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Formula One | tyre rules driver may use thirteen sets dryweather tyres four sets intermediate tyres three sets wetweather tyres race weekend.qualifying much sports history qualifying sessions differed little practice sessions drivers would one sessions set fastest time grid order determined drivers best single lap fastest getting fi... |
Formula One | qualifying format began change early fia experimenting limiting number laps determining aggregate time two sessions allowing driver one qualifying lap.the current qualifying system adopted season.known knockout qualifying split three periods known q q q. period drivers run qualifying laps attempt advance next period sl... |
Formula One | number cars eliminated period dependent total number cars entered championship.currently cars q runs minutes eliminates slowest five drivers.period driver whose best lap takes longer fastest time q allowed start race without permission stewards.otherwise drivers proceed race albeit worst starting positions.rule affect ... |
Formula One | finally q lasts minutes sees remaining ten drivers decide first ten grid positions.beginning formula season fia introduced new qualifying format whereby drivers knocked every seconds certain amount time passed session.aim mix grid positions race due unpopularity fia reverted qualifying format chinese gp running format ... |
Formula One | drivers participate q free tyre choice start race.penalties affect grid position applied end qualifying.grid penalties applied driving infractions previous current grand prix changing gearbox engine component.car fails scrutineering driver excluded qualifying allowed start race back grid race stewards discretion.seen t... |
Formula One | race race begins warmup lap cars assemble starting grid order qualified.lap often referred formation lap cars lap formation overtaking although driver makes mistake may regain lost ground provided fallen back field.warmup lap allows drivers check condition track car gives tyres chance warm increase traction also gives ... |
Formula One | race may also restarted event serious accident dangerous conditions original start voided.race may started behind safety car officials feel racing start would excessively dangerous extremely heavy rainfall.season always standing restart.due heavy rainfall start behind safety car necessary track dried sufficiently drive... |
Formula One | race officials may end race early putting red flag due unsafe conditions extreme rainfall must finish within two hours although races likely last long case extreme weather safety car deployed race.situation justifies pausing race without terminating red flag deployed since tenminute warning given race resumed behind sa... |
Formula One | leader comes across backmarker slower car completed fewer laps back marker shown blue flag telling obliged allow leader overtake them.slower car said lapped leader finishes race classified finishing race one lap down.driver lapped numerous times car front them.driver fails finish race mechanical problems accident reaso... |
Formula One | different teams drivers employ different pit stop strategies order maximise cars potential.three dry tyre compounds different durability adhesion characteristics available drivers.course race drivers must use two three available compounds.different compounds different levels performance choosing use compound key tactic... |
Formula One | wet conditions drivers may switch one two specialised wet weather tyres additional grooves one intermediate mild wet conditions recent rain one full wet racing immediately rain.driver must make least one stop use two tyre compounds three stops typically made although stops may necessary fix damage weather conditions ch... |
Formula One | race directors ninels wittich eduardo freitas alternating basis herbie blash permanent advisor.safety carin event incident risks safety competitors trackside race marshals race officials may choose deploy safety car.effect suspends race drivers following safety car around track speed race order overtaking permitted.car... |
Formula One | since main safety car driver german exracing driver bernd mayländer.lap safety car returns pits leading car takes role safety car timing line.crossing line drivers allowed start racing track position more.mercedesbenz supplies mercedesamg models formula one use safety cars.onwards aston martin supplies vantage formula ... |
Formula One | flags flags specifications usage prescribed appendix h fias international sporting code.the format race changed little formula ones history.main changes revolved around allowed pit stops.early days grand prix racing driver would allowed continue race teammates car develop problem – modern era cars carefully fitted driv... |
Formula One | rule requiring compounds tyre used race introduced encourage racing track.safety car another relatively recent innovation reduced need deploy red flag allowing races completed time growing international live television audience.points system driver must finish within top ten receive point setting fastest lap race.drive... |
Formula One | points race added driver constructor points end season crowned world champions.regardless whether driver stays team throughout season switches teams points earned count drivers championship.a driver must classified order receive points driver must complete least race distance order receive points.therefore possible dri... |
Formula One | constructors formula one constructor entity credited designing chassis engine.designed company company receives sole credit constructor e.g.ferrari.designed different companies credited name chassis designer placed engine designer e.g.mclarenmercedes. |
