Split (1)

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Formula One	tyre rules driver may use thirteen sets dryweather tyres four sets intermediate tyres three sets wetweather tyres race weekend.qualifying much sports history qualifying sessions differed little practice sessions drivers would one sessions set fastest time grid order determined drivers best single lap fastest getting first place grid referred pole position.format hour shootout.approach lasted end rules changed teams running early part session take advantage better track conditions later on.grids generally limited cars – race entries qualification would also decide drivers would start race.early number entries high worstperforming teams enter prequalifying session fastest cars allowed main qualifying session.
Formula One	qualifying format began change early fia experimenting limiting number laps determining aggregate time two sessions allowing driver one qualifying lap.the current qualifying system adopted season.known knockout qualifying split three periods known q q q. period drivers run qualifying laps attempt advance next period slowest drivers knocked qualification necessarily race end period grid positions set within rearmost five based best lap times.drivers allowed many laps wish within period.period times reset drivers fastest lap period barring infractions counts.timed lap started end period may completed count toward drivers placement.
Formula One	number cars eliminated period dependent total number cars entered championship.currently cars q runs minutes eliminates slowest five drivers.period driver whose best lap takes longer fastest time q allowed start race without permission stewards.otherwise drivers proceed race albeit worst starting positions.rule affect drivers q q. q remaining drivers minutes set one ten fastest times proceed next period.
Formula One	finally q lasts minutes sees remaining ten drivers decide first ten grid positions.beginning formula season fia introduced new qualifying format whereby drivers knocked every seconds certain amount time passed session.aim mix grid positions race due unpopularity fia reverted qualifying format chinese gp running format two races.each car allocated one set softest tyres use q. cars qualify q must return q cars qualify q use race.first ten drivers i.e.drivers q must start race tyre set fastest time q unless weather requires use wetweather tyres case rules tyres wont followed.
Formula One	drivers participate q free tyre choice start race.penalties affect grid position applied end qualifying.grid penalties applied driving infractions previous current grand prix changing gearbox engine component.car fails scrutineering driver excluded qualifying allowed start race back grid race stewards discretion.seen trialling sprint qualifying race saturday three race weekends intention testing new approach qualifying.
Formula One	race race begins warmup lap cars assemble starting grid order qualified.lap often referred formation lap cars lap formation overtaking although driver makes mistake may regain lost ground provided fallen back field.warmup lap allows drivers check condition track car gives tyres chance warm increase traction also gives pit crews time clear equipment grid.once cars formed grid medical car positions behind pack light system track indicates start race five red lights illuminated intervals one second extinguished simultaneously unspecified time typically less seconds signal start race.start procedure may abandoned driver stalls grid signalled raising arm.happens procedure restarts new formation lap begins offending car removed grid.
Formula One	race may also restarted event serious accident dangerous conditions original start voided.race may started behind safety car officials feel racing start would excessively dangerous extremely heavy rainfall.season always standing restart.due heavy rainfall start behind safety car necessary track dried sufficiently drivers form standing start.formation lap races start behind safety car.under normal circumstances winner race first driver cross finish line completed set number laps.
Formula One	race officials may end race early putting red flag due unsafe conditions extreme rainfall must finish within two hours although races likely last long case extreme weather safety car deployed race.situation justifies pausing race without terminating red flag deployed since tenminute warning given race resumed behind safety car leads field lap returns pit lane race resumed race order penultimate lap red flag shown.in race distances varied km mi km mi.maximum race length reduced km mi km mi .race length standardised current km mi .however street races like monaco shorter distances keep twohour limit.drivers may overtake one another position course race.
Formula One	leader comes across backmarker slower car completed fewer laps back marker shown blue flag telling obliged allow leader overtake them.slower car said lapped leader finishes race classified finishing race one lap down.driver lapped numerous times car front them.driver fails finish race mechanical problems accident reason said retired race classified results.however driver completed race distance classified.throughout race drivers may make pit stops change tyres repair damage inclusive could also refuel.
Formula One	different teams drivers employ different pit stop strategies order maximise cars potential.three dry tyre compounds different durability adhesion characteristics available drivers.course race drivers must use two three available compounds.different compounds different levels performance choosing use compound key tactical decision make.different tyres different colours sidewalls allows spectators understand strategies.
Formula One	wet conditions drivers may switch one two specialised wet weather tyres additional grooves one intermediate mild wet conditions recent rain one full wet racing immediately rain.driver must make least one stop use two tyre compounds three stops typically made although stops may necessary fix damage weather conditions change.rain tyres used drivers longer obliged use types dry tyres.race directorthis role involves generally managing logistics f grand prix inspecting cars parc fermé race enforcing fia rules controlling lights start race.head race officials race director also plays large role sorting disputes amongst teams drivers.penalties drivethrough penalties stopandgo penalties demotions prerace start grid race disqualifications fines handed parties break regulations.
Formula One	race directors ninels wittich eduardo freitas alternating basis herbie blash permanent advisor.safety carin event incident risks safety competitors trackside race marshals race officials may choose deploy safety car.effect suspends race drivers following safety car around track speed race order overtaking permitted.cars lapped may safety car period depending circumstances permitted race director allowed unlap order ensure smoother restart avoid blue flags immediately thrown upon resumption race many cars close proximity other.safety car circulates danger cleared comes race restarts rolling start.pit stops permitted safety car.
Formula One	since main safety car driver german exracing driver bernd mayländer.lap safety car returns pits leading car takes role safety car timing line.crossing line drivers allowed start racing track position more.mercedesbenz supplies mercedesamg models formula one use safety cars.onwards aston martin supplies vantage formula one use safety car sharing duty mercedesbenz.
Formula One	flags flags specifications usage prescribed appendix h fias international sporting code.the format race changed little formula ones history.main changes revolved around allowed pit stops.early days grand prix racing driver would allowed continue race teammates car develop problem – modern era cars carefully fitted drivers become impossible.recent years emphasis changing refuelling tyre change regulations.since season refuelling – reintroduced – allowed encourage less tactical racing following safety concerns.
Formula One	rule requiring compounds tyre used race introduced encourage racing track.safety car another relatively recent innovation reduced need deploy red flag allowing races completed time growing international live television audience.points system driver must finish within top ten receive point setting fastest lap race.driver set fastest lap finishes outside top ten point fastest lap awarded race.various systems awarding championship points used since .current system place since awards top ten cars points drivers constructors championships winner receiving points.
