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"Readability-Popular readability formulas-Studies by Walter Kintch and others showed the central role of coherence in reading ease, mainly for people learning to read. In 1983, Susan Kemper devised a formula based on physical states and mental states. However, she found this was no better than word familiarity and sent... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Precision and recall-Introduction-Usually, precision and recall scores are not discussed in isolation. Instead, either values for one measure are compared for a fixed level at the other measure (e.g. precision at a recall level of 0.75) or both are combined into a single measure. Examples of measures that are a combin... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Nowhere dense set-Properties-The notion of nowhere dense set is always relative to a given surrounding space. Suppose A\u2286Y\u2286X, where Y has the subspace topology induced from X.\nThe set A may be nowhere dense in X, but not nowhere dense in Y.\nNotably, a set is always dense in its own subspace topology. ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"General linear group-Over finite fields-This can be shown by counting the possible columns of the matrix: the first column can be anything but the zero vector; the second column can be anything but the multiples of the first column; and in general, the kth column can be any vector not in the linear span of the first k... | large_corpus_distillation |
Mozilla detected a security flaw and recommended downgrading to 15.0.1 until the issue could be fixed. The security flaw was fixed in version 16.0.1, which was released the following day, October 11, 2012." | large_corpus_distillation |
efficiency, so that products can be screened at high capacity to very fine separations.\nTumbler screening has the advantage of having a container barrel with different outlet doors at each of the sorting levels. Thus, they can be used for sorting mixture of particles.\nA tumbler screening machine has the ability to ru... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Leaky bucket-As a meter-Parameters In the case of the leaky bucket algorithm as a meter, the limits on the traffic can be bandwidth and a burstiness of the output.The bandwidth limit and burstiness limit for the connection may be specified in a traffic contract. A bandwidth limit may be specified as a packet or frame ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Dependent type-Formal definition-\u03a3 type The dual of the dependent product type is the dependent pair type, dependent sum type, sigma-type, or (confusingly) dependent product type. Sigma-types can also be understood as existential quantifiers. Continuing the above example, if, in the universe of types U , there i... | large_corpus_distillation |
strict orderings of are equally likely, so\n6\nT [15,60]\nThe time (in minutes) required to perform a certain job is uniformly distributed over the interval .\n1. Find the probability that the job requires more than 30 minutes\n2. Given that the job is not finished after 30 minutes, find the probability that the job wi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Kelly kiloton index-Kelly kiloton index-The Kelly Kiloton Index (KKI) was invented by H. A. Kelly of University of California, Los Angeles in 2006 as an alternative to the logarithmic Richter scale (which dates to 1935). Its unit of measurement is the metric kiloton of TNT, which yields a practical measurement of the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Superabundant number-Properties-That is, they proved that if n is superabundant, the prime decomposition of n has non-increasing exponents (the exponent of a larger prime is never more than that a smaller prime) and that all primes up to pk are factors of n. Then in particular any superabundant number is an even inte... | large_corpus_distillation |
the characteristic mass spectrum peaks at m/z = 350, 348, and 346, respectively." | large_corpus_distillation |
clear exceptions exist. Prominent examples include The Feynman Lectures on Physics." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ku\u1e6d\u1e6daka-Example-Verification of solution 334 = 11 \u00d7 29 + 15. So, 334 leaves a remainder of 15 when divided by 29.\n334 = 7 \u00d7 45 + 19. So, 334 leaves a remainder of 19 when divided by 45.\nRemarks The number 334 is the smallest integer which leaves remainders 15 and 19 when divided by 29 and 45 resp... | large_corpus_distillation |
"V2 word order-V2 in English-Main clauses Position of object In examples b, c and d, the object of the clause precedes a non-finite verb form. Superficially, the structure is verb-subject-object- verb. To capture generalities, scholars of syntax and linguistic typology treat them as basically subject-object-verb (SOV) ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Gaussian process approximations-Basic ideas-Gaussian process approximations can often be expressed in terms of assumptions on y under which log \u2061\u2113(y) and \u03bcy\u2217 can be calculated with much lower complexity. Since these assumptions are generally not believed to reflect reality, the likelihood and th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"X86 memory segmentation-Practices-Logical addresses can be explicitly specified in x86 assembly language, e.g. (AT&T syntax): movl $42, %fs:(%eax) ; Equivalent to M[fs:eax]<-42) in RTL or in Intel syntax: However, segment registers are usually used implicitly.\nAll CPU instructions are implicitly fetched from the code... | large_corpus_distillation |
