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Behavior tree-Applications-Model Based Testing is an approach to software testing that requires testers to create test models from requirements of Software Under Test (SUT). Traditionally, UML state charts, FSMs, EFSMs, Flow charts are used as the modeling language. Recently, an interesting approach in which Event-Driv... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Behavior tree-Scalability and industry applications-The first industry trials to test the feasibility of the method and refine its capability were conducted in 2002. Over the last three years a number of systematic industry trials on large-scale defence, transportation and enterprise systems have been conducted. This w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Behavior tree-Benefits, advantages-As a behavior modelling representation, behavior trees have a number of significant benefits and advantages: They employ a well-defined and effective strategy for dealing with requirements complexity, particularly where the initial needs of a system are expressed using hundreds or tho... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Behavior tree-Criticisms, disadvantages-For small textbook level examples, their tree-like nature means that the graphic models produced are sometimes not as compact as statechart or state machine behavior specifications.
Tool support is needed to navigate the very large integrated behavior trees for systems that have ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase-Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase-In enzymology, an isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.8.4) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 3-methylbutanoyl-CoA + acceptor ⇌ 3-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA + reduced acceptorThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3-methylbutanoyl-CoA and accept... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase-Structural studies-As of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code 1IVH. It was created by a group containing K.A.Tiffany, D.L.Roberts, M.Wang, R.Paschke, A.-W.A.Mohsen, J.Vockley, and J.J.P.Kim. The structure was released on May 20... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Amifampridine-Amifampridine-Amifampridine is used as a drug, predominantly in the treatment of a number of rare muscle diseases. The free base form of the drug has been used to treat congenital myasthenic syndromes and Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) through compassionate use programs since the 1990s and was r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Amifampridine-Amifampridine-Around 2000 doctors at Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris created a phosphate salt form, which was developed through a series of companies ending with BioMarin Pharmaceutical which obtained European approval in 2009 under the trade name Firdapse, and which licensed the US rights to Cata... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Amifampridine-Amifampridine-Amifampridine phosphate has orphan drug status in the EU for Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome and Catalyst holds both an orphan designation and a breakthrough therapy designation in the US. In May 2019 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved amifampridine tablets under the trad... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Amifampridine-Medical uses-Amifampridine is used to treat many of the congenital myasthenic syndromes, particularly those with defects in choline acetyltransferase, downstream kinase 7, and those where any kind of defect causes "fast channel" behaviour of the acetylcholine receptor.
It is also used to treat symptoms of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Amifampridine-Contraindications-Because it affects voltage-gated ion channels in the heart, it is contraindicated in people with long QT syndrome and in people taking a drug that might prolong QT time like sultopride, disopyramide, cisapride, domperidone, rifampicin or ketoconazol. It is also contraindicated in people ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Amifampridine-Adverse effects-The dose-limiting side effects include tingling or numbness, difficulty sleeping, fatigue, and loss of muscle strength.Amifampridine can cause seizures, especially but not exclusively when given at high doses and/or in particularly vulnerable individuals who have a history of seizures. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Amifampridine-Interactions-The combination of amifampridine with pharmaceuticals that prolong QT time increases the risk of ventricular tachycardia, especially torsade de pointes; and combination with drugs that lower the seizure threshold increases the risk of seizures. Interactions via the liver's cytochrome P450 enz... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Amifampridine-Pharmacology-Mechanism of action In Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome, acetylcholine release is inhibited as antibodies involved in the host response against certain cancers cross-react with Ca2+ channels on the prejunctional membrane. Amifampridine works by blocking potassium channel efflux in nerve term... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Amifampridine-Pharmacology-Pharmacokinetics Amifampridine is quickly and almost completely (93–100%) absorbed from the gut. In a study with 91 healthy subjects, maximum amifampridine concentrations in blood plasma were reached after 0.6 (±0.25) hours when taken without food, or after 1.3 (±0.9) hours after a fatty meal... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Amifampridine-Chemistry-3,4-Diaminopyridine is a pale yellow to pale brown crystalline powder that melts at about 218–220 °C (424–428 °F) under decomposition. It is readily soluble in methanol, ethanol and hot water, but only slightly in diethyl ether. Solubility in water at 20 °C (68 °F) is 25 g/L.