Formula One	points race added driver constructor points end season crowned world champions.regardless whether driver stays team throughout season switches teams points earned count drivers championship.a driver must classified order receive points driver must complete least race distance order receive points.therefore possible driver receive points even retired end race.if less race laps completed winner half points listed table awarded drivers constructors.happened five occasions history championship notable influence final standing season.last occurrence belgian grand prix race called laps behind safety car due torrential rain.
Formula One	constructors formula one constructor entity credited designing chassis engine.designed company company receives sole credit constructor e.g.ferrari.designed different companies credited name chassis designer placed engine designer e.g.mclarenmercedes.
Formula One	constructors scored individually even share either chassis engine another constructor e.g.williamsford williamshonda .since formula one teams required build chassis compete consequently distinction terms team constructor became less pronounced though engines may still produced different entity.requirement distinguishes sport series indycar series allows teams purchase chassis spec series gp require cars kept identical specification.also effectively prohibits privateers common even formula one well s.the sports debut season saw eighteen teams compete due high costs many dropped quickly.fact scarcity competitive cars much first decade formula one formula two cars admitted fill grids.
Formula One	ferrari oldest formula one team stillactive team competed .early manufacturer involvement came form factory team works team one owned staffed major car company alfa romeo ferrari renault.ferrari holds record constructors championships sixteen.companies climax repco cosworth hart judd supertec direct team affiliation often sold engines teams could afford manufacture them.early years independently owned formula one teams sometimes also built engines though became less common increased involvement major car manufacturers bmw ferrari honda mercedesbenz renault toyota whose large budgets rendered privately built engines less competitive.cosworth last independent engine supplier.
Formula One	estimated major teams spend € € million – million per year per manufacturer engines alone.in season first time since rule two teams used chassis built teams.super aguri started season using modified honda racing ra chassis used honda previous year scuderia toro rosso used chassis used parent red bull racing team formally designed separate subsidiary.usage loopholes ended publication new technical regulations require constructor intellectual property rights chassis regulations continue allow team subcontract design construction chassis thirdparty option used hrt team haas currently.although teams rarely disclose information budgets estimated range us million us million each.entering new team formula one world championship requires £ million us million upfront payment fia repaid team course season.consequence constructors desiring enter formula one often prefer buy existing team bars purchase tyrrell midlands purchase jordan allowed teams sidestep large deposit secure benefits team already tv revenue.seven ten teams competing formula based close london area centred around oxford.ferrari chassis engine assembly maranello italy.
Formula One	alpha tauri team based close ferrari faenza whilst alfa romeo team based near zurich switzerland.drivers every team formula one must run two cars every session grand prix weekend every team may use four drivers season.team may also run two additional drivers free practice sessions often used test potential new drivers career formula one driver gain experienced drivers evaluate car.drivers contracted least duration season driver changes taking place inbetween seasons comparison early years drivers often competed ad hoc basis race race.competitor must possession fia super licence compete grand prix issued drivers met criteria success junior motorsport categories achieved kilometres mi running formula one car.
Formula One	drivers may also issued super licence world motor sport council fail meet criteria.although drivers earn seat ability commercial considerations also come play teams satisfy sponsors financial demands.teams also contract test reserve drivers stand regular drivers necessary develop teams car although reduction testing reserve drivers role mainly takes places simulator rfactor pro used f teams.each driver chooses unassigned number excluding retired following death jules bianchi upon entering formula one keeps number time series.number one reserved reigning drivers champion retains previous number may choose use instead number one.onset championship numbers allocated race organisers ad hoc basis race race.permanent numbers introduced take effect teams allocated numbers ascending order based constructors championship standings end season.
Formula One	teams would hold numbers season season exception team world drivers champion would swap numbers one two previous champions team.new entrants allocated spare numbers exception number unused since .teams kept numbers long periods time car numbers became associated team ferraris .different system used start season current drivers champion designated number one teammate number two rest teams assigned ascending numbers according previous seasons constructors championship order.as conclusion championship total separate drivers world drivers championship michael schumacher lewis hamilton holding record championships seven.lewis hamilton achieved race wins .
Formula One	jochen rindt posthumous world champion points total surpassed despite fatal accident italian grand prix races still remaining season.drivers united kingdom successful sport championships among drivers wins.feeder series f drivers start kart racing competitions come traditional european singleseater series like formula ford formula renault formula finally gp series.gp started replacing formula replaced formula two last major steppingstone f. gp rebranded fia formula championship .champions level graduate f gp champion lewis hamilton became first f f gp champion win formula one drivers title .
Formula One	drivers required competed level entering formula one.british f supplied many f drivers champions including nigel mansell ayrton senna mika häkkinen moved straight series formula one max verstappen made f debut following single season european f. rarely driver may picked even lower level case world champion kimi räikkönen went straight formula renault f.american openwheel car racing also contributed formula one grid.cart champions mario andretti jacques villeneuve became f world champions juan pablo montoya seven races f. cart also known champcar champions like michael andretti alessandro zanardi races f. drivers taken different paths f damon hill raced motorbikes michael schumacher raced sports cars albeit climbing junior singleseater ranks.former f driver paul di resta raced dtm signed force india .grands prix number grands prix held season varied years.
Formula One	inaugural world championship season comprised seven races season contained races.grands prix per season early decades championship although large number nonchampionship formula one events also took place.number grands prix increased average late nonchampionship events ended .grands prix began held recent seasons seen average races.calendar peaked events highest number world championship races one season.six original seven races took place europe noneuropean race counted towards world championship indianapolis held different regulations later replaced united states grand prix.
Formula One	f championship gradually expanded noneuropean countries.argentina hosted first south american grand prix morocco hosted first african world championship race .asia oceania followed japan australia first race middle east held .races season spread every populated continent except africa grands prix held outside europe.some grands prix predate formation world championship french grand prix incorporated championship formula one races .british italian grands prix events held every formula one season longrunning races include belgian german french grands prix.
