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"Predicate functor logic-From first-order logic to PFL-The following algorithm is adapted from Quine (1976: 300\u20132). Given a closed formula of first-order logic, first do the following: Attach a numerical subscript to every predicate letter, stating its degree; Translate all universal quantifiers into existential q... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Text segmentation-Automatic segmentation approaches-When punctuation and similar clues are not consistently available, the segmentation task often requires fairly non-trivial techniques, such as statistical decision-making, large dictionaries, as well as consideration of syntactic and semantic constraints. Effective n... | large_corpus_distillation |
procedure tests whether a credit card number, including the check digit, is valid. First, select those digits from the card\nnumber that appear in alternate positions, starting with the next-to-last digit. For example, if the card number is 1234 4567 7891,\nthose digits would be 9, 7, 6, 4, 3, and 1. Note how many of t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Accumulator (cryptography)-Examples-One example is multiplication over large prime numbers. This is a cryptographic accumulator, since it takes superpolynomial time to factor a composite number (at least according to conjecture), but it takes only a small amount of time (polynomial in size) to divide a prime into an i... | large_corpus_distillation |
that, in the discrete case, the signal may cross the threshold between samples. Thus, depending on the penalty of making an error and the sampling frequency, one might set the thresholds more aggressively. The exact bounds are correct in the continuous case." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Factor analysis-Practical implementation-Types of factor extraction Principal component analysis (PCA) is a widely used method for factor extraction, which is the first phase of EFA. Factor weights are computed to extract the maximum possible variance, with successive factoring continuing until there is no further mea... | large_corpus_distillation |
simpler ontologies populated with only the bare minimum of types of entities, or as W. V. O. Quine said \"They have a taste for 'desert landscapes.'\" They try to express everything that they want to explain without using universals such as \"catness\" or \"greenness.\" " | large_corpus_distillation |
"Polynomial ring-Definition (univariate case)-Polynomial evaluation Let K be a field or, more generally, a commutative ring, and R a ring containing K. For any polynomial P in K[X] and any element a in R, the substitution of X with a in P defines an element of R, which is denoted P(a). This element is obtained by carry... | large_corpus_distillation |
"HTTPS-Overview-The user trusts that the browser software correctly implements HTTPS with correctly pre-installed certificate authorities.\nThe user trusts the certificate authority to vouch only for legitimate websites (i.e. the certificate authority is not compromised and there is no mis-issuance of certificates).\nT... | large_corpus_distillation |
design, the ability to send pre-configured text message responses in response to incoming calls, and visual voicemail integration within the call log display. The web browser app incorporates updated versions of WebKit and V8, supports syncing with Google Chrome, has an override mode for loading a desktop-oriented vers... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Direct kernel object manipulation-Overview-At its very core, a rootkit that employs DKOM hides itself from the Object Manager or Task manager. By modifying the linked list containing a list of all active threads and processes, this type of rootkit can essentially hide all traces from the Object Manager by wrapping the... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Abnormal end-Abnormal end-Most crashes are the result of a software bug. Typical causes include accessing invalid memory addresses, incorrect address values in the program counter, buffer overflow, overwriting a portion of the affected program code due to an earlier bug, executing invalid machine instructions (an ille... | large_corpus_distillation |
squares and the squared reciprocal of the hypotenuse equals the squared reciprocal of the side of the other inscribed square." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Unary coding-Symmetric unary codes-Following set of unary codes are symmetric and can be read in any direction. It is also instantaneously decodable in either direction." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Tamperproofing-Chips-It has been argued that it is very difficult to make simple electronic devices secure against tampering, because numerous attacks are possible, including: physical attack of various forms (microprobing, drills, files, solvents, etc.) freezing the device applying out-of-spec voltages or power surge... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Kernel (linear algebra)-Computation by Gaussian elimination-A basis of the kernel of a matrix may be computed by Gaussian elimination.\nFor this purpose, given an m \u00d7 n matrix A, we construct first the row augmented matrix [AI], where I is the n \u00d7 n identity matrix.\nComputing its column echelon form by Gau... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Probabilistically checkable proof-Properties-From computational complexity point of view, for extreme settings of the parameters, the definition of probabilistically checkable proofs is easily seen to be equivalent to standard complexity classes. For example, we have the following for different setting of PCP[r(n), q(... | large_corpus_distillation |