The drug formulatio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Amifampridine-History-The development of amifampridine and its phosphate has brought attention to orphan drug policies that grant market exclusivity as an incentive for companies to develop therapies for conditions that affect small numbers of people.Amifampridine, also called 3,4-DAP, was discovered in Scotland in the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Amifampridine-Research-Amifampridine has also been proposed for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). A 2002 Cochrane systematic review found that there was no unbiased data to support its use for treating MS. There was no change as of 2012. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Laurentide Ice Sheet-Laurentide Ice Sheet-The Laurentide Ice Sheet was a massive sheet of ice that covered millions of square miles, including most of Canada and a large portion of the Northern United States, multiple times during the Quaternary glacial epochs, from 2.58 million years ago to the present.The last advanc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Laurentide Ice Sheet-Laurentide Ice Sheet-At times, the ice sheet's southern margin included the present-day sites of coastal towns of the Northeastern United States, and cities such as Boston and New York City and Great Lakes coastal cities and towns as far south as Chicago and St. Louis, Missouri, and then followed t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Laurentide Ice Sheet-Description-This ice sheet was the primary feature of the Pleistocene epoch in North America, commonly referred to as the ice age. During the Pre-Illinoian Stage, the Laurentide Ice Sheet extended as far south as the Missouri and Ohio River valleys. It was up to 2 mi (3.2 km) thick in Nunavik, Queb... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Laurentide Ice Sheet-Description-Its melting also caused major disruptions to the global climate cycle, because the huge influx of low-salinity water into the Arctic Ocean via the Mackenzie River is believed to have disrupted the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water, the very saline, cold, deep water that flows from ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Laurentide Ice Sheet-Description-After the end of the Younger Dryas, the Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated rapidly to the north, becoming limited to only the Canadian Shield until even it became deglaciated. The ultimate collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet is also suspected to have influenced European agriculture indirec... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Laurentide Ice Sheet-Ice centers-During the Late Pleistocene, the Laurentide ice sheet reached from the Rocky Mountains eastward through the Great Lakes, into New England, covering nearly all of Canada east of the Rocky Mountains. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Laurentide Ice Sheet-Ice centers-Three major ice centers formed in North America: the Labrador, Keewatin, and Cordilleran. The Cordilleran covered the region from the Pacific Ocean to the eastern front of the Rocky Mountains and the Labrador and Keewatin fields are referred to as the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Central North... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Laurentide Ice Sheet-Ice centers-Cordilleran ice flow The Cordilleran ice sheet covered up to 2,500,000 square kilometres (970,000 sq mi) at the Last Glacial Maximum. The eastern edge abutted the Laurentide ice sheet. The sheet was anchored in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia and Alberta, south into the Cascade ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Laurentide Ice Sheet-Ice centers-It is believed that the Cordilleran ice melted rapidly, in less than 4000 years. The water created numerous Proglacial lakes along the margins such as Lake Missoula, often leading to catastrophic floods as with the Missoula Floods. Much of the topography of Eastern Washington and northe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Laurentide Ice Sheet-Ice centers-Keewatin ice flow The Keewatin ice sheet has had four or five primary lobes identified ice divides extending from a dome over west-central Keewatin (Kivalliq). Two of the lobes abut the adjacent Labrador and Baffin ice sheets. The primary lobes flow (1) towards Manitoba and Saskatchewan... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Laurentide Ice Sheet-Ice centers-Labrador ice flow The Labrador ice sheet flowed across all of Maine and into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, completely covering the Maritime Provinces. The Appalachian Ice Complex, flowed from the Gaspé Peninsula over New Brunswick, the Magdalen Shelf, and Nova Scotia. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Laurentide Ice Sheet-Ice centers-The Labrador flow extended across the mouth of the St. Lawrence River, reaching the Gaspé Peninsula and across Chaleur Bay. From the Escuminac center on the Magdalen Shelf, flowed onto the Acadian Peninsula of New Brunswick and southeastward, onto the Gaspe, burying the western end of P... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Laurentide Ice Sheet-Ice centers-Baffin ice flow The Baffin ice sheet was circular and centered over the Foxe Basin. A major divide across the basin, created a westward flow across the Melville Peninsula, from an eastward flow over Baffin Island and Southampton Island. Across southern Baffin Island, two divides created... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Arnold tongue-Arnold tongue-In mathematics, particularly in dynamical systems, Arnold tongues (named after Vladimir Arnold) are a pictorial phenomenon that occur when visualizing how the rotation number of a dynamical system, or other related invariant property thereof, changes according to two or more of its parameter... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Arnold tongue-Arnold tongue-The simplest mathematical model that exhibits mode-locking is the circle map, which attempts to capture the motion of the spinning disks at discrete time intervals. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Arnold tongue-Standard circle map-Arnold tongues appear most frequently when studying the interaction between oscillators, particularly in the case where one oscillator drives another. That is, one oscillator depends on the other but not the other way around, so they do not mutually influence each other as happens in K... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Arnold tongue-Standard circle map-The particular circle map originally studied by Arnold, and which continues to prove useful even nowadays, is: sin (2πθi) where K is called coupling strength, and θi should be interpreted modulo 1 . This map displays very diverse behavior depending on the parameters K and Ω ; if ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Arnold tongue-Deriving the circle map-Another way to view the circle map is as follows. Consider a function y(t) that decreases linearly with slope a . Once it reaches zero, its value is reset to a certain oscillating value, described by a function sin (2πt) . We are now interested in the sequence of times {tn} at... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Arnold tongue-Properties-Consider the general family of circle endomorphisms: θi+1=g(θi)+Ω where, for the standard circle map, we have that sin (2πθ) . Sometimes it will also be convenient to represent the circle map in terms of a mapping f(θ) sin (2πθi).
We now proceed to listing some interesting properties of the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Arnold tongue-Properties-P3. Suppose that mod 1 , so they are periodic fixed points of period n . Since the sine oscillates at frequency 1 Hz, the number of oscillations of the sine per cycle of θi will be M=(θn−θ0)⋅1 , thus characterizing a phase-locking of n:M .P4. For any p∈N , it is true that f(θ+p)=f(θ)+p ,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Arnold tongue-Properties-P5 (translational symmetry). Suppose that for a given Ω there is a n:M phase-locking in the system. Then, for Ω′=Ω+p with integer p , there would be a n:(M+np) phase-locking. This also means that if θ0,…,θn is a periodic orbit for parameter Ω , then it is also a periodic orbit for any Ω... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Arnold tongue-Mode locking-For small to intermediate values of K (that is, in the range of K = 0 to about K = 1), and certain values of Ω, the map exhibits a phenomenon called mode locking or phase locking. In a phase-locked region, the values θn advance essentially as a rational multiple of n, although they may do so ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Arnold tongue-Mode locking-The limiting behavior in the mode-locked regions is given by the rotation number.
lim n→∞θnn.