Formula One	monaco grand prix first held run continuously since exception widely considered one important prestigious automobile races world.all grands prix traditionally run day inaugural singapore grand prix hosted first formula one night race followed day–night abu dhabi grand prix bahrain grand prix converted night race .grands prix asia start times adjusted benefit european television audience.returning additions –present european grand prix valencia street circuit –united states grand prix circuit americas – –presentaustrian grand prix red bull ring –presentmexican grand prix autódromo hermanos rodríguez – –present renamed mexico city grand prix starting european grand prix baku city circuit renamed azerbaijan grand prix french grand prix circuit paul ricard – –presentportuguese grand prix algarve international circuit –dutch grand prix circuit zandvoort –present new locations initiative –present bold denotes grands prix scheduled part season.since formula one group targeting new destination cities expand global reach aim produce races countries previously involved sport.this initiative started singapore grand prix.future grands prix bold denotes grands prix scheduled part season.list announced plans new grands prix.
Formula One	circuits typical circuit features stretch straight road starting grid situated.pit lane drivers stop tyres aerodynamic adjustments minor repairs changing cars nose due front wing damage race retirements race teams work cars race normally located next starting grid.layout rest circuit varies widely although cases circuit runs clockwise direction.circuits run anticlockwise therefore predominantly lefthanded corners cause drivers neck problems due enormous lateral forces generated f cars pulling heads opposite direction normal.single race requires hotel rooms accommodate least visitors.most circuits currently use specially constructed competition.
Formula One	current street circuits monaco melbourne singapore baku although races urban locations come go las vegas detroit example proposals races often discussed – recently new jersey.several circuits completely laid public roads past valencia spain though monaco one remains.glamour history monaco race primary reasons circuit still use even though meet strict safety requirements imposed tracks.threetime world champion nelson piquet famously described racing monaco like riding bicycle around living room.circuit design protect safety drivers becoming increasingly sophisticated exemplified new bahrain international circuit added designed – like fs new circuits – hermann tilke.several new circuits f especially designed tilke criticised lacking flow classics spafrancorchamps imola.
Formula One	redesign hockenheim circuit germany example providing capacity grandstands eliminating extremely long dangerous straights frowned upon many argue part character hockenheim circuits long blinding straights dark forest sections.newer circuits however generally agreed meet safety standards modern formula one better older ones.the circuit americas austin sochi autodrom sochi baku city circuit azerbaijan introduced brand new tracks since .algarve international circuit debuted f calendar venue portuguese grand prix country last hosted race .circuit zandvoort returned f calendar dutch grand prix last hosted race .cars technology modern formula one cars midengined hybrid open cockpit open wheel singleseaters.
Formula One	chassis made largely carbonfibre composites rendering light extremely stiff strong.whole car including driver fuel weighs kg lb – minimum weight set regulations.construction car lighter minimum ballasted add necessary weight.race teams take advantage placing ballast extreme bottom chassis thereby locating centre gravity low possible order improve handling weight transfer.the cornering speed formula one cars largely determined aerodynamic downforce generate pushes car onto track.provided wings mounted front rear vehicle ground effect created low air pressure flat bottom car.
Formula One	aerodynamic design cars heavily constrained limit performance current generation cars sport large number small winglets barge boards turning vanes designed closely control flow air around car.the major factor controlling cornering speed cars design tyres.tyres formula one slicks tyres tread pattern circuit racing series.instead tyre four large circumferential grooves surface designed limit cornering speed cars.slick tyres returned formula one season.suspension double wishbone multilink front rear pushrod operated springs dampers chassis – one exception specification red bull racing car rb used pullrod suspension rear first car since minardi ps .
Formula One	ferrari used pullrod suspension front rear car.ferrari f mclaren mp season used pullrod suspension front rear.carboncarbon disc brakes used reduced weight increased frictional performance.provide high level braking performance usually element provokes greatest reaction drivers new formula.formula one cars must four uncovered wheels made metallic material must one two magnesium alloys specified fia.magnesium alloy wheels made forging used achieve maximum unsprung rotating weight reduction.starting formula season engines changed .litre naturally aspirated v turbocharged .litre v powerunits.get significant amount power electric motors.
Formula One	addition include lot energy recovery technology.engines run unleaded fuel closely resembling publicly available petrol.oil lubricates protects engine overheating similar viscosity water.generation engines spun rpm produced kw bhp.engines restricted rpm limited development areas allowed following engine specification freeze since end .
Formula One	formula one season engines restricted rpm.a wide variety technologies – including active suspension ground effect aerodynamics – banned current regulations.despite current generation cars reach speeds excess kmh mph circuits.highest straight line speed recorded grand prix .kmh .mph set juan pablo montoya italian grand prix.
Formula One	barhonda formula one car running minimum downforce runway mojave desert achieved top speed kmh mph .according honda car fully met fia formula one regulations.even limitations aerodynamics kmh mph aerodynamically generated downforce equal weight car oftrepeated claim formula one cars create enough downforce drive ceiling possible principle never put test.downforce .times cars weight achieved full speed.
Formula One	downforce means cars achieve lateral force magnitude .times force gravity .g cornering.consequently drivers head pulled sideways force equivalent weight kg corners.high lateral forces enough make breathing difficult drivers need supreme concentration fitness maintain focus one two hours takes complete race.highperformance road car like enzo ferrari achieves around g.as team may two cars available use time.
Formula One	driver may use four engines championship season unless drive one team.engines used drop ten places starting grid event additional engine used.exception engine provided manufacturer supplier taking part first championship season case five may used driver.driver may use one gearbox six consecutive events every unscheduled gearbox change requires driver drop five places grid unless failed finish previous race due reasons beyond teams control.as driver limited power units per season incurring grid penalties.revenue profits march f racing published annual estimates spending formula one teams.
Formula One	total spending eleven teams estimated .billion us.broken follows toyota .million ferrari .mclaren honda .
Formula One	bmw sauber renault red bull williams .midland fspykermf toro rosso super aguri million.costs vary greatly team team.honda toyota mclarenmercedes ferrari estimated spent approximately million engines renault spent approximately million cosworths v developed million.contrast season figures based sporting regulations banned performance related engine development.formula one teams pay entry fees plus per point scored previous year per point winner constructors championship.formula one drivers pay fia super licence fee € plus € per point.there controversies way profits shared amongst teams.
Formula One	smaller teams complained profits unevenly shared favouring established top teams.september force india sauber officially lodged complaint european union formula one questioning governance stating system dividing revenues determining rules unfair unlawful.the cost building brand new permanent circuit hundreds millions dollars cost converting public road albert park temporary circuit much less.permanent circuits however generate revenue year round leasing track private races races motogp.shanghai international circuit cost million istanbul park circuit cost million build.a number formula one drivers earn highest salary drivers auto racing.highestpaid driver lewis hamilton received million salary mercedes amg petronas f – record driver.
