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"Haskell features-Concurrency-Recently, Concurrent Haskell has been extended with support for software transactional memory (STM), which is a concurrency abstraction in which compound operations on shared data are performed atomically, as transactions. GHC's STM implementation is the only STM implementation to date to provide a static compile-time guarantee preventing non-transactional operations from being performed within a transaction. The Haskell STM library also provides two operations not found in other STMs: retry and orElse, which together allow blocking operations to be defined in a modular and composable fashion."
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"IEEE 754-Recommendations-The recommended operations also include setting and accessing dynamic mode rounding direction, and implementation-defined vector reduction operations such as sum, scaled product, and dot product, whose accuracy is unspecified by the standard."
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"Chief information officer (higher education)-Chief information officer (higher education)-Some traditional executive and administrative positions in higher education, such as a chief financial officer position or chief academic officer/provost have been in existence for a long time and typically have a definite career path. In contrast, the position of CIO in higher education, which has only been around for about 35 years, has no single career path nor single model to explain what can be expected of CIOs in higher education, which makes it a challenge and an opportunity for those interested in preparing for such a role (Brown, 2009; Cash & Pearlson, 2004; Nelson, 2003). Brian L. Hawkins (2004), former president of Educause concluded: There is no defined career path for CIOs, nor is there any certification, degree, or even a common body of knowledge that such a ::person should have mastered in order to fulfill this kind of position effectively\u2026finding the right CIO is more about aligning ::personal
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"Oracle Application Express-Security-APEX applications inherently use PL/SQL constructs as the base server-side language. As well as accessing data via PL/SQL blocks, an APEX application will use PL/SQL to implement authorization, and to conditionally display web page elements. This means that generally APEX applications suffer from SQL injection when these PL/SQL blocks do not correctly validate and handle malicious user input. Oracle implemented a special variable type for APEX called Substitution Variables (with a syntax of &NAME.) and these are not safe and lead to SQL Injection. Where the injection occurs within a PL/SQL block an attacker can inject an arbitrary number of queries or statements to execute. Escaping special characters and using bind variables is the right way to code to ensure no XSS and SQL injection."
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"Push Proxy Gateway-Technical specifications-An example of a Service Indication: PPG delivery to mobile station Once a push message is received from the Push Initiator, the PPG has two avenues for delivery. If the IP address of the Mobile Station is known to the PPG, the PPG can deliver directly to the mobile station over an IP bearer. This is known as \"Connection Oriented Push\". If the IP address of the mobile station is not known to the PPG, the PPG will deliver over an SMS bearer. Delivery over an SMS bearer is known as \"Connectionless Push\"."
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"Memory management controller-Memory management controller-In the emulation community these chips are also known as mappers."
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A\u2192((B\u2192A)\u2192A) (instance of (A1)) (A\u2192((B\u2192A)\u2192A))\u2192((A\u2192(B\u2192A))\u2192(A\u2192A)) (instance of (A2)) (A\u2192(B\u2192A))\u2192(A\u2192A) (from (1) and (2) by modus ponens) A\u2192(B\u2192A) (instance of (A1)) A\u2192A (from (4) and (3) by modus ponens) "
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"Graph cuts in computer vision-Algorithm-Minimization is done using a standard minimum cut algorithm.\nDue to the max-flow min-cut theorem we can solve energy minimization by maximizing the flow over the network. The max-flow problem consists of a directed graph with edges labeled with capacities, and there are two distinct nodes: the source and the sink. Intuitively, it is easy to see that the maximum flow is determined by the bottleneck.\nImplementation (exact) The Boykov-Kolmogorov algorithm is an efficient way to compute the max-flow for computer vision-related graphs.\nImplementation (approximation) The Sim Cut algorithm approximates the minimum graph cut. The algorithm implements a solution by simulation of an electrical network. This is the approach suggested by Cederbaum's maximum flow theorem. Acceleration of the algorithm is possible through parallel computing."
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"SMS-SMS-Short Message/Messaging Service, commonly abbreviated as SMS, is a text messaging service component of most telephone, Internet and mobile device systems. It uses standardized communication protocols that let mobile devices exchange short text messages. An intermediary service can facilitate a text-to-voice conversion to be sent to landlines.SMS technology originated from radio telegraphy in radio memo pagers that used standardized phone protocols. These were defined in 1986 as part of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) series of standards. The first SMS message was sent on 3 December 1992, when Neil Papworth, a test engineer for Sema Group, sent \"Merry Christmas\" to the Orbitel 901 phone of colleague Richard Jarvis. SMS rolled out commercially on many cellular networks that decade and became hugely popular worldwide as a method of text communication. By the end of 2010, SMS was the most widely used data application, with an estimated 3.5 billion active users, or about 80% of all
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"Short code-Regional differences-Bangladesh Codes are five digits in length. Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) issues and controls short codes in Bangladesh.\nBelgium Codes are four digits in length.\nBotswana Codes are three digits in length.\nBrazil Codes are five digits in length.\nCambodia Short Codes are four digits in length and start with 1."
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"Statistical parsing-Statistical parsing-Statistical parsing is a group of parsing methods within natural language processing. The methods have in common that they associate grammar rules with a probability. Grammar rules are traditionally viewed in computational linguistics as defining the valid sentences in a language. Within this mindset, the idea of associating each rule with a probability then provides the relative frequency of any given grammar rule and, by deduction, the probability of a complete parse for a sentence. (The probability associated with a grammar rule may be induced, but the application of that grammar rule within a parse tree and the computation of the probability of the parse tree based on its component rules is a form of deduction.) Using this concept, statistical parsers make use of a procedure to search over a space of all candidate parses, and the computation of each candidate's probability, to derive the most probable parse of a sentence. The Viterbi algorithm is one popular method
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"Tf\u2013idf-Justification of idf-This probabilistic interpretation in turn takes the same form as that of self-information. However, applying such information-theoretic notions to problems in information retrieval leads to problems when trying to define the appropriate event spaces for the required probability distributions: not only documents need to be taken into account, but also queries and terms."
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equation Ax = b has exactly one solution for each b in Kn.\nThe columns of A are linearly independent.\nThe rows of A are linearly independent.\nThe columns of A span Kn.\nThe rows of A span Kn.\nThe columns of A form a basis of Kn.\nThe rows of A form a basis of Kn."
