including the same parameters which created the alleged backdoor, and Dual_EC_DRBG was published in a draft ANSI standard. Dual_EC_DRBG also exists in the ISO 18031 standard.According to John Ke... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dual EC DRBG-Standardization and implementations-2) Small output truncation [0041] Another alternative method for preventing a key escrow attack on the output of an ECRNG, shown in Figures 3 and 4 is to add a truncation function to ECRNG to truncate the ECRNG output to approximately half the length of a compressed elli... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dual EC DRBG-Standardization and implementations-According to John Kelsey, the option in the standard to choose a verifiably random Q was added as an option in response to the suspected backdoor, though in such a way that FIPS 140-2 validation could only be attained by using the possibly backdoored Q. Steve Marquess (w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dual EC DRBG-Standardization and implementations-The ANSI X9F1 Tool Standards and Guidelines Group which discussed the backdoor also included three employees from the prominent security company RSA Security. In 2004, RSA Security made an implementation of Dual_EC_DRBG which contained the NSA backdoor the default CSPRNG... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dual EC DRBG-Standardization and implementations-OpenSSL implemented all of NIST SP 800-90A including Dual_EC_DRBG at the request of a client. The OpenSSL developers were aware of the potential backdoor because of Shumow and Ferguson's presentation, and wanted to use the method included in the standard to choose a guar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dual EC DRBG-Standardization and implementations-2. Many things are obvious in hindsight. I'm not sure if this was obvious.
[...] 8. All considered, I don't see how the ANSI and NIST standards for Dual_EC_DRBG can be viewed as a subverted standard, per se. But maybe that's just because I'm biased or naive. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dual EC DRBG-Software and hardware which contained the possible backdoor-Implementations which used Dual_EC_DRBG would usually have gotten it via a library. At least RSA Security (BSAFE library), OpenSSL, Microsoft, and Cisco have libraries which included Dual_EC_DRBG, but only BSAFE used it by default. According to th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dual EC DRBG-Software and hardware which contained the possible backdoor-Bruce Schneier has pointed out that even if not enabled by default, having a backdoored CSPRNG implemented as an option can make it easier for NSA to spy on targets which have a software-controlled command-line switch to select the encryption algo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dual EC DRBG-Software and hardware which contained the possible backdoor-In December 2013, a proof of concept backdoor was published that uses the leaked internal state to predict subsequent random numbers, an attack viable until the next reseed. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dual EC DRBG-Software and hardware which contained the possible backdoor-In December 2015, Juniper Networks announced that some revisions of their ScreenOS firmware used Dual_EC_DRBG with the suspect P and Q points, creating a backdoor in their firewall. Originally it was supposed to use a Q point chosen by Juniper whi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Palladin-Palladin-Palladin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PALLD gene. Palladin is a component of actin-containing microfilaments that control cell shape, adhesion, and contraction. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Palladin-Discovery-Palladin was characterised independently by two research groups, first in the lab of Carol Otey (in 2000) and then in the lab of Olli Carpén (in 2001). It is a part of the myotilin-myopalladin-palladin family and may play an important role in modulating the actin cytoskeleton. Palladin, in contrast t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Palladin-Discovery-Palladin was named after the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio, reflecting its localization to architectural elements of the cell. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Palladin-Isoforms-In humans, it appears that seven different isoforms exist, some of which arise through alternative splicing. In mice, three major isoforms of palladin arise from a single gene. These isoforms contain between three and five copies (depending on the isoform) of an Ig-like domain and between one and two ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Palladin-Function-Palladin's precise biological role is poorly understood, but it has been shown to play a role in cytoskeletal organization, embryonic development, cell motility, scar formation in the skin, and nerve cell development. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Palladin-Disease linkage-Recently, it has been demonstrated that palladin RNA is overexpressed in patients with pancreatic neoplasia, and that palladin is both overexpressed and mutated in an inherited form of pancreatic cancer. The palladin mutation identified in familial pancreatic cancer may be unique to a single No... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Palladin-Disease linkage-Disease-causing mutations have also been identified in the two other members of this gene family. Myotilin mutations cause a form of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, and mutations in myopalladin cause an inherited form of heart disease (dilated cardiomyopathy). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Palladin-Interactions-PALLD has been shown to interact with EZR. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Computational cybernetics-Computational cybernetics-Computational cybernetics is the integration of cybernetics and computational intelligence techniques. Though the term Cybernetics entered the technical lexicon in the 1940s and 1950s, it was first used informally as a popular noun in the 1960s, when it became associa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Computational cybernetics-Computational cybernetics-While ‘philosophical’ treatments of cybernetics are common, especially in the biosciences, computational cybernetics has failed to gain traction in mainstream engineering and graduate education. This makes its specific achievements all the more remarkable. Feldman and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wire-Wire-A wire is a flexible strand of metal.
Wire is commonly formed by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw plate. Wire gauges come in various standard sizes, as expressed in terms of a gauge number or cross-sectional area.
