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History	greek word borrowed classical latin historia meaning investigation inquiry research account description written account past events writing history historical narrative recorded knowledge past events story narrative.history borrowed latin possibly via old irish old welsh old english stær history narrative story word fell use late old english period.meanwhile latin became old french anglonorman historia developed forms istorie estoire historie new developments meaning account events persons life beginning th century chronicle account events relevant group people people general dramatic pictorial representation historical events c. body knowledge relative human evolution science c. narrative real imaginary events story c. .it anglonorman history borrowed middle english time loan stuck.appears thcentury ancrene wisse seems become common word late th century early attestation appearing john gowers confessio amantis vi.finde bok compiled matiere old histoire comth nou mi memoire.
History	middle english meaning history story general.restriction meaning branch knowledge deals past events formal record study past events esp.human affairs arose midth century.renaissance older senses word revived greek sense francis bacon used term late th century wrote natural history.historia knowledge objects determined space time sort knowledge provided memory science provided reason poetry provided fantasy.in expression linguistic synthetic vs. analyticisolating dichotomy english like chinese 史 vs. 诌 designates separate words human history storytelling general.
History	modern german french germanic romance languages solidly synthetic highly inflected word still used mean history story.historian sense researcher history attested .european languages substantive history still used mean happened men scholarly study happened latter sense sometimes distinguished capital letter word historiography.adjective historical attested historic .description historians write context time due regard current dominant ideas interpret past sometimes write provide lessons society.
History	words benedetto croce history contemporary history.history facilitated formation true discourse past production narrative analysis past events relating human race.modern discipline history dedicated institutional production discourse.all events remembered preserved authentic form constitute historical record.task historical discourse identify sources usefully contribute production accurate accounts past.therefore constitution historians archive result circumscribing general archive invalidating usage certain texts documents falsifying claims represent true past.
History	part historians role skillfully objectively utilize vast amount sources past often found archives.process creating narrative inevitably generates silence historians remember emphasize different events past.the study history sometimes classified part humanities times part social sciences.also seen bridge two broad areas incorporating methodologies both.individual historians strongly support one classification.th century french historian fernand braudel revolutionized study history using outside disciplines economics anthropology geography study global history.traditionally historians recorded events past either writing passing oral tradition attempted answer historical questions study written documents oral accounts.
History	beginning historians also used sources monuments inscriptions pictures.general sources historical knowledge separated three categories written said physically preserved historians often consult three.writing marker separates history comes before.archaeology especially helpful unearthing buried sites objects contribute study history.archaeological finds rarely stand alone narrative sources complementing discoveries.archaeologys methodologies approaches independent field history.
History	historical archaeology specific branch archaeology often contrasts conclusions contemporary textual sources.example mark leone excavator interpreter historical annapolis maryland usa sought understand contradiction textual documents idealizing liberty material record demonstrating possession slaves inequalities wealth made apparent study total historical environment.there varieties ways history organized including chronologically culturally territorially thematically.divisions mutually exclusive significant intersections often present.possible historians concern specific general although modern trend toward specialization.area called big history resists specialization searches universal patterns trends.
History	history often studied practical theoretical aim also may studied simple intellectual curiosity.history prehistory history world memory past experience homo sapiens sapiens around world experience preserved largely written records.prehistory historians mean recovery knowledge past area written records exist writing culture understood.studying painting drawings carvings artifacts information recovered even absence written record.since th century study prehistory considered essential avoid historys implicit exclusion certain civilizations subsaharan africa precolumbian america.
History	historians west criticized focusing disproportionately western world.british historian e. h. carr wrotethe line demarcation prehistoric historical times crossed people cease live present become consciously interested past future.history begins handing tradition tradition means carrying habits lessons past future.records past begin kept benefit future generations.this definition includes within scope history strong interests peoples indigenous australians new zealand māori past oral records maintained transmitted succeeding generations even contact european civilization.historiography historiography number related meanings.
History	firstly refer history produced story development methodology practices example move shortterm biographical narrative towards longterm thematic analysis.secondly refer produced specific body historical writing example medieval historiography means works medieval history written s. thirdly may refer history produced philosophy history.metalevel analysis descriptions past third conception relate first two analysis usually focuses narratives interpretations world view use evidence method presentation historians.professional historians also debate question whether history taught single coherent narrative series competing narratives.historical methods historical method comprises techniques guidelines historians use primary sources evidence research write history.herodotus halicarnassus bc—c.
History	bc generally acclaimed father history.however contemporary thucydides c. bc—c.bc credited first approached history welldeveloped historical method work history peloponnesian war.thucydides unlike herodotus regarded history product choices actions human beings looked cause effect rather result divine intervention though herodotus wholly committed idea himself.historical method thucydides emphasized chronology nominally neutral point view human world result actions human beings.
History	greek historians also viewed history cyclical events regularly recurring.there historical traditions sophisticated use historical method ancient medieval china.groundwork professional historiography east asia established han dynasty court historian known sima qian – bc author records grand historian shiji.quality written work sima qian posthumously known father chinese historiography.chinese historians subsequent dynastic periods china used shiji official format historical texts well biographical literature.saint augustine influential christian western thought beginning medieval period.medieval renaissance periods history often studied sacred religious perspective.
History	around german philosopher historian georg wilhelm friedrich hegel brought philosophy secular approach historical study.in preface book muqaddimah arab historian early sociologist ibn khaldun warned seven mistakes thought historians regularly committed.criticism approached past strange need interpretation.originality ibn khaldun claim cultural difference another age must govern evaluation relevant historical material distinguish principles according might possible attempt evaluation lastly feel need experience addition rational principles order assess culture past.ibn khaldun often criticized idle superstition uncritical acceptance historical data.result introduced scientific method study history often referred new science.
History	historical method also laid groundwork observation role state communication propaganda systematic bias history thus considered father historiography father philosophy history.in west historians developed modern methods historiography th th centuries especially france germany.herbert spencer summarized methodsfrom successive strata historical deposits historians diligently gather highly colored fragments pounce upon everything curious sparkling chuckle like children glittering acquisitions meanwhile rich veins wisdom ramify amidst worthless debris lie utterly neglected.cumbrous volumes rubbish greedily accumulated masses rich ore dug golden truths might smelted left untaught unsoughtby rich ore spencer meant scientific theory history.meanwhile henry thomas buckle expressed dream history becoming one day sciencein regard nature events apparently irregular capricious explained shown accordance certain fixed universal laws.done men ability men patient untiring thought studied events view discovering regularity human events subject similar treatment every right expect similar resultscontrary buckles dream thcentury historian greatest influence methods became leopold von ranke germany.