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"F={F :t\u2208T} (\u03a9,F) F =\u03c3(\u22c3{F :t\u2208T})\nFor a filtration t on , define \u221e t . Then\nF =\u03c3(\u22c3{F :t\u2208T,t\u2265s}) s\u2208T\n1. \u221e t for .\nF \u2286F t\u2208T\n2. t \u221e for .\nProof\n\u03c3\nThese results follows since the -algebras in a filtration are increasing in time.\nF =F \u03c3 (\u03a9,F)\nOf course, it may be the case that \u221e , but not necessarily. Recall that the intersection of a collection of -algebras on is\n\u03c3\nanother -algebra. We can use this to create new filtrations from a collection of given filtrations.\nF ={Fi:t\u2208T} (\u03a9,F) i I F={F :t\u2208T}\nSuppose that i t is a filtration on for each in a nonempty index set . Then t where\nF =\u22c2 Fi t\u2208T (\u03a9,F) F=\u22c0 F\nt i\u2208I t for is also a filtration on . This filtration is sometimes denoted i\u2208I i, and is the finest\nF i\u2208I\nfiltration that is coarser than i for every .\nProof\ns, t\u2208T s\u2264t Fi\u2286Fi\u2286F i\u2208I \u22c2 Fi\u2286\u22c2 Fi\u2286F\nSuppose
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run multiple experiments at once, gather results from experiments in the form of data, terminate the ineffective experiments and nurture the ones that work, all through the use of data-based software systems. The more experiments they can run and the quicker the turnaround times of results, the better their effectiveness in marketing their product."
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"Knowledge graph embedding-Models-fr(h,t)=\u03b4(\u03c4(h,r),t) Geometric models are similar to the tensor decomposition model, but the main difference between the two is that they have to preserve the applicability of the transformation \u03c4 in the geometric space in which it is defined."
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"Quadratic variation-Martingales-This result holds whenever M is a c\u00e0dl\u00e0g square integrable martingale and H is a bounded predictable process, and is often used in the construction of the It\u00f4 integral.\nAnother important result is the Burkholder\u2013Davis\u2013Gundy inequality. This gives bounds for the maximum of a martingale in terms of the quadratic variation. For a local martingale M starting at zero, with maximum denoted by sup s\u2208[0,t]\u2061|Ms| , and any real number p\u22651 , the inequality is cpE\u2061([M]tp/2)\u2264E\u2061((Mt\u2217)p)\u2264CpE\u2061([M]tp/2)."
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failures, and usually systems are corrected after analysis of such failures."
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"Exception handling-Definition-The definition of an exception is based on the observation that each procedure has a precondition, a set of circumstances for which it will terminate \"normally\". An exception handling mechanism allows the procedure to raise an exception if this precondition is violated, for example if the procedure has been called on an abnormal set of arguments. The exception handling mechanism then handles the exception."
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depends not only on the data but on additional random choices. Averaging the ranks over the possible random choices results in the average rank procedure. One could also report the probability of rejection over all random choices. Random tiebreaking has the advantage that the probability that a sample is judged significantly positive does not decrease when some observations are increased. Conservative tiebreaking breaks the ties in favor of the null hypothesis. When performing a one-sided test in which negative values of T tend to be more significant, ties are broken by assigning lower ranks to negative observations and higher ranks to positive ones. When the test makes positive values of T significant, ties are broken the other way, and when large absolute values of T are significant, ties are broken so as to make |T| as small as possible. Pratt observes that when ties are likely, the conservative tiebreaking procedure \"presumably has low power, since it amounts to breaking all ties in favor of the
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"Hotelling's T-squared distribution-Two-sample statistic-A univariate special case can be found in Welch's t-test.\nMore robust and powerful tests than Hotelling's two-sample test have been proposed in the literature, see for example the interpoint distance based tests which can be applied also when the number of variables is comparable with, or even larger than, the number of subjects."
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"Mobile payment-Carrier billing-The consumer uses the mobile billing option during checkout at an e-commerce site\u2014such as an online gaming site\u2014to make a payment. After two-factor authentication involving the consumer's mobile number and a PIN or one-time password (often abbreviated as OTP), the consumer's mobile account is charged for the purchase. It is a true alternative payment method that does not require the use of credit/debit cards or pre-registration at an online payment solution such as PayPal, thus bypassing banks and credit card companies altogether. This type of mobile payment method, which is prevalent in Asia, provides the following benefits: Security \u2013 two-factor authentication and a risk management engine prevents fraud."
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"Calling convention-Calling conventions outside machine architectures-Threaded code Threaded code places all the responsibility for setting up for and cleaning up after a function call on the called code. The calling code does nothing but list the subroutines to be called. This puts all the function setup and clean-up code in one place\u2014the prologue and epilogue of the function\u2014rather than in the many places that function is called. This makes threaded code the most compact calling convention."
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"Pointer (computer programming)-Making pointers safer-The Rust programming language introduces a borrow checker, pointer lifetimes, and an optimisation based around optional types for null pointers to eliminate pointer bugs, without resorting to garbage collection."
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Y =\u2211n X\nNow let denote the number of type 1 objects in the sample. Note that i=1 i. Any counting variable can be written as a\nsum of indicator variables.\nY g\nhas probability density function given by.\n(r)(m\u2212r)\ny n\u2212y\ng(y)= , y\u2208{0,1,\u2026,n} (3.1.18)\n(m)\nn\ng(y\u22121)<g(y) y<t t=(r+1)(n+1)/(m+2)\n1. if and only if where .\nt \u230at\u230b\n2. If is not a positive integer, there is a single mode at .\nt t\u22121 t\n3. If is a positive integer, then there are two modes, at and .\nProof\nn\nRecall again that the unordered samples of size chosen from the population are equally likely. By the multiplication\ny n\u2212y (m)(m\u2212r)\nprinciple, the number of samples with exactly type 1 objects and type 0 objects is y n\u2212y . The total number of\n(m)\nsamples is .\nn\ng(y\u22121)<g(y) ( r )( m\u2212r )<(r)(m\u2212r)\n1. Note that if and only if . Writing the binomial coefficients in terms of factorials\ny\u22121 n+1\u2212y y n\u2212y\ng(y\u22121)<g(y) y<t t\nand canceling terms
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"Lempel\u2013Ziv\u2013Storer\u2013Szymanski-Example-Here is the beginning of Dr. Seuss's Green Eggs and Ham, with character numbers at the beginning of lines for convenience. Green Eggs and Ham is a good example to illustrate LZSS compression because the book itself only contains 50 unique words, despite having a word count of 170. Thus, words are repeated, however not in succession.\n0: I am Sam 9: 10: Sam I am 19: 20: That Sam-I-am! 35: That Sam-I-am! 50: I do not like 64: that Sam-I-am! 79: 80: Do you like green eggs and ham? 112: 113: I do not like them, Sam-I-am.\n143: I do not like green eggs and ham."