is closed and A\u2286B} S\u2208B\nNote that is nonempty since .\nB \u22c2B\n1. The sets in are closed so is closed.\nA\u2286B B\u2208B A\u2286\u22c2B\n2. By definition, for each . Hence .\nB A\u2286B B\u2208B \u22c2B\u2286B\n3. If is closed and then so .\nA A=cl(A)\nOf course, if is closed then . Complementary to the c... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Khintchine inequality-Statement-One may note in particular that Bp matches exactly the moments of a normal distribution." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Arthur\u2013Merlin protocol-Arthur\u2013Merlin protocol-In computational complexity theory, an Arthur\u2013Merlin protocol, introduced by Babai (1985), is an interactive proof system in which the verifier's coin tosses are constrained to be public (i.e. known to the prover too). Goldwasser & Sipser (1986) proved that ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Procrustes analysis-Ordinary Procrustes analysis-Now translate these points so that their mean is translated to the origin (x,y)\u2192(x\u2212x\u00af,y\u2212y\u00af) , giving the point (x1\u2212x\u00af,y1\u2212y\u00af),\u2026 Uniform scaling Likewise, the scale component can be removed by scaling the object so that ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Stability (learning theory)-Definitions of stability-Error Stability An algorithm has error stability \u03b2 with respect to the loss function V if the following holds: \\forall S\\in Z^{m},\\forall i\\in \\{1,...,m\\},|\\mathbb {E} _{z}[V(f_{S},z)]-\\mathbb {E} _{z}[V(f_{S^{|i}},z)]|\\leq \\beta Uniform Stability An... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Book sales club-Book sales club-A book sales club is a subscription-based method of selling and purchasing books. It is more often called simply a book club, a term that is also used to describe a book discussion club, which can cause confusion." | large_corpus_distillation |
event if and only if either and , or and .\n2.2.2 https://stats.libretexts.org/@go/page/10130" | large_corpus_distillation |
"K-nearest neighbors algorithm-Dimension reduction-Feature extraction and dimension reduction can be combined in one step using principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), or canonical correlation analysis (CCA) techniques as a pre-processing step, followed by clustering by k-NN on feature v... | large_corpus_distillation |
bipartite graphs, and double split graphs. It is easy to see that bipartite graphs are perfect: in any nontrivial induced subgraph, the clique number and chromatic number are both two and therefore both equal. The perfection of complements of bipartite graphs, and of complements of line graphs of bipartite graphs, are ... | large_corpus_distillation |
2022, Taylor Swift's Midnights became the first major album release to have its vinyl sales outpace CDs since 1987, with approximately 600,000 sold in the US and 80,000 sold in the UK at the time of the record occurring. By January 2023, it had moved over a million vinyl LPs in the US \u2013 the only 21st-century album... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Linux Trace Toolkit-Usage-Viewing the results Viewing the results of a trace can be accomplished with: traceview foo This command will launch a graphical (GTK+) traceview tool that will read from foo.trace and foo.proc. This tool can show information in various interesting ways, including Event Graph, Process Analysis... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-Instruction set choice Instruction sets have shifted over the years, from originally very simple to sometimes very complex (in various respects). In recent years, load\u2013store architectures, VLIW and EPIC types have been in fashion. Architectures that are dealing with d... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Casting out nines-Casting out nines-Casting out nines is any of three arithmetical procedures: Adding the decimal digits of a positive whole number, while optionally ignoring any 9s or digits which sum to a multiple of 9. The result of this procedure is a number which is smaller than the original whenever the original... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Scalar processor-Scalar data type-A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value.\nGenerally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar: The boolean data type (bool) Numeric types (int, the floating point types float and double) Character types (char and string)A variable (that is, a named l... | large_corpus_distillation |
"False discovery rate-History-Benjamini (2010) said that the false discovery rate, and the paper Benjamini and Hochberg (1995), had its origins in two papers concerned with multiple testing: The first paper is by Schweder and Spjotvoll (1982) who suggested plotting the ranked p-values and assessing the number of true n... | large_corpus_distillation |
"First-order logic-Semantics-There are several difficulties with empty domains, however: Many common rules of inference are valid only when the domain of discourse is required to be nonempty. One example is the rule stating that \u03c6\u2228\u2203x\u03c8 implies \u2203x(\u03c6\u2228\u03c8) when x is not a free variab... | large_corpus_distillation |
let c(F(\u22c5),z):X\u2192K be the map defined by x\u21a6c(F(x),z)." | large_corpus_distillation |
particular, if some even moment 2n of X is finite, X has a finite mean. An extension of this argument shows X has finite moments of every order l\u2208N dividing n.\nAlternative finite form Let \u03a9 = {x1, ... xn}, and take \u03bc to be the counting measure on \u03a9, then the general form reduces to a statement abo... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Write (system call)-Write (system call)-write thus takes three arguments: The file code (file descriptor or fd).\nThe pointer to a buffer where the data is stored (buf).\nThe number of bytes to write from the buffer (nbytes)." | large_corpus_distillation |