History	limited history “what really happened” directed field away science.ranke historical data collected carefully examined objectively put together critical rigor.procedures “are merely prerequisites preliminaries science.heart science searching order regularity data examined formulating generalizations laws them.”as historians like ranke many followed pursued history science.thus historians tell us given manner practices craft cannot considered science must take word.
History	science whatever else science.traditional historian thus scientist history conventionally practiced science.in th century academic historians focused less epic nationalistic narratives often tended glorify nation great men objective complex analyses social intellectual forces.major trend historical methodology th century tendency treat history social science rather art traditionally case.leading advocates history social science diverse collection scholars included fernand braudel e. h. carr fritz fischer emmanuel le roy ladurie hansulrich wehler bruce trigger marc bloch karl dietrich bracher peter gay robert fogel lucien febvre lawrence stone.many advocates history social science noted multidisciplinary approach.
History	braudel combined history geography bracher history political science fogel history economics gay history psychology trigger history archaeology wehler bloch fischer stone febvre le roy ladurie varying differing ways amalgamated history sociology geography anthropology economics.nevertheless multidisciplinary approaches failed produce theory history.far one theory history came pen professional historian.whatever theories history written experts fields example marxian theory history.recently field digital history begun address ways using computer technology pose new questions historical data generate digital scholarship.in sincere opposition claims history social science historians hugh trevorroper john lukacs donald creighton gertrude himmelfarb gerhard ritter argued key historians work power imagination hence contended history understood art.
History	french historians associated annales school introduced quantitative history using raw data track lives typical individuals prominent establishment cultural history cf.histoire des mentalités.intellectual historians herbert butterfield ernst nolte george mosse argued significance ideas history.american historians motivated civil rights era focused formerly overlooked ethnic racial socioeconomic groups.another genre social history emerge postwwii era alltagsgeschichte history everyday life.
History	scholars martin broszat ian kershaw detlev peukert sought examine everyday life like ordinary people thcentury germany especially nazi period.marxist historians eric hobsbawm e. p. thompson rodney hilton georges lefebvre eugene genovese isaac deutscher c. l. r. james timothy mason herbert aptheker arno j. mayer christopher hill sought validate karl marxs theories analyzing history marxist perspective.response marxist interpretation history historians françois furet richard pipes j. c. d. clark roland mousnier henry ashby turner robert conquest offered antimarxist interpretations history.feminist historians joan wallach scott claudia koonz natalie zemon davis sheila rowbotham gisela bock gerda lerner elizabeth foxgenovese lynn hunt argued importance studying experience women past.recent years postmodernists challenged validity need study history basis history based personal interpretation sources.book defence history richard j. evans defended worth history.
History	another defence history postmodernist criticism australian historian keith windschuttles book killing history.today historians begin research process archives either physical digital platform.often propose argument use research support it.john h. arnold proposed history argument creates possibility creating change.digital information companies google sparked controversy role internet censorship information access.marxian theory marxist theory historical materialism theorises society fundamentally determined material conditions given time – words relationships people order fulfill basic needs feeding clothing housing families.
History	overall marx engels claimed identified five successive stages development material conditions western europe.marxist historiography orthodoxy soviet union since collapse communism mikhail krom says reduced margins scholarship.potential shortcomings production history many historians believe production history embedded bias events known facts history interpreted variety ways.constantin fasolt suggested history linked politics practice silence itself.also said “a second common view link history politics rests elementary observation historians often influenced politics.” according michelrolph trouillot historical process rooted archives therefore silences parts history forgotten may intentional part narrative strategy dictates areas history remembered.
History	historical omissions occur many ways profound effect historical records.information also purposely excluded left accidentally.historians coined multiple terms describe act omitting historical information including “silencing” “selective memory” erasures.gerda lerner twentieth century historian focused much work historical omissions involving women accomplishments explained negative impact omissions minority groups.environmental historian william cronon proposed three ways combat bias ensure authentic accurate narratives narratives must contradict known fact must make ecological sense specifically environmental history published work must reviewed scholarly community historians ensure accountability.areas study periods historical study often focuses events developments occur particular blocks time.
History	historians give periods time names order allow organising ideas classificatory generalisations used historians.names given period vary geographical location dates beginning end particular period.centuries decades commonly used periods time represent depends dating system used.periods constructed retrospectively reflect value judgments made past.way periods constructed names given affect way viewed studied.
History	prehistoric periodisation field history generally leaves prehistory archaeologists entirely different sets tools theories.archaeology usual method periodisation distant prehistoric past rely changes material culture technology stone age bronze age iron age subdivisions also based different styles material remains.prehistory divided series chapters periods history could unfold relative chronology also narrative chronology.narrative content could form functionaleconomic interpretation.periodisations however narrative aspect relying largely relative chronology thus devoid specific meaning.despite development recent decades ability radiocarbon dating scientific methods give actual dates many sites artefacts longestablished schemes seem likely remain use.
History	many cases neighbouring cultures writing left history cultures without may used.periodisation however viewed perfect framework one account explaining cultural changes conveniently start stop combinedly periodisation boundaries different trajectories change need studied right get intertwined cultural phenomena.geographical locations particular geographical locations form basis historical study example continents countries cities.understanding historic events took place important.historians often turn geography.
History	according jules michelet book histoire de france without geographical basis people makers history seem walking air.weather patterns water supply landscape place affect lives people live there.example explain ancient egyptians developed successful civilization studying geography egypt essential.egyptian civilization built banks nile river flooded year depositing soil banks.rich soil could help farmers grow enough crops feed people cities.
History	meant everyone farm people could perform jobs helped develop civilization.also case climate historians like ellsworth huntington ellen churchill semple cited crucial influence course history.huntington semple argued climate impact racial temperament.regions history africa begins first emergence modern human beings continent continuing modern present patchwork diverse politically developing nation states.history americas collective history north south america including central america caribbean.history north america study past passed generation generation continent earths northern western hemisphere.history central america study past passed generation generation continent earths western hemisphere.history caribbean begins oldest evidence yearold remains found.history south america study past passed generation generation continent earths southern western hemisphere.history antarctica emerges early western theories vast continent known terra australis believed exist far south globe.history eurasia collective history several distinct peripheral coastal regions middle east south asia east asia southeast asia europe linked interior mass eurasian steppe central asia eastern europe.history europe describes passage time humans inhabiting european continent present day.history asia seen collective history several distinct peripheral coastal regions east asia south asia middle east linked interior mass eurasian steppe.history east asia study past passed generation generation east asia.history middle east begins earliest civilizations region known middle east established around bc mesopotamia iraq.history india study past passed generation generation subhimalayan region.history southeast asia characterized interaction regional players foreign powers.history oceania collective history australia new zealand pacific islands.history australia starts documentation makassar trading indigenous australians australias north coast.history new zealand dates back least years discovered settled polynesians developed distinct māori culture centred kinship links land.history pacific islands covers history islands pacific ocean.military military history concerns warfare strategies battles weapons psychology combat.