Run the experiment 1000 times and compare the relative frequency function to the probability\ndensity function. Note the similarity between this experiment and the one in the previous exercise.\nThe Geometric Distribution\nN p\u2208(0,1] f\nRecall that the geometric distribution on + with success parameter has probabil... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Prime-counting function-Growth rate-More precise estimates In 1899, de la Vall\u00e9e Poussin proved that for some positive constant a. Here, O(...) is the big O notation." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Thesaurus-Organization-Most repeat the list of synonyms under each word.Some designate a principal entry for each concept and cross-reference it.A third system interfiles words and conceptual headings. Francis March's Thesaurus Dictionary gives for liability: CONTINGENCY, CREDIT\u2013DEBT, DUTY\u2013DERELICTION, LIBER... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mega number-Mega number-Pennsylvania once offered a jackpot game where the order drawn did matter. Its Mix & Match required players not only to match 5 of 19 numbers, but also the order of the numbers drawn." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Exact cover-Generalizations-In a standard exact cover problem, each constraint must be satisfied exactly once.\nIt is a simple generalization to relax this requirement slightly and allow for the possibility that some \"primary\" constraints must be satisfied by exactly one selection but other \"secondary\" constraints... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Vocabulary learning-Types and strategies of vocabulary learning-In vocabulary teaching programs, it is also necessary to consider the frequency of the words (Nation, 2006b). Thus, high-frequency words deserve to be taught explicitly (Kennedy, 2003) and sometimes even low-frequency words can be taught and learned delib... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Frobenius algebra-Generalizations-Frobenius extensions Let B be a subring sharing the identity element of a unital associative ring A. This is also known as ring extension A | B. Such a ring extension is called Frobenius if There is a linear mapping E: A \u2192 B satisfying the bimodule condition E(bac) = bE(a)c for a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Infinite regress-Viciousness-Implausibility A more common form of viciousness arises from the implausibility of the infinite regress in question. This category often applies to theories about human actions, states or capacities. This argument is weaker than the argument from impossibility since it allows that the regr... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Evolving network-Other ways of characterizing evolving networks-In addition to growing network models as described above, there may be times when other methods are more useful or convenient for characterizing certain properties of evolving networks." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Payment gateway-Typical transaction processes-In easy words, a transaction processes with the following steps; 1: When the customer enters their card detail in the payment gateway, the payment gateway transfers it securely to the Merchant\u2019s account.\n2: Then a request is sent through your merchant account to the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Feature selection-Regularized trees-The features from a decision tree or a tree ensemble are shown to be redundant. A recent method called regularized tree can be used for feature subset selection. Regularized trees penalize using a variable similar to the variables selected at previous tree nodes for splitting the cu... | large_corpus_distillation |
"E0 (cipher)-E0 (cipher)-E0 is a stream cipher used in the Bluetooth protocol. It generates a sequence of pseudorandom numbers and combines it with the data using the XOR operator. The key length may vary, but is generally 128 bits." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Static application security testing-Overview-Static analysis can be done manually as a code review or auditing of the code for different purposes, including security, but it is time-consuming.The precision of SAST tool is determined by its scope of analysis and the specific techniques used to identify vulnerabilities.... | large_corpus_distillation |
"49 (number)-49 (number)-49 (forty-nine) is the natural number following 48 and preceding 50." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Maximum likelihood estimation-Examples-The likelihood is maximized when p = 2\u20443, and so this is the maximum likelihood estimate for p.\nDiscrete distribution, continuous parameter space Now suppose that there was only one coin but its p could have been any value 0 \u2264 p \u2264 1 . The likelihood function to be... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Morphology (architecture and engineering)-Morphology (architecture and engineering)-Morphology in architecture is the study of the evolution of form within the built environment. Often used in reference to a particular vernacular language of building, this concept describes changes in the formal syntax of buildings an... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Google Native Client-Overview-Native Client is licensed under a BSD-style license.\nNative Client uses Newlib as its C library, but a port of GNU C Library (GNU libc) is also available." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Median-Properties-The spatial median is unique when the data-set's dimension is two or more.An alternative proof uses the one-sided Chebyshev inequality; it appears in an inequality on location and scale parameters. This formula also follows directly from Cantelli's inequality.\nUnimodal distributions For the case of ... | large_corpus_distillation |