which is also sometimes referred to as the map winding number. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Arnold tongue-Mode locking-The phase-locked regions, or Arnold tongues, are illustrated in yellow in the figure to the right. Each such V-shaped region touches down to a rational value Ω = p/q in the limit of K → 0. The values of (K,Ω) in one of these regions will all result in a motion such that the rotation number ω ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Arnold tongue-Mode locking-One can show that for K<1, the circle map is a diffeomorphism, there exist only one stable solution. However as K>1 this holds no longer, and one can find regions of two overlapping locking regions. For the circle map it can be shown that in this region, no more than two stable mode locking r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Arnold tongue-Chirikov standard map-The Chirikov standard map is related to the circle map, having similar recurrence relations, which may be written as sin (2πθn)pn+1=θn+1−θn with both iterates taken modulo 1. In essence, the standard map introduces a momentum pn which is allowed to dynamically vary, rather than bei... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Arnold tongue-Applications-Arnold tongues have been applied to the study of Cardiac rhythms - see Glass, L. et al. (1983) and McGuinness, M. et al. (2004) Synchronisation of a resonant tunneling diode oscillators | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Spoilt vote-Spoilt vote-In voting, a ballot is considered spoilt, spoiled, void, null, informal, invalid or stray if a law declares or an election authority determines that it is invalid and thus not included in the vote count. This may occur accidentally or deliberately. The total number of spoilt votes in a United St... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Spoilt vote-Spoilt vote-In some jurisdictions spoilt votes are counted and reported. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Spoilt vote-Types of spoilt vote-A ballot may be spoilt in a number of ways, including: Failing to mark the ballot at all (blank vote), or otherwise defacing the ballot instead of attempting to vote.
Filling out the ballot in a manner that is incompatible with the voting system being used, e.g.: Marking more choices th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Spoilt vote-Types of spoilt vote-Making marks on the ballot other than those necessary to complete it, from which the voter's identity can be ascertained, compromising the secrecy of the ballot.As an example, UK law specifically precludes ballots "on which votes are given for more candidates than the voter is entitled ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Spoilt vote-Replacement ballots-If a voter makes a mistake while completing a ballot, it may be possible to cancel it and start the voting process again. In the United States, cancelled physical ballots may be called "spoiled ballots", as distinct from an "invalid vote" which has been cast. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Spoilt vote-Replacement ballots-In Canada, a spoiled ballot is one that has been handled by an elector in such a manner that it is ruined beyond use, or that the deputy returning officer finds soiled or improperly printed. The spoilt ballot is not placed in the ballot box, but rather is marked as spoilt by the deputy r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Spoilt vote-Intentional spoiling-A voter may deliberately spoil a vote, for example as a protest vote, especially in compulsory voting jurisdictions, to show disapproval of the candidates standing whilst still taking part in the electoral process. Intentionally spoiling someone else's ballot before or during tabulation... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Spoilt vote-Intentional spoiling-The validity of an election may be questioned if there is an unusually high proportion of spoilt votes. In multiple-vote U.S. ballots, "voter roll-off" is calculated by subtracting the number of votes cast for a "down-ballot" office, such as mayor, from the number of votes cast for a "t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Spoilt vote-Intentional spoiling-While it is not illegal to advocate informal voting in Australian federal elections, it was briefly illegal to advise voters to fill out their ballots using duplicated numbers. Albert Langer was jailed for violating an injunction not to advocate incomplete preference voting for the 1996... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Spoilt vote-Unintentional spoiling-Voter instructions are usually intended to minimize the accidental spoiling of votes. Ballot design can aid or inhibit clarity in an election, resulting in less or more accidental spoiling. Some election officials have discretion to allow ballots where the criteria for acceptability a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Poor ovarian reserve-Poor ovarian reserve-Poor ovarian reserve is a condition of low fertility characterized by 1): low numbers of remaining oocytes in the ovaries or 2) possibly impaired preantral oocyte development or recruitment. Recent research suggests that premature ovarian aging and premature ovarian failure (ak... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Poor ovarian reserve-Poor ovarian reserve-Quality of the eggs may also be impaired. However, other studies show no association with elevated FSH levels and genetic quality of embryos after adjusting for age. The decline in quality was age related, not FSH related as the younger women with high day three FSH levels had ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Poor ovarian reserve-Presentation-Related conditions Premature ovarian failure: Defined as no menses for six months before the age of forty due to any cause. Often diagnosed by elevated gonadotropin (Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and LH) levels. In some cases (more so in younger women) ovarian function and ovulati... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Poor ovarian reserve-Presentation-Premature menopause: An outdated synonym for premature ovarian failure. The term encompasses premature menopause due to any cause, including surgical removal of the ovaries for any reason. Early menopause and premature ovarian failure are no longer considered to be the same condition. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Poor ovarian reserve-Cause-Natural decline of ovarian reserve due to age.