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"Floating-point unit-History-In most modern computer architectures, there is some division of floating-point operations from integer operations. This division varies significantly by architecture; some have dedicated floating-point registers, while some, like Intel x86, take it as far as independent clocking schemes.CORDIC routines have been implemented in Intel x87 coprocessors (8087, 80287, 80387) up to the 80486 microprocessor series, as well as in the Motorola 68881 and 68882 for some kinds of floating-point instructions, mainly as a way to reduce the gate counts (and complexity) of the FPU subsystem."
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an initial state in a state machine, a fail-fast system will check such state and fail fast."
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"Round-off error-Round-off error-When a sequence of calculations with an input involving any roundoff error are made, errors may accumulate, sometimes dominating the calculation. In ill-conditioned problems, significant error may accumulate.In short, there are two major facets of roundoff errors involved in numerical calculations: The ability of computers to represent both magnitude and precision of numbers is inherently limited.\nCertain numerical manipulations are highly sensitive to roundoff errors. This can result from both mathematical considerations as well as from the way in which computers perform arithmetic operations."
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"Binomial heap-Binomial heap-A binomial heap is implemented as a set of binomial trees (compare with a binary heap, which has a shape of a single binary tree), which are defined recursively as follows: A binomial tree of order 0 is a single node A binomial tree of order k has a root node whose children are roots of binomial trees of orders k\u22121 , k\u22122 , ..., 2, 1, 0 (in this order).A binomial tree of order k has 2k nodes, and height k The name comes from the shape: a binomial tree of order k has (kd) nodes at depth d , a binomial coefficient."
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"Convex hull algorithms-Planar case-If not all points are on the same line, then their convex hull is a convex polygon whose vertices are some of the points in the input set. Its most common representation is the list of its vertices ordered along its boundary clockwise or counterclockwise. In some applications it is convenient to represent a convex polygon as an intersection of a set of half-planes."
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"Action semantics-Action notation-Regular English words serve as the symbols of action notation. Action notation is designed to simulate natural language, which is illustrated in the parts of speech used to denote semantic entities. Action entities are represented by verb phrases and data and yielder entities by noun phrases. The result of this choice of symbols is a framework that is highly readable and no less formal than other frameworks since it remains precisely defined."
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"History of general-purpose CPUs-1990 to today: Looking forward-Relative to clocked logic, it may be easier to implement high performance devices in asynchronous logic: In a clocked CPU, no component can run faster than the clock rate. In a clockless CPU, components can run at different speeds."
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as a curve, an animal with an EQ above the curve is expected to show more cognitive ability than the average animal of its size, whereas an animal with an EQ below the curve is expected to have less. Various formulas been suggested, but the equation Ew(brain) = 0.12w(body)2/3 has been found to fit data from a sample of mammals. The formula is suggestive at best, and should only be applied to non-mammals with extreme caution. For some of the other vertebrate classes, the power of 3/4 rather than 2/3 is sometimes used, and for many groups of invertebrates, the formula may not give meaningful results."
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"1.8: Combinatorial Structures\nThe purpose of this section is to study several combinatorial structures that are of basic importance in probability.\nPermutations\nD n\u2208N k\u2208{0,1,\u2026,n} D k\nSuppose that is a set with elements. A permutation of length from is an ordered sequence of\nD (x ,x ,\u2026,x ) x \u2208D i x \u2260x i\u2260j\ndistinct elements of ; that is, a sequence of the form 1 2 k where i for each and i j for .\nk D k\nStatistically, a permutation of length from corresponds to an ordered sample of size chosen without replacement from the\nD\npopulation .\nk n\nThe number of permutations of length from an element set is\nn(k)=n(n\u22121)\u22ef(n\u2212k+1) (1.8.1)\nProof\nn n\u22121\nThis follows easily from the multiplication principle. There are ways to choose the first element, ways to choose the\nsecond element, and so forth.\nn(0)=1 n(k) k n\nBy convention, . Recall that, in general, a product over an empty index set is 1. Note that has factors, starting at ,\nand with each
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"IA-32 Execution Layer-IA-32 Execution Layer-The IA-32 Execution Layer (IA-32 EL) is a software emulator in the form of a software driver that improves performance of 32-bit applications running on 64-bit Intel Itanium-based systems, particularly those running Linux and Windows Server 2003 (it is included in Windows Server 2003 SP1 and later and in most Linux distributions for Itanium). The IA-32 EL bypasses the slow x86 hardware emulation which is available on pre-Montecito Itanium models."
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"Controlled language in machine translation-Sources-AMORES CARREDANO, Jose Javier. Automatic translation systems[on line]. Available in: http://quark.prbb.org/19/019046.htm [Date of view: 29 May 2011] AECMA: AECMA Simplified English: A Guide for the Preparation of Aircraft Maintenance Documentation in the International Aerospace Maintenance Language, Bruselas, 1995.\nGrimaila, A.; Chandioux, J.: \"Made to measure solutions\". In: John Newton, ed.: Computers in Translation: A Practical Appraisal, Londres, Routledge, 1992: 33-45.\nHartley, A.F.; Paris, C.L.: \u00abMulti-lingual document production: from support for translating to support for authoring\u00bb, Machine Translation (Special Issue on new tools for human translators) 1997; 12 (12): 109-129.\nIde, I; V\u00e9ronis, J.: \u00abIntroduction to the Special Issue on Word Sense Disambiguation: The State of the Art\u00bb, Computational Linguistics 1998; 24 (1): 1-40.\nLehrberger, L.; Bourbeau, L.: Machine Translation: Linguistic Characteristics of machine
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group with addition modulo 6: G={0,1,2,3,4,5} . Consider the subgroup N={0,3} , which is normal because G is abelian. Then the set of (left) cosets is of size three: G/N={a+N:a\u2208G}={{0,3},{1,4},{2,5}}={0+N,1+N,2+N} .The binary operation defined above makes this set into a group, known as the quotient group, which in this case is isomorphic to the cyclic group of order 3."