History	new military history since concerned soldiers generals psychology tactics broader impact warfare society culture.religious history religion main theme secular religious historians centuries continues taught seminaries academe.leading journals include church history catholic historical review history religions.topics range widely political cultural artistic dimensions theology liturgy.subject studies religions regions areas world humans lived.
History	social social history sometimes called new social history field includes history ordinary people strategies institutions coping life.golden age major growth field among scholars still well represented history departments.two decades proportion professors history american universities identifying social history rose proportion political historians fell .history departments british universities faculty members identified social history political history came next .the old social history hodgepodge topics without central theme often included political movements like populism social sense outside elite system.social history contrasted political history intellectual history history great men.
History	english historian g. m. trevelyan saw bridging point economic political history reflecting without social history economic history barren political history unintelligible.field often viewed negatively history politics left also defended history people put back in.subfields chief subfields social history includeblack historydemographic historyethnic historygender historyhistory childhoodhistory educationhistory familylabour historylgbt historyrural historyurban historyamerican urban historywomens history cultural cultural history replaced social history dominant form s. typically combines approaches anthropology history look language popular cultural traditions cultural interpretations historical experience.examines records narrative descriptions past knowledge customs arts group people.peoples constructed memory past major topic.cultural history includes study art society well study images human visual production iconography.
History	diplomatic diplomatic history focuses relationships nations primarily regarding diplomacy causes wars.recently looks causes peace human rights.typically presents viewpoints foreign office longterm strategic values driving force continuity change history.type political history study conduct international relations states across state boundaries time.historian muriel chamberlain notes first world war diplomatic history replaced constitutional history flagship historical investigation important exact sophisticated historical studies.
History	adds trend reversed allowing social history replace it.economic although economic history well established since late th century recent years academic studies shifted toward economics departments away traditional history departments.business history deals history individual business organizations business methods government regulation labour relations impact society.also includes biographies individual companies executives entrepreneurs.related economic history.
History	business history often taught business schools.environmental environmental history new field emerged look history environment especially long run impact human activities upon it.offshoot environmental movement kickstarted rachel carsons silent spring s. world world history study major civilizations last years so.world history primarily teaching field rather research field.gained popularity united states japan countries realization students need broader exposure world globalization proceeds.it led highly controversial interpretations oswald spengler arnold j. toynbee among others.the world history association publishes journal world history every quarter since .
History	hworld discussion list serves network communication among practitioners world history discussions among scholars announcements syllabi bibliographies book reviews.peoples peoples history type historical work attempts account historical events perspective common people.peoples history history world story mass movements outsiders.individuals groups included past types writing history primary focus includes disenfranchised oppressed poor nonconformists otherwise forgotten people.authors typically left socialist model mind approach history workshop movement britain s. intellectual intellectual history history ideas emerged midth century focus intellectuals books one hand study ideas disembodied objects career own.
History	gender gender history subfield history gender studies looks past perspective gender.outgrowth gender history womens history stemmed many nonfeminist historians dismissing importance women history.according joan w. scott “gender constitutive element social relationships based perceived differences sexes gender primary way signifying relations power” meaning gender historians study social effects perceived differences sexes genders utilize allotted power societal political structures.despite relatively new field gender history significant effect general study history.gender history traditionally differs womens history inclusion aspects gender masculinity femininity todays gender history extends include people identify outside binary.
History	lgbt history deals first recorded instances samesex love sexuality ancient civilizations involves history lesbian gay bisexual transgender lgbt peoples cultures around world.public public history describes broad range activities undertaken people training discipline history generally working outside specialized academic settings.public history practice quite deep roots areas historic preservation archival science oral history museum curatorship related fields.term began used u.s. canada late field become increasingly professionalized since time.common settings public history museums historic homes historic sites parks battlefields archives film television companies levels government.
History	historians professional amateur historians discover collect organize present information past events.discover information archaeological evidence written primary sources verbal stories oral histories archival material.lists historians historians grouped order historical period writing necessarily period specialized.chroniclers annalists though historians true sense also frequently included.judgement since th century western historians disavowed aspiration provide judgement history.
History	goals historical judgements interpretations separate legal judgements need formulated quickly events final.related issue judgement history collective memory.pseudohistory pseudohistory term applied texts purport historical nature depart standard historiographical conventions way undermines conclusions.it closely related deceptive historical revisionism.works draw controversial conclusions new speculative disputed historical evidence particularly fields national political military religious affairs often rejected pseudohistory.teaching scholarship vs teaching major intellectual battle took place britain early twentieth century regarding place history teaching universities.
History	oxford cambridge scholarship downplayed.professor charles harding firth oxfords regius professor history ridiculed system best suited produce superficial journalists.oxford tutors votes professors fought back defence system saying successfully produced britains outstanding statesmen administrators prelates diplomats mission valuable training scholars.tutors dominated debate second world war.forced aspiring young scholars teach outlying schools manchester university thomas frederick tout professionalizing history undergraduate programme introducing study original sources requiring writing thesis.in united states scholarship concentrated major phdproducing universities large number colleges universities focused undergraduate teaching.
History	tendency st century latter schools increasingly demand scholarly productivity younger tenuretrack faculty.furthermore universities increasingly relied inexpensive parttime adjuncts classroom teaching.nationalism origins national school systems th century teaching history promote national sentiment high priority.united states world war strong movement emerged university level teach courses western civilization give students common heritage europe.u.s. attention increasingly moved toward teaching world history requiring students take courses nonwestern cultures prepare students life globalized economy.at university level historians debate question whether history belongs social science humanities.
History	many view field perspectives.the teaching history french schools influenced nouvelle histoire disseminated cahiers pédagogiques enseignement journals teachers.also influential institut national de recherche et de documentation pédagogique inrdp.joseph leif inspectorgeneral teacher training said pupils children learn historians approaches well facts dates.louis françois dean historygeography group inspectorate national education advised teachers provide historic documents promote active methods would give pupils immense happiness discovery.proponents said reaction memorization names dates characterized teaching left students bored.