Formula One | constructors scored individually even share either chassis engine another constructor e.g.williamsford williamshonda .since formula one teams required build chassis compete consequently distinction terms team constructor became less pronounced though engines may still produced different entity.requirement distinguishes... |
Formula One | ferrari oldest formula one team stillactive team competed .early manufacturer involvement came form factory team works team one owned staffed major car company alfa romeo ferrari renault.ferrari holds record constructors championships sixteen.companies climax repco cosworth hart judd supertec direct team affiliation of... |
Formula One | estimated major teams spend € € million – million per year per manufacturer engines alone.in season first time since rule two teams used chassis built teams.super aguri started season using modified honda racing ra chassis used honda previous year scuderia toro rosso used chassis used parent red bull racing team formal... |
Formula One | alpha tauri team based close ferrari faenza whilst alfa romeo team based near zurich switzerland.drivers every team formula one must run two cars every session grand prix weekend every team may use four drivers season.team may also run two additional drivers free practice sessions often used test potential new drivers ... |
Formula One | drivers may also issued super licence world motor sport council fail meet criteria.although drivers earn seat ability commercial considerations also come play teams satisfy sponsors financial demands.teams also contract test reserve drivers stand regular drivers necessary develop teams car although reduction testing re... |
Formula One | teams would hold numbers season season exception team world drivers champion would swap numbers one two previous champions team.new entrants allocated spare numbers exception number unused since .teams kept numbers long periods time car numbers became associated team ferraris .different system used start season current... |
Formula One | jochen rindt posthumous world champion points total surpassed despite fatal accident italian grand prix races still remaining season.drivers united kingdom successful sport championships among drivers wins.feeder series f drivers start kart racing competitions come traditional european singleseater series like formula ... |
Formula One | drivers required competed level entering formula one.british f supplied many f drivers champions including nigel mansell ayrton senna mika häkkinen moved straight series formula one max verstappen made f debut following single season european f. rarely driver may picked even lower level case world champion kimi räikkön... |
Formula One | inaugural world championship season comprised seven races season contained races.grands prix per season early decades championship although large number nonchampionship formula one events also took place.number grands prix increased average late nonchampionship events ended .grands prix began held recent seasons seen a... |
Formula One | f championship gradually expanded noneuropean countries.argentina hosted first south american grand prix morocco hosted first african world championship race .asia oceania followed japan australia first race middle east held .races season spread every populated continent except africa grands prix held outside europe.so... |
Formula One | monaco grand prix first held run continuously since exception widely considered one important prestigious automobile races world.all grands prix traditionally run day inaugural singapore grand prix hosted first formula one night race followed day–night abu dhabi grand prix bahrain grand prix converted night race .grand... |
Formula One | circuits typical circuit features stretch straight road starting grid situated.pit lane drivers stop tyres aerodynamic adjustments minor repairs changing cars nose due front wing damage race retirements race teams work cars race normally located next starting grid.layout rest circuit varies widely although cases circui... |
Formula One | current street circuits monaco melbourne singapore baku although races urban locations come go las vegas detroit example proposals races often discussed – recently new jersey.several circuits completely laid public roads past valencia spain though monaco one remains.glamour history monaco race primary reasons circuit s... |
Formula One | redesign hockenheim circuit germany example providing capacity grandstands eliminating extremely long dangerous straights frowned upon many argue part character hockenheim circuits long blinding straights dark forest sections.newer circuits however generally agreed meet safety standards modern formula one better older ... |
Formula One | chassis made largely carbonfibre composites rendering light extremely stiff strong.whole car including driver fuel weighs kg lb – minimum weight set regulations.construction car lighter minimum ballasted add necessary weight.race teams take advantage placing ballast extreme bottom chassis thereby locating centre gravit... |
Formula One | aerodynamic design cars heavily constrained limit performance current generation cars sport large number small winglets barge boards turning vanes designed closely control flow air around car.the major factor controlling cornering speed cars design tyres.tyres formula one slicks tyres tread pattern circuit racing serie... |