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"Cipher security summary-Common ciphers-Key or plaintext recovery attacks Attacks that lead to disclosure of the key or plaintext.\nDistinguishing attacks Attacks that allow distinguishing ciphertext from random data."
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"Set packing-Related problems-Karp originally showed set packing NP-complete via a reduction from the clique problem."
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"Inverse Galois problem-A simple example: cyclic groups-It is possible, using classical results, to construct explicitly a polynomial whose Galois group over Q is the cyclic group Z/nZ for any positive integer n. To do this, choose a prime p such that p \u2261 1 (mod n); this is possible by Dirichlet's theorem. Let Q(\u03bc) be the cyclotomic extension of Q generated by \u03bc, where \u03bc is a primitive p-th root of unity; the Galois group of Q(\u03bc)/Q is cyclic of order p \u2212 1."
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"151 (number)-In mathematics-151 is the 36th prime number, the previous is 149, with which it comprises a twin prime. 151 is also a palindromic prime, a centered decagonal number, and a lucky number.151 appears in the Padovan sequence, preceded by the terms 65, 86, 114; it is the sum of the first two of these.151 is a unique prime in base 2, since it is the only prime with period 15 in base 2."
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"Random number generation-Random number generation-Various applications of randomness have led to the development of different methods for generating random data. Some of these have existed since ancient times, including well-known examples like the rolling of dice, coin flipping, the shuffling of playing cards, the use of yarrow stalks (for divination) in the I Ching, as well as countless other techniques. Because of the mechanical nature of these techniques, generating large quantities of sufficiently random numbers (important in statistics) required much work and time. Thus, results would sometimes be collected and distributed as random number tables."
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"Glitching-Overview-Another common type of glitch is item manipulation, where a player can manipulate their inventory to get certain items. This can also be expanded to changing the player's health, magic power, inventory capacity, quest status, item durability, and so on. These manipulations are often not limited by the game's set boundaries, and allow the player to access glitched items. Players can obtain a very high amount of resources just by trying to acquire negative values for certain resource counters that are not coded to handle them. One example of this bug is in the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions of FIFA 11, in which the game does not check for negative values for the player's currency counter, meaning that if a player cancels a loan and there is not enough currency available in the transfer budget, the currency counter will roll over back to the highest number, granting the player a large amount of wealth. Glitches can also affect the physics of particular games, which can alter the state
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"Software documentation-Requirements documentation-Traditionally, requirements are specified in requirements documents (e.g. using word processing applications and spreadsheet applications). To manage the increased complexity and changing nature of requirements documentation (and software documentation in general), database-centric systems and special-purpose requirements management tools are advocated.\nIn Agile software development, requirements are often expressed as User Stories with accompanying acceptance criteria."
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can be used to exchange quantum states along a one-way quantum channel with perfect secrecy, which is sometimes used in quantum computing. It can be shown that a shared secret of at least 2n classical bits is required to exchange an n-qubit quantum state along a one-way quantum channel (by analogue with the result that a key of n bits is required to exchange an n bit message with perfect secrecy). A scheme proposed in 2000 achieves this bound. One way to implement this quantum one-time pad is by dividing the 2n bit key into n pairs of bits. To encrypt the state, for each pair of bits i in the key, one would apply an X gate to qubit i of the state if and only if the first bit of the pair is 1, and apply a Z gate to qubit i of the state if and only if the second bit of the pair is 1. Decryption involves applying this transformation again, since X and Z are their own inverses. This can be shown to be perfectly secret in a quantum setting.The one-time pad is an example of post-quantum cryptography, because
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"Vector logic-Overview-Negation: A logical negation \u00acp is represented by matrix N=nsT+snT Consequently, Ns = n and Nn = s. The involutory behavior of the logical negation, namely that \u00ac(\u00acp) equals p, corresponds with the fact that N2 = I.\nDyadic operators The 16 two-valued dyadic operators correspond to functions of the type Dyad:V2\u2297V2\u2192V2 ; the dyadic matrices have q2 rows and q columns."
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"Music information retrieval-Applications-Music generation The automatic generation of music is a goal held by many MIR researchers. Attempts have been made with limited success in terms of human appreciation of the results."
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"Fermat's factorization method-Sieve improvement-When considering the table for 2345678917 , one can quickly tell that none of the values of b2 are squares: It is not necessary to compute all the square-roots of a2\u2212N , nor even examine all the values for a. Squares are always congruent to 0, 1, 4, 5, 9, 16 modulo 20. The values repeat with each increase of a by 10. In this example, N is 17 mod 20, so subtracting 17 mod 20 (or adding 3), a2\u2212N produces 3, 4, 7, 8, 12, and 19 modulo 20 for these values. It is apparent that only the 4 from this list can be a square. Thus, a2 must be 1 mod 20, which means that a is 1, 9, 11 or 19 mod 20; it will produce a b2 which ends in 4 mod 20 and, if square, b will end in 2 or 8 mod 10."