History	traditionalists protested loudly postmodern innovation threatened leave youth ignorant french patriotism national identity.bias school teaching several countries’ history textbooks tools foster nationalism patriotism give students official narrative national enemies.in many countries history textbooks sponsored national government written put national heritage favourable light.example japan mention nanking massacre removed textbooks entire second world war given cursory treatment.countries complained.standard policy communist countries present rigid marxist historiography.in united states textbooks published company often differ content state state.
History	example content represented different different regions country history southern states slavery american civil war treated controversial topics.mcgrawhill education example criticised describing africans brought american plantations workers instead slaves textbook.academic historians often fought politicization textbooks sometimes success.in stcentury germany history curriculum controlled states characterized superpatriotism rather almost pacifistic deliberately unpatriotic undertone reflects principles formulated international organizations unesco council europe thus oriented towards human rights democracy peace.result german textbooks usually downplay national pride ambitions aim develop understanding citizenship centered democracy progress human rights peace tolerance europeanness.see also methods auxiliary sciences historyarchival researchbibliographycomputational historylist history journalspopular history topics historiography argentinaatlantic historyhistoriography canadaclassicsgreek historiographyhistoriography alexander greatroman historiographyhistoriography fall western roman empirehistoriography cold warchinese historiographyhistoriography french revolutionannales school francehistoriography germanybielefeld school germanyhistoriography early islamhistoriography japanmiddle agesdark ages historiographyhistoriography crusadeshistoriography switzerlandhistoriography soviet unionhistoriography united statesfrontier thesishistoriography united kingdomhistoriography scotlandhistoriography british empireworld historyhistoriography causes world war ihistoriography world war ii themes list history awardshistory bookhistoriography sciencesubaltern studies regarding postcolonial indiawhig history history portrayed story continuous progress references reading external links best history sites .netbbc history siteinternet history sourcebooks project see also internet history sourcebooks project.collections public domain copypermitted historical texts educational usethe history channel onlinehistory channel uk
Information assurance	information assurance includes protection integrity availability authenticity nonrepudiation confidentiality user data.ia encompasses digital protections also physical techniques.protections apply data transit physical electronic forms well data rest .ia best thought superset information security i.e.umbrella term business outcome information risk management.
Information assurance	overview information assurance ia process processing storing transmitting right information right people right time.ia relates business level strategic risk management information related systems rather creation application security controls.ia used benefit business use information risk management trust management resilience appropriate architecture system safety security increases utility information authorized users reduces .therefore addition defending malicious hackers code e.g.viruses ia practitioners consider corporate governance issues privacy regulatory standards compliance auditing business continuity disaster recovery relate information systems.
Information assurance	ia interdisciplinary field requiring expertise business accounting user experience fraud examination forensic science management science systems engineering security engineering criminology addition computer science.evolution growth telecommunication networks also comes dependency networks makes communities increasing vulnerable cyber attacks could interrupt degrade destroy vital services.starting role use information assurance grown evolved.beginning information assurance involved backing data.however volume information increased act information assurance began become automated reducing use operator intervention allowing creation instant backups.
Information assurance	last main development information assurance implementation distributed systems processing storage data techniques like sans nas well use cloud computing.three main developments information fall line three generations information technologies first used prevent intrusions nd detect intrusion rd survivability.information assurance collaborative effort sectors life allow free equal exchange ideas.pillars information assurance built five pillars availability integrity authentication confidentiality nonrepudiation.pillars taken account protect systems still allowing efficiently provide services however pillars act independently one another rather interfere goal pillars.
Information assurance	pillars information assurance slowly changed become referred pillars cyber security.administrator important emphasize pillars want order achieve desired result information system balancing aspects service privacy.authentication authentication refers verification validity transmission originator process within information system.authentication provides recipient confidence data senders validity well validity message.exists many ways bolster authentication mainly breaking three main ways personally identifiable information persons name address telephone number access key token known information like passwords.
Information assurance	integrity integrity refers protection information unauthorized alteration.goal information integrity ensure data accurate throughout entire lifespan.user authentication critical enabler information integrity.information integrity function number degreesoftrust existing ends information exchange .one way information integrity risk mitigated use redundant chip software designs.
Information assurance	failure authentication could pose risk information integrity would allow unauthorized party alter content.example hospital inadequate password policies unauthorized user could gain access information systems governing delivery medication patients risk altering treatment course detriment particular patient.availability pillar availability refers preservation data retrieved modified authorized individuals.higher availability preserved increase storage system channel reliability.breaches information availability result power outages hardware failures ddos etc.
Information assurance	goal high availability preserve access information.availability information bolstered use backup power spare data channels site capabilities continuous signal.confidentiality confidentiality essence opposite integrity.confidentiality security measure protects able access data done shielding access information.different integrity integrity shielding change information.
Information assurance	confidentiality often ensured use cryptography steganography data.confidentiality seen within classification information superiority international operations nato information assurance confidentiality united states need follow hipaa healthcare provider security policy information labeling needtoknow regulations ensure nondisclosure information.nonrepudiation nonrepudiation integrity data true origin prevents possible denial action occurred.increasing nonrepudiation makes difficult deny information comes certain source.words making dispute source authenticity data.
Information assurance	nonrepudiation involves reduction data integrity data transit usually use maninthemiddle attack phishing.interactions pillars stated earlier pillars interact independently one another pillars impeding functioning pillars opposite case boost pillars.example increasing availability information works directly goals three pillars integrity authentication confidentiality.process information assurance process typically begins enumeration classification information assets protected.next ia practitioner perform risk assessment assets.
Information assurance	vulnerabilities information assets determined order enumerate threats capable exploiting assets.assessment considers probability impact threat exploiting vulnerability asset impact usually measured terms cost assets stakeholders.sum products threats impact probability occurring total risk information asset.with risk assessment complete ia practitioner develops risk management plan.plan proposes countermeasures involve mitigating eliminating accepting transferring risks considers prevention detection response threats.framework published standards organization nist rmf risk cobit pci dss isoiec may guide development.
Information assurance	countermeasures may include technical tools firewalls antivirus software policies procedures requiring controls regular backups configuration hardening employee training security awareness organizing personnel dedicated computer emergency response team cert computer security incident response team csirt.cost benefit countermeasure carefully considered.thus ia practitioner seek eliminate risks possible manage costeffective way.after risk management plan implemented tested evaluated often means formal audits.ia process iterative one risk assessment risk management plan meant periodically revised improved based data gathered completeness effectiveness.there exist two metatechniques information assurance audit risk assessment.business risk management business risk management breaks three main processes risk assessment risk mitigation evaluation assessment.
