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"Treap-Treap-In computer science, the treap and the randomized binary search tree are two closely related forms of binary search tree data structures that maintain a dynamic set of ordered keys and allow binary searches among the keys. After any sequence of insertions and deletions of keys, the shape of the tree is a r... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bluetooth Low Energy-Technical details-The traditional transmission of 1 Mbit in the Bluetooth Basic Rate was renamed 1M PHY in Bluetooth 5. The new mode at a doubled symbol speed was introduced as the 2M PHY. In Bluetooth Low Energy every transmission starts on the 1M PHY leaving it to the application to initiate a s... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Rotor machine-History-In Hebern's machines the rotors could be opened up and the wiring changed in a few minutes, so a single mass-produced system could be sold to a number of users who would then produce their own rotor keying. Decryption consisted of taking out the rotor(s) and turning them around to reverse the cir... | large_corpus_distillation |
"BookBrowse-History-BookBrowse was founded by Davina and Paul Morgan-Witts in 1997. The idea for the website came from a trip to a bookstore the same year. The visit to the bookstore was cut short and they decided to look on the internet for book information, finding very little at that time. This brought on the idea t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Spearman's rank correlation coefficient-Spearman's rank correlation coefficient-Spearman's coefficient is appropriate for both continuous and discrete ordinal variables. Both Spearman's \u03c1 and Kendall's \u03c4 can be formulated as special cases of a more general correlation coefficient." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Proof by contradiction-Examples of refutations by contradiction-Irrationality of the square root of 2 The classic proof that the square root of 2 is irrational is a refutation by contradiction.\nIndeed, we set out to prove the negation \u00ac \u2203 a, b \u2208 N . a/b = \u221a2 by assuming that there exist natural n... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Preesm-Preesm-The PREESM tool inputs are an algorithm graph, an architecture graph, and a scenario which is a set of parameters and constraints that specify the conditions under which the deployment will run. The chosen type of algorithm graph is a hierarchical extension of Synchronous Dataflow (SDF) graphs named Inte... | large_corpus_distillation |
in polar form with as a function of\n56. 57. 58.\n59. 60." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bin packing problem-Approximation algorithms for bin packing-On the other hand, the asymptotic worst-case ratio RA\u221e is defined as inf for all lists with OPT(L)\u2265N}." | large_corpus_distillation |
"In the problem of points experiments, vary the parameters n, m, and p (keeping n=m), and note how the probability changes. Now simulate a\nbest of 5 series by selecting n=m=3, p=0.6. Run the experiment 1000 times and compare the relative frequency to the true probability.\nA n (1\u2212p)=1\u2212A n (p) for any n\u2208... | large_corpus_distillation |
. The sample mean is also the best single predictor because it has the lowest root mean squared error. If the arithmetic mean of a population of numbers is desired, then the estimate of it that is unbiased is the arithmetic mean of a sample drawn from the population.The arithmetic mean is independent of scale of the un... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Medical ultrasound-Types-Several modes of ultrasound are used in medical imaging: A-mode: Amplitude mode refers to the mode in which the amplitude of the transducer voltage is recorded as a function of two-way travel time of an ultrasound pulse. A single pulse is transmitted through the body and scatters back to the s... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Maximum entropy probability distribution-Distributions with measured constants-Continuous case Suppose S is a closed subset of the real numbers R and we choose to specify n measurable functions f1,\u22ef,fn and n numbers a1,\u2026,an . We consider the class C of all real-valued random variables which are suppor... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Priority queue-Parallel priority queue-For instance, k_extract-min deletes the k {\\textstyle k} smallest elements of the priority queue and returns those. In a shared-memory setting, the parallel priority queue can be easily implemented using parallel binary search trees and join-based tree algorithms. In particula... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cantor's first set theory article-The influence of Weierstrass and Kronecker on Cantor's article-Historians of mathematics have discovered the following facts about Cantor's article \"On a Property of the Collection of All Real Algebraic Numbers\": Cantor's uncountability theorem was left out of the article he submitt... | large_corpus_distillation |
algorithms are most often based on the computational complexity of \"hard\" problems, often from number theory. For example, the hardness of RSA is related to the integer factorization problem, while Diffie\u2013Hellman and DSA are related to the discrete logarithm problem. The security of elliptic curve cryptography i... | large_corpus_distillation |