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"Mental calculation-Methods and techniques-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | | | | | | | | | | left hand right hand Bend the finger which represents the number to be multiplied by nine down.\nEx: 6 \u00d7 9 would be | | | | | \u2212 | | | | The right little finger is down. Take the number of fingers still raised to the left of the bent finger and prepend it to the number of fingers to the right.\nEx: There are five fingers left of the right little finger and four to the right of the right little finger. So 6 \u00d7 9 = 54.\n5 4 | | | | | \u2212 | | | | Multiplying by 10 (and powers of ten) To multiply an integer by 10, simply add an extra 0 to the end of the number. To multiply a non-integer by 10, move the decimal point to the right one digit.\nIn general for base ten, to multiply by 10n (where n is an integer), move the decimal point n digits to the right. If n is negative, move the decimal |n| digits to the left.\nMultiplying by 11 For single digit numbers simply duplicate the number into the tens digit, for example:
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"4.10: Conditional Expected Value Revisited\nConditional expected value is much more important than one might at first think. In fact, conditional expected value is at the core of modern probability theory because it\nprovides the basic way of incorporating known information into a probability measure.\nBasic Theory\nDefinition\nAs usual, our starting point is a random experiment modeled by a probability space (\u03a9,F,P), so that \u03a9 is the set of outcomes,, F is the \u03c3-algebra of events, and P is the\nprobability measure on the sample space (\u03a9,F). In our first elementary discussion, we studied the conditional expected value of a real-value random variable X given a\ngeneral random variable Y. The more general approach is to condition on a sub \u03c3-algebra G of F. The sections on \u03c3-algebras and measure theory are essential\nprerequisites for this section.\nBefore we get to the definition, we need some preliminaries. First, all random variables mentioned are assumed to be real valued. next
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privacy and confidentiality are required. Another way to achieve confidentiality is to use a hardwired amplifier, which contains or is connected to a microphone and transmits no signal beyond the earpiece plugged directly into it."
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gives the most likely target macrostate.\". The physically defined second entropy can also be considered from an informational viewpoint."
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and similar amenities also cost extra. Parking space(s), air conditioning, and extra storage space may or may not be included with an apartment. Rental leases often limit the maximum number of residents in each apartment.On or around the ground floor of the apartment building, a series of mailboxes are typically kept in a location accessible to the public and, thus, to the mail carrier. Every unit typically gets its own mailbox with individual keys to it. Some very large apartment buildings with a full-time staff may take mail from the carrier and provide mail-sorting service. Near the mailboxes or some other location accessible by outsiders, a buzzer (equivalent to a doorbell) may be available for each individual unit. In smaller apartment buildings such as two- or three-flats, or even four-flats, rubbish is often disposed of in trash containers similar to those used at houses. In larger buildings, rubbish is often collected in a common trash bin or dumpster. For cleanliness or minimizing noise, many
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"Open-source software security-Metrics and models-Coverity scan Coverity in collaboration with Stanford University has established a new baseline for open-source quality and security. The development is being completed through a contract with the Department of Homeland Security. They are utilizing innovations in automated defect detection to identify critical types of bugs found in software. The level of quality and security is measured in rungs. Rungs do not have a definitive meaning, and can change as Coverity releases new tools. Rungs are based on the progress of fixing issues found by the Coverity Analysis results and the degree of collaboration with Coverity. They start with Rung 0 and currently go up to Rung 2."
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"Artificial neural network-Theoretical properties-Generalization and statistics Applications whose goal is to create a system that generalizes well to unseen examples, face the possibility of over-training. This arises in convoluted or over-specified systems when the network capacity significantly exceeds the needed free parameters. Two approaches address over-training. The first is to use cross-validation and similar techniques to check for the presence of over-training and to select hyperparameters to minimize the generalization error."
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the permanent and the hafnian are related as per haf \u2061(AAT) .If A is a Hermitian positive semi-definite n\u00d7n matrix and B is a complex symmetric n\u00d7n matrix, then we have the inequality haf \u2061(BAA\u00afB\u00af)\u22650, where A\u00af denotes the complex conjugate of A . A simple way to see this when (ABB\u00afA\u00af) is positive semi-definite is to observe that, by Wick's probability theorem, haf \u2061(BAA\u00afB\u00af)=E[|X1\u2026Xn|2] when (X1,\u2026,Xn) is a complex normal random vector with mean 0 , covariance matrix A and relation matrix B "
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"Main path analysis-The method-Search path count (SPC) A link\u2019s SPC is the number of times the link is traversed if one runs through all possible paths from all the sources to all the sinks. SPC is first proposed by Vladimir Batagelj. SPC values for each link in a sample citation network is shown in Figure 1. The SPC value for the link (B, D) is 5 because five paths (B-D-F-H-K, B-D-F-I-L, B-D-F-I-M-N, B-D-I-L, and B-D-I-M-N) traverse through it."
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"Information cascade-Examples and fields of application-As a part of this cascade-driven reorganization process, information cascades can also create assortative social networks, where people tend to be connected to others who are similar in some characteristic. Tweet cascades increase in the similarity between connected users, as users lose ties to more dissimilar users and add new ties to similar users. Information cascades created by news coverage in the media may also foster political polarization by sorting social networks along political lines: Twitter users who follow and share more polarized news coverage tend to lose social ties to users of the opposite ideology."
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large_corpus_distillation
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"Smoothsort-Overview-In addition to each stretch being a heap-ordered tree, the roots of the trees are maintained in sorted order. This effectively adds a third child (which Dijkstra calls a \"stepson\") to each root linking it to the preceding root. This combines all of the trees together into one global heap. with the global maximum at the end.\nAlthough the location of each node's stepson is fixed, the link only exists for tree roots, meaning that links are removed whenever trees are merged. This is different from ordinary children, which are linked as long as the parent exists."
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"Learning log-Use and Scope-The process of using learning logs involves developing thinking and learning skills, which are enhanced by a peer partnership system. In this peer system, the children are encouraged to discuss and share their thoughts, as well as to develop their learning logs in a collaborative way. Learning Logs also give the opportunity for the students to provide feedback to their teachers in order to help extend and elaborate their understanding."
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large_corpus_distillation
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"Computer file-File contents-On most modern operating systems, files are organized into one-dimensional arrays of bytes. The format of a file is defined by its content since a file is solely a container for data. On some platforms the format is indicated by its filename extension, specifying the rules for how the bytes must be organized and interpreted meaningfully. For example, the bytes of a plain text file (.txt in Windows) are associated with either ASCII or UTF-8 characters, while the bytes of image, video, and audio files are interpreted otherwise. Most file types also allocate a few bytes for metadata, which allows a file to carry some basic information about itself."