Information assurance	information assurance one methodologies organizations use implement business risk management.use information assurance policies like brick frame work.additionally business risk management also occurs comply federal international laws regarding release security information hipaa information assurance aligned corporates strategies training awareness senior management involvement support intraorganizational communication allowing greater internal control business risk management.many security executives firms moving reliance information assurance protect intellectual property protect potential data leakage protect users themselves.use information assurance good ensuring certain pillars like confidentiality nonrepudiation etc.
Information assurance	conflicting nature increase security often comes expense speed.said use information assurance business model improves reliable management decision making customer trust business continuity good governance public private sector.standards organizations standards number international national bodies issue standards information assurance practices policies procedures.uk include information assurance advisory council information assurance collaboration group.see also references notesbibliography
Neanderthal	cause extinction remains “highly contested” demographic factors like small population size inbreeding random fluctuations considered likely factors.scholars proposed competitive replacement assimilation modern human genome bred extinction great climatic change disease combination factors.it unclear line neanderthals split modern humans studies produced various intervals ranging years ago.time divergence neanderthals ancestor h. heidelbergensis also unclear.oldest potential neanderthal bones date years ago classification remains uncertain.neanderthals known numerous fossils especially years ago.
Neanderthal	type specimen neanderthal found neander valley presentday germany.much early th century researchers depicted neanderthals primitive unintelligent brutish.although knowledge perception markedly changed since scientific community image unevolved caveman archetype remains prevalent popular culture.neanderthal technology quite sophisticated.includes mousterian stonetool industry ability create fire build cave hearths make adhesive birch bark tar craft least simple clothes similar blankets ponchos weave go seafaring mediterranean make use medicinal plants well treat severe injuries store food use various cooking techniques roasting boiling smoking.neanderthals made use wide array food mainly hoofed mammals also megafauna plants small mammals birds aquatic marine resources.
Neanderthal	although probably apex predators still competed cave bears cave lions cave hyaenas large predators.number examples symbolic thought palaeolithic art inconclusively attributed neanderthals namely possible ornaments made bird claws feathers shells collections unusual objects including crystals fossils engravings music production indicated divje babe flute spanish cavepaintings contentiously dated years ago.claims religious beliefs made.neanderthals likely capable speech possibly articulate although complexity language known.compared modern humans neanderthals robust build proportionally shorter limbs.researchers often explain features adaptations conserve heat cold climate may also adaptations sprinting warmer forested landscape neanderthals often inhabited.
Neanderthal	nonetheless coldspecific adaptations specialised bodyfat storage enlarged nose warm air although nose could caused genetic drift.average neanderthal men stood around cm ft women cm .ft tall similar preindustrial modern humans.braincases neanderthal men women averaged cm cu cm cu respectively within range values modern humans.neanderthal skull elongated smaller parietal lobes cerebellum morphological traits used assign specimens species.the total population neanderthals remained low proliferating weakly harmful gene variants precluding effective longdistance networks.
Neanderthal	nonetheless evidence regional cultures thus regular communication communities.may frequented caves moved caves seasonally.neanderthals lived highstress environment high trauma rates died age .neanderthal genome projects draft report presented evidence interbreeding neanderthals modern humans.possibly occurred – years ago likely years ago years ago.
Neanderthal	neanderthals also appear interbred denisovans different group archaic humans siberia.around – genomes eurasians australomelanesians native americans north africans neanderthal ancestry inhabitants subsaharan africa detectable neanderthal ancestry save possible traces early sapienstoneanderthal gene flow andor recent backmigration eurasians africa.distinctly neanderthal gene variants survive today.although many gene variants inherited neanderthals may detrimental selected neanderthal introgression appears affected modern human immune systemand also implicated several biological functions structures large portion appears noncoding dna.taxonomy etymology neanderthals named valley neandertal first identified specimen found.
Neanderthal	valley spelled neanderthal species spelled neanderthaler german spelling reform .spelling neandertal species occasionally seen english even scientific publications scientific name h. neanderthalensis always spelled th according principle priority.vernacular name species german always neandertaler inhabitant neander valley whereas neandertal always refers valley.valley named late th century german theologian hymn writer joachim neander often visited area.neanderthal pronounced using standard english pronunciation th fricative θ .neanderthal type specimen known neanderthal cranium neanderthal skull anthropological literature individual reconstructed basis skull occasionally called neanderthal man.
Neanderthal	binomial name homo neanderthalensis—extending name neanderthal man individual specimen entire species formally recognising distinct humans—was first proposed irish geologist william king paper read rd british science association .however recommended neanderthals modern humans classified different genera compared neanderthal braincase chimpanzee argued incapable moral theistic conceptions.research history first neanderthal remains—engis skull—were discovered dutch naturalist philippecharles schmerling grottes dengis belgium thought fossil modern human skull.gibraltar forbes quarry presented gibraltar scientific society secretary lieutenant edmund henry réné flint also thought modern human skull.local schoolteacher johann carl fuhlrott recognised bones kleine feldhofer grotte neander valley—neanderthal holotype specimen—as distinct modern humans gave german anthropologist hermann schaaffhausen study .
Neanderthal	comprised cranium thigh bones right arm left humerus ulna left ilium hip bone part right shoulder blade pieces ribs.following charles darwins origin species fuhlrott schaaffhausen argued bones represented ancient modern human form schaaffhausen social darwinist believed humans linearly progressed savage civilised concluded neanderthals barbarous cavedwellers.fuhlrott schaaffhausen met opposition namely prolific pathologist rudolf virchow argued defining new species based single find.virchow erroneously interpreted neanderthal characteristics evidence senility disease malformation instead archaicness stalled neanderthal research end century.by early th century numerous neanderthal discoveries made establishing h. neanderthalensis legitimate species.influential specimen la chapelleauxsaints old man la chapelleauxsaints france.
Neanderthal	french palaeontologist marcellin boule authored several publications among first establish palaeontology science detailing specimen reconstructed slouching apelike remotely related modern humans.discovery piltdown man hoax appearing much similar modern humans neanderthals used evidence multiple different unrelated branches primitive humans existed supported boules reconstruction h. neanderthalensis far distant relative evolutionary deadend.fuelled popular image neanderthals barbarous slouching clubwielding primitives image reproduced several decades popularised science fiction works quest fire j.h.rosny aîné grisly folk h. g. wells depicted monsters.scottish anthropologist arthur keith reconstructed la chapelleauxsaints immediate precursor modern humans sitting next fire producing tools wearing necklace humanlike posture failed garner much scientific rapport keith later abandoned thesis .by middle century based exposure piltdown man hoax well reexamination la chapelleauxsaints osteoarthritis caused slouching life new discoveries scientific community began rework understanding neanderthals.