Formula One	top formula one drivers get paid indycar nascar drivers however earnings immediately fall top three f drivers majority nascar racers make money f counterparts.top indycar drivers paid around tenth formula one counterparts.in second quarter formula one reported loss revenue million income million.result delay racing championship start result covid pandemic.company grossed revenues million quarter previous year.future expense formula one seen fia formula one commission attempt create new regulations lower costs team compete sport.following purchase commercial rights sport liberty media announced vision future formula one bahrain grand prix.
Formula One	proposal identified five key areas including streamlining governance sport emphasising costeffectiveness maintaining sports relevance road cars encouraging new manufacturers enter championship whilst enabling competitive.liberty cited target date coincided need renew commercial agreements teams end sevenyear cycle engine development started .on august announced teams signed new concorde agreement.came effect start season changed prize money tv revenue distributed.responsibility towards environment formula launched plan become carbon neutral .events become sustainable including eliminating singleuse plastics ensuring waste reused recycled composted.in january fia formula one signed united nations sports climate action framework.
Formula One	signing announced fia president jean todt said international federation comprising members countries leader motor sport mobility development fully committed global environmental protection.signing un sports climate action framework reinforces momentum growing federation many years.since introduction hybrid power unit f creation environment sustainability commission entire fia community investing time energy financial resources benefit environmental innovations.aim inspire greater awareness best practice sustainability motor sport standards.from season cars increase biocomponent fuel using e fuel rather .ethanol currently used.
Formula One	percentage expected grow future.december fia claimed developed fuel sustainability used formula one either new engine regulations come force.responsibility towards social inequities sport prior beginning formula one world championship f announced launched weraceasone initiative.initiative primarily focuses visible displays solidarity fight racism grand prix weekends well creation formula task force listen people across paddock ... make conclusions actions required improve diversity opportunity formula levels.move spurs growing questions racism global inequalities perpetuated sport.
Formula One	year history world championship dominated european white drivers first black driver winning world championship .in addition organizationwide measures individual teams also acknowledged deficiencies sport’s cultural political activism.season mercedesamg petronas f team conducted study racial composition found approximately workforce white.due results study team changed car’s livery promote antiracism messages also launched accelerate programme.program vows approximately new hires team come underrepresented minorities sport .the drivers grid also stood solidarity multiple occasions fight racism track.following murder george floyd summer twenty drivers wore end racism shirts took part organised antiracism protest prerace formalities.
Formula One	year since lewis hamilton remained vocal prerace attire drivers occasionally wearing changedemanding clothing.specifically sebastian vettel sported rainbowcolored shirt words love ahead hungarian grand prix effort bring awareness hungarys antilgbt law.media coverage formula one seen live tape delayed almost every country territory attracts one largest global television audiences.season attracted global audience million people per race.cumulative television audience calculated billion season broadcast territories.during early formula one group created number trademarks official logo official tv graphics package official website sport attempt give corporate identity.tv stations take known world feed either produced historically host broadcaster fom formula one management.
Formula One	host broadcaster either one feed two separate feeds feed local viewers feed international viewers.one size fits approach meant bias certain team driver event led viewers missing important action incidents two feed approach meant replays returning ad break local bias action could overlaid local feed international feed left unaffected.the station differed set df rebranded premiere sky deutschland – german channel offers sessions live interactive features onboard pitlane channels.service purchased bernie ecclestone end became f digital plus made widely available around europe end cost digital interactive service thought much.january f announced would adopt hd format season.it announced july sky sports bbc would team show races f .sky launched dedicated channel sky sports f covered races live without commercial interruption well live practice qualifying sessions along f programming including interviews archive action magazine shows.
Formula One	bbc broadcast live coverage half races season.bbc ended television contract season three years earlier planned.freetoair tv rights picked channel end season.sky sports f coverage remained unaffected bbc radio live live sports extra coverage extended .while sky sports channel two major broadcasters formula countries show formula one races.many use commentary either sky sports channel .
Formula One	asia excluding china two main broadcasters formula one include fox network star sports india.united states espn holds official rights broadcast sport.germany austria switzerland two main broadcasters rtl germany ntv.china multiple channels broadcast formula one include cctv tencent guangdong tv shanghai tv.currently france channel broadcasts formula one pay tv channel canal renewed broadcasting rights .the official formula one website live timing charts used race follow leaderboard real time.
Formula One	official application available apple app store since google play since shows users realtime feed driver positions timing commentary.november formula one unveiled new logo replaced previous flying one use since .in march fom announced launch f tv overthetop ott streaming platform lets viewers watch multiple simultaneous video feeds timing screens addition traditional directed race footage commentary.distinction formula one world championship races currently terms formula one race world championship race effectively synonymous.since every formula one race counted towards world championship every world championship race run formula one regulations.however two terms interchangeable.the first formula one race held whereas world championship start .in many formula one races count world championship e.g.
Formula One	total twentytwo formula one races held six counted towards world championship.number nonchampionship formula one events decreased throughout point last nonchampionship formula one race race champions.the world championship always exclusively composed formula one eventsthe world championship originally established world championship drivers i.e.without term formula one title.officially became fia formula one world championship .from indianapolis race counted towards world championship.race run american automobile association united states automobile club regulations rather formula one regulations.
Formula One	one world championship regulars alberto ascari started indianapolis period.from races counting towards world championship except indianapolis run formula two regulations.formula one changed formula two period formula one regulations remained numerous nonchampionship formula one races staged time.the distinction relevant considering career summaries alltime lists.example list formula one drivers clemente biondetti shown single race name.biondetti actually competed four formula one races one counted world championship.similarly several indianapolis winners technically first world championship race though record books ignore instead record regular world championship participants.in earlier history formula one many races took place outside world championship local championships run formula one regulations also occurred.
Formula One	events often took place circuits always suitable world championship featured local cars drivers well competing championship.european nonchampionship racing early years formula one world championship established around twenty races held late spring early autumn europe although considered significant.competitive cars came italy particularly alfa romeo.start world championship nonchampionship races continued.many formula one races count world championship total twentytwo formula one races held six counted towards world championship.
