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"File inclusion vulnerability-Programming languages-PHP In PHP the main cause is due to the use of unvalidated user-input with a filesystem function that includes a file for execution. Most notable are the include and require statements. Most of the vulnerabilities can be attributed to novice programmers not being fami... | large_corpus_distillation |
preferred return is always calculated on every cashflow." | large_corpus_distillation |
on aspects such as accuracy or time complexity of calculation." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Loop optimization-Optimization via a sequence of loop transformations-Unswitching \u2013 moves a conditional from inside a loop to outside of it by duplicating the loop's body, and placing a version of it inside each of the if and else clauses of the conditional.\nSectioning or strip-mining \u2013 introduced for vecto... | large_corpus_distillation |
"skew(X)\n3.\nkurt(X)\n4.\nAnswer\n7\n1.\n2\n9\n2.\n4\n0\n3.\n59\n4.\n27\n7\nAll four die distributions above have the same mean and are symmetric (and hence have skewness 0), but differ in variance and\n2\nkurtosis.\nn=1\nOpen the dice experiment and set to get a single die. Select each of the following, and note the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Intel iAPX 432-Architecture-Instruction format Executable instructions are contained within a system \"instruction object\".:\u200ap.7-3\u200a Due to instructions being bit-aligned, a 16-bit bit displacement into the instruction object allows the object to contain up to 65,536 bits (8,192 bytes) of instructions." | large_corpus_distillation |
"X86 calling conventions-Either caller or callee clean-up-thiscall This calling convention is used for calling C++ non-static member functions. There are two primary versions of thiscall used depending on the compiler and whether or not the function uses a variable number of arguments.\nFor the GCC compiler, thiscall i... | large_corpus_distillation |
true proposition, but one must also have a good reason for doing so. A half-truth deceives the recipient by presenting something believable and using those aspects of the statement that can be shown to be true as a good reason to believe the statement is true in its entirety, or that the statement represents the whole ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Order One Network Protocol-Organizing the tree-The network nodes form a hierarchy by having each node select a parent. The parent is a neighbor node that is the next best step to the most other nodes. This method creates a hierarchy around nodes that are more likely to be present, and which have more capacity, and whi... | large_corpus_distillation |
when a user enters a query statement into the system through the interface provided.\nThere are basically three types of search engines: Those that are powered by robots (called crawlers; ants or spiders) and those that are powered by human submissions; and those that are a hybrid of the two." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Expeed-Expeed-Expeed's multi-processor system on a chip solution integrates an image processor in multi-core processor architecture, with each single processor-core able to compute many instructions/operations in parallel. Storage and display interfaces and other modules are added and a digital signal processor (DSP) ... | large_corpus_distillation |
algorithms, such as k-nearest neighbors (kNN) and convolutional neural network (CNN), have also been employed.Binary or multiclass classification methods for functional annotation generally produce less accurate results because they do not take into account the interrelations between GO terms. More advanced methods tha... | large_corpus_distillation |
that one way of protecting individual users is by being informed about the types of information being collected, with whom it is shared, under what constraints and for what purposes." | large_corpus_distillation |
example, Laura Kallmeyer takes the perspective that mild context-sensitivity should be defined as a property of classes of languages rather than, as in Joshi\u2019s characterization, classes of grammars.\nSuch a language-based definition leads to a different notion of the concept than Joshi\u2019s.\nCross-serial depend... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cloud broker-Cloud broker-Cloud Broker is an entity that manages the use, performance and delivery of cloud services, and negotiates relationships between cloud providers and cloud consumers. As cloud computing evolves, the integration of cloud services may be too complex for cloud consumers to manage alone. In such ... | large_corpus_distillation |
the input can be reduced to a smaller kernel with at most {\\textstyle 2^{k}} vertices and O(4k) edges. Applying an exponential time dynamic programming search procedure over subsets of edges of this kernel gives time 2O(4k)+nO(1) , double exponential in k . The double-exponential dependence on k cannot be reduced... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Sixth power-Other properties-n6\u22121 is divisible by 7 iff n isn't divisible by 7." | large_corpus_distillation |
= six), and can be described using the ga\u1e47as (trisyllabic metrical patterns) ma bha na ta ta followed by two long (or heavy) syllables, known as guru, that is: (\u2013 \u2013 \u2013) ( \u2013 | u u ) ( u u u ) (\u2013 | \u2013 u) (\u2013 \u2013 u) (\u2013) (\u2013) " | large_corpus_distillation |