semantics of Fred Dretske. In his book Explaining Behavior, Dretske outlines a theory for how a component of a physical system can come to possess semantic content. This theory characterizes a relationship as representational when: one entity is a natural sign of another, and the natural sign is integrated into the fun... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Convolution of probability distributions-Introduction-The probability distribution of the sum of two or more independent random variables is the convolution of their individual distributions. The term is motivated by the fact that the probability mass function or probability density function of a sum of independent ra... | large_corpus_distillation |
with respect to the uniformity \u03a6 defined as follows. The sets U~={(s,t)\u2208G/H\u00d7G/H:t\u2208U\u22c5s}, where U runs over neighborhoods of the identity in G, form a fundamental system of entourages for the uniformity \u03a6.\nThe corresponding induced topology on G/H is equal to the quotient topology def... | large_corpus_distillation |
"ZC3H11B-ZC3H11B-ZC3H11B also known as zinc finger CCCH-type containing protein 11B is a protein in humans that is encoded by the ZC3H11B gene. The zc3h11b gene is located on chromosome 1, on the long arm, in band 4 section 1. This protein is also known as ZC3HDC11B. The zc3h11b gene is a total of 5,134 base pairs long... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mathematical challenges-Professional context-There are several professional organizations that collect various unsolved math problems and present them as mathematical challenges. Some collections are the: Millennium Prize Problems Certicom ECC Challenge RSA Factoring Challenge (no longer active) New York City deli wor... | large_corpus_distillation |
"BETA (programming language)-Features-Hello world! This snippet prints the standard line \"Hello world!\": (# do \u2019Hello world!\u2019->PutLine #) " | large_corpus_distillation |
"Galois geometry-Projective spaces over finite fields-The number of vector subspaces of algebraic dimension d in vector space V(n, q) is given by the Gaussian binomial coefficient, [nd]q=(qn\u22121)(qn\u2212q)\u22ef(qn\u2212qd\u22121)(qd\u22121)(qd\u2212q)\u22ef(qd\u2212qd\u22121).\nTherefore, the number of k dimension... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ada Semantic Interface Specification-Uses of ASIS-AdaControl AdaControl is a free (GMGPL) tool that detects the use of various kinds of constructs in Ada programs. Its uses include checking of coding standards, exploring the use of Ada features, making statistics, and more. It exploits all the power of ASIS, and can b... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Eigendecomposition of a matrix-Fundamental theory of matrix eigenvectors and eigenvalues-A (nonzero) vector v of dimension N is an eigenvector of a square N \u00d7 N matrix A if it satisfies a linear equation of the form Av=\u03bbv for some scalar \u03bb. Then \u03bb is called the eigenvalue corresponding to v. Geomet... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Serial verb construction-Sources-Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and R.M.W. Dixon. 2006. Serial Verb Constructions: a cross-linguistic typology. (Explorations in Linguistic Typology, 2.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nCrowley, Terry. 2002. Serial Verbs in Oceanic: A Descriptive Typology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\n... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Laser beam profiler-Laser beam profiler-A laser beam profiler captures, displays, and records the spatial intensity profile of a laser beam at a particular plane transverse to the beam propagation path. Since there are many types of lasers \u2014 ultraviolet, visible, infrared, continuous wave, pulsed, high-power, low... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Column inch-Use and number of words-The software used in most present-day newsrooms still measures column inches to give reporters and editors an estimate on how much space a story will take up on a page. Reporters usually refer to story lengths in inches, which actually refers to how many column inches a story takes ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Linear classifier-Generative models vs. discriminative models-All of the linear classifier algorithms listed above can be converted into non-linear algorithms operating on a different input space \u03c6(x\u2192) , using the kernel trick." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Conditional probability-Example-Suppose that somebody secretly rolls two fair six-sided dice, and we wish to compute the probability that the face-up value of the first one is 2, given the information that their sum is no greater than 5.\nLet D1 be the value rolled on die 1.\nLet D2 be the value rolled on die 2.Probab... | large_corpus_distillation |
"ECC memory-Implementations-An ECC-capable memory controller can generally detect and correct errors of a single bit per word (the unit of bus transfer), and detect (but not correct) errors of two bits per word. The BIOS in some computers, when matched with operating systems such as some versions of Linux, BSD, and Win... | large_corpus_distillation |
"GNU Compiler Collection-Design-Optimization Optimization can occur during any phase of compilation; however, the bulk of optimizations are performed after the syntax and semantic analysis of the front end and before the code generation of the back end; thus a common, though somewhat self-contradictory, name for this p... | large_corpus_distillation |