Idiopathic.
Genetic factors, such as fragile x syndrome. Approximately 20–28% of women with an FMR1 premutation (55–200 CGG repeats) experience fragile x primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) and another 23% experience early menopause (i.e., menopa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Poor ovarian reserve-Diagnosis-There is some controversy as the accuracy of the tests used to predict poor ovarian reserve. One systematic review concluded that the accuracy of predicting the occurrence of pregnancy is very limited. When a high threshold is used, to prevent couples from wrongly being refused IVF, only ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Poor ovarian reserve-Diagnosis-Follicle stimulating hormone Elevated serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level measured on day three of the menstrual cycle. (First day of period flow is counted as day one. Spotting is not considered start of period.) If a lower value occurs from later testing, the highest value is... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Poor ovarian reserve-Diagnosis-Antral follicle count Transvaginal ultrasonography can be used to determine antral follicle count (AFC). This is an easy-to-perform and noninvasive method (but there may be some discomfort). Several studies show this test to be more accurate than basal FSH testing for older women (< 44 ye... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Poor ovarian reserve-Diagnosis-Age and AFC and Age of Loss of Natural Fertility (See Broekmans, et al. [2004]) AFC and FSH Stimulation Recommendations for Cycles Using Assisted Reproduction Technology Other Declining serum levels of anti-müllerian hormone. Recent studies have validated the use of serum AMH levels as a ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Poor ovarian reserve-Diagnosis-Inhibin B blood level. Inhibin B levels tend to decline in advanced reproductive aged women due to both fewer follicles and decreased secretion by the granulosa cells. Inhibin B levels start to rise around day zero and low day three levels are associated with poor IVF outcome.
Ultrasound ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Poor ovarian reserve-Diagnosis-Dynamic Assessment Following GnRH-a Administration (GAST). This test measures the change in serum estradiol levels between cycle day two and three after administration of one mg of subcutaneous leuprolide acetate, a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist. Patients with estradiol elevation... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Poor ovarian reserve-Diagnosis-Home testing of FSH urine concentration to alert a woman to possible impaired ovarian reserve became possible in June 2007 with the introduction of Fertell in the United States and UK, which claims a 95% equivalence to standard serum marker results. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Poor ovarian reserve-Treatment-Variable success rate with treatment, very few controlled studies, mostly case reports. Treatment success strongly tends to diminish with age and degree of elevation of FSH. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Poor ovarian reserve-Treatment-Donor oocyte. Oocyte donation is the most successful method for producing pregnancy in perimenopausal women. In the UK the use of donor oocytes after natural menopause is controversial. A 1995 study reported that women age fifty or higher experience similar pregnancy rates after oocyte do... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Poor ovarian reserve-Treatment-Natural or Mini-IVF, but without the use of hCG to trigger ovulation, instead the GnRH agonist Synarel (nafarelin acetate) in a diluted form is taken as a nasal spray to trigger ovulation. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) has a long half life and may stimulate (luteinize) small follicle... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Poor ovarian reserve-Treatment-Pretreatment with 50 mcg ethinylestradiol three times a day for two weeks, followed by recombinant FSH 200 IU/day subcutaneously. Ethinylestradiol treatment was maintained during FSH stimulation. When at least one follicle reached 18mm in diameter and serum estradiol was greater or equal ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Poor ovarian reserve-Treatment-Ethinylestradiol or other synthetic estrogens along with luteal phase progesterone (twice daily 200 mg vaginal suppositories) and estradiol support. Ethinylestradiol lowers high FSH levels which then, it is theorized, up regulates FSH receptor sites and restores sensitivity to FSH. Ethiny... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Poor ovarian reserve-Treatment-Cyclical hormone replacement therapy.