"Solovay\u2013Strassen primality test-Accuracy of the test-For purposes of cryptography the more bases a we test, i.e. if we pick a sufficiently large value of k, the better the accuracy of test. Hence the chance of the algorithm failing in this way is so small that the (pseudo) prime is used in practice in cryptograph... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Proof of impossibility-Pythagorean proof of the existence of irrational numbers-A more general proof now exists that: The mth root of an integer N is irrational, unless N is the mth power of an integer n\".That is, it is impossible to express the mth root of an integer N as the ratio a\u2044b of two integers a and b, ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"MDC-2-MDC-2DES hashes-When MDC-2 uses the DES block cipher, the 128-bit (16-byte) MDC-2 hashes are typically represented as 32-digit hexadecimal numbers. A1 is chosen as the 8-byte string 5252525252525252 and B1 is chosen as the 8-byte string 2525252525252525 (written as hexdigits). Additionally, before each iterati... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Prime number-Abstract algebra-Group theory In the theory of finite groups the Sylow theorems imply that, if a power of a prime number pn divides the order of a group, then the group has a subgroup of order pn . By Lagrange's theorem, any group of prime order is a cyclic group, and by Burnside's theorem any group who... | large_corpus_distillation |
(IMT CDMA TDD), and is one of the three UMTS air interfaces (UTRAs), as standardized by the 3GPP in UTRA-TDD HCR. UTRA-TDD HCR is closely related to W-CDMA, and provides the same types of channels where possible. UMTS's HSDPA/HSUPA enhancements are also implemented under TD-CDMA.In the United States, the technology has... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Gambler's ruin-N-player ruin problem-The above-described problem (2 players) is a special case of the so-called N-Player Ruin problem." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hopcroft\u2013Karp algorithm-Augmenting paths-An augmenting path in a matching problem is closely related to the augmenting paths arising in maximum flow problems, paths along which one may increase the amount of flow between the terminals of the flow. It is possible to transform the bipartite matching problem into a ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Maximin share-Existence of MMS-fair allocations-Feige, Sapir and Tauber improved the non-existence result, constructing an instance with n=3 agents and m=9 items, in which there is no MMS allocation. In this instance each agent has an MMS of 40, but it is only possible to guarantee the worst off agent items with com... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Lambda calculus-Reduction-The term redex, short for reducible expression, refers to subterms that can be reduced by one of the reduction rules. For example, (\u03bbx.M) N is a \u03b2-redex in expressing the substitution of N for x in M. The expression to which a redex reduces is called its reduct; the reduct of (\u03b... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cryptography-Cryptography-Cryptography prior to the modern age was effectively synonymous with encryption, converting readable information (plaintext) to unintelligible nonsense text (ciphertext), which can only be read by reversing the process (decryption). The sender of an encrypted (coded) message shares the decryp... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Word-sense disambiguation-Difficulties-Discreteness of senses Finally, the very notion of \"word sense\" is slippery and controversial. Most people can agree in distinctions at the coarse-grained homograph level (e.g., pen as writing instrument or enclosure), but go down one level to fine-grained polysemy, and disagre... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Merge (linguistics)-Mechanisms of Merge-Recursion External and internal Merge Chomsky (2001) distinguishes between external and internal Merge: if A and B are separate objects then we deal with external Merge; if either of them is part of the other it is internal Merge." | large_corpus_distillation |
equal to 4, the vaginal insert seemed to be more effective in spontaneous vaginal delivery by about 20%." | large_corpus_distillation |
"List-labeling problem-Applications-The best known applications of list labeling are the order-maintenance problem and packed-memory arrays for cache-oblivious data structures. The order-maintenance problem is that of maintaining a data structure on a linked list to answer order queries: given two items in the linked l... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Proofs of convergence of random variables-Convergence in probability implies convergence in distribution-Xn\u2192pX\u21d2Xn\u2192dX, Proof for the case of scalar random variables Lemma. Let X, Y be random variables, let a be a real number and \u03b5 > 0. Then Pr Pr Pr \u2061(|Y\u2212X|>\u03b5).\nProof of lemma: Pr Pr ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"EBCDIC-Definitions of non-ASCII EBCDIC controls-Following are the definitions of EBCDIC control characters which either do not map onto the ASCII control characters, or have additional uses. When mapped to Unicode, these are mostly mapped to C1 control character codepoints in a manner specified by IBM's Character Data... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Speech disfluency-Hmm-Thoughtful absorption The use of hmm is typically used during \"thoughtful absorption\", which is when one is engrossed in their flow of ideas and associations, that lead to a reality-oriented conclusion. The utterance of hmm is key for listeners to understand that the speaker is currently engage... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Set theory-Set theory in mathematical education-Set theory is used to introduce students to logical operators (NOT, AND, OR), and semantic or rule description (technically intensional definition) of sets (e.g. \"months starting with the letter A\"), which may be useful when learning computer programming, since boolean... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Type constructor-Type constructor-Some functional programming languages make explicit use of type constructors. A notable example is Haskell, in which all data type declarations are considered to declare type constructors, and basic types (or nullary type constructors) are called type constants. Type constructors may ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"CPU cache-Implementation-Cache reads are the most common CPU operation that takes more than a single cycle. Program execution time tends to be very sensitive to the latency of a level-1 data cache hit. A great deal of design effort, and often power and silicon area are expended making the caches as fast as possible." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Complexity class-Other types of problems-REJECT \u2286{0,1}\u2217 is the set of all inputs that are rejected.The input to an algorithm M for a promise problem ACCEPT REJECT ) is thus ACCEPT REJECT , which is called the promise. Strings in ACCEPT REJECT are said to satisfy the promise. By definition, ACCEPT and R... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Vertex cover in hypergraphs-Definition-Note that we get back the case of vertex covers for simple graphs if the maximum size of the hyperedges is 2." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Independence (probability theory)-Properties-The converse does not hold: if two random variables have a covariance of 0 they still may be not independent. Similarly for two stochastic processes {Xt}t\u2208T and {Yt}t\u2208T : If they are independent, then they are uncorrelated.:\u200ap. 151 Characteristic function ... | large_corpus_distillation |
referred to as First-In-First-Out (FIFO) service.\n13In fact, J is sometimes defined to be a stopping rule if I {J\u2265n} is independent of X n ,X n+1 ,\u2026 for each n. This makes it easy to\nprove Wald\u2019s equality, but quite hard to see when the definition holds, especially since I {J=n}, for example, is typica... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ground truth-Ground truth-Ground truth is information that is known to be real or true, provided by direct observation and measurement (i.e. empirical evidence) as opposed to information provided by inference." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Knowledge graph embedding-Models-TransD: Given a fact, in TransR, the head and the tail of a fact could belongs to two different types of entities, for example, in the fact (Obama,president_of,USA) , Obama and USA are two entities but one is a person and the other is a country. The matrix multiplication also is an exp... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Probabilistic voting model-Probabilistic voting model-The probabilistic voting model assumes that voters are imperfectly informed about candidates and their platforms. Candidates are also imperfectly informed about the utility preferences of the electorate and the distribution of voters' preferences.\nUnlike the media... | large_corpus_distillation |
than deterministic proofs. However, there are techniques to decrease the soundness error to negligibly small values (e.g. guessing correctly on a hundred or thousand binary decisions has a 1 / 2^100 or 1/ 2^1000 soundness error, respectively. As the number of bits increases, soundness error decreases toward zero)." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hilbert symbol-Quadratic Hilbert symbol-Over a local field K whose multiplicative group of non-zero elements is K\u00d7, the quadratic Hilbert symbol is the function (\u2013, \u2013) from K\u00d7 \u00d7 K\u00d7 to {\u22121,1} defined by if has a non-zero solution otherwise.\nEquivalently, (a,b)=1 if and only if b ... | large_corpus_distillation |
and any extra bytes needed to indicate string length. This is followed by an offset that indicates how far back in the output buffer to begin copying. The extra bytes (if any) of the match-length come at the end of the sequence.Compression can be carried out in a stream or in blocks. Higher compression ratios can be ac... | large_corpus_distillation |
and by a Taylor expansion of a group delay, all of which are described in the following sections." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Computer graphics-Image types-Generative machine-learning models Since the mid-2010s, as a result of advances in deep neural networks, models have been created which take as input a natural language description and produces as output an image matching that description. Text-to-image models generally combine a language... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mobile Slotted Aloha-Details-It is classified among the packet-based and collision-free MAC methods.In general, a slotted protocol can be either connectionless or connection-oriented. However, only the latter case represents a true alternative to IEEE 802.11p, by introducing the determinism which carrier sense multipl... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Matroid polytope-Definition-Let M be a matroid on n elements. Given a basis B\u2286{1,\u2026,n} of M , the indicator vector of B is := \u2211i\u2208Bei, where ei is the standard i th unit vector in Rn . The matroid polytope PM is the convex hull of the set is a basis of M}\u2286Rn." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Key generation-Generation in cryptography-The simplest method to read encrypted data without actually decrypting it is a brute-force attack\u2014simply attempting every number, up to the maximum length of the key. Therefore, it is important to use a sufficiently long key length; longer keys take exponentially longer t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Independent component analysis-Defining component independence-ICA is important to blind signal separation and has many practical applications. It is closely related to (or even a special case of) the search for a factorial code of the data, i.e., a new vector-valued representation of each data vector such that it get... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Linguistic typology-Subfields-Though the reason of dominance is sometimes considered an unsolved or unsolvable typological problem, several explanations for the distribution pattern have been proposed. Evolutionary explanations include those by Thomas Givon (1979), who suggests that all languages stem from an SOV lang... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Post's theorem-Proof of Post's theorem-Since there is a finite number of numbers m satisfying m<2n1 , we may choose the same number of steps for all of them: there is a number m1 , such that T\u2032 halts after m1 steps precisely on those inputs m<2n1 for which it halts at all." | large_corpus_distillation |
Now let S and T be the projections of R onto Rj and Rk respectively, defined as follows:\nS={x\u2208Rj:(x,y)\u2208R for some y\u2208Rk}, T ={y\u2208Rk:(x,y)\u2208R for some x\u2208Rj} (3.4.24)\nNote that R\u2286S\u00d7T . Next we denote the cross sections at x\u2208S and at y\u2208T, respectively by\nT ={t\u2208T :(x,t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Binary relation-Definition-Given sets X and Y, the Cartesian product X\u00d7Y is defined as and y\u2208Y}, and its elements are called ordered pairs.\nA binary relation R over sets X and Y is a subset of X\u00d7Y." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Latent semantic analysis-Mathematics of LSI-The SVD is then truncated to reduce the rank by keeping only the largest k \u00ab r diagonal entries in the singular value matrix S, where k is typically on the order 100 to 300 dimensions." | large_corpus_distillation |
"XML retrieval-XML retrieval-XML retrieval, or XML information retrieval, is the content-based retrieval of documents structured with XML (eXtensible Markup Language). As such it is used for computing relevance of XML documents." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Higher-order singular value decomposition-Higher-order singular value decomposition-In multilinear algebra, the higher-order singular value decomposition (HOSVD) of a tensor is a specific orthogonal Tucker decomposition. It may be regarded as one type of generalization of the matrix singular value decomposition. It ha... | large_corpus_distillation |
implement ones that take multiple clock cycles to complete.\nOne of the first integrated microcoded processors was the IBM PALM Processor, which emulated all of the processor's instruction in microcode and was used on the IBM 5100, one of the first personal computers.\nRecent examples of similar open-sourced microseque... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Von Neumann architecture-Design limitations-As of 1996, a database benchmark study found that three out of four CPU cycles were spent waiting for memory. Researchers expect that increasing the number of simultaneous instruction streams with multithreading or single-chip multiprocessing will make this bottleneck even w... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Abelian group-Finite abelian groups-Given this, the fundamental theorem shows that to compute the automorphism group of G it suffices to compute the automorphism groups of the Sylow p -subgroups separately (that is, all direct sums of cyclic subgroups, each with order a power of p ). Fix a prime p and suppose the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Locality (linguistics)-Where locality is observed-Lexical selection is specific to individual word requirements, these must abide to both Projected Principle and Locality requirements.\nDetecting selection Crucially, selection determines the shape of syntactic structures. Selection takes into consideration not only le... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Automatic acquisition of sense-tagged corpora-Summary-It has been shown that a mainstream supervised learning technique trained exclusively with web data can obtain better results than all unsupervised WSD systems which participated at Senseval-2.\nWeb examples made a significant contribution to the best Senseval-2 En... | large_corpus_distillation |
an unlimited number of images, documents(2GB per file), user locations, contacts, music, links etc." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Louvain method-Comparison to other methods-When comparing modularity optimization methods, the two measures of importance are the speed and the resulting modularity value. A higher speed is better as it shows a method is more efficient than others and a higher modularity value is desirable as it points to having bette... | large_corpus_distillation |