Formula One	world championship run formula two regulations nonchampionship events formula one races took place.some races particularly uk including race champions oulton park international gold cup international trophy attended majority world championship contenders.smaller events regularly held locations part championship syracuse danish grands prix although attracted small amount championship teams relied private entries lower formula cars make grid.became less common saw last nonchampionship formula one race race champions brands hatch reigning world champion keke rosberg williamscosworth close fight american danny sullivan.south african formula one championship south africas flourishing domestic formula one championship ran .frontrunning cars series recently retired world championship although also healthy selection locally built modified machines.
Formula One	frontrunning drivers series usually contested local world championship grand prix well occasional european events although little success level.british formula one championship dfv helped make uk domestic formula one championship possible .south africa decade second hand cars manufacturers like lotus fittipaldi automotive order day although march built specifically series.series saw south african desiré wilson become woman win formula one race triumphed brands hatch wolf wr.see also formula one video games notes references reading external links media related formula one wikimedia commonsofficial website
Brian Baird	succeeded washington house representatives jaime herrera beutler.after leaving house representatives served president antioch universitys seattle campus .early life education career baird born chama new mexico edith s. william n. bill baird town councilman mayor.received b.s.university utah graduating phi beta kappa m.s.ph.d. clinical psychology university wyoming.
Brian Baird	former chairman department psychology pacific lutheran university tacoma washington licensed clinical psychologist.published several journal articles three books.regularly teaches professional development courses attorneys judges communications ethics psychology persuasion.baird member reformers caucus issue one.u.s. house representatives committee assignments committee science technologysubcommittee energy environment chairmansubcommittee research science educationcommittee transportation infrastructuresubcommittee coast guard maritime transportationsubcommittee highways transitsubcommittee water resources environment caucus memberships congressional career technical education caucus cofoundercongressional caucus control fight methamphetamine cofoundercongressional national parks caucus cofounderaddiction treatment recovery caucuscommunity college caucuscommunity health centers caucuscongressional boating caucuscongressional brain injury task forcecongressional caucus intellectual property promotion piracy preventioncongressional china caucuscongressional coast guard caucuscongressional coastal caucuscongressional diabetes caucuscongressional fire service caucuscongressional fitness caucuscongressional mental health caucuscongressional native american caucuscongressional port security caucuscongressional rural caucuscongressional ski snowboard caucusdemocratic caucusfriends new zealand caucushellenic caucushouse education caucushouse science technology engineering math education caucusinternational conservation caucusmedical malpractice caucusnew democrat caucusnorthwest energy caucusprochoice caucus democratic task forcerenewable energy energy efficiency caucusu.s.
Brian Baird	china working groupcongressional law enforcement caucusmountain west caucusmiddle east economic partnership caucusbaird also member house transportation infrastructure committee house science committee house budget committee house select committee continuity government.served senior regional whip democratic steering committee elected president democratic freshman class member new democrat coalition.on house representatives website baird wrote time congress flown home nearly every weekend hosted town hall meetings visited every high school port hospital countless businesses organizations southwest washington.baird held town halls one approximately every week half office.although usually around participants held passionate debates .visit gaza strip february baird together fellow congressman keith ellison dmn visited gaza view firsthand destruction gaza war meet international local relief agencies.others visit included senator john kerry dma.
Brian Baird	visit sanctioned obama administration first time anyone u.s. government entered gaza three years.baird saidthe amount physical destruction depth human suffering gaza staggering.entire neighborhoods destroyed schools completely leveled fundamental water sewer electricity facilities hit relief agencies heavily damaged.personal stories children killed homes schools entire families wiped relief workers prevented evacuating wounded heartwrenching—what went continuing go shocking troubling beyond words.after bairds third visit gaza february called u.s. end blockade deliver humanitarian supplies could include withholding military aid israel saying u.s. needed serious getting israel address humanitarian crisis gaza.political campaigns baird challenged republican incumbent linda smith lost votes.
Brian Baird	smith gave seat make unsuccessful bid united states senate .baird ran defeated state senator benton .vote.never faced another race close reelected five times.on december baird announced would run reelection .retirement baird family moved edmonds washington wrote books american politics.
Brian Baird	electoral history books baird brian n. illustrations david horsey .fun yet enjoying outdoors partners families groups.seattle mountaineers books.isbn .baird brian n. .internship practicum field placement handbook guide helping professions fourth edition ed.. new jersey prentice hall.
Brian Baird	isbn .baird brian n. .character politics responsibility.lightning source uk ltd. isbn .personal life baird married rachel nugent pair children together.baird uncle finneas oconnell billie eilish sister maggie baird.references external links brian baird congressman archived october version official campaign website days election day bairds final campaignbiography biographical directory united states congressfinancial information federal office federal election commissionappearances cspan
Comparison of platform virtualization software	table compares basic information platform virtualization hypervisors.general features providing virtual environment usually requires overhead type another.native usually means virtualization technique cpu level virtualization like bochs executes code slowly directly executed cpu.products vmware virtual pc use similar approaches bochs qemu however use number advanced techniques shortcut calls directly cpu similar process jit compiler uses bring speed near native cases.however products colinux xen zvm real mode suffer cost cpulevel slowdowns cpulevel instructions proxied executing emulated architecture since guest os hardware providing environment applications run under.
Comparison of platform virtualization software	however access many resources system devices memory may proxied emulated order broker shared services guests may cause slow downs compared running outside virtualization.oslevel virtualization described native speed however groups found overhead high operations generally figures come long secondary effects appear.see paper comparing performance paravirtualization approaches e.g.xen oslevel virtualization requires patchesrecompiling.exceptional lightweight paravirtualized singleuser vmcms interactive shell largest customers run several thousand users even single prior models.
Comparison of platform virtualization software	multiprogramming oses like linux ibm z zos make heavy use native supervisor state instructions performance vary depending nature workload near native.hundreds low thousands linux guests possible single machine certain workloads.image type compatibility features windows server r sp windows sp limited support redirecting usb protocol rdp using remotefx.windows server r sp adds accelerated graphics support certain editions windows server r sp windows sp using remotefx.restrictions table meant outline restrictions software dictated licensing capabilities.note limit means enforced limit.