The following protocols have shown promise: high dose gonadoropins, flare up GnRH-a protocol (standard or microdose), stop protocols, short protocol, natural cycle or modified natural cycle and low dose hCG during the beginning of the stimulation prot... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Poor ovarian reserve-Treatment-DHEA: Recent clinical trial by the Center for Human Reproduction in New York showed significant effectiveness. Leonidas and Eudoxia Mamas report six cases of premature ovarian failure. After two to six months of treatment with DHEA (Two 25 mg capsules daily in five cases and three 25 mg c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Poor ovarian reserve-Treatment-A combined pentoxifylline-tocopherol treatment has been reported effective in improving uterine parameters in women with POF undergoing IVF with donor oocytes (IVF-OD). Three women with uterine hormonoresistance despite high estradiol (E2) plasma levels received treatment with 800 mg pent... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Poor ovarian reserve-Research-While the primary cause of the end to menstrual cycles is the exhaustion of ovarian follicles, there is some evidence that a defect in the hypothalamus is critical in the transition from regular to irregular cycles. This is supported by at least one study in which transplantation of ovarie... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supermultiplet-Supermultiplet-In theoretical physics, a supermultiplet is a representation of a supersymmetry algebra, possibly with extended supersymmetry.
Then a superfield is a field on superspace which is valued in such a representation. Naïvely, or when considering flat superspace, a superfield can simply be viewe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supermultiplet-History-Superfields were introduced by Abdus Salam and J. A. Strathdee in a 1974 article. Operations on superfields and a partial classification were presented a few months later by Sergio Ferrara, Julius Wess and Bruno Zumino. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supermultiplet-Naming and classification-The most commonly used supermultiplets are vector multiplets, chiral multiplets (in d=4,N=1 supersymmetry for example), hypermultiplets (in d=4,N=2 supersymmetry for example), tensor multiplets and gravity multiplets. The highest component of a vector multiplet is a gauge boso... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supermultiplet-Naming and classification-The use of these names for the different multiplets can vary in literature. A chiral multiplet (whose highest component is a spinor) may sometimes be referred to as a scalar multiplet, and in d=4,N=2 SUSY, a vector multiplet (whose highest component is a vector) can sometimes b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supermultiplet-Superfields in d = 4, N = 1 supersymmetry-Conventions in this section follow the notes by Figueroa-O'Farrill (2001).
A general complex superfield Φ(x,θ,θ¯) in d=4,N=1 supersymmetry can be expanded as Φ(x,θ,θ¯)=ϕ(x)+θχ(x)+θ¯χ¯′(x)+θ¯σμθVμ(x)+θ2F(x)+θ¯2F¯′(x)+θ¯2θξ(x)+θ2θ¯ξ¯′(x)+θ2θ¯2D(x) ,where ϕ,χ,χ¯′... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supermultiplet-Scalars-A scalar is never the highest component of a superfield; whether it appears in a superfield at all depends on the dimension of the spacetime. For example, in a 10-dimensional N=1 theory the vector multiplet contains only a vector and a Majorana–Weyl spinor, while its dimensional reduction on a d-... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supermultiplet-Hypermultiplet-A hypermultiplet is a type of representation of an extended supersymmetry algebra, in particular the matter multiplet of N=2 supersymmetry in 4 dimensions, containing two complex scalars Ai, a Dirac spinor ψ, and two further auxiliary complex scalars Fi.
The name "hypermultiplet" comes fr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supermultiplet-Extended supersymmetry (N > 1)-This section records some commonly used irreducible supermultiplets in extended supersymmetry in the d=4 case. These are constructed by a highest-weight representation construction in the sense that there is a vacuum vector annihilated by the supercharges QA,A=1,⋯,N . The... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supermultiplet-Extended supersymmetry (N > 1)-The N=2 hypermultiplet or scalar multiplet consists of two Weyl fermions and two complex scalars, or two N=1 chiral multiplets.