Formula One | ferrari used pullrod suspension front rear car.ferrari f mclaren mp season used pullrod suspension front rear.carboncarbon disc brakes used reduced weight increased frictional performance.provide high level braking performance usually element provokes greatest reaction drivers new formula.formula one cars must four unc... |
Formula One | addition include lot energy recovery technology.engines run unleaded fuel closely resembling publicly available petrol.oil lubricates protects engine overheating similar viscosity water.generation engines spun rpm produced kw bhp.engines restricted rpm limited development areas allowed following engine specification fr... |
Formula One | formula one season engines restricted rpm.a wide variety technologies – including active suspension ground effect aerodynamics – banned current regulations.despite current generation cars reach speeds excess kmh mph circuits.highest straight line speed recorded grand prix .kmh .mph set juan pablo montoya italian grand ... |
Formula One | barhonda formula one car running minimum downforce runway mojave desert achieved top speed kmh mph .according honda car fully met fia formula one regulations.even limitations aerodynamics kmh mph aerodynamically generated downforce equal weight car oftrepeated claim formula one cars create enough downforce drive ceilin... |
Formula One | downforce means cars achieve lateral force magnitude .times force gravity .g cornering.consequently drivers head pulled sideways force equivalent weight kg corners.high lateral forces enough make breathing difficult drivers need supreme concentration fitness maintain focus one two hours takes complete race.highperforma... |
Formula One | driver may use four engines championship season unless drive one team.engines used drop ten places starting grid event additional engine used.exception engine provided manufacturer supplier taking part first championship season case five may used driver.driver may use one gearbox six consecutive events every unschedule... |
Formula One | total spending eleven teams estimated .billion us.broken follows toyota .million ferrari .mclaren honda . |
Formula One | bmw sauber renault red bull williams .midland fspykermf toro rosso super aguri million.costs vary greatly team team.honda toyota mclarenmercedes ferrari estimated spent approximately million engines renault spent approximately million cosworths v developed million.contrast season figures based sporting regulations bann... |
Formula One | smaller teams complained profits unevenly shared favouring established top teams.september force india sauber officially lodged complaint european union formula one questioning governance stating system dividing revenues determining rules unfair unlawful.the cost building brand new permanent circuit hundreds millions d... |
Formula One | top formula one drivers get paid indycar nascar drivers however earnings immediately fall top three f drivers majority nascar racers make money f counterparts.top indycar drivers paid around tenth formula one counterparts.in second quarter formula one reported loss revenue million income million.result delay racing cha... |
Formula One | proposal identified five key areas including streamlining governance sport emphasising costeffectiveness maintaining sports relevance road cars encouraging new manufacturers enter championship whilst enabling competitive.liberty cited target date coincided need renew commercial agreements teams end sevenyear cycle engi... |
Formula One | signing announced fia president jean todt said international federation comprising members countries leader motor sport mobility development fully committed global environmental protection.signing un sports climate action framework reinforces momentum growing federation many years.since introduction hybrid power unit f... |
Formula One | percentage expected grow future.december fia claimed developed fuel sustainability used formula one either new engine regulations come force.responsibility towards social inequities sport prior beginning formula one world championship f announced launched weraceasone initiative.initiative primarily focuses visible disp... |
Formula One | year history world championship dominated european white drivers first black driver winning world championship .in addition organizationwide measures individual teams also acknowledged deficiencies sport’s cultural political activism.season mercedesamg petronas f team conducted study racial composition found approximat... |
Formula One | year since lewis hamilton remained vocal prerace attire drivers occasionally wearing changedemanding clothing.specifically sebastian vettel sported rainbowcolored shirt words love ahead hungarian grand prix effort bring awareness hungarys antilgbt law.media coverage formula one seen live tape delayed almost every count... |
Formula One | host broadcaster either one feed two separate feeds feed local viewers feed international viewers.one size fits approach meant bias certain team driver event led viewers missing important action incidents two feed approach meant replays returning ad break local bias action could overlaid local feed international feed l... |
Formula One | bbc broadcast live coverage half races season.bbc ended television contract season three years earlier planned.freetoair tv rights picked channel end season.sky sports f coverage remained unaffected bbc radio live live sports extra coverage extended .while sky sports channel two major broadcasters formula countries sho... |
Formula One | asia excluding china two main broadcasters formula one include fox network star sports india.united states espn holds official rights broadcast sport.germany austria switzerland two main broadcasters rtl germany ntv.china multiple channels broadcast formula one include cctv tencent guangdong tv shanghai tv.currently fr... |