chips, due to Meltdown and Spectre patches, were reported." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Symbolic method (combinatorics)-Combinatorial sum-The restriction of unions to disjoint unions is an important one; however, in the formal specification of symbolic combinatorics, it is too much trouble to keep track of which sets are disjoint. Instead, we make use of a construction that guarantees there is no interse... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Grill (cryptology)-Rejewski's characteristic-Rejewski would now know that indicators with the pattern \"..E..E\" were from a message key of \"..Z\"; similarly an indicator of \"..Z..Z\" were from a message key of \"..E\". In the day's traffic, he might find indicators such as \"PKZJXZ\" or \"RYZOLZ\"; might one of the... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Double-stranded RNA viruses-Notes on selected species-Saccharomyces cerevisiae virus L-A The L-A dsRNA virus of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a single 4.6 kb genomic segment that encodes its major coat protein, Gag (76 kDa) and a Gag-Pol fusion protein (180 kDa) formed by a -1 ribosomal frameshift. L-A can su... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Honeypots in espionage fiction-James Bond novels and films-In From Russia, with Love, SMERSH uses Tatiana Romanova in an attempt to lure James Bond to his death. In the film adaptation, Romanova is instead used by SPECTRE.\nIn both Live and Let Die and its film adaptation, Solitaire transfers her allegiance from Mr. B... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Spectre (security vulnerability)-Mechanism-Spectre is a vulnerability that tricks a program into accessing arbitrary locations in the program's memory space. An attacker may read the content of accessed memory, and thus potentially obtain sensitive data." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Kerberos (protocol)-Drawbacks and limitations-The administration protocol is not standardized and differs between server implementations. Password changes are described in RFC 3244.\nIn case of symmetric cryptography adoption (Kerberos can work using symmetric or asymmetric (public-key) cryptography), since all authen... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Microanalysis-Disadvantages-Handling of small quantities is not always simple.\nHigher accuracy of weighing is necessary (e.g. use of accurate balance).\nSample surface preparation can have a major impact on measurement results." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Longest repeated substring problem-Longest repeated substring problem-In computer science, the longest repeated substring problem is the problem of finding the longest substring of a string that occurs at least twice. This problem can be solved in linear time and space \u0398(n) by building a suffix tree for the str... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Stochastic scheduling-Scheduling of a batch of stochastic jobs-The simplest model in this class is the problem of sequencing a set of n jobs on a single machine to minimize the expected weighted flowtime. Job processing times are independent random variables with a general distribution Gi(\u22c5) with mean pi for j... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Page replacement algorithm-Page replacement algorithms-Not recently used The not recently used (NRU) page replacement algorithm is an algorithm that favours keeping pages in memory that have been recently used. This algorithm works on the following principle: when a page is referenced, a referenced bit is set for that... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Menger's theorem-Infinite graphs-Menger's theorem holds for infinite graphs, and in that context it applies to the minimum cut between any two elements that are either vertices or ends of the graph (Halin 1974). The following result of Ron Aharoni and Eli Berger was originally a conjecture proposed by Paul Erd\u0151s,... | large_corpus_distillation |
means that as long as every process eventually completes, there is no starvation. In an environment where some processes might not complete, there can be starvation.\nIt is based on queuing." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Java syntax-Reference types-Default methods Java SE 8 introduced default methods to interfaces which allows developers to add new methods to existing interfaces without breaking compatibility with the classes already implementing the interface. Unlike regular interface methods, default methods have a body which will g... | large_corpus_distillation |
"S/KEY-Security-However, this would require inverting the hash function that produced passwordi\u22121 using passwordi (H(passwordi\u22121) = passwordi), which is extremely difficult to do with current cryptographic hash functions." | large_corpus_distillation |
"LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) method withdraws inventory beginning with those units purchased most recently. In the example above,\nthe Cost of Merchandise Sold would be $3, one of the items purchased on 2/4. As a result, the gross profit on the sale would be $7\n($10 - $3).\nAverage Cost Method uses an average of the cos... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Set theory-Areas of study-Set-theoretic topology Set-theoretic topology studies questions of general topology that are set-theoretic in nature or that require advanced methods of set theory for their solution. Many of these theorems are independent of ZFC, requiring stronger axioms for their proof. A famous problem is... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Trachtenberg system-Other multiplication algorithms-Subtract the remaining digits from 9.\nDouble the result.\nAdd half of the neighbor to the right, plus 5 if the digit is odd.\nFor the leading zero, subtract 2 from half of the neighbor.Example: 492 \u00d7 3 = 1476 Working from right to left: (10 \u2212 2) \u00d7 2 +... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Indirect tests of memory-Lexical decision task (LDT)-On-line The more recent version of the lexical decision task is on-line. In these experiments stimuli are usually words from a series of text, that are presented either visually or auditorially to participants one word at a time. Part way through the presentation of... | large_corpus_distillation |
"One-class classification-Approaches-Gaussian model is one of the simplest methods to create one-class classifiers. Due to Central Limit Theorem (CLT), these methods work best when large number of samples are present, and they are perturbed by small independent error values. The probability distribution for a d-dimensi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Semidefinite programming-Motivation and definition-For convenience, an SDP may be specified in a slightly different, but equivalent form. For example, linear expressions involving nonnegative scalar variables may be added to the program specification. This remains an SDP because each variable can be incorporated into ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Interactive proof system-Classes of interactive proofs-In 1986, Goldwasser and Sipser showed, perhaps surprisingly, that the verifier's ability to hide coin flips from the prover does it little good after all, in that an Arthur\u2013Merlin public coin protocol with only two more rounds can recognize all the same langu... | large_corpus_distillation |
"German sentence structure-German sentence structure-The main difference that sets apart German sentence structure from that of English is that German is an OV (Object-Verb) language, whereas English is a VO (verb-object) language. Additionally, German, like all Germanic languages except English, uses V2 word order, th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Tree traversal-Types-R: Recursively traverse the current node's right subtree.The trace of a traversal is called a sequentialisation of the tree. The traversal trace is a list of each visited node. No one sequentialisation according to pre-, in- or post-order describes the underlying tree uniquely. Given a tree with d... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Percolation critical exponents-Exponents for directed percolation-Directed percolation (DP) refers to percolation in which the fluid can flow only in one direction along bonds\u2014such as only in the downward direction on a square lattice rotated by 45 degrees. This system is referred to as \"1 + 1 dimensional DP\" w... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Invariant of a binary form-The ring of invariants-Covariants of a binary undecimic The ring of invariants of binary forms of degree 11 is complicated and has not yet been described explicitly.\nCovariants of a binary duodecimic For forms of degree 12 Sylvester (1881) found that in degrees up to 14 there are 109 basic ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Leftist tree-Operations on a height biased leftist tree-To initialize a min HBLT, place each element to be added to the tree into a queue. In the example (see Part 1 to the left), the set of numbers [4, 8, 10, 9, 1, 3, 5, 6, 11] are initialized. Each line of the diagram represents another cycle of the algorithm, depic... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Peer-to-peer-Architecture-Distributed storage and search There are both advantages and disadvantages in P2P networks related to the topic of data backup, recovery, and availability. In a centralized network, the system administrators are the only forces controlling the availability of files being shared. If the admini... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Linux on embedded systems-Linux on embedded systems-Because of their versatility, operating systems based on the Linux kernel can be also found in mobile devices that are actually touchscreen-based embedded devices, such as smartphones and tablets, together with personal digital assistants (PDAs) and portable media pl... | large_corpus_distillation |
"190 (number)-Integers from 191 to 199-191 191 is a prime number.\n192 192 = 26 \u00d7 3 is a 3-smooth number, the smallest number with 14 divisors.\n193 193 is a prime number.\n194 194 = 2 \u00d7 97 is a Markov number, the smallest number written as the sum of three squares in five ways, and the number of irreducible ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Quicksort-Relation to other algorithms-The most direct competitor of quicksort is heapsort. Heapsort's running time is O(n log n), but heapsort's average running time is usually considered slower than in-place quicksort. This result is debatable; some publications indicate the opposite. Introsort is a variant of quick... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Vacuous truth-Scope of the concept-This logical form \u2200x\u2208A:Q(x) can be converted to the material conditional form in order to easily identify the antecedent. For the above example S \"all cell phones in the room are turned off\", it can be formally written as \u2200x\u2208A:Q(x) where A is the set of all ... | large_corpus_distillation |