"RC4-Description-Two 8-bit index-pointers (denoted \"i\" and \"j\").The permutation is initialized with a variable-length key, typically between 40 and 2048 bits, using the key-scheduling algorithm (KSA). Once this has been completed, the stream of bits is generated using the pseudo-random generation algorithm (PRGA)." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Birthday problem-In fiction-Arthur C. Clarke's 1961 novel A Fall of Moondust contains a section where the main characters, trapped underground for an indefinite amount of time, are celebrating a birthday and find themselves discussing the validity of the birthday problem. As stated by a physicist passenger: \"If you h... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Natural proof-Natural proof-In computational complexity theory, a natural proof is a certain kind of proof establishing that one complexity class differs from another one. While these proofs are in some sense \"natural\", it can be shown (assuming a widely believed conjecture on the existence of pseudorandom functions... | large_corpus_distillation |
this occurring naturally was one in 73 million, based on an incorrect calculation in which he used the assumption of independence and squared the probability of a single sudden crib death. A second fallacy, also present in the case, is the assumption that an unlikely event cannot happen, when in fact many unlikely even... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Envy-graph procedure-Examples-Let's start off by giving the Y object to a. After that both b and c and unenvied agents. So now let's give the Z object to b. After that c is an unenvied agent. So now let's give the last object X to c. Now b is jealous of a, a is jealous of c and c is jealous of b. Since there is an env... | large_corpus_distillation |
a \"directional aid\", and only a Category I (CAT I) approach, rather than a full-fledged instrument landing system (ILS), the LDA is more commonly used to help the pilot safely reach a point near the runway environs, where he or she hopefully can see the runway, at which point he or she will proceed and land visually,... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Revised simplex method-Practical issues-Degeneracy Because the revised simplex method is mathematically equivalent to the simplex method, it also suffers from degeneracy, where a pivot operation does not result in a decrease in cTx, and a chain of pivot operations causes the basis to cycle. A perturbation or lexicogra... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Interleukin 7-Disease-Cancer IL-7 promotes hematological malignancies (acute lymphoblastic leukemia, T cell lymphoma).\nViral Infections Elevated levels of IL-7 have also been detected in the plasma of HIV-infected patients." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Protel-Protel-PROTEL has very strict type enforcement but the tight coupling of the components creates opportunities to bypass some type checking for skilled coders by using internal compiler features directly.\nPROTEL is considered 'wordy', containing a large number of reserved words with some statements reading like... | large_corpus_distillation |
"TSIG-Alternatives to TSIG-RFC 2845 defines TSIG, specifies only one allowed hashing function, the 128-bit HMAC-MD5, which is no longer considered to be highly secure. RFC 4635 was circulated to allow RFC 3174 Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA1) hashing and FIPS PUB 180-2 SHA-2 hashing to replace MD5. The 160-bit and 256-bit ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Transputer-Legacy-The fundamental transputer motive remains, yet was masked for over 20 years by the repeated doubling of transistor counts. Inevitably, microprocessor designers finally ran out of uses for the greater physical resources, almost at the same time when technology scaling began to hit its limits. Power co... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Liar's dice-Single hand-A bid of the expected quantity (or twice the expected value when playing with wilds), rounded down, has a greater than 50% chance of being correct and the highest chance of being exactly correct." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Atmospheric lidar-Applications-The wavelength is restricted to several discrete values depending on current technology and availability of the lidar system. The minimum optical data setup consists of 5 values, where 355 532 1064 } nm, i={1,2,3} Eq. (1) has to be discretized as it cannot be solved analytically. The t... | large_corpus_distillation |
without regard to any personal interpretations of the sentences) the sentence must be true if every sentence in the set is true.Logicians make precise accounts of logical consequence regarding a given language L , either by constructing a deductive system for L or by formal intended semantics for language L . The Po... | large_corpus_distillation |
"String interning-String interning-In computer science, string interning is a method of storing only one copy of each distinct string value, which must be immutable. Interning strings makes some string processing tasks more time- or space-efficient at the cost of requiring more time when the string is created or intern... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Instruction set simulator-Consequences-Re-entrancy bugs: accidental use of static variables instead of \"dynamic\" thread memory can cause re-entrancy problems in many situations. Use of a monitoring program can detect these even without a storage protect key.\nIllegal operations: some operating systems (or hardware) ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Web content lifecycle-Web content lifecycle-The web content lifecycle is the multi-disciplinary and often complex process that web content undergoes as it is managed through various publishing stages.Authors describe multiple \"stages\" (or \"phases\") in the web content lifecycle, along with a set of capabilities suc... | large_corpus_distillation |