Formula One | official application available apple app store since google play since shows users realtime feed driver positions timing commentary.november formula one unveiled new logo replaced previous flying one use since .in march fom announced launch f tv overthetop ott streaming platform lets viewers watch multiple simultaneous... |
Formula One | total twentytwo formula one races held six counted towards world championship.number nonchampionship formula one events decreased throughout point last nonchampionship formula one race race champions.the world championship always exclusively composed formula one eventsthe world championship originally established world... |
Formula One | one world championship regulars alberto ascari started indianapolis period.from races counting towards world championship except indianapolis run formula two regulations.formula one changed formula two period formula one regulations remained numerous nonchampionship formula one races staged time.the distinction relevan... |
Formula One | events often took place circuits always suitable world championship featured local cars drivers well competing championship.european nonchampionship racing early years formula one world championship established around twenty races held late spring early autumn europe although considered significant.competitive cars cam... |
Formula One | world championship run formula two regulations nonchampionship events formula one races took place.some races particularly uk including race champions oulton park international gold cup international trophy attended majority world championship contenders.smaller events regularly held locations part championship syracus... |
Formula One | frontrunning drivers series usually contested local world championship grand prix well occasional european events although little success level.british formula one championship dfv helped make uk domestic formula one championship possible .south africa decade second hand cars manufacturers like lotus fittipaldi automot... |
Brian Baird | succeeded washington house representatives jaime herrera beutler.after leaving house representatives served president antioch universitys seattle campus .early life education career baird born chama new mexico edith s. william n. bill baird town councilman mayor.received b.s.university utah graduating phi beta kappa m.... |
Brian Baird | former chairman department psychology pacific lutheran university tacoma washington licensed clinical psychologist.published several journal articles three books.regularly teaches professional development courses attorneys judges communications ethics psychology persuasion.baird member reformers caucus issue one.u.s. h... |
Brian Baird | china working groupcongressional law enforcement caucusmountain west caucusmiddle east economic partnership caucusbaird also member house transportation infrastructure committee house science committee house budget committee house select committee continuity government.served senior regional whip democratic steering co... |
Brian Baird | visit sanctioned obama administration first time anyone u.s. government entered gaza three years.baird saidthe amount physical destruction depth human suffering gaza staggering.entire neighborhoods destroyed schools completely leveled fundamental water sewer electricity facilities hit relief agencies heavily damaged.pe... |
Brian Baird | smith gave seat make unsuccessful bid united states senate .baird ran defeated state senator benton .vote.never faced another race close reelected five times.on december baird announced would run reelection .retirement baird family moved edmonds washington wrote books american politics. |
Brian Baird | electoral history books baird brian n. illustrations david horsey .fun yet enjoying outdoors partners families groups.seattle mountaineers books.isbn .baird brian n. .internship practicum field placement handbook guide helping professions fourth edition ed.. new jersey prentice hall. |
Brian Baird | isbn .baird brian n. .character politics responsibility.lightning source uk ltd. isbn .personal life baird married rachel nugent pair children together.baird uncle finneas oconnell billie eilish sister maggie baird.references external links brian baird congressman archived october version official campaign website days... |
Comparison of platform virtualization software | table compares basic information platform virtualization hypervisors.general features providing virtual environment usually requires overhead type another.native usually means virtualization technique cpu level virtualization like bochs executes code slowly directly executed cpu.products vmware virtual pc use similar a... |
Comparison of platform virtualization software | however access many resources system devices memory may proxied emulated order broker shared services guests may cause slow downs compared running outside virtualization.oslevel virtualization described native speed however groups found overhead high operations generally figures come long secondary effects appear.see p... |
Comparison of platform virtualization software | multiprogramming oses like linux ibm z zos make heavy use native supervisor state instructions performance vary depending nature workload near native.hundreds low thousands linux guests possible single machine certain workloads.image type compatibility features windows server r sp windows sp limited support redirecting... |