Byzantine Empire	example vm tb memory cannot fit host gb memory memory swap disk limit gb physically.see also list computer system emulatorscomparison application virtualization softwarecomparison os emulation virtualization apps androidpopek goldberg virtualization requirementsvirtual dos machinex virtualization notes referencessurvived fragmentation fall western roman empire th century ad continued exist additional thousand years fall constantinople ottoman empire .existence empire remained one powerful economic cultural military forces europe.byzantine empire retronym citizens continued refer empire simply roman empire medieval greek βασιλεία ῥωμαίων romanized basileía rhōmaíōn romania medieval greek ῥωμανία romans medieval greek ῥωμαῖοι romanized rhōmaîoi – term greeks continued use ottoman times.although roman state continued traditions maintained modern historians distinguish byzantium earlier incarnation centred constantinople oriented towards greek rather latin culture characterised eastern orthodox christianity.several events th th centuries mark period transition roman empires greek east latin west diverged.constantine r. – reorganised empire made constantinople new capital legalised christianity.theodosius r. – christianity became state religion religious practices proscribed.
Byzantine Empire	reign heraclius r. – empires military administration restructured greek adopted official use place latin.the borders empire fluctuated several cycles decline recovery.reign justinian r. – empire reached greatest extent reconquering much historically roman western mediterranean coast including africa italy rome held two centuries.byzantine–sasanian war – exhausted empires resources early muslim conquests th century lost richest provinces egypt syria rashidun caliphate.lost africa umayyads .macedonian dynasty th–th centuries empire expanded experienced twocentury long macedonian renaissance came end defeat seljuk turks battle manzikert .
Byzantine Empire	civil wars ensuing seljuk invasion led loss asia minor.empire recovered komnenian restoration th century constantinople largest wealthiest city europe.empire delivered mortal blow fourth crusade constantinople sacked territories empire formerly governed divided competing byzantine greek latin realms.despite eventual recovery constantinople byzantine empire remained one several small rival states area final two centuries existence.remaining territories progressively annexed ottomans byzantine–ottoman wars th th centuries.
Byzantine Empire	fall constantinople ottoman empire ended byzantine empire.refugees fleeing city capture would settle italy parts europe helping ignite renaissance.empire trebizond conquered eight years later siege.last successor states principality theodoro conquered ottomans .nomenclature first use term byzantine label later years roman empire years empires collapse german historian hieronymus wolf published work corpus historiæ byzantinæ collection historical sources.
Byzantine Empire	term comes byzantium name city constantine moved capital leaving rome rebuilt new name constantinople.older name city rarely used point onward except historical poetic contexts.publication byzantine du louvre corpus scriptorum historiae byzantinae du canges historia byzantina popularised use byzantine among french authors montesquieu.however midth century term came general use western world.the byzantine empire known inhabitants roman empire empire romans latin imperium romanum imperium romanorum medieval greek βασιλεία τῶν ῥωμαίων ἀρχὴ τῶν ῥωμαίων romanized basileia tōn rhōmaiōn archē tōn rhōmaiōn romania latin romania medieval greek ῥωμανία romanized rhōmania roman republic latin res publica romana medieval greek πολιτεία τῶν ῥωμαίων romanized politeia tōn rhōmaiōn greek rhōmais medieval greek ῥωμαΐς.inhabitants called romaioi even late th century greeks typically referred modern greek romaiika romaic.
Byzantine Empire	byzantine empire mostly confined purely greek provinces term hellenes increasingly used instead.while byzantine empire multiethnic character history preserved romanohellenistic traditions became identified western northern contemporaries increasingly predominant greek element.libri carolini published made first mention term empire greeks latin imperium graecorum imperator graecorum emperor greeks insult first formally attributed pope john xiii western medieval sources thereafter beginning refer such.done reestablish equal imperial dignity empire franks would later become known holy roman empire.no distinction existed islamic slavic worlds empire straightforwardly seen continuation roman empire.islamic world roman empire known primarily rûm.name milleti rûm roman nation used ottomans th century refer former subjects byzantine empire orthodox christian community within ottoman realms.
Byzantine Empire	history early history third century ad roman army conquered many territories covering mediterranean region coastal regions southwestern europe north africa.territories home many different cultural groups urban populations rural populations.generally speaking eastern mediterranean provinces urbanized western previously united macedonian empire hellenised influence greek culture.the west also suffered heavily instability rd century.distinction established hellenised east younger latinised west persisted became increasingly important later centuries leading gradual estrangement two worlds.an early instance partition empire east west occurred emperor diocletian created new administrative system tetrarchy guarantee security endangered regions empire.associated coemperor augustus coemperor adopted young colleague given title caesar share rule eventually succeed senior partner.
Byzantine Empire	tetrarch charge part empire.tetrarchy collapsed however years later constantine reunited two administrative divisions empire sole augustus.christianization partition empire constantine moved seat empire constantinople founded second rome site byzantium city strategically located trade routes europe asia mediterranean black sea.constantine introduced important changes empires military monetary civil religious institutions.regards economic policies accused certain scholars reckless fiscality gold solidus introduced became stable currency transformed economy promoted development.under constantine christianity become exclusive religion state enjoyed imperial preference since supported generous privileges.
Byzantine Empire	constantine established principle emperors could settle questions doctrine instead summon general ecclesiastical councils purpose.convening synod arles first council nicaea indicated interest unity church showcased claim head.rise christianity briefly interrupted accession emperor julian made determined effort restore polytheism throughout empire thus dubbed julian apostate church.however reversed julian killed battle .theodosius – last emperor rule eastern western halves empire.issued series edicts essentially banning pagan religion.
Byzantine Empire	pagan festivals sacrifices banned access pagan temples places worship.last olympic games believed held .theodosius bequeathed imperial office jointly sons arcadius east honorius west dividing imperial administration.th century eastern part empire largely spared difficulties faced west – due part established urban culture greater financial resources allowed placate invaders tribute pay foreign mercenaries.success allowed theodosius ii focus codifying roman law codex theodosianus fortification walls constantinople left city impervious attacks .to fend huns theodosius pay enormous annual tribute attila.
Byzantine Empire	successor marcian refused continue pay tribute attila already diverted attention western roman empire.attilas death hun empire collapsed many remaining huns often hired mercenaries constantinople.loss western roman empire fall attila eastern empire enjoyed period peace western empire continued deteriorate due expanding migration invasions barbarians prominently germanic nations.wests end usually dated east germanic roman foederati general odoacer deposed western emperor romulus augustulus year latter usurped position julius nepos.in death julius nepos eastern emperor zeno became sole claimant emperor empire.odoacer ruler italy nominally zenos subordinate acted complete autonomy eventually providing support rebellion emperor.zeno negotiated invading ostrogoths settled moesia convincing gothic king theodoric depart italy magister militum per italiam commander chief italy depose odoacer.