flow. Some languages influenced by C, such as JavaScript, retain default fallthrough, while others remove fallthrough, or only allow it in special circumstances. Notable variations on this in the C-family include C#, in which all blocks must be terminated with a break or return unless the block is empty (i.e. fallthrou... | large_corpus_distillation |
"List object-Formal definition-Equivalent definitions In a category with a terminal object 1, binary coproducts (denoted by +), and binary products (denoted by \u00d7), a list object over A can be defined as the initial algebra of the endofunctor that acts on objects by X \u21a6 1 + (A \u00d7 X) and on arrows by f \u21... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Class rank-Use in college admissions-Colleges often use class rank as a factor in college admissions, although because of differences in grading standards between schools, admissions officers have begun to attach less weight to this factor, both for granting admission, and for awarding scholarships. Class rank is more... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Logarithm of a matrix-The logarithm of a non-diagonalizable matrix-Using this approach one finds log \u2061[1101]=[0100]." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Power of two-Powers of two whose exponents are powers of two-Powers of two whose exponents are powers of two in computer science Several of these numbers represent the number of values representable using common computer data types. For example, a 32-bit word consisting of 4 bytes can represent 232 distinct values, wh... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Lattice (discrete subgroup)-Lattices in p-adic Lie groups-Lattices in adelic groups If G is a semisimple algebraic group over a number field F and A its ad\u00e8le ring then the group G=G(A) of ad\u00e9lic points is well-defined (modulo some technicalities) and it is a locally compact group which naturally contain... | large_corpus_distillation |
consistent enumeration errors in both the 10 s and 60 s conditions. In contrast, no errors occurred within the subitizing range (i.e., 1\u20134 disks), in either the 10 s or 60 s conditions." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Generator matrix-Equivalent codes-Codes C1 and C2 are equivalent (denoted C1 ~ C2) if one code can be obtained from the other via the following two transformations: arbitrarily permute the components, and independently scale by a non-zero element any components.Equivalent codes have the same minimum distance." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Finite group-Main theorems-Lagrange's theorem For any finite group G, the order (number of elements) of every subgroup H of G divides the order of G. The theorem is named after Joseph-Louis Lagrange.\nSylow theorems This provides a partial converse to Lagrange's theorem giving information about how many subgroups of a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Semantic network-Software tools-There are also elaborate types of semantic networks connected with corresponding sets of software tools used for lexical knowledge engineering, like the Semantic Network Processing System (SNePS) of Stuart C. Shapiro or the MultiNet paradigm of Hermann Helbig, especially suited for the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Simplex algorithm-Overview-In geometric terms, the feasible region defined by all values of x such that {\\textstyle A\\mathbf {x} \\leq \\mathbf {b} } and \u2200i,xi\u22650 is a (possibly unbounded) convex polytope. An extreme point or vertex of this polytope is known as basic feasible solution (BFS)." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mutation testing-Mutation testing overview-The incorrect program state (the value of 'c') must propagate to the program's output and be checked by the test.These conditions are collectively called the RIP model.Weak mutation testing (or weak mutation coverage) requires that only the first and second conditions are sat... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Data model-Topics-Data structure A data structure is a way of storing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. It is an organization of mathematical and logical concepts of data. Often a carefully chosen data structure will allow the most efficient algorithm to be used. The choice of the data structure o... | large_corpus_distillation |
"English prepositions-The syntax of prepositions and PPs-Postpositions A very small number of prepositions (see List of English prepositions \u00a7 Postpositions) may occur after their object, for example, notwithstanding, which can appear either before the object (e.g., notwithstanding the fact) or after (e.g., the co... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Software reliability testing-Test planning-Reliability testing is more costly compared to other types of testing. Thus while doing reliability testing, proper management and planning is required. This plan includes testing process to be implemented, data about its environment, test schedule, test points, etc.\nProblem... | large_corpus_distillation |
of\nlarge numbers called the strong law of large numbers (SLLN). Finally, it will put us in a position to use these convergence results\nlater for sequences of rv\u2019s other than the sample averages of IID rv\u2019s.\nWe discuss four types of convergence in what follows, convergence in distribution, in probability, i... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Configuration linear program-In bin packing-In short, the fractional LP can be written as follows: minimize s.t.\nand x\u22650 Where 1 is the vector (1,...,1) of size C, A is an S-by-C matrix in which each column represents a single configuration, and n is the vector (n1,...,nS).\nSolving the fractional LP A linear pr... | large_corpus_distillation |