Byzantine Empire | example vm tb memory cannot fit host gb memory memory swap disk limit gb physically.see also list computer system emulatorscomparison application virtualization softwarecomparison os emulation virtualization apps androidpopek goldberg virtualization requirementsvirtual dos machinex virtualization notes referencessurviv... |
Byzantine Empire | reign heraclius r. – empires military administration restructured greek adopted official use place latin.the borders empire fluctuated several cycles decline recovery.reign justinian r. – empire reached greatest extent reconquering much historically roman western mediterranean coast including africa italy rome held two... |
Byzantine Empire | civil wars ensuing seljuk invasion led loss asia minor.empire recovered komnenian restoration th century constantinople largest wealthiest city europe.empire delivered mortal blow fourth crusade constantinople sacked territories empire formerly governed divided competing byzantine greek latin realms.despite eventual re... |
Byzantine Empire | fall constantinople ottoman empire ended byzantine empire.refugees fleeing city capture would settle italy parts europe helping ignite renaissance.empire trebizond conquered eight years later siege.last successor states principality theodoro conquered ottomans .nomenclature first use term byzantine label later years ro... |
Byzantine Empire | term comes byzantium name city constantine moved capital leaving rome rebuilt new name constantinople.older name city rarely used point onward except historical poetic contexts.publication byzantine du louvre corpus scriptorum historiae byzantinae du canges historia byzantina popularised use byzantine among french auth... |
Byzantine Empire | byzantine empire mostly confined purely greek provinces term hellenes increasingly used instead.while byzantine empire multiethnic character history preserved romanohellenistic traditions became identified western northern contemporaries increasingly predominant greek element.libri carolini published made first mention... |
Byzantine Empire | history early history third century ad roman army conquered many territories covering mediterranean region coastal regions southwestern europe north africa.territories home many different cultural groups urban populations rural populations.generally speaking eastern mediterranean provinces urbanized western previously ... |
Byzantine Empire | tetrarch charge part empire.tetrarchy collapsed however years later constantine reunited two administrative divisions empire sole augustus.christianization partition empire constantine moved seat empire constantinople founded second rome site byzantium city strategically located trade routes europe asia mediterranean b... |
Byzantine Empire | constantine established principle emperors could settle questions doctrine instead summon general ecclesiastical councils purpose.convening synod arles first council nicaea indicated interest unity church showcased claim head.rise christianity briefly interrupted accession emperor julian made determined effort restore ... |
Byzantine Empire | pagan festivals sacrifices banned access pagan temples places worship.last olympic games believed held .theodosius bequeathed imperial office jointly sons arcadius east honorius west dividing imperial administration.th century eastern part empire largely spared difficulties faced west – due part established urban cultu... |
Byzantine Empire | successor marcian refused continue pay tribute attila already diverted attention western roman empire.attilas death hun empire collapsed many remaining huns often hired mercenaries constantinople.loss western roman empire fall attila eastern empire enjoyed period peace western empire continued deteriorate due expanding... |
Byzantine Empire | urging theodoric conquer italy zeno rid eastern empire unruly subordinate odoacer moved another theodoric heart empire.odoacers defeat theodoric ruled italy de facto although never recognised eastern emperors king rex.in anastasius aged civil officer roman origin became emperor forces new emperor effectively took measu... |
Byzantine Empire | state treasury contained enormous sum lb kg gold anastasius died roughly worth us.billion today.justinian dynasty justinian dynasty founded justin though illiterate rose ranks military become emperor .succeeded nephew justinian may already exerted effective control justins reign.one important figures late antiquity pos... |
Byzantine Empire | wife theodora particularly influential.in justinian appointed tenman commission chaired john cappadocian revise roman law create new codification laws jurists extracts known corpus juris civilis justinian code.corpus updated along enactments promulgated justinian formed system law used rest byzantine era.corpus forms b... |
Byzantine Empire | success came surprising ease major local tribes subdued.in small byzantine expedition sicily met easy success goths soon stiffened resistance victory come belisarius captured ravenna successful sieges naples rome.– theodahad sent pope agapetus constantinople request removal byzantine forces sicily dalmatia italy.althou... |
Byzantine Empire | totila defeated battle taginae successor teia defeated battle mons lactarius october .despite continuing resistance gothic garrisons two subsequent invasions franks alemanni war italian peninsula end.athanagild noble visigothic hispania sought justinians help rebellion king emperor dispatched force liberius successful ... |
Byzantine Empire | tribes serbs croats later resettled northwestern balkans reign heraclius.justinian called belisarius retirement defeated new hunnish threat.strengthening danube fleet caused kutrigur huns withdraw agreed treaty allowed safe passage back across danube.although polytheism suppressed state since least time constantine th ... |