remains unaware of the process, can be called transparent encryption." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Algorithmic inference-Algorithmic inference-Algorithmic inference gathers new developments in the statistical inference methods made feasible by the powerful computing devices widely available to any data analyst. Cornerstones in this field are computational learning theory, granular computing, bioinformatics, and, lo... | large_corpus_distillation |
of the corrupted frame can begin. With store and forward, the corrupted frame is discarded at the switch forcing a SCSI timeout and a SCSI retry for recovery that can result in delays of tens of seconds." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Roofline model-Related terms and performance metrics-Memory traffic The memory traffic Q denotes the number of bytes of memory transfers incurred during the execution of the kernel or application. In contrast to W , Q is heavily dependent on the properties of the chosen platform, such as for instance the structure ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Random access-Random access-In data structures, direct access implies the ability to access any entry in a list in constant time (independent of its position in the list and of the list's size). Very few data structures can make this guarantee other than arrays (and related structures like dynamic arrays). Direct acce... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Birthday problem-Other birthday problems-Number of people until every birthday is achieved The expected number of people needed until every birthday is achieved is called the Coupon collector's problem. It can be calculated by nHn, where Hn is the nth harmonic number. For 365 possible dates (the birthday problem), the... | large_corpus_distillation |
whose primary utility will be as a resource for the broad scientific community. Accordingly, the ENCODE data release policy stipulates that data, once verified, will be deposited into public databases and made available for all to use without restriction." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Semantics-Linguistics-Lexical semantics Lexical semantics is a linguistic theory that investigates word meaning. This theory understands that the meaning of a word is fully reflected by its context. Here, the meaning of a word is constructed from its contextual relations. Therefore, a distinction between degrees of pa... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Galois/Counter Mode-Security-Ferguson and Saarinen independently described how an attacker can perform optimal attacks against GCM authentication, which meet the lower bound on its security. Ferguson showed that, if n denotes the total number of blocks in the encoding (the input to the GHASH function), then there is a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mode-m flattening-Mode-m flattening-In multilinear algebra, mode-m flattening, also known as matrixizing, matricizing, or unfolding, is an operation that reshapes a multi-way array A into a matrix denoted by A[m] (a two-way array).\nMatrixizing may be regarded as a generalization of the mathematical concept of vecto... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Balance puzzle-Variations-If two coins are counterfeit, this procedure, in general, does not pick either of these, but rather some authentic coin. For instance, if both coins 1 and 2 are counterfeit, either coin 4 or 5 is wrongly picked." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Nearest-neighbor chain algorithm-Time and space analysis-Each iteration of the loop performs a single search for the nearest neighbor of a cluster, and either adds one cluster to the stack or removes two clusters from it. Every cluster is only ever added once to the stack, because when it is removed again it is immedi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"History monoid-Product monoids and projection-Let A=(\u03a31,\u03a32,\u2026,\u03a3n) denote an n-tuple of (not necessarily pairwise disjoint) alphabets \u03a3k . Let P(A) denote all possible combinations of one finite-length string from each alphabet: P(A)=\u03a31\u2217\u00d7\u03a32\u2217\u00d7\u22ef\u00d7\u03a3n\u... | large_corpus_distillation |
"LogitBoost-Minimizing the LogitBoost cost function-LogitBoost can be seen as a convex optimization. Specifically, given that we seek an additive model of the form f=\u2211t\u03b1tht the LogitBoost algorithm minimizes the logistic loss: log \u2061(1+e\u2212yif(xi)) " | large_corpus_distillation |
"Exponential mechanism-Example application-Lemma: Given any dataset D there exists a dataset D^ of size VCDim log \u2061(1/\u03b1))/\u03b12 such that max h\u2208H|Qh(D)\u2212Qh(D^)|\u2264\u03b1/2 Proof: We know from the uniform convergence theorem that Pr for some VCDim VCDim \u2061(H)\u22c5e\u2212\u03b12m/8, wher... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Distributed file system for cloud-Architectures-Each file is split into multiple chunks of 64 megabytes. Each chunk is stored in a chunk server. A chunk is identified by a chunk handle, which is a globally unique 64-bit number that is assigned by the master when the chunk is first created." | large_corpus_distillation |