Neanderthal	ideas neanderthal behaviour intelligence culture discussed humanlike image emerged.american anthropologist carleton coon reconstructed neanderthal modern business suit hat emphasise would less indistinguishable modern humans survived present.william goldings novel inheritors depicts neanderthals much emotional civilised.however boules image continued influence works s. modernday neanderthal reconstructions often humanlike.hybridisation neanderthals early modern humans suggested early english anthropologist thomas huxley danish ethnographer hans peder steensby coon .early supposed hybrid specimens discovered lagar velho muierii .
Neanderthal	however similar anatomy could also caused adapting similar environment rather interbreeding.neanderthal admixture found present modern populations mapping first neanderthal genome sequence.based specimens vindija cave croatia contained almost archaic dna allowing near complete sequencing genome.however approximately error every letters base pairs based implausibly high mutation rate probably due preservation sample.britishamerican geneticist graham coop hypothesised instead found evidence different archaic human species interbreeding modern humans disproven sequencing highquality neanderthal genome preserved toe bone denisova cave siberia.
Neanderthal	classification neanderthals hominids genus homo humans generally classified distinct species h. neanderthalensis although sometimes subspecies modern human h. sapiens neanderthalensis.would necessitate classification modern humans h. s. sapiens.a large part controversy stems vagueness term species generally used distinguish two genetically isolated populations admixture modern humans neanderthals known occurred.however absence neanderthalderived patrilineal ychromosome matrilineal mitochondrial dna mtdna modern humans along underrepresentation neanderthal x chromosome dna could imply reduced fertility frequent sterility hybrid crosses representing partial biological reproductive barrier groups therefore species distinction.in geneticist svante pääbo described taxonomic wars unresolvable since definition species perfectly describing case.neanderthals thought closely related denisovans modern humans.likewise neanderthals denisovans share recent last common ancestor lca modern humans based nuclear dna ndna.however neanderthals modern humans share recent mitochondrial lca observable studying mtdna.
Neanderthal	likely resulted interbreeding event subsequent neanderthaldenisovan split introduced another mtdna line.involved either introgression coming unknown archaic human denisovans introgression earlier unidentified modern human wave africa neanderthals.evolution largely thought h. heidelbergensis last common ancestor neanderthals denisovans modern humans populations became isolated europe asia africa respectively.taxonomic distinction h. heidelbergensis neanderthals mostly based fossil gap europe thousand years ago marine isotope stage .neanderthals convention fossils date gap.
Neanderthal	however thousand year ka old bones sima de los huesos could represent early neanderthals closely related group year old aroeira could represent transitional phase.ancestral derived morphs could lived concurrently.also possible gene flow western europe africa middle pleistocene obscuring neanderthal characteristics specimens namely ceprano italy sićevo gorge serbia.fossil record much complete years ago onwards specimens period make bulk known neanderthal skeletons.dental remains italian visogliano fontana ranuccio sites indicate neanderthal dental features evolved around – thousand years ago middle pleistocene.there two main hypotheses regarding evolution neanderthals following neanderthalhuman split twophase accretion.
Neanderthal	twophase argues single major environmental event—such saale glaciation—caused european h. heidelbergensis rapidly increase body size robustness well undergo lengthening head phase led changes skull anatomy phase .however neanderthal anatomy may driven entirely adapting cold weather.accretion holds neanderthals slowly evolved time ancestral h. heidelbergensis divided stages earlypreneanderthals mis elster glaciation preneanderthals sensu lato mis – holstein interglacial early neanderthals mis – saale glaciation–eemian classic neanderthals sensu stricto mis – würm glaciation.numerous dates neanderthalhuman split suggested.date around years ago cites h. helmei last common ancestor lca split associated levallois technique making stone tools.date years ago uses h. heidelbergensis lca.
Neanderthal	years ago says h. rhodesiensis lca split modern human lineage neanderthalh.heidelbergensis lineage.years ago h. antecessor lca different variations model would push date back million years ago.however analysis h. antecessor enamel proteomes suggests h. antecessor related direct ancestor.dna studies yielded various results neanderthalhuman divergence time – – – – – – – – thousand years ago dental analysis concluded years ago.neanderthals denisovans closely related modern humans meaning neanderthaldenisovan split occurred split modern humans.
Neanderthal	assuming mutation rate x− .x− per base pair bp per year neanderthaldenisovan split occurred around either – – thousand years ago respectively.using .x− per generation new generation every years time years ago.using x− nucleotide sites per year years ago.using latter dates split likely already occurred time hominins spread across europe unique neanderthal features begun evolving – thousand years ago.splitting neanderthaldenisovans neandersovans migrating africa europe apparently interbred unidentified superarchaic human species already present superarchaics descendants early migration africa around .
Neanderthal	mya.demographics range pre early neanderthals living eemian interglacial years ago poorly known come mostly western european sites.years ago onwards quality fossil record increases dramatically classic neanderthals recorded western central eastern mediterranean europe well southwest central northern asia altai mountains southern siberia.pre early neanderthals hand seem continuously occupied france spain italy although appear moved corearea form temporary settlements eastward although without leaving europe.nonetheless southwestern france highest density sites pre early classic neanderthals.the southernmost find recorded shuqba cave levant reports neanderthals north african jebel irhoud haua fteah reidentified h. sapiens.
Neanderthal	easternmost presence recorded denisova cave siberia °e southeast chinese maba man skull shares several physical attributes neanderthals although may result convergent evolution rather neanderthals extending range pacific ocean.northernmost bound generally accepted °n unambiguous sites known –°n although difficult assess glacial advances destroy human remains palaeoanthropologist trine kellberg nielsen argued lack evidence southern scandinavian occupation least eemian interglacial due former explanation lack research area.middle palaeolithic artefacts found °n russian plains likely attributed modern humans.study claimed presence homo year old californian cerutti mastodon site north america largely considered implausible.it unknown rapidly fluctuating climate last glacial period dansgaard–oeschger events impacted neanderthals warming periods would produce favourable temperatures encourage forest growth deter megafauna whereas frigid periods would produce opposite.however neanderthals may preferred forested landscape.