Wires are used to bear mechanical loads, often in the form of wire rope. In ele... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wire-History-In antiquity, jewelry often contains large amounts of wire in the form of chains and applied decoration that is accurately made and which must have been produced by some efficient, if not technically advanced, means. In some cases, strips cut from metal sheet were made into wire by pulling them through per... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wire-History-In about the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE, a new category of decorative tube was introduced which imitated a line of granules. True beaded wire, produced by mechanically distorting a round-section wire, appeared in the Eastern Mediterranean and Italy in the seventh century BCE, perhaps disseminated by ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wire-History-Wire was drawn in England from the medieval period. The wire was used to make wool cards and pins, manufactured goods whose import was prohibited by Edward IV in 1463. The first wire mill in Great Britain was established at Tintern in about 1568 by the founders of the Company of Mineral and Battery Works, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wire-History-According to a description in the early 20th century, "[w]ire is usually drawn of cylindrical form; but it may be made of any desired section by varying the outline of the holes in the draw-plate through which it is passed in the process of manufacture. The draw-plate or die is a piece of hard cast-iron or... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wire-Production-Wire is often reduced to the desired diameter and properties by repeated drawing through progressively smaller dies, or traditionally holes in draw plates. After a number of passes the wire may be annealed to facilitate more drawing or, if it is a finished product, to maximise ductility and conductivity... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wire-Production-Two or more wires may be wrapped concentrically, separated by insulation, to form coaxial cable. The wire or cable may be further protected with substances like paraffin, some kind of preservative compound, bitumen, lead, aluminum sheathing, or steel taping. Stranding or covering machines wind material ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wire-Forms-Solid Solid wire, also called solid-core or single-strand wire, consists of one piece of metal wire. Solid wire is useful for wiring breadboards. Solid wire is cheaper to manufacture than stranded wire and is used where there is little need for flexibility in the wire. Solid wire also provides mechanical rug... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wire-Forms-Stranded Stranded wire is composed of a number of small wires bundled or wrapped together to form a larger conductor. Stranded wire is more flexible than solid wire of the same total cross-sectional area. Stranded wire is used when higher resistance to metal fatigue is required. Such situations include conne... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wire-Forms-The more individual wire strands in a wire bundle, the more flexible, kink-resistant, break-resistant, and stronger the wire becomes. However, more strands increases manufacturing complexity and cost. For geometrical reasons, the lowest number of strands usually seen is 7: one in the middle, with 6 surroundi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wire-Forms-Prefused wire is stranded wire made up of strands that are heavily tinned, then fused together. Prefused wire has many of the properties of solid wire, except it is less likely to break.
Braided A braided wire consists of a number of small strands of wire braided together. Braided wires do not break easily w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wire-Uses-Wire has many uses. It forms the raw material of many important manufacturers, such as the wire netting industry, engineered springs, wire-cloth making and wire rope spinning, in which it occupies a place analogous to a textile fiber. Wire-cloth of all degrees of strength and fineness of mesh is used for sift... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wire-Uses-Metallic wires are often used for the lower-pitched sound-producing "strings" in stringed instruments, such as violins, cellos, and guitars, and percussive string instruments such as pianos, dulcimers, dobros, and cimbaloms. To increase the mass per unit length (and thus lower the pitch of the sound even furt... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wire-Uses-Examples include: Hook-up wire is small-to-medium gauge, solid or stranded, insulated wire, used for making internal connections inside electrical or electronic devices. It is often tin-plated to improve solderability.
Wire bonding is the application of microscopic wires for making electrical connections insi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wire-Uses-Magnet wire is solid wire, usually copper, which, to allow closer winding when making electromagnetic coils, is insulated only with varnish, rather than the thicker plastic or other insulation commonly used on electrical wire. It is used for the winding of motors, transformers, inductors, generators, speaker ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wire-Uses-Coaxial cable is a cable consisting of an inner conductor, surrounded by a tubular insulating layer typically made from a flexible material with a high dielectric constant, all of which is then surrounded by another conductive layer (typically of fine woven wire for flexibility, or of a thin metallic foil), a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wire-Uses-Speaker wire is used to make a low-resistance electrical connection between loudspeakers and audio amplifiers. Some high-end modern speaker wire consists of multiple electrical conductors individually insulated by plastic, similar to Litz wire.
Resistance wire is wire with higher than normal resistivity, ofte... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Stargate (asterism)-Stargate (asterism)-The Stargate Asterism or Stargate Cluster is an asterism in the constellation Corvus consisting of six stars, also known as STF 1659. The stars form vertices of two nested triangles, resembling a portal device featured in the Buck Rogers science fiction TV series. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
C to HDL-C to HDL-C to HDL tools convert C language or C-like computer code into a hardware description language (HDL) such as VHDL or Verilog. The converted code can then be synthesized and translated into a hardware device such as a field-programmable gate array. Compared to software, equivalent designs in hardware c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
C to HDL-History-Early development on C to HDL was done by Ian Page, Charles Sweeney and colleagues at Oxford University in the 1990s who developed the Handel-C language. They commercialized their research by forming Embedded Solutions Limited (ESL) in 1999 which was renamed Celoxica in September 2000. In 2008, the emb... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
C to HDL-Applications-C to HDL techniques are most commonly applied to applications that have unacceptably high execution times on existing general-purpose supercomputer architectures. Examples include bioinformatics, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), financial processing, and oil and gas survey data analysis. Embedd... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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