f, f=f\u2217\u2217 if and only if f is convex and lower semi-continuous, by the Fenchel\u2013Moreau theorem.\nFenchel's inequality For any function f and its convex conjugate f *, Fenchel's inequality (also known as the Fenchel\u2013Young inequality) holds for every x\u2208X and p\u2208X\u2217 :\u27e8p,x\u27e9\u2264... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Convex metric space-Metric segments-Let (X,d) be a metric space (which is not necessarily convex). A subset S of X is called a metric segment between two distinct points x and y in X, if there exists a closed interval [a,b] on the real line and an isometry \u03b3:[a,b]\u2192X, such that \u03b3([a,b])=S, \u03b... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Heapsort-Variations-The worst-case number of comparisons during the Floyd's heap-construction phase of heapsort is known to be equal to 2n \u2212 2s2(n) \u2212 e2(n), where s2(n) is the number of 1 bits in the binary representation of n and e2(n) is number of trailing 0 bits.The standard implementation of Floyd's heap... | large_corpus_distillation |
denominator.\nSquare of a Number\nIf n2=m, then m is the square of n\nSquare Root Notation\n\u2212\u2212 \u2212\u2212\nIf m=n2 , then \u221am=n. We read \u221am as \u2018the square root of m.\u2019\nSquare Root of a Number\nIf n2=m, then n is a square root of m\nKey Terms Chapter 09.1 https://math.libretexts.org/@go/pa... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Division algorithm-Fast division methods-Pseudocode The following computes the quotient of N and D with a precision of P binary places: Express D as M \u00d7 2e where 1 \u2264 M < 2 (standard floating point representation) D' := D / 2e+1 // scale between 0.5 and 1, can be performed with bit shift / exponent subtractio... | large_corpus_distillation |
"class\nSubClass(SuperClass_1, SuperClass_2)\nclass A:\ndef __init__(self, a_attr=2):\nself.a_attr = a_attr\nclass B:\ndef __init__(self, b_attr=4):\nself.b_attr = b_attr\nclass C(A, B):\ndef __init__(self, a_attr=5, b_attr=10, c_attr=20):\nA.__init__(self, a_attr)\nB.__init__(self, b_attr)\nself.c_attr = c_attr\nb_ins... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Calculus of variations-Extrema-The function f is called an extremal function or extremal. The extremum J[f] is called a local maximum if \u0394J\u22640 everywhere in an arbitrarily small neighborhood of f, and a local minimum if \u0394J\u22650 there. For a function space of continuous functions, extrema of corres... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Trapdoor function-Trapdoor function-Trapdoor functions came to prominence in cryptography in the mid-1970s with the publication of asymmetric (or public-key) encryption techniques by Diffie, Hellman, and Merkle. Indeed, Diffie & Hellman (1976) coined the term. Several function classes had been proposed, and it soon be... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Meta-scheduling-Meta-scheduling-Meta-scheduling or super scheduling is a computer software technique of optimizing computational workloads by combining an organization's multiple job schedulers into a single aggregated view, allowing batch jobs to be directed to the best location for execution." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hybrid algorithm-Examples-A general procedure for a simple hybrid recursive algorithm is short-circuiting the base case, also known as arm's-length recursion. In this case whether the next step will result in the base case is checked before the function call, avoiding an unnecessary function call. For example, in a tr... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Automatic summarization-Applications and systems for summarization-Multi-document summarization Multi-document summarization is an automatic procedure aimed at extraction of information from multiple texts written about the same topic. Resulting summary report allows individual users, such as professional information ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Kaczmarz method-Algorithm 3: Gower-Richtarik algorithm-When applied to a system with matrix A which is positive definite, Randomized Kaczmarz method is equivalent to the Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) method (with a very special stepsize) for minimizing the strongly convex quadratic function f(x)=12xTAx\u2212bTx.... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Projective space-Definition-Given a vector space V over a field K, the projective space P(V) is the set of equivalence classes of V \\ {0} under the equivalence relation ~ defined by x ~ y if there is a nonzero element \u03bb of K such that x = \u03bby. If V is a topological vector space, the quotient space P(V) is a ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Personal wiki-Personal wiki-A personal wiki is wiki software that allows individual users to organize information on their desktop or mobile computing devices in a manner similar to community wikis, but without collaborative software or multiple users." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Pente-Strategy and tactics-Open triaAn open tria is a line of three stones that are not bound on either side of the line by an opponent's stones. Open trias are powerful because they threaten to form an open tessera on the next turn if the opponent doesn't respond to block the tria. Open tesseras are the most powerful... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Union mount-Implementations-Stable inode numbers for files, hard links and memory-mapped I/O (mmap) are hard to implement correctly.Early attempts to add unioning to Unix filesystems included the 3-d filesystem (Bell Labs) and the Translucent File Service in SunOS (Sun Microsystems, 1988). An implementation of union m... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Phosphorus pentafluoride-Phosphorus pentafluoride-Phosphorus pentafluoride, PF5, is a phosphorus halide. It is a colourless, toxic gas that fumes in air." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Singleton bound-MDS codes-Arcs in projective geometry The linear independence of the columns of a generator matrix of an MDS code permits a construction of MDS codes from objects in finite projective geometry. Let PG(N,q) be the finite projective space of (geometric) dimension N over the finite field Fq . Let K={P... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Semidefinite programming-Duality theory-Then there is an optimal solution y\u2217 to (D-SDP) and \u27e8C,X\u2217\u27e9Sn=\u27e8b,y\u2217\u27e9Rm.\n(ii) Suppose the dual problem (D-SDP) is bounded above and strictly feasible (i.e., \u2211i=1m(y0)iAi\u227aC for some y0\u2208Rm ).\nThen there is an optimal solution X\... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Data and object carousel-Data and object carousel-In digital video broadcasting (DVB), a data and object carousel is used for repeatedly delivering data in a continuous cycle. Carousels allow data to be pushed from a broadcaster to multiple receivers by transmitting a data set repeatedly in a standard format. A set-to... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mobile security-Malicious software (malware)-Problematic common apps and pre-installed software Various common apps installed by millions can intrude on privacy, even if they were installed from a trusted software distribution service like the Google Play Store. For example, in 2022 it was shown that the popular app T... | large_corpus_distillation |
be treated as data even if an attacker inserts SQL commands. Also, some DBMS will check the parameter's type. However, a stored procedure that in turn generates dynamic SQL using the input is still vulnerable to SQL injections unless proper precautions are taken." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ontology components-Attributes-aspects, properties, features, characteristics, or parameters that objects (and classes) can have. " | large_corpus_distillation |
concepts are embedded in the morphology or syntax of the language in the form of grammatical categories.All languages contain the semantic structure of predication: a structure that predicates a property, state, or action. Traditionally, semantics has been understood to be the study of how speakers and interpreters ass... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Web Ontology Language-Semantics-Relation to description logics OWL classes correspond to description logic (DL) concepts, OWL properties to DL roles, while individuals are called the same way in both the OWL and the DL terminology.\nIn the beginning, IS-A was quite simple. Today, however, there are almost as many mean... | large_corpus_distillation |
"The Inevitable (book)-Summary-Becoming: Moving from fixed products to always upgrading services and subscriptions Cognifying: Making everything much smarter using cheap powerful AI that we get from the cloud Flowing: Depending on unstoppable streams in real time for everything Screening: Turning all surfaces into scre... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Pattern language-Aggregation in an associative network (pattern language)-In Alexander's book, such links are collected in the \"references\" part, and echoed in the linked pattern's \"context\" part \u2013 thus the overall structure is a directed graph. A pattern that is linked to in the \"references\" usually addres... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Image viewer-Image viewer-Some image viewers, such as Windows Photo Viewer that come with Windows operating systems, change a JPEG image if it is rotated, resulting in loss of image quality; others offer lossless rotation." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Pointer jumping-List ranking-One of the simpler tasks that can be solved by a pointer jumping algorithm is the list ranking problem. This problem is defined as follows: given a linked list of N nodes, find the distance (measured in the number of nodes) of each node to the end of the list. The distance d(n) is defined ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Van Wijngaarden grammar-Examples-One may wonder how to create and manipulate such a data structure without explicit support in the formalism for data structures and operations on them. It can be done by using the metagrammar to define a string representation for the data structure and using pattern matching to define ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Singly and doubly even-Applications-Other appearances A singly even number cannot be a powerful number. It cannot be represented as a difference of two squares. However, a singly even number can be represented as the difference of two pronic numbers or of two powerful numbers.In group theory, it is relatively simple t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Meltdown (security vulnerability)-Impact-According to researchers, \"every Intel processor that implements out-of-order execution is potentially affected, which is effectively every processor since 1995 (except Intel Itanium and Intel Atom before 2013).\" Intel responded to the reported security vulnerabilities with a... | large_corpus_distillation |