Byzantine Empire | active paganism professors justinian closed neoplatonic academy .schools continued constantinople antioch alexandria centres justinians empire.hymns written romanos melodist marked development divine liturgy architects isidore miletus anthemius tralles worked complete new church holy wisdom hagia sophia designed replac... |
Byzantine Empire | great bathhouses built byzantine centers constantinople antioch.after justinian died successor justin ii refused pay large tribute persians.meanwhile germanic lombards invaded italy end century third italy byzantine hands.justins successor tiberius ii choosing enemies awarded subsidies avars taking military action pers... |
Byzantine Empire | maurices treaty new brotherinlaw enlarged territories empire east allowed energetic emperor focus balkans.series successful byzantine campaigns pushed avars slavs back across danube.however maurices refusal ransom several thousand captives taken avars order troops winter danube caused popularity plummet.revolt broke of... |
Byzantine Empire | phocas unpopular ruler invariably described byzantine sources tyrant target number senateled plots.eventually deposed heraclius sailed constantinople carthage icon affixed prow ship.following accession heraclius sassanid advance pushed deep levant occupying damascus jerusalem removing true cross ctesiphon.counterattack... |
Byzantine Empire | loss came news reached yet another byzantine victory heracliuss brother theodore scored well persian general shahin.following heraclius led invasion sassanid mesopotamia again.the main sassanid force destroyed nineveh heraclius restored true cross jerusalem majestic ceremony marched sassanid capital ctesiphon anarchy c... |
Byzantine Empire | first arab siege constantinople – theme system arabs firmly control syria levant sent frequent raiding parties deep asia minor – laid siege constantinople itself.arab fleet finally repulsed use greek fire thirtyyears truce signed empire umayyad caliphate.however anatolian raids continued unabated accelerated demise cla... |
Byzantine Empire | system may roots certain ad hoc measures taken heraclius course th century developed entirely new system imperial governance.massive cultural institutional restructuring empire consequent loss territory th century said caused decisive break east mediterranean romanness byzantine state subsequently best understood anoth... |
Byzantine Empire | – final heraclian emperor justinian ii led expedition slavs bulgarians made significant gains although fact fight way thrace macedonia demonstrates degree byzantine power north balkans declined.justinian ii attempted break power urban aristocracy severe taxation appointment outsiders administrative posts.driven power t... |
Byzantine Empire | however combination leo iii isaurians military genius byzantines use greek fire cold winter – byzantine diplomacy khan tervel bulgaria resulted byzantine victory.leo iii turned back muslim assault addressed task reorganising consolidating themes asia minor.major byzantine victory took place battle akroinon byzantines d... |
Byzantine Empire | religious dispute iconoclasm th early th centuries also dominated controversy religious division iconoclasm main political issue empire century.icons meaning forms religious imagery banned leo constantine around leading revolts iconodules supporters icons throughout empire.efforts empress irene second council nicaea me... |
Byzantine Empire | macedonian dynasty resurgence – accession basil throne marks beginning macedonian dynasty ruled years.dynasty included ablest emperors byzantiums history period one revival.empire moved defending external enemies reconquest territories.macedonian dynasty characterised cultural revival spheres philosophy arts.conscious ... |
Byzantine Empire | although empire significantly smaller reign justinian regained much strength remaining territories less geographically dispersed politically economically culturally integrated.wars abbasids taking advantage empires weakness revolt thomas slav early arabs reemerged captured crete.also successfully attacked sicily genera... |
Byzantine Empire | later abbasid caliphate responded sending troops anatolia sacking marauding eventually annihilated byzantines battle lalakaon .in early years basil reign arab raids coasts dalmatia siege ragusa – defeated region came secure byzantine control.enabled byzantine missionaries penetrate interior convert serbs principalities... |
Byzantine Empire | naval weakness empire rectified.despite revenge byzantines still unable strike decisive blow muslims inflicted crushing defeat imperial forces attempted regain crete .the death bulgarian tsar simeon severely weakened bulgarians allowing byzantines concentrate eastern front.melitene permanently recaptured famous general... |
Byzantine Empire | recapture crete siege chandax put end arab raids aegean allowing mainland greece flourish again.cyprus permanently retaken successes nikephoros culminated siege antioch recapture incorporated province empire.successor john tzimiskes recaptured damascus beirut acre sidon caesarea tiberias putting byzantine armies within... |
Byzantine Empire | wars bulgarian empire traditional struggle see rome continued macedonian period spurred question religious supremacy newly christianised state bulgaria.ending eighty years peace two states powerful bulgarian tsar simeon invaded pushed back byzantines used fleet sail black sea attack bulgarian rear enlisting support hun... |
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