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large_corpus_distillation
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"Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria-Fundamental objectives and requirements-Marking \u2013 Systems designed to enforce a mandatory security policy must store and preserve the integrity of access control labels and retain the labels if the object is exported.\nDiscretionary Security Policy \u2013 Enforces a consistent set of rules for controlling and limiting access based on identified individuals who have been determined to have a need-to-know for the information.\nAccountability Individual accountability regardless of policy must be enforced. A secure means must exist to ensure the access of an authorized and competent agent that can then evaluate the accountability information within a reasonable amount of time and without undue difficulty. The accountability objective includes three requirements: Identification \u2013 The process used to recognize an individual user.\nAuthentication \u2013 The verification of an individual user's authorization to specific categories of information.\nAuditing
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support for System V Release 4 compatibility, R6000 processor support and later symmetric multiprocessing support on the R4400 and R6000 processors."
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"Knowledge engineering-Knowledge engineering-Knowledge engineering (KE) refers to all technical, scientific and social aspects involved in building, maintaining and using knowledge-based systems."
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"Nilpotent matrix-Examples-Example 1 The matrix A=[0100] is nilpotent with index 2, since A2=0 Example 2 More generally, any n -dimensional triangular matrix with zeros along the main diagonal is nilpotent, with index \u2264n . For example, the matrix B=[0216001200030000] is nilpotent, with B2=[0027000300000000];B3=[0006000000000000];B4=[0000000000000000].\nThe index of B is therefore 4.\nExample 3 Although the examples above have a large number of zero entries, a typical nilpotent matrix does not. For example, 15 10 \u221264]C2=[000000000] although the matrix has no zero entries.\nExample 4 Additionally, any matrices of the form [a1a1\u22efa1a2a2\u22efa2\u22ee\u22ee\u22f1\u22ee\u2212a1\u2212a2\u2212\u2026\u2212an\u22121\u2212a1\u2212a2\u2212\u2026\u2212an\u22121\u2026\u2212a1\u2212a2\u2212\u2026\u2212an\u22121] such as 11 11 11 ] or [111122224444\u22127\u22127\u22127\u22127] square to zero.\nExample 5 Perhaps some of the most striking examples of nilpotent matrices are n\u00d7n square matrices of the
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"Rearrangement inequality-Geometric interpretation-Consider a rectangle of width x1+\u22ef+xn and height y1+\u22ef+yn, subdivided into n columns of widths x1,\u2026,xn and the same number of rows of heights y1,\u2026,yn, so there are n2 small rectangles. You are supposed to take n of these, one from each column and one from each row. The rearrangement inequality (1) says that you optimize the total area of your selection by taking the rectangles on the diagonal or the antidiagonal."
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Whether one item is taken before, after, or simultaneously with another item is irrelevant.\nThe probability of taking a particular item is proportional to its \"weight\". The weight of an item depends only on its kind (e.g., color).\nThe total number n of items that will be taken is not known before the experiment.\nn is determined after the experiment and the conditional distribution for n known is desired."
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"Superscalar processor-Limitations-Although the instruction stream may contain no inter-instruction dependencies, a superscalar CPU must nonetheless check for that possibility, since there is no assurance otherwise and failure to detect a dependency would produce incorrect results."
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"Housekeeping (computing)-Examples-Housekeeping could include (but is not limited to) the following activities: Saving and restoring program state for called functions (including general purpose registers and return address) Obtaining local memory on the stack Initializing local variables at the start of a program or function Freeing local memory on the stack on exit from a function Garbage collection Data conversion Backup and/or removal of un-needed files and software Execution of disk maintenance utilities (e.g. ScanDisk, hard drive defragmenters, virus scanners) "
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"Optimal control-Examples-A common solution strategy in many optimal control problems is to solve for the costate (sometimes called the shadow price) \u03bb(t) . The costate summarizes in one number the marginal value of expanding or contracting the state variable next turn. The marginal value is not only the gains accruing to it next turn but associated with the duration of the program. It is nice when \u03bb(t) can be solved analytically, but usually, the most one can do is describe it sufficiently well that the intuition can grasp the character of the solution and an equation solver can solve numerically for the values."
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"Hamming code-Description-An algorithm can be deduced from the following description: Number the bits starting from 1: bit 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, etc.\nWrite the bit numbers in binary: 1, 10, 11, 100, 101, 110, 111, etc.\nAll bit positions that are powers of two (have a single 1 bit in the binary form of their position) are parity bits: 1, 2, 4, 8, etc. (1, 10, 100, 1000) All other bit positions, with two or more 1 bits in the binary form of their position, are data bits.\nEach data bit is included in a unique set of 2 or more parity bits, as determined by the binary form of its bit position.\nParity bit 1 covers all bit positions which have the least significant bit set: bit 1 (the parity bit itself), 3, 5, 7, 9, etc.\nParity bit 2 covers all bit positions which have the second least significant bit set: bits 2-3, 6-7, 10-11, etc.\nParity bit 4 covers all bit positions which have the third least significant bit set: bits 4\u20137, 12\u201315, 20\u201323, etc.\nParity bit 8 covers all bit positions which have
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large_corpus_distillation
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"ThreadX-Technology-ThreadX also provides counting semaphores, mutexes with optional priority inheritance, event flags, message queues, software timers, fixed sized block memory, and variable sized block memory. All APIs in ThreadX that block on resources also have an optional timeout.\nThreadX offers multi-core processor support via either AMP or SMP. Application code isolation is available through ThreadX Modules component."
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"Bin packing problem-Online heuristics-Single-class algorithms There are many simple algorithms that use the following general scheme: For each item in the input list: If the item fits into one of the currently open bins, then put it in one of these bins; Otherwise, open a new bin and put the new item in it.The algorithms differ in the criterion by which they choose the open bin for the new item in step 1 (see the linked pages for more information): Next Fit (NF) always keeps a single open bin. When the new item does not fit into it, it closes the current bin and opens a new bin. Its advantage is that it is a bounded-space algorithm since it only needs to keep a single open bin in memory. Its disadvantage is that its asymptotic approximation ratio is 2. In particular, NF(L)\u22642\u22c5OPT(L)\u22121 , and for each N\u2208N there exists a list L such that OPT(L)=N and NF(L)=2\u22c5OPT(L)\u22122 . Its asymptotic approximation ratio can be somewhat improved based on the item sizes: size \u2264\u03b1)\u22642
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"Color-coding-The method-The colorful cycle-finding algorithm works by first finding all pairs of vertices in V that are connected by a simple path of length k \u2212 1, and then checking whether the two vertices in each pair are connected. Given a coloring function c : V \u2192 {1, ..., k} to color graph G, enumerate all partitions of the color set {1, ..., k} into two subsets C1, C2 of size k/2 each. Note that V can be divided into V1 and V2 accordingly, and let G1 and G2 denote the subgraphs induced by V1 and V2 respectively. Then, recursively find colorful paths of length k/2\u22121 in each of G1 and G2. Suppose the boolean matrix A1 and A2 represent the connectivity of each pair of vertices in G1 and G2 by a colorful path, respectively, and let B be the matrix describing the adjacency relations between vertices of V1 and those of V2, the boolean product A1BA2 gives all pairs of vertices in V that are connected by a colorful path of length k \u2212 1. Thus, the recursive relation of matrix
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"Randomness-Applications-Politics: Athenian democracy was based on the concept of isonomia (equality of political rights), and used complex allotment machines to ensure that the positions on the ruling committees that ran Athens were fairly allocated. Allotment is now restricted to selecting jurors in Anglo-Saxon legal systems, and in situations where \"fairness\" is approximated by randomization, such as selecting jurors and military draft lotteries."