2 is a sequence of independent,\nE(U )=1/2 var(U )=1/12\nstandard uniform variables, since i and i\nn\nOpen the special distribution simulator and select the Irwin-Hall distribution. Vary and note the shape and location of the\n\u00b1 n\nmean standard deviation bar. For selected values of run the simulation 1000 times ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Brute-force attack-Countermeasures-In case of an offline attack where the attacker has gained access to the encrypted material, one can try key combinations without the risk of discovery or interference. In case of online attacks, database and directory administrators can deploy countermeasures such as limiting the nu... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Lenstra elliptic-curve factorization-Why does the algorithm work?-ECM gets around this obstacle by considering the group of a random elliptic curve over the finite field Zp, rather than considering the multiplicative group of Zp which always has order p \u2212 1." | large_corpus_distillation |
"PageRank-Other uses-The PageRank may also be used as a methodology to measure the apparent impact of a community like the Blogosphere on the overall Web itself. This approach uses therefore the PageRank to measure the distribution of attention in reflection of the Scale-free network paradigm." | large_corpus_distillation |
infinity, e.g. such that (1+|\u03be|)sv(\u03be) belong to some Lp space." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Defining vocabulary-Differing opinions-Using a defining vocabulary is not without its problems, and some scholars have argued that it can lead to definitions which are insufficiently precise or accurate, or that words in the list are sometimes used in non-central meanings. The more common view, however, is that the di... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Wh-movement-Extraction islands-b. *Whose does Susan like __ account? \u2013 Attempt to extract from a left branch under a noun fails c. Whose account does Susan like __? \u2013 Extraction succeeds if the entire noun phrase is pied-pipeda. He bought an expensive boat.\nb. *How expensive did he buy a __ boat? \u2013 Att... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Agile testing-Overview-Agile development recognizes that testing is not a separate phase, but an integral part of software development, along with coding. Agile teams use a \"whole-team\" approach to \"baking quality in\" to the software product. Testers on agile teams lend their expertise in eliciting examples of des... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Candidate key-Example-For r1 the following sets have the uniqueness property, i.e., there are no two distinct tuples in the instance with the same attribute values in the set: {A,B}, {A,C}, {B,C}, {A,B,C}, {A,B,D}, {A,C,D}, {B,C,D}, {A,B,C,D}For r2 the uniqueness property holds for the following sets; {B,C}, {B,D}, {C... | large_corpus_distillation |
"World Wide Web-World Wide Web-The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the Web, is an information system enabling information to be shared over the Internet through simplified ways meant to appeal to users beyond IT specialists and hobbyists, as well as documents and other web resources to be accessed over the Inte... | large_corpus_distillation |
"IBM Audio Response Units-IBM 7770-Users could select either a male or female voice. As an example, the Michigan Credit Union League selected a female voice they called Connie, which they described as a \"pleasant girls voice\".\nUsers were allowed to specify up to 32 words by default.\nUsers could request additional w... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Reachability analysis-Practical issues-Most of the work on protocol modeling use finite-state machines (FSM) to model the behavior of the distributed entities (see also Communicating finite-state machines). However, this model is not powerful enough to model message parameters and local variables. Therefore often so-c... | large_corpus_distillation |
"NAR 1-Example programs-A sample program that sums up an array of 8-bit integers: Above program adds up to 22 8-bit values if executed from address 22: Values 1-21 stored at locations 1-21 Value 22 stored at location 0, instead of the constant 0 and will be replaced by the resultNAR 1 programs are commonly self-modifyi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Concept processing-Some methods of data entry in electronic medical records-The most widespread methods of data entry into an EMR are templates, voice recognition, transcription, and concept processing.\nTemplates The physician selects either a general, symptom-based or diagnosis-based template pre-fabricated for the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Multiplicative inverse-Multiplicative inverse-The term reciprocal was in common use at least as far back as the third edition of Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica (1797) to describe two numbers whose product is 1; geometrical quantities in inverse proportion are described as reciprocall in a 1570 translation of Euclid's El... | large_corpus_distillation |
to better recall and had matched results to the self-reference task, suggesting an elaborative basis. This research, then, suggests that the self-reference effect cannot be explained by a single type of processing. Instead, self-referential encoding must lead to information in memory that incorporates item specific and... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Maximal entropy random walk-Examples-Let us first look at a simple nontrivial situation: Fibonacci coding, where we want to transmit a message as a sequence of 0s and 1s, but not using two successive 1s: after a 1 there has to be a 0. To maximize the amount of information transmitted in such sequence, we should assume... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Misattribution of memory-Experimental research-Misattribution In one of the earliest studies involving misattribution, the Canadian cognitive psychologist Bruce Whittlesea presented subjects with a list of common words. Each word was briefly displayed to the subject. The task required the subject to judge whether a ta... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Translation memory-Functions-Linguistic parsing The base form reduction is used to prepare lists of words and a text for automatic retrieval of terms from a term bank. On the other hand, syntactic parsing may be used to extract multi-word terms or phraseology from a source text. So parsing is used to normalise word or... | large_corpus_distillation |