Byzantine Empire	urging theodoric conquer italy zeno rid eastern empire unruly subordinate odoacer moved another theodoric heart empire.odoacers defeat theodoric ruled italy de facto although never recognised eastern emperors king rex.in anastasius aged civil officer roman origin became emperor forces new emperor effectively took measure isaurian resistance.anastasius revealed energetic reformer able administrator.introduced new coinage system copper follis coin used everyday transactions.also reformed tax system permanently abolished chrysargyron tax.
Byzantine Empire	state treasury contained enormous sum lb kg gold anastasius died roughly worth us.billion today.justinian dynasty justinian dynasty founded justin though illiterate rose ranks military become emperor .succeeded nephew justinian may already exerted effective control justins reign.one important figures late antiquity possibly last roman emperor speak latin first language justinians rule constitutes distinct epoch marked ambitious partly realised renovatio imperii restoration empire.
Byzantine Empire	wife theodora particularly influential.in justinian appointed tenman commission chaired john cappadocian revise roman law create new codification laws jurists extracts known corpus juris civilis justinian code.corpus updated along enactments promulgated justinian formed system law used rest byzantine era.corpus forms basis civil law many modern states.in attempting secure eastern frontier justinian signed peace treaty khosrau persia agreeing pay large annual tribute sassanids.year survived revolt constantinople nika riots solidified power ended deaths reported rioters orders.western conquests began justinian sent general belisarius reclaim former province africa vandals control since capital carthage.
Byzantine Empire	success came surprising ease major local tribes subdued.in small byzantine expedition sicily met easy success goths soon stiffened resistance victory come belisarius captured ravenna successful sieges naples rome.– theodahad sent pope agapetus constantinople request removal byzantine forces sicily dalmatia italy.although agapetus failed mission sign peace justinian succeeded monophysite patriarch anthimus constantinople denounced despite empress theodoras support protection.the ostrogoths captured rome .belisarius sent back italy eventually recalled constantinople .arrival armenian eunuch narses italy late army men marked another shift gothic fortunes.
Byzantine Empire	totila defeated battle taginae successor teia defeated battle mons lactarius october .despite continuing resistance gothic garrisons two subsequent invasions franks alemanni war italian peninsula end.athanagild noble visigothic hispania sought justinians help rebellion king emperor dispatched force liberius successful military commander.empire held small slice iberian peninsula coast reign heraclius.in east roman–persian wars continued envoys justinian khosrau agreed year peace.mids justinian victories theatres operation notable exception balkans subjected repeated incursions slavs gepids.
Byzantine Empire	tribes serbs croats later resettled northwestern balkans reign heraclius.justinian called belisarius retirement defeated new hunnish threat.strengthening danube fleet caused kutrigur huns withdraw agreed treaty allowed safe passage back across danube.although polytheism suppressed state since least time constantine th century traditional grecoroman culture still influential eastern empire th century.hellenistic philosophy began gradually amalgamated newer christian philosophy.philosophers john philoponus drew neoplatonic ideas addition christian thought empiricism.
Byzantine Empire	active paganism professors justinian closed neoplatonic academy .schools continued constantinople antioch alexandria centres justinians empire.hymns written romanos melodist marked development divine liturgy architects isidore miletus anthemius tralles worked complete new church holy wisdom hagia sophia designed replace older church destroyed nika revolt.completed hagia sophia stands today one major monuments byzantine architectural history.th th centuries empire struck series epidemics devastated population contributed significant economic decline weakening empire.
Byzantine Empire	great bathhouses built byzantine centers constantinople antioch.after justinian died successor justin ii refused pay large tribute persians.meanwhile germanic lombards invaded italy end century third italy byzantine hands.justins successor tiberius ii choosing enemies awarded subsidies avars taking military action persians.although tiberius general maurice led effective campaign eastern frontier subsidies failed restrain avars.captured balkan fortress sirmium slavs began make inroads across danube.maurice meanwhile succeeded tiberius intervened persian civil war placed legitimate khosrau ii back throne married daughter him.
Byzantine Empire	maurices treaty new brotherinlaw enlarged territories empire east allowed energetic emperor focus balkans.series successful byzantine campaigns pushed avars slavs back across danube.however maurices refusal ransom several thousand captives taken avars order troops winter danube caused popularity plummet.revolt broke officer named phocas marched troops back constantinople maurice family murdered trying escape.shrinking borders early heraclian dynasty maurices murder phocas khosrau used pretext reconquer roman province mesopotamia.
Byzantine Empire	phocas unpopular ruler invariably described byzantine sources tyrant target number senateled plots.eventually deposed heraclius sailed constantinople carthage icon affixed prow ship.following accession heraclius sassanid advance pushed deep levant occupying damascus jerusalem removing true cross ctesiphon.counterattack launched heraclius took character holy war acheiropoietos image christ carried military standard similarly constantinople saved combined avar–sassanid–slavic siege victory attributed icons virgin led procession patriarch sergius walls city.siege constantinople year amidst climactic byzantine–sasanian war – combined avar sassanid slavic forces unsuccessfully besieged byzantine capital june july.sassanid army forced withdraw anatolia.
Byzantine Empire	loss came news reached yet another byzantine victory heracliuss brother theodore scored well persian general shahin.following heraclius led invasion sassanid mesopotamia again.the main sassanid force destroyed nineveh heraclius restored true cross jerusalem majestic ceremony marched sassanid capital ctesiphon anarchy civil war reigned result enduring war.eventually persians obliged withdraw armed forces return sassanidruled egypt levant whatever imperial territories mesopotamia armenia roman hands time earlier peace treaty c. .war exhausted byzantines sassanids however left extremely vulnerable muslim forces emerged following years.byzantines suffered crushing defeat arabs battle yarmouk ctesiphon fell .
Byzantine Empire	first arab siege constantinople – theme system arabs firmly control syria levant sent frequent raiding parties deep asia minor – laid siege constantinople itself.arab fleet finally repulsed use greek fire thirtyyears truce signed empire umayyad caliphate.however anatolian raids continued unabated accelerated demise classical urban culture inhabitants many cities either refortifying much smaller areas within old city walls relocating entirely nearby fortresses.constantinople dropped substantially size inhabitants – like urban centres partly ruralised.city also lost free grain shipments egypt fell first persians arabs public wheat distribution ceased.the void left disappearance old semiautonomous civic institutions filled system called theme entailed dividing asia minor provinces occupied distinct armies assumed civil authority answered directly imperial administration.