N = 4 The N=4 vector multiplet contains one gauge field, four Weyl fermions, six scalars, and CPT conjugates. This appears in N = 4 supersymmet... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anatomical terms of bone-Anatomical terms of bone-Many anatomical terms descriptive of bone are defined in anatomical terminology, and are often derived from Greek and Latin. Bone in the human body is categorized into long bone, short bone, flat bone, irregular bone and sesamoid bone. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anatomical terms of bone-Types of bone-Long bones A long bone is one that is cylindrical in shape, being longer than it is wide. However, the term describes the shape of a bone, not its size, which is relative. Long bones are found in the arms (humerus, ulna, radius) and legs (femur, tibia, fibula), as well as in the f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anatomical terms of bone-Types of bone-Short bones A short bone is one that is cube-like in shape, being approximately equal in length, width, and thickness. The only short bones in the human skeleton are in the carpals of the wrists and the tarsals of the ankles. Short bones provide stability and support as well as so... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anatomical terms of bone-Types of bone-Flat bones The term “flat bone” is something of a misnomer because, although a flat bone is typically thin, it is also often curved. Examples include the cranial (skull) bones, the scapulae (shoulder blades), the sternum (breastbone), and the ribs. Flat bones serve as points of at... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anatomical terms of bone-Types of bone-Irregular bones An irregular bone is one that does not have an easily classified shape and defies description. These bones tend to have more complex shapes, like the vertebrae that support the spinal cord and protect it from compressive forces. Many facial bones, particularly the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anatomical terms of bone-Types of bone-Sesamoid bones A sesamoid bone is a small, round bone that, as the name suggests, is shaped like a sesame seed. These bones form in tendons (the sheaths of tissue that connect bones to muscles) where a great deal of pressure is generated in a joint. The sesamoid bones protect tend... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anatomical terms of bone-Protrusions-Rounded A condyle is the round prominence at the end of a bone, most often part of a joint – an articulation with another bone. The epicondyle refers to a projection near a condyle, particularly the medial epicondyle of the humerus. These terms derive from Greek. An eminence refers ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anatomical terms of bone-Protrusions-A ramus (Latin: branch) refers to an extension of bone, such as the ramus of the mandible in the jaw or Superior pubic ramus. Ramus may also be used to refer to nerves, such as the ramus communicans.
A facet refers to a small, flattened articular surface.
Pointed A line refers to a ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anatomical terms of bone-Protrusions-The Malleolus (Latin: "small hammer") is the bony prominence on each side of the ankle. These are known as the medial and lateral malleolus. Each leg is supported by two bones, the tibia on the inner side (medial) of the leg and the fibula on the outer side (lateral) of the leg. The... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anatomical terms of bone-Protrusions-The trochanters are parts of the femur, to which muscles attach. It may refer to the greater, lesser, or third trochanter | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anatomical terms of bone-Cavities-Openings The following terms are used to describe cavities that connect to other areas: A foramen is any opening, particularly referring to those in bone. Foramina inside the body of humans and other animals typically allow muscles, nerves, arteries, veins, or other structures to conne... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anatomical terms of bone-Cavities-Blind-ended The following terms are used to describe cavities that do not connect to other areas: A fossa (from the Latin "fossa", ditch or trench) is a depression or hollow, usually in a bone, such as the hypophyseal fossa, the depression in the sphenoid bone.A meatus is a short canal... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anatomical terms of bone-Cavities-A fovea (Latin: pit) is a small pit, usually on the head of a bone. An example of a fovea is the fovea capitis of the head of the femur.
Walls The following terms are used to describe the walls of a cavity: A labyrinth refers to the bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth, components o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anatomical terms of bone-Joints-A joint, or articulation is the region where adjacent bones contact each other, for example the elbow, shoulder, or costovertebral joint. Terms that refer to joints include: articular process, referring to a projection that contacts an adjacent bone.
suture, referring to an articulation ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anatomical terms of bone-Features of long bones-Gross features Bones are commonly described with the terms head, neck, shaft, body and base The head of a bone usually refers to the distal end of the bone. The shaft refers to the elongated sections of long bone, and the neck the segment between the head and shaft (or bo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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