media and can be used as part of a targeted DoS on both wired and wireless LANs. In an EAPOL-Logoff attack a malicious third party, with access to the medium the authenticator is attached to, repeatedly sends forged EAPOL-Logoff frames from the target device's MAC Address. The authenticator (believing that the targeted... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Finite field-Multiplicative structure-The union of GF(4) and GF(8) has thus 10 elements. The remaining 54 elements of GF(64) generate GF(64) in the sense that no other subfield contains any of them. It follows that they are roots of irreducible polynomials of degree 6 over GF(2). This implies that, over GF(2), there a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mainframe sort merge-Mainframe sort merge-In 1990 IBM introduced a new merge algorithm called BLOCKSET in DFSORT the successor to OS/360 Sort/Merge. Of historical note, the BLOCKSET algorithm was invented by an IBM Systems Engineer in 1963 and was discovered in IBM's archives and implemented in 1990.Sort/Merge is very... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Word square-Vocabulary-For large squares, the need for a large pool of words prevents one from limiting this set to \"desirable\" words (i.e. words that are unhyphenated, in common use, without contrived inflections, and uncapitalized), so any resulting word squares are expected to include some exotic words. The oppos... | large_corpus_distillation |
naive Bayes is also a linear model for the two \"discrete\" event models, it can be reparametrised as a linear function b+w\u22a4x>0 . Obtaining the probabilities is then a matter of applying the logistic function to b+w\u22a4x , or in the multiclass case, the softmax function." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Concept search-Approaches-Local co-occurrence statistics Information retrieval systems incorporating this approach counts the number of times that groups of terms appear together (co-occur) within a sliding window of terms or sentences (for example, \u00b1 5 sentences or \u00b1 50 words) within a document. It is based... | large_corpus_distillation |
by independence.\n(X,Y) also has a multinomial distribution with the probability density function g given by\nn\ng(x,y)=( )pxqy(1\u2212p\u2212q)n\u2212x\u2212y, x+y\u2264n (3.4.34)\nx, y\nProof\nThis result could be obtained from the joint PDF above, by summing over z for fixed (x,y). However there is a much better dir... | large_corpus_distillation |
"H.234-Specification-The standard describes three methods of encryption key management: Diffie-Hellman RSA ISO 8732 " | large_corpus_distillation |
words that occur only once in the corpus. This simple rank-vs.-frequency relationship was noted for an extraordinary variety of phenomena by George Kingsley Zipf (for example, see his The Psychobiology of Language), and is known as Zipf's law." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Character encodings in HTML-Specifying the document's character encoding-Successful viewing of a page is not necessarily an indication that its encoding is specified correctly. If the page's creator and reader are both assuming some platform-specific character encoding, and the server does not send any identifying inf... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Data Encryption Standard-Security and cryptanalysis-In academia, various proposals for a DES-cracking machine were advanced. In 1977, Diffie and Hellman proposed a machine costing an estimated US$20 million which could find a DES key in a single day. By 1993, Wiener had proposed a key-search machine costing US$1 milli... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cuckoo filter-Comparison to Bloom filters-On a positive lookup, a space-optimal Bloom filter requires a constant log 2\u2061(1/\u03f5) memory accesses into the bit array, whereas a cuckoo filter requires at most 2b memory accesses, which can be a constant in practice.\nCuckoo filters have degraded insertion speed af... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Gremlin (query language)-Traversal examples-The following examples of Gremlin queries and responses in a Gremlin-Groovy environment are relative to a graph representation of the MovieLens dataset. The dataset includes users who rate movies. Users each have one occupation, and each movie has one or more categories asso... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Superscalar processor-History-The P5 Pentium was the first superscalar x86 processor; the Nx586, P6 Pentium Pro and AMD K5 were among the first designs which decode x86-instructions asynchronously into dynamic microcode-like micro-op sequences prior to actual execution on a superscalar microarchitecture; this opened u... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Pointwise mutual information-Definition-The PMI of a pair of outcomes x and y belonging to discrete random variables X and Y quantifies the discrepancy between the probability of their coincidence given their joint distribution and their individual distributions, assuming independence. Mathematically: pmi log log log ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Rule-based system-Construction-A typical rule-based system has four basic components: A list of rules or rule base, which is a specific type of knowledge base." | large_corpus_distillation |