which is the \"largest\" group satisfying these requirements. More precisely, the characteristic property of B(m, n) is that, given any group G with m generators g1, ..., gm and of exponent n, there is a unique homomorphism from B(m, n) to G that maps the ith generator xi of B(m, n) into the ith generator gi of G. In t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Selection (relational algebra)-Generalized selection-A generalized selection is a unary operation written as \u03c3\u03c6(R) where \u03c6 is a propositional formula that consists of atoms as allowed in the normal selection and, in addition, the logical operators \u2227 (and), \u2228 (or) and \u00ac (negation). This... | large_corpus_distillation |
"X86 debug register-X86 debug register-Two of these registers are used to control debug features. These registers are accessed by variants of the MOV instruction. A debug register may be either the source operand or destination operand. The debug registers are privileged resources; the MOV instructions that access them... | large_corpus_distillation |
occur only at one end of the structure, referred to as the top of the stack. This data structure makes it possible to implement a stack as a singly linked list and as a pointer to the top element. A stack may be implemented to have a bounded capacity. If the stack is full and does not contain enough space to accept ano... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hardware-based full disk encryption-Hardware-based full disk encryption types-Hard disk drive FDE Usually referred to as self-encrypting drive (SED)." | large_corpus_distillation |
tree-depth may be large, in time O(cn) for a constant c slightly smaller than 2." | large_corpus_distillation |
small A and large B (more costly to extend a gap) is used and vice versa. Only the ratio A/B is important, as multiplying both by the same positive constant k will increase all penalties by k : kA+kB(L\u22121)=k(A+B(L\u22121)) which does not change the relative penalty between different alignments." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Web query classification-Applications-Metasearch engines send a user's query to multiple search engines and blend the top results from each into one overall list. The search engine can organize the large number of Web pages in the search results, according to the potential categories of the issued query, for the conve... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Organizationally unique identifier-Representation and formatting conventions-'F' and 'h' represent any hexadecimal number.\n'c' represents the digits of the OUI, and 'e' represents the digits of the extension identifier supplied by the organization to whom the OUI is registered.\nPotential for confusion in token ring ... | large_corpus_distillation |
1, 1988 (Bernhard Korte, L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Lov\u00e1sz, Hans J\u00fcrgen Pr\u00f6mel, and Alexander Schrijver, eds., 1990, vol. 9) New Trends in Discrete and Computational Geometry (J\u00e1nos Pach, ed., 1993, vol. 10) Discrete Images, Objects, and Functions in Zn (Klaus Voss, 1993, vol. 11) Linear Optimization and Ext... | large_corpus_distillation |
the optimization problem is said to be unbounded. Otherwise, if C is the empty set, then the problem is said to be infeasible." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Pr\u00e9kopa\u2013Leindler inequality-Applications in probability and statistics-Applications to concentration of measure The Pr\u00e9kopa\u2013Leindler inequality can be used to prove results about concentration of measure.\nTheorem Let {\\textstyle A\\subseteq \\mathbb {R} ^{n}} , and set {\\textstyle A_{\\epsilon... | large_corpus_distillation |
"225 (number)-In mathematics-225 is the smallest number that is a polygonal number in five different ways. It is a square number (225 = 152), an octagonal number, and a squared triangular number (225 = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)2 = 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + 53) .As the square of a double factorial, 225 = 5!!2 counts the number of p... | large_corpus_distillation |
restricts OOE CPUs to a small number of execution units (2-6) and limits the execution window sizes to the range of 32 to 200 instructions, much smaller than envisioned for full dataflow machines." | large_corpus_distillation |