"For loop-Equivalence with while-loops-A for-loop is generally equivalent to a while-loop: factorial := 1 for counter from 2 to 5 factorial := factorial * counter counter := counter - 1 print counter + \"! equals \" + factorial is equivalent to: factorial := 1 counter := 1 while counter < 5 counter := counter + 1 facto... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Convolutional neural network-Building blocks-Parameter sharing A parameter sharing scheme is used in convolutional layers to control the number of free parameters. It relies on the assumption that if a patch feature is useful to compute at some spatial position, then it should also be useful to compute at other positi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Brascamp\u2013Lieb inequality-The geometric inequality-Fix natural numbers m and n. For 1 \u2264 i \u2264 m, let ni \u2208 N and let ci > 0 so that \u2211i=1mcini=n.\nChoose non-negative, integrable functions fi\u2208L1(Rni;[0,+\u221e]) and surjective linear maps Bi:Rn\u2192Rni.\nThen the following inequality holds: \... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Morphological typology-Interconnectedness-WALS The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) sees the categorization of languages as strictly analytic, agglutinative, or fusional as misleading, arguing that these categories conflate multiple variables. WALS lists these variables as: Phonological fusion \u2013 how intr... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Restricted randomization-Split-plot designs-The ANOVA table for this experiment would look, in part, as follows: The first three sources are from the whole-plot level, while the next 12 are from the subplot portion. A normal probability plot of the 12 subplot term estimates could be used to look for statistically sign... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Zero-knowledge proof-Abstract examples-Further, if Victor chooses his A's and B's by flipping a coin on-camera, this protocol loses its zero-knowledge property; the on-camera coin flip would probably be convincing to any person watching the recording later. Thus, although this does not reveal the secret word to Victor... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Life table-Background-There are two types of life tables: Period or static life tables show the current probability of death (for people of different ages, in the current year) Cohort life tables show the probability of death of people from a given cohort (especially birth year) over the course of their lifetime.Stati... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Perfect digit-to-digit invariant-Definition-Let n be a natural number which can be written in base b as the k-digit number dk\u22121dk\u22122...d1d0 where each digit di is between 0 and b\u22121 inclusive, and n=\u2211i=0k\u22121dibi . We define the function Fb:N\u2192N as Fb(n)=\u2211i=0k\u22121didi . (As 00... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Gbcast-Message flow: Basic Gbcast, simplest case-(Quorum size = 2, view1={A,B,C}) Member Leader Members Application Layer A A B C A B C | | | | | | | | X-------->| | | | | | | Request that the leader send a multicast M | X--------->|->|->| | | | Propose(1.1: M) (View 1, sequence 1, message M) | |<---------X--X--X | | ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"2-choice hashing-2-choice hashing-2-choice hashing, also known as 2-choice chaining, is \"a variant of a hash table in which keys are added by hashing with two hash functions. The key is put in the array position with the fewer (colliding) keys. Some collision resolution scheme is needed, unless keys are kept in bucke... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Zero-knowledge proof-History-In their own words, Goldwasser, Micali, and Rackoff say: Of particular interest is the case where this additional knowledge is essentially 0 and we show that [it] is possible to interactively prove that a number is quadratic non residue mod m releasing 0 additional knowledge. This is surpr... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Entropy (information theory)-Aspects-A 2011 study in Science estimates the world's technological capacity to store and communicate optimally compressed information normalized on the most effective compression algorithms available in the year 2007, therefore estimating the entropy of the technologically available sourc... | large_corpus_distillation |
"IOTA (technology)-Characteristics-Fast Probabilistic Consensus (FPC) The crux of cryptocurrencies is to stop double spends, the ability to spend the same money twice in two simultaneous transactions. Bitcoin's solution has been to use Proof of Work (PoW) making it a significant financial burden to have a minted block ... | large_corpus_distillation |
situational awareness C4, C4I, C4ISR, C4ISTAR, C4ISREW, C4ISTAREW \u2013 plus computers (technology focus) or computing (human activity focus) C4I2 \u2013 command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, and interoperability C5I \u2013 command, control, communications, computers, collaboration and intelligenc... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Speech error-Psycholinguistic classification-Mispronunciation Vocabulary \u2013 Young children make category approximations, using car for truck for example. This is known as hyponymy.\nExamples \"particuly\" (particularly) \u2190 elision \"syntaxically\" (syntactically) \u2190 vocabulary " | large_corpus_distillation |
"Kernel (set theory)-Kernel (set theory)-In set theory, the kernel of a function f (or equivalence kernel) may be taken to be either the equivalence relation on the function's domain that roughly expresses the idea of \"equivalent as far as the function f can tell\", or the corresponding partition of the domain.An un... | large_corpus_distillation |
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