Byzantine Empire	system may roots certain ad hoc measures taken heraclius course th century developed entirely new system imperial governance.massive cultural institutional restructuring empire consequent loss territory th century said caused decisive break east mediterranean romanness byzantine state subsequently best understood another successor state rather real continuation roman empire.late heraclian dynasty withdrawal large numbers troops balkans combat persians arabs east opened door gradual southward expansion slavic peoples peninsula asia minor many cities shrank small fortified settlements.bulgars pushed south danube arrival khazars.byzantine forces sent disperse new settlements defeated.in constantine iv signed treaty bulgar khan asparukh new bulgarian state assumed sovereignty several slavic tribes previously least name recognised byzantine rule.
Byzantine Empire	– final heraclian emperor justinian ii led expedition slavs bulgarians made significant gains although fact fight way thrace macedonia demonstrates degree byzantine power north balkans declined.justinian ii attempted break power urban aristocracy severe taxation appointment outsiders administrative posts.driven power took shelter first khazars bulgarians.returned constantinople armies bulgarian khan tervel retook throne instituted reign terror enemies.final overthrow supported urban aristocracy heraclian dynasty came end.second arab siege constantinople – isaurian dynasty umayyad caliphate launched siege constantinople – lasted one year.
Byzantine Empire	however combination leo iii isaurians military genius byzantines use greek fire cold winter – byzantine diplomacy khan tervel bulgaria resulted byzantine victory.leo iii turned back muslim assault addressed task reorganising consolidating themes asia minor.major byzantine victory took place battle akroinon byzantines destroyed umayyad army again.leo iii isaurians son successor constantine v noteworthy victories northern syria also thoroughly undermined bulgarian strength.profiting unstable conditions umayyad caliphate falling apart marwan ii constantine v invaded syria captured germanikeia battle keramaia resulted major byzantine naval victory umayyad fleet.coupled military defeats fronts caliphate internal instability umayyad expansion came end.
Byzantine Empire	religious dispute iconoclasm th early th centuries also dominated controversy religious division iconoclasm main political issue empire century.icons meaning forms religious imagery banned leo constantine around leading revolts iconodules supporters icons throughout empire.efforts empress irene second council nicaea met affirmed icons could venerated worshipped.irene said endeavoured negotiate marriage charlemagne according theophanes confessor scheme frustrated aetios one favourites.in early th century leo v reintroduced policy iconoclasm empress theodora restored veneration icons help patriarch methodios.iconoclasm played part alienation east west worsened socalled photian schism pope nicholas challenged elevation photios patriarchate.
Byzantine Empire	macedonian dynasty resurgence – accession basil throne marks beginning macedonian dynasty ruled years.dynasty included ablest emperors byzantiums history period one revival.empire moved defending external enemies reconquest territories.macedonian dynasty characterised cultural revival spheres philosophy arts.conscious effort restore brilliance period slavic subsequent arab invasions macedonian era dubbed golden age byzantium.
Byzantine Empire	although empire significantly smaller reign justinian regained much strength remaining territories less geographically dispersed politically economically culturally integrated.wars abbasids taking advantage empires weakness revolt thomas slav early arabs reemerged captured crete.also successfully attacked sicily general petronas gained decisive victory battle lalakaon umar alaqta emir melitene malatya.leadership emperor krum bulgarian threat also reemerged – krums son omurtag signed peace treaty leo v.in abbasid caliphate started military excursions culminating victory sack amorium.byzantines counterattacked sacked damietta egypt.
Byzantine Empire	later abbasid caliphate responded sending troops anatolia sacking marauding eventually annihilated byzantines battle lalakaon .in early years basil reign arab raids coasts dalmatia siege ragusa – defeated region came secure byzantine control.enabled byzantine missionaries penetrate interior convert serbs principalities modernday herzegovina montenegro christianity.by contrast byzantine position southern italy gradually consolidated bari byzantine rule southern italy remained empire next years.important eastern front empire rebuilt defences went offensive.paulicians defeated battle bathys ryax capital tephrike divrigi taken offensive abbasid caliphate began recapture samosata.under basils son successor leo vi wise gains east enfeebled abbasid caliphate continued.sicily lost arabs thessaloniki empires second city sacked arab fleet.
Byzantine Empire	naval weakness empire rectified.despite revenge byzantines still unable strike decisive blow muslims inflicted crushing defeat imperial forces attempted regain crete .the death bulgarian tsar simeon severely weakened bulgarians allowing byzantines concentrate eastern front.melitene permanently recaptured famous general john kourkouas continued offensive mesopotamia noteworthy victories culminating reconquest edessa.kourkouas especially celebrated returning constantinople venerated mandylion relic purportedly imprinted portrait jesus.the soldieremperors nikephoros ii phokas r. – john tzimiskes – expanded empire well syria defeating emirs northwest iraq.nikephoros took great city aleppo arabs decisively expelled crete .
Byzantine Empire	recapture crete siege chandax put end arab raids aegean allowing mainland greece flourish again.cyprus permanently retaken successes nikephoros culminated siege antioch recapture incorporated province empire.successor john tzimiskes recaptured damascus beirut acre sidon caesarea tiberias putting byzantine armies within striking distance jerusalem although muslim power centres iraq egypt left untouched.much campaigning north last arab threat byzantium rich province sicily targeted basil ii died expedition could completed.time empire stretched straits messina euphrates danube syria.
Byzantine Empire	wars bulgarian empire traditional struggle see rome continued macedonian period spurred question religious supremacy newly christianised state bulgaria.ending eighty years peace two states powerful bulgarian tsar simeon invaded pushed back byzantines used fleet sail black sea attack bulgarian rear enlisting support hungarians.byzantines defeated battle boulgarophygon however agreed pay annual subsidies bulgarians.leo wise died hostilities soon resumed simeon marched constantinople head large army.although walls city impregnable byzantine administration disarray simeon invited city granted crown basileus emperor bulgaria young emperor constantine vii marry one daughters.revolt constantinople halted dynastic project invaded thrace conquered adrianople.

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