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"Connectivity (graph theory)-Computational aspects-In computational complexity theory, SL is the class of problems log-space reducible to the problem of determining whether two vertices in a graph are connected, which was proved to be equal to L by Omer Reingold in 2004. Hence, undirected graph connectivity may be solved in O(log n) space.\nThe problem of computing the probability that a Bernoulli random graph is connected is called network reliability and the problem of computing whether two given vertices are connected the ST-reliability problem. Both of these are #P-hard.\nNumber of connected graphs The number of distinct connected labeled graphs with n nodes is tabulated in the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences as sequence A001187. The first few non-trivial terms are "
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"Input queue-Input queue-In computer science, an input queue is a collection of processes in storage that are waiting to be brought into memory to run a program. Input queues are mainly used in Operating System Scheduling which is a technique for distributing resources among processes. Input queues not only apply to operating systems (OS), but may also be applied to scheduling inside networking devices. The purpose of scheduling is to ensure resources are being distributed fairly and effectively; therefore, it improves the performance of the system."
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"ASIL accuracy-ASIL accuracy-ASIL accuracy describes the maximum possible deviation of a measurement in a system in which a single point fault occurred before some diagnostic detects this fault. This concept applies to automotive systems designed under the ISO-26262 methodology for automotive functional safety, which defines Automotive Safety Integrity Levels (ASILs) to classify risks.\nWhile accuracy refers to a single measurement, ASIL accuracy considers variation in the primary measurement being assessed as well as variation in the diagnostic measurement or measurements used to detect single point faults."
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"Sequential pattern mining-Applications-With a great variation of products and user buying behaviors, shelf on which products are being displayed is one of the most important resources in retail environment. Retailers can not only increase their profit but, also decrease cost by proper management of shelf space allocation and products display. To solve this problem, George and Binu (2013) have proposed an approach to mine user buying patterns using PrefixSpan algorithm and place the products on shelves based on the order of mined purchasing patterns."
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kn) / kn = c or kn+1 = (c + 1) kn or kn+1 = (c+1)n k0."
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"Semantics encoding-Properties-Preservation of termination This also assumes the existence of a notion of reduction on both language A and language B.\nsoundness for any term TA , if all reductions of TA converge, then all reductions of [TA] converge."
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relations as the sequence proceeds. In his system, a counterfactual like \"If Hannah had drunk coffee, she would be happy\" would normally be evaluated using a model where Hannah's coffee is gasoline-free in all accessible worlds. If this same model were used to evaluate a subsequent utterance of \"If Hannah had drunk coffee and the coffee had gasoline in it...\", this second conditional would come out as trivially true, since there are no accessible worlds where its antecedent holds. Warmbr\u014dd's idea was that speakers will switch to a model with a more permissive accessibility relation in order to avoid this triviality."
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"Printmaking-Techniques-Mixed-media prints Mixed-media prints may use multiple traditional printmaking processes such as etching, woodcut, letterpress, silkscreen, or even monoprinting in the creation of the print. They may also incorporate elements of chine colle, collage, or painted areas, and may be unique, i.e. one-off, non-editioned, prints. Mixed-media prints are often experimental prints and may be printed on unusual, non-traditional surfaces.\nDigital prints Digital prints refers to images printed using digital printers such as inkjet printers instead of a traditional printing press. Images can be printed to a variety of substrates including paper, cloth, or plastic canvas."
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"Twitter-Usage-Content San Antonio-based market-research firm Pear Analytics analyzed 2,000 tweets (originating from the United States and in English) over a two-week period in August 2009 from 11:00 am to 5:00 pm (CST) and separated them into six categories. Pointless babble made up 40%, with 38% being conversational. Pass-along value had 9%, self-promotion 6% with spam and news each making 4%."
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"Stein discrepancy-Examples-Concretely, if we take the inverse multi-quadric kernel k(x,x\u2032)=(1+(x\u2212x\u2032)\u22a4\u03a3\u22121(x\u2212x\u2032))\u2212\u03b2 with parameters \u03b2>0 and \u03a3\u2208Rd\u00d7d a symmetric positive definite matrix, and if we denote log \u2061p(x) , then we have 2.1 tr (\u03a3\u22121)+[u(x)\u2212u(x\u2032)]\u22a4\u03a3\u22121(x\u2212x\u2032)(1+(x\u2212x\u2032)\u22a4\u03a3\u22121(x\u2212x\u2032))1+\u03b2]+u(x)\u22a4u(x\u2032)(1+(x\u2212x\u2032)\u22a4\u03a3\u22121(x\u2212x\u2032))\u03b2 Diffusion Stein discrepancy Diffusion Stein discrepancies generalize the Langevin Stein operator log \u2061p=1p\u2207\u22c5(fp) to a class of diffusion Stein operators APf=1p\u2207\u22c5(mfp) , each representing an It\u00f4 diffusion that has P as its stationary distribution."