Neanderthal	populations may peaked cold extreme intervals marine isotope stages respectively thousand years ago saale glaciation.possible range expanded contracted ice retreated grew respectively avoid permafrost areas residing certain refuge zones glacial maxima.israeli anthropologist israel hershkovitz colleagues suggested thousand years old israeli nesher ramla remains feature mix neanderthal ancient h. erectus traits represent one source population recolonised europe following glacial period.population like modern humans neanderthals probably descended small population effective population—the number individuals bear father children—of approximately.however neanderthals maintained low population proliferating weakly harmful genes due reduced effectivity natural selection.various studies using mtdna analysis yield varying effective populations remaining constant steadily increasing years ago declining extinction.
Neanderthal	however agree low population may less th contemporary human populations western europe possibly neanderthals much lower fertility rates.estimates giving total population higher tens thousands contested.consistently low population may explained context boserupian trap populations carrying capacity limited amount food obtain turn limited technology.innovation increases population population low innovation occur rapidly population remain low.consistent apparent year stagnation neanderthal lithic technology.in sample neanderthals based abundance young mature adults comparison age demographics age died reaching .
Neanderthal	high mortality rate probably due highstress environment.however also estimated age pyramids neanderthals contemporary modern humans same.infant mortality estimated high neanderthals northern eurasia.anatomy build neanderthals robust stockier builds modern humans wider barrelshaped rib cages wider pelvises proportionally shorter forearms forelegs.based neanderthal long bones men women average height cm ft ft males cm ft ft females.comparison average height males females upper palaeolithic humans respectively cm ft cm ft although decreases cm .
Neanderthal	nearer end period based males females average year cm ft .cm .ft respectively.fossil record shows adult neanderthals varied .cm ft ft height although may grown much taller.
Neanderthal	neanderthal weight samples specimens found average .kg lb males .kg lb females.using kg lb body mass index neanderthal males calculated .–.modern humans correlates overweight.
Neanderthal	indicates robust build.neanderthal lepr gene concerned storing fat body heat production similar woolly mammoth likely adaptation cold climate.the neck vertebrae neanderthals longer thicker modern humans lending stability possibly due different head shape size.although neanderthal thorax ribcage similar size modern humans longer straighter ribs would equated widened midlower thorax stronger breathing lower thorax indicative larger diaphragm possibly greater lung capacity.lung capacity kebara estimated .l .
Neanderthal	us gal.neanderthal chest also pronounced expanded fronttoback anteroposteriorly.sacrum pelvis connects spine vertically inclined placed lower relation pelvis causing spine less curved exhibit less lordosis fold somewhat invaginated.modifications spine would enhanced sidetoside mediolateral flexion better supporting wider lower thorax.condition may normal homo condition narrower thorax modern humans unique characteristic.body proportions usually cited hyperarctic adaptations cold similar human populations developed cold climates—the neanderthal build similar inuit siberian yupiks among modern humans—and shorter limbs equates higher retention body heat.
Neanderthal	nonetheless neanderthals temperate climates—such iberia—still retain hyperarctic physique.english anthropologist john stewart colleagues suggested neanderthals instead adapted sprinting evidence neanderthals preferring warmer wooded areas colder mammoth steppe dna analysis indicating higher proportion fasttwitch muscle fibres neanderthals modern humans.explained body proportions greater muscle mass adaptations sprinting opposed enduranceoriented modern human physique persistence hunting may effective hot climates hunter run prey point heat exhaustion hyperthermia.longer heel bones reducing ability endurance running shorter limbs would reduced moment arm limbs allowing greater rotational force wrists ankles without extra exertion rotating muscles elbows knees increasing speed muscles contracted causing faster acceleration.american palaeoanthropologist erik trinkaus made note alternate explanation considered less likely.
Neanderthal	face neanderthals reduced chin sloping forehead large nose also started somewhat higher face modern humans.neanderthal skull typically elongated less globular modern humans features occipital bun chignon protrusion back skull although within range variation humans it.caused cranial base temporal bones placed higher towards front skull flatter skullcap.also larger eyes likely adapt lowlight environment.the large neanderthal nose paranasal sinuses generally explained warmed air entered lungs retained moisture nasal radiator hypothesis sinuses generally reduced coldadapted creatures may large nose caused instead genetic drift.also sinuses grossly large comparable size modern humans.
Neanderthal	however sinus size important factor breathing cold air actual function unclear may good indicator evolutionary pressures evolve nose.computer reconstruction neanderthal nose predicted soft tissue patterns shows similarities modern arctic peoples potentially meaning noses populations convergently evolved breathing cold dry air.neanderthals featured protrusion jaw prognathism cited response large bite force evidenced heavy wearing neanderthal front teeth anterior dental loading hypothesis similar wearing trends seen contemporary humans.could also evolved fit larger teeth jaw would better resist wear abrasion increased wear front teeth compared back teeth probably stems repetitive use.neanderthal dental wear patterns similar modern inuit.incisors large shovelshaped compared modern humans unusually high frequency taurodontism condition molars bulkier due enlarged pulp tooth core.
Neanderthal	taurodontism thought distinguishing characteristic neanderthals lent mechanical advantage stemmed repetitive use likely simply product genetic drift.bite force neanderthals modern humans thought n lbf n lbf modern human males females respectively.brain neanderthal braincase averages cm males cm females within possible range modern humans average cm males cm females presentday.modern human specimens thousand years ago average cc .cu disregarding sex modern human brain size suggested decreased since upper palaeolithic.
Neanderthal	largest neanderthal brain amud calculated cm .one largest ever recorded hominids.neanderthal human infants measure cm in.the neanderthal skull distinctively elongated diagnostic shape known en bombe smaller parietal lobes smaller cerebellum areas implicated tool use visuospatial integration numeracy creativity higherorder conceptualization muscle memory possibly language attention working memory social abilities episodic memory.neanderthal brains also larger occipital lobes likely adaptation lower light conditions europe implies internal differences proportionality braininternal regions relative homo sapiens consistent external measurements obtained fossil skulls.brains also larger temporal lobe poles wider orbitofrontal cortex larger olfactory bulbs suggesting potential differences language comprehension associations emotions temporal functions decision making orbitofrontal cortex sense smell olfactory bulbs.
Neanderthal	brains also show different rates brain growth development.differences slight would visible natural selection may underlie explain differences material record things like social behaviors technological innovation artistic output.hair skin colour lack sunlight likely led proliferation lighter skin neanderthals although light skin modern europeans particularly prolific perhaps bronze age.genetically bnc present neanderthals associated light skin colour however second variation bnc also present associated darker skin colour uk biobank.likely neanderthal skin colour varied region region.