both 12 and 6 to {2,3} ) nor order-reflecting (since 12 does not divide 6). Taking instead each number to the set of its prime power divisors defines a map g:N\u2192P(N) that is order-preserving, order-reflecting, and hence an order-embedding. It is not an order-isomorphism (since it, for instance, does not map any n... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Probability distribution-Common probability distributions and their applications-The concept of the probability distribution and the random variables which they describe underlies the mathematical discipline of probability theory, and the science of statistics. There is spread or variability in almost any value that c... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Fold (higher-order function)-As structural transformations-This way of looking at things provides a simple route to designing fold-like functions on other algebraic data types and structures, like various sorts of trees. One writes a function which recursively replaces the constructors of the datatype with provided fu... | large_corpus_distillation |
for \u03b8 if the probability density function f \u03b8 (x)\ndepends on the data vector x and the parameter \u03b8 only through u(x).\nIf U and V are equivalent statistics and U is sufficient for \u03b8 then V is sufficient for \u03b8.\nMinimal Sufficient Statistics\nThe entire data variable X is trivially sufficient f... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Skip list-Description-O(n) operations, which force us to visit every node in ascending order (such as printing the entire list), provide the opportunity to perform a behind-the-scenes derandomization of the level structure of the skip-list in an optimal way, bringing the skip list to log \u2061n) search time. (Choose... | large_corpus_distillation |
of integers, floating-point numbers, and strings, respectively.\nJava offers a set of overloaded binarySearch() static methods in the classes Arrays and Collections in the standard java.util package for performing binary searches on Java arrays and on Lists, respectively.\nMicrosoft's .NET Framework 2.0 offers static g... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Sequential auction-Nash equilibrium-A sequential auction is a special case of a sequential game. A natural question to ask for such a game is when there exists a subgame perfect equilibrium in pure strategies (SPEPS). When the players have full information (i.e., they know the sequence of auctions in advance), and a s... | large_corpus_distillation |
"English verbs-Inflected forms-Certain derivational suffixes are frequently used to form verbs, such as -en (sharpen), -ate (formulate), -fy (electrify), and -ise/ize (realise/realize), but verbs with those suffixes are nonetheless considered to be base-form verbs. Also, many base-form verbs contain prefixes, such un- ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Symbol-Symbols in cartography-Functional symbols (also \"representational\") directly represent the activity that takes place at the represented feature; e.g. a picture of a skier to represent a ski resort or a tent to represent a campground.\nConceptual symbols directly represent a concept related to the represented ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Student's t-test-Uses-A two-sample location test of the null hypothesis such that the means of two populations are equal. All such tests are usually called Student's t-tests, though strictly speaking that name should only be used if the variances of the two populations are also assumed to be equal; the form of the tes... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Data structure alignment-Data structure padding-Since the alignment is by definition a power of two, the modulo operation can be reduced to a bitwise boolean AND operation." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Euler's criterion-Proof-Because the modulus is prime, Lagrange's theorem applies: a polynomial of degree k can only have at most k roots. In particular, x2 \u2261 a (mod p) has at most 2 solutions for each a. This immediately implies that besides 0 there are at least p \u2212 1/2 distinct quadratic residues modulo p: ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Adaptive sort-Examples-In pseudo-code form, the Straight Insertion Sort algorithm could look something like this (array X is zero-based): procedure Straight Insertion Sort (X): for j := 1 to length(X) - 1 do t := X[j] i := j while i > 0 and X[i - 1] > t do X[i] := X[i - 1] i := i - 1 end X[i] := t end The performance ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Quantum complexity theory-Quantum query complexity-Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm The Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm is a quantum algorithm designed to solve a toy problem with a smaller query complexity than is possible with a classical algorithm. The toy problem asks whether a function f:{0,1}n\u2192{0,1} is constant or balanced... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Pseudorandom number generator-Generators based on linear recurrences-In 2003, George Marsaglia introduced the family of xorshift generators, again based on a linear recurrence. Such generators are extremely fast and, combined with a nonlinear operation, they pass strong statistical tests.In 2006, the WELL family of ge... | large_corpus_distillation |
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