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large_corpus_distillation
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least two instances of movement (or copying) are necessary. The following trees show a similar movement-type analysis, time a flatter, dependency-based understanding of sentence structure is now assumed: The flatter structure allows for a simpler analysis to an extent. The subject and auxiliary verb can easily invert without affecting the basic hierarchy assumed so only one discontinuity is perceived. The following two trees illustrate a different sort of analysis, one where feature passing occurs instead of movement (or copying): The phrase structure analysis is on the left and the dependency structure analysis on the right. The analyses reject movement/copying, and in its stead, they assume information passing (feature passing). The nodes in red mark the path (chain of words, catena) along which information about the fronted phrase is passed to the governor of the fronted expression. In this manner, a link of a sort is established between the fronted phrase and the position in which it canonically
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gas quantity (for example, in volume units) while vm is the monolayer adsorbed gas quantity. c is the BET constant, exp \u2061(E1\u2212ELRT),(2) where E1 is the heat of adsorption for the first layer, and EL is that for the second and higher layers and is equal to the heat of liquefaction or heat of vaporization."
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"Lattice and bridged-T equalizers-Amplitude correction-For the attenuation constant, the expression is of the form: 10 10 =P0+P2.f2+P4.f4+....Q0+Q2.f2+Q4.f4+....\nwhich is a ratio of two polynomials in f2, and in which the coefficients could be determined from the known data, or measurements."
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that apps can only natively access only their own sandbox root directory or sub-directories on an SD card. Apps wanting to access files or folders outside that on the SD card, are required to use Android's own system file selector. Due to this limitation, guest OSes running on, emulation, platform virtualization, or compatibility apps are no longer allowed to access files outside of their own SD card Sandbox. The majority of these limitations can be bypassed by rooting the Android device. However, utilizing Linux via utilizing an emulator or virtualization app would be redundant at that point as one could turn the device itself into a Linux environment."
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"Address space layout randomization-Implementations-Position-independent executable (PIE) implements a random base address for the main executable binary and has been in place since 2003. It provides the same address randomness to the main executable as being used for the shared libraries. The PIE feature cannot be used together with the prelink feature for the same executable. The prelink tool implements randomization at prelink time rather than runtime, because by design prelink aims to handle relocating libraries before the dynamic linker has to, which allows the relocation to occur once for many runs of the program. As a result, real address space randomization would defeat the purpose of prelinking."
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"Maximum likelihood estimation-Properties-Invariance: If \u03b8^ is the maximum likelihood estimator for \u03b8 , and if g(\u03b8) is any transformation of \u03b8 , then the maximum likelihood estimator for \u03b1=g(\u03b8) is \u03b1^=g(\u03b8^) . This property is less commonly known as functional equivariance. The invariance property holds for arbitrary transformation g , although the proof simplifies if g is restricted to one-to-one transformations.\nEfficiency, i.e. it achieves the Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao lower bound when the sample size tends to infinity. This means that no consistent estimator has lower asymptotic mean squared error than the MLE (or other estimators attaining this bound), which also means that MLE has asymptotic normality.\nSecond-order efficiency after correction for bias."
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"Least common multiple-Calculation-The algorithm stops when all elements in sequence X(m) are equal. Their common value L is exactly lcm(X).\nFor example, if X = X(1) = (3, 4, 6), the steps in the algorithm produce: X(2) = (6, 4, 6) X(3) = (6, 8, 6) X(4) = (6, 8, 12) - by choosing the second 6 X(5) = (9, 8, 12) X(6) = (9, 12, 12) X(7) = (12, 12, 12) so lcm = 12."
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The process was repeated at different heights to create a three-dimensional model of the tree."
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degrees of freedom is the number of dimensions of the domain of a random vector, or essentially the number of \"free\" components (how many components need to be known before the vector is fully determined)."
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fundamental result was that in the non-arithmetic case, as . This result implies part (b) in the\ntheorem above.\nAge Processes\nRenewal reward processes can be used to derive some asymptotic results for the age processes of a standard renewal process So,\nX T N\nsuppose that we have a renewal process with interarrival sequence , arrival sequence , and counting process . As usual, let\n\u03bc=E(X) \u03bd=E(X2)\ndenote the mean of an interarrival time, but now we will also need , the second moment. We assume that\nboth moments are finite.\nt\u2208[0,\u221e) t\nFor , recall that the current life, remaining life and total life at time are\nA =t\u2212T , B =T \u2212t, L =A +B =T \u2212T =X (15.6.15)\nt Nt t Nt+1 t t t Nt+1 Nt Nt+1\nA t B\nrespectively. In the usual terminology of reliability, t is the age of the device in service at time , t is the time remaining until\nL\nthis device fails, and t is total life of the device. (To avoid notational clashes, we are using different notation than in past\n15.6.4
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"Coverage data-Coverage data-A coverage is the digital representation of some spatio-temporal phenomenon. ISO 19123 provides the definition: [a] feature that acts as a function to return values from its range for any direct position within its spatial, temporal or spatiotemporal domainCoverages play an important role in geographic information systems (GIS), geospatial content and services, GIS data processing, and data sharing."
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large_corpus_distillation
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impact, along with the availability of extensions such as NoScript, which can disable JavaScript in a more controlled fashion. The following release added the ability to disable JavaScript through the developer tools for testing purposes.In January 2015, TorrentFreak reported that using Firefox when connected to the internet using a VPN can be a serious security issue due to the browser's support for WebRTC.Beginning with Firefox 48, all extensions must be signed by Mozilla to be used in release and beta versions of Firefox. Firefox 43 blocked unsigned extensions but allowed enforcement of extension signing to be disabled. All extensions must be submitted to Mozilla Add-ons and be subject to code analysis in order to be signed, although extensions do not have to be listed on the service to be signed. On May 2, 2019, Mozilla announced that it would be strengthening the signature enforcement with methods that included the retroactive disabling of old extensions now deemed to be insecure. A Firefox update on
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large_corpus_distillation
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\u21c0u is the unit vector in the direction of \u21c0v (Figure 12.1.16). The process of using scalar\n\u2225\u21c0v\u2225\nmultiplication to find a unit vector with a given direction is called normalization.\n12.1.12 https://math.libretexts.org/@go/page/2586"
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"Matrix multiplication algorithm-Divide-and-conquer algorithm-Non-square matrices A variant of this algorithm that works for matrices of arbitrary shapes and is faster in practice splits matrices in two instead of four submatrices, as follows.\nSplitting a matrix now means dividing it into two parts of equal size, or as close to equal sizes as possible in the case of odd dimensions."
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