Neanderthal	dna three croatian neanderthals shows darker hair skin eye colour modern europeans.in modern humans skin hair colour regulated melanocytestimulating hormone—which increases proportion eumelanin black pigment phaeomelanin red pigment—which encoded mcr gene.known variants modern humans gene cause lossoffunction associated light skin hair colour another unknown variant neanderthals rg variant could associated pale skin red hair.rg variant identified neanderthal monti lessini italy possibly cueva del sidrón spain.however modern humans red probably common hair colour variant present many sequenced neanderthals.metabolism maximum natural lifespan timing adulthood menopause gestation likely similar modern humans.
Neanderthal	however hypothesised neanderthals matured faster modern humans based growth rates teeth tooth enamel although backed age biomarkers.main differences maturation atlas bone neck well middle thoracic vertebrae fused years later neanderthals modern humans likely caused difference anatomy rather growth rate.generally models neanderthal caloric requirements report significantly higher intakes modern humans typically assume neanderthals higher basal metabolic rates bmrs due higher muscle mass faster growth rate greater body heat production cold higher daily physical activity levels pals due greater daily travelling distances foraging.however using high bmr pal american archaeologist bryan hockett estimated pregnant neanderthal would consumed calories per day would necessitated heavy reliance big game meat diet would caused numerous deficiencies nutrient poisonings concluded poorly warranted assumptions make.neanderthals may active dimmer light conditions rather broad daylight lived regions reduced daytime hours hunted large game predators typically hunt night enhance ambush tactics large eyes visual processing neural centres.genetically colour blindness may enhance mesopic vision typically correlated northernlatitude populations neanderthals vindija cave croatia substitutions opsin genes could influenced colour vision.however functional implications substitutions inconclusive.
Neanderthal	neanderthalderived alleles near asb exoc associated evening person narcolepsy daytime napping.pathology neanderthals suffered high rate traumatic injury estimated – specimens showing evidence healed major trauma – severely injured – injured reaching adulthood.one extreme example shanidar shows signs amputation right arm likely due nonunion breaking bone adolescence osteomyelitis bone infection left clavicle abnormal gait vision problems left eye possible hearing loss perhaps swimmers ear.trinkaus estimated succumbed injuries died reaching thus theorised neanderthals employed risky hunting strategy rodeo rider hypothesis.however rates cranial trauma significantly different neanderthals middle palaeolithic modern humans although neanderthals seem higher mortality risk specimens upper palaeolithic modern humans neanderthals died age overall similar injury patterns them.
Neanderthal	trinkaus concluded neanderthals instead injured way contemporary humans interpersonal violence.study looking neanderthal specimens argued high trauma rates instead caused animal attacks found sample victims bear attacks big cat attacks wolf attacks totalling positive cases .cases hyaena attacks although hyaenas still nonetheless probably attacked neanderthals least opportunistically.intense predation probably stemmed common confrontations due competition food cave space neanderthals hunting carnivores.low population caused low genetic diversity probably inbreeding reduced populations ability filter harmful mutations inbreeding depression.however unknown affected single neanderthals genetic burden thus caused higher rate birth defects modern humans.
Neanderthal	known however inhabitants sidrón cave collectively exhibited different birth defects likely due inbreeding recessive disorders.likely due advanced age la chapelleauxsaints signs baastrups disease affecting spine osteoarthritis.shanidar likely died diagnosed ancient case diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis dish degenerative disease restrict movement correct would indicate moderately high incident rate older neanderthals.neanderthals likely subject several infectious diseases parasites.modern humans likely transmitted diseases one possible candidate stomach bacteria helicobacter pylori.modern human papillomavirus variant may descend neanderthal introgression.
Neanderthal	neanderthal cueva del sidrón spain shows evidence gastrointestinal enterocytozoon bieneusi infection.leg bones french la ferrassie feature lesions consistent periostitis—inflammation tissue enveloping bone—likely result hypertrophic osteoarthropathy primarily caused chest infection lung cancer.neanderthals lower cavity rate modern humans despite populations consuming typically cavitycausing foods great quantity could indicate lack cavitycausing oral bacteria namely streptococcus mutans.two yearold neanderthal children payré france present earliest known cases lead exposure hominin.exposed two distinct occasions either eating drinking contaminated food water inhaling leadlaced smoke fire.two lead mines within km mi site.
Neanderthal	culture social structure group dynamics neanderthals likely lived sparsely distributed groups contemporary modern humans group size thought averaged individuals similar modern huntergatherers.reliable evidence neanderthal group composition comes cueva del sidrón spain footprints le rozel france former shows adults adolescents juveniles infant whereas latter based footprint size shows group members juveniles adolescents made .a neanderthal childs teeth analysed showed weaned .years similar modern hunter gatherers born spring consistent modern humans mammals whose birth cycles coincide environmental cycles.indicated various ailments resulting high stress low age stunted growth british archaeologist paul pettitt hypothesised children sexes put work directly weaning trinkaus said upon reaching adolescence individual may expected join hunting large dangerous game.however bone trauma comparable modern inuit could suggest similar childhood neanderthals contemporary modern humans.
Neanderthal	stunting may also resulted harsh winters bouts low food resources.sites showing evidence three individuals may represented nuclear families temporary camping sites special task groups hunting party.bands likely moved certain caves depending season indicated remains seasonal materials certain foods returned locations generation generation.sites may used years.cave bears may greatly competed neanderthals cave space decline cave bear populations starting years ago onwards although extinction occurred well neanderthals died out.although neanderthals generally considered cave dwellers home base cave openair settlements near contemporaneously inhabited cave systems levant could indicate mobility cave openair bases area.
Neanderthal	evidence longterm openair settlements known ein qashish site israel moldova ukraine.although neanderthals appear ability inhabit range environments—including plains plateaux—openair neanderthals sites generally interpreted used slaughtering butchering grounds rather living spaces.intergroup relations canadian ethnoarchaeologist brian hayden calculated selfsustaining population avoids inbreeding consist – individuals would necessitate bands interact – bands likely conservative estimate given low population density.analysis mtdna neanderthals cueva del sidrón spain showed three adult men belonged maternal lineage three adult women belonged different ones.suggests patrilocal residence woman moved group live husband.
Neanderthal	however dna neanderthal denisova cave russia shows inbreeding coefficient ⁄ parents either halfsiblings common mother double first cousins uncle niece aunt nephew grandfather granddaughter grandmother grandson inhabitants cueva del sidrón show several defects may caused inbreeding recessive disorders.considering neanderthal artefacts sourced km .mi main settlement hayden considered unlikely bands interacted often mapping neanderthal brain small group size population density could indicate reduced ability intergroup interaction trade.however neanderthal artefacts settlement could originated km ..mi away.

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