are considered to be one continuous block of data, only one TEXT statement is active at a time as they are encountered by the interpreter. In other words, if there are two TEXT statements in a program, they are not treated as one longer statement as is the case with DATA, IT will return a blank when it runs off the end... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Symmetric difference-Properties-Thus, the power set of any set X becomes an abelian group under the symmetric difference operation. (More generally, any field of sets forms a group with the symmetric difference as operation.) A group in which every element is its own inverse (or, equivalently, in which every element h... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Carrier-to-noise ratio-Measurements and estimation-The C/N ratio is measured in a manner similar to the way the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) is measured, and both specifications give an indication of the quality of a communications channel.\nIn the famous Shannon\u2013Hartley theorem, the C/N ratio is equivalent to the... | large_corpus_distillation |
space of the j\u2212th equation of Ax=b is the hyperplane {y:\u27e8y,aj\u27e9=bj}, whose normal is aj\u2016aj\u20162.\nDefine a random vector Z whose values are the normals to all the equations of Ax=b , with probabilities as in our algorithm: Z=aj\u2016aj\u2016 with probability \u2016aj\u20162\u2016A\u20162j=1,\u... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Logic-Definition-Formal logic uses formal languages to express and analyze arguments. They normally have a very limited vocabulary and exact syntactic rules. These rules specify how their symbols can be combined to construct sentences, so-called well-formed formulas. This simplicity and exactness of formal logic make ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Big O notation-Related asymptotic notations-In a correct notation this set can, for instance, be called O(g), where The authors state that the use of equality operator (=) to denote set membership rather than the set membership operator (\u2208) is an abuse of notation, but that doing so has advantages. Inside an equa... | large_corpus_distillation |
"JSON-Supersets-Ease of parsing, it is LL(1) and explicitly avoids context sensitivity.\nIncompatibility to JavaScript is not strict, therefor avoid CSON over HTTP.\nWhitespaces are not significant.\nLike YAML, strict string, no data types, unlike e.g., TOML. Additional data types should not be a data format job, and w... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Actor model-Message-passing semantics-These obtain increasingly better approximations and construct a denotation (meaning) for S as follows [Hewitt 2008; Clinger 1981]: lim i\u2192\u221eprogressionSi(\u22a5S) In this way, S can be mathematically characterized in terms of all its possible behaviors (including those i... | large_corpus_distillation |
of feasible remediation options, capable of achieving the remedial targets should be drawn up.\nRemedial Options Appraisal \u2013 Each remedial option should be reviewed on its merits and drawbacks. Site-specific information should be considered along with the timescale and sustainability of each option.\nDevelopment o... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Deductive lambda calculus-Intensional versus extensional equality-This is a significant problem, as it means that the intensional value of a lambda-term may change under extensionally valid transformations. A solution to this problem is to introduce an omega-rule, If, for all lambda-expressions t we have ft=\u03b2gt ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Gradient descent-Comments-Gradient descent works in spaces of any number of dimensions, even in infinite-dimensional ones. In the latter case, the search space is typically a function space, and one calculates the Fr\u00e9chet derivative of the functional to be minimized to determine the descent direction.That gradien... | large_corpus_distillation |
"\u266fP-completeness of 01-permanent-Ben-Dor and Halevi's proof-Below, the proof that computing the permanent of a 01-matrix is #P-complete is described. It mainly follows the proof by Ben-Dor & Halevi (1993).\nOverview Any square matrix A=(aij) can be viewed as the adjacency matrix of a directed graph, with aij rep... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Semantic security-Semantic security-In cryptography, a semantically secure cryptosystem is one where only negligible information about the plaintext can be feasibly extracted from the ciphertext. Specifically, any probabilistic, polynomial-time algorithm (PPTA) that is given the ciphertext of a certain message m (tak... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ternary conditional operator-Usage-Visual Basic Version 9 has added the operator If() in addition to the existing IIf() function that existed previously. As a true operator, it does not have the side effects and potential inefficiencies of the IIf() function." | large_corpus_distillation |
"6.867 Machine learning, lecture 7 (Jaakkola) 5\nis a valid kernel.\n1 1 1\nexp{\u2212 \ufffdx \u2212 x\ufffd\ufffd2} = exp{\u2212 xT x + xT x\ufffd \u2212 x\ufffdT x\ufffd} (25)\n2 2 2\nf(x) f(x\ufffd)\n\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\n1 1\n= exp{\u2212 xT x} \u00b7 exp{xT x\ufffd} \u00b7 exp{\u2... | large_corpus_distillation |
smooth group homomorphism.\nFor smooth manifolds: diffeomorphism.\nFor symplectic manifolds: symplectomorphism.\nFor Riemannian manifolds: isometric diffeomorphism.\nFor conformal spaces: conformal diffeomorphism.\nFor probability spaces: a bijective measurable and measure preserving map whose inverse is also measurabl... | large_corpus_distillation |
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