any weighted difference the following properties hold: \u2202xif(xj)=\u2212\u2202xjf(xi), \u2202xif(xi)=0, 0.\nWeighted gradient Based on the notion of weighted differences one defines the weighted gradient operator on graphs \u2207w:H(V)\u2192H(E) as (\u2207wf)(xi,xj)=\u2202xjf(xi).\nThis is a linear operator.\nTo me... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Friendship paradox-Mathematical explanation-After this analysis, Feld goes on to make some more qualitative assumptions about the statistical correlation between the number of friends that two friends have, based on theories of social networks such as assortative mixing, and he analyzes what these assumptions imply ab... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bluetooth-Implementation-At any given time, data can be transferred between the master and one other device (except for the little-used broadcast mode). The master chooses which slave device to address; typically, it switches rapidly from one device to another in a round-robin fashion. Since it is the master that choo... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Structured kNN-Training-As a training set SkNN accepts sequences of elements with defined class labels. Type of elements does not matter, the only condition is the existence of metric function that defines a distance between each pair of elements of a set." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Keymark-Keymark-The Keymark is a voluntary European certification mark demonstrating compliance with the European Standard (EN). It is owned by CEN, the European Committee for Standardization, and CENELEC, the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization.\nThe Keymark is the European mark based on the princ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Grill (cryptology)-Rejewski's characteristic-(ez)...\n(ez)...\nThe pairing of \"E\" and \"Z\" can be checked in the original (secret) permutations given above." | large_corpus_distillation |
"OpenDocument software-Programmatic support, filters, converters-OpenOpenOffice (O3), is apparently inactive. OpenOpenOffice was developed by Phase-n, a free and open source software plug-in to enable Microsoft Office to read and write OpenDocument files (and any other formats supported by OpenOffice.org). Instead of i... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cutwidth-Computational complexity-The cutwidth can be found, and a linear layout of optimal width constructed, in time log \u2061n) for a tree of n vertices. For more general graphs, it is NP-hard. It remains NP-hard even for planar graphs, and a weighted version of the problem (minimizing the weight of edges across... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Forward secrecy-Example-The process repeats for each new message sent, starting from step 2 (and switching Alice and Bob's roles as sender/receiver as appropriate). Step 1 is never repeated.Forward secrecy (achieved by generating new session keys for each message) ensures that past communications cannot be decrypted i... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Margin (machine learning)-Margin (machine learning)-There are many hyperplanes that might classify the data. One reasonable choice as the best hyperplane is the one that represents the largest separation, or margin, between the two classes. So we choose the hyperplane so that the distance from it to the nearest data p... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Video optimization-Techniques-There are a number of ways of dealing with these challenges. One way is to take the YouTube approach. YouTube uses HTTP progressive download, and makes multiple versions of the video available at different resolutions and bitrates. Users themselves can then select the quality / bitrate th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Light-weight process-Implementations-Parallel Extensions (Microsoft) GNU Portable Threads Green threads (Java) Light Weight Kernel Threads " | large_corpus_distillation |
"Lexical analysis-Phrase structure-Semicolon insertion Many languages use the semicolon as a statement terminator. Most often this is mandatory, but in some languages the semicolon is optional in many contexts. This is mainly done at the lexer level, where the lexer outputs a semicolon into the token stream, despite on... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Softmax function-Interpretations-Smooth arg max The name \"softmax\" is misleading. The function is not a smooth maximum (that is, a smooth approximation to the maximum function), but is rather a smooth approximation to the arg max function: the function whose value is the index of a vector's largest element. In fact,... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Quality storyboard-Worker participation in managerial diagnostics-When the management attempts to make a managerial diagnosis, it is important that the people whose work is being diagnosed be properly prepared to enter the discussion. For this purpose, it is very helpful if everyone knows how to tell the QC story. Te... | large_corpus_distillation |
to memory at any time step. Each processor issues memory operations in program order and the switch provides the global serialization among all memory operations The sequential consistency is weaker than strict consistency, which requires a read from a location to return the value of the last write to that location; st... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Predictive text-Background-In ideal predictive text entry, all words used are in the dictionary, punctuation is ignored, no spelling mistakes are made, and no typing mistakes are made. The ideal dictionary would include all slang, proper nouns, abbreviations, URLs, foreign-language words and other user-unique words. T... | large_corpus_distillation |
of empirical studies show that unit weights perform similar to ordinary regression weights on cross validation." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Pseudo-range multilateration-Solution algorithms-Without redundant measurements (i.e., m=d+1 ), all valid algorithms yield the same \"correct\" solution set (but perhaps one or more different sets of \"incorrect\" solutions). Of course, statistically larger measurement errors result in statistically larger errors in ... | large_corpus_distillation |
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