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United States	arpanet developed meet defense department requirements became first series networks evolved internet.united states ranked third global innovation index switzerland sweden.income wealth poverty accounting .global population americans collectively possess .worlds total wealth largest percentage country.
United States	u.s. also ranks first number billionaires millionaires world billionaires .million millionaires .prior – global sarscov pandemic credit suisse listed .million u.s. citizens net worth excess million.food security index ranked united states th food security giving country score .. americans average twice much living space per dwelling per person eu residents.
United States	united nations development programme ranked united states th among countries human development index hdi th among countries inequalityadjusted hdi ihdi.wealth like income taxes highly concentrated richest adult population possess countrys household wealth bottom half possess .according federal reserve top controlled .countrys wealth .according study oecd united states larger percentage lowincome workers almost developed nation largely weak collective bargaining system lack government support atrisk workers.after years stagnation median household income reached record high following two consecutive years record growth.income inequality remains record highs however top fifth earners taking home half overall income.
United States	rise share total annual income received top one percent doubled nine percent percent significantly affected income inequality leaving united states one widest income distributions among oecd members.top one percent incomeearners accounted percent income gains income defined market income excluding government transfers.extent relevance income inequality matter debate.there sheltered unsheltered homeless persons u.s. january almost twothirds staying emergency shelter transitional housing program attempts combat homelessness include section housing voucher program implementation housing first strategy across levels government..million children lived foodinsecure households levels though u.s. children .
United States	saw reduced food intake disrupted eating patterns point year cases chronic.june million people roughly .u.s. population living poverty including .million children.impoverished .
United States	million live deep poverty family income onehalf poverty threshold five million live third world conditions.u.s. states territories lowest highest poverty rates new hampshire .american samoa respectively.economic impact mass unemployment caused covid pandemic raised fears mass eviction crisis analysis aspen institute indicating million people risk eviction end .cdc biden government issued federal eviction moratorium supreme court invalidated order ruling lacked authority federal law so.
United States	transportation personal transportation dominated automobiles operate network million miles .million kilometers public roads.united states worlds secondlargest automobile market highest vehicle ownership per capita world .vehicles per americans .nontwo wheel motor vehicles vehicles per people.the civil airline industry entirely privately owned largely deregulated since major airports publicly owned.
United States	three largest airlines world passengers carried u.s.based american airlines number one acquisition us airways.worlds busiest passenger airports united states including busiest hartsfield–jackson atlanta international airport.the united states longest rail network world nearly standard gauge.network handles mostly freight intercity passenger service provided governmentsubsidized amtrak four states.transportation largest single source greenhouse gas emissions united states.country ranks worlds secondhighest emitter greenhouse gases exceeded china.united states worlds largest producer greenhouse gases ranks third tied canada greenhouse gas emissions per capita.
United States	energy united states receives approximately energy fossil fuels.largest source countrys energy came petroleum .followed natural gas coal .renewable sources .nuclear power .. americans constitute less worlds population consume worlds energy account worlds petroleum consumption producing worlds annual petroleum supply.
United States	demographics population u.s. census bureau reported residents april .figure like official data united states whole excludes five unincorporated territories puerto rico guam u.s. virgin islands american samoa northern mariana islands minor island possessions.according bureaus u.s. population clock january u.s. population net gain one person every seconds people per day.united states third populous nation world china india.median age united states population .
United States	years.in almost million immigrants u.s.born children immigrants united states accounting overall u.s. population.united states diverse population ancestry groups one million members.white americans european ancestry mostly german irish english italian polish french including white hispanic latino americans latin america form largest racial group .population.african americans constitute nations largest racial minority thirdlargest ancestry group around total u.s. population.
United States	asian americans countrys secondlargest racial minority three largest asian ethnic groups chinese filipino indian.in u.s. foreignborn population .million naturalized citizens .million lawful permanent residents .million temporary lawful residents .million unauthorized immigrants.
United States	among current living immigrants u.s. top five countries birth mexico china india philippines el salvador.united states led world refugee resettlement decades admitting refugees rest world combined.about americans live urban areas including suburbs half reside cities populations .incorporated municipalities populations nine cities one million residents four cities two million namely new york los angeles chicago houston.many u.s. metropolitan populations growing rapidly particularly south west.as americans age married widowed divorced never married.total fertility rate stood .
United States	children per woman.average age first birth births unmarried women.u.s. worlds highest rate children living singleparent households rates canada mexico respectively.language english specifically american english de facto national language united states.although official language federal level laws—such u.s. naturalization requirements—standardize english states declared english official language.
United States	three states four u.s. territories recognized local indigenous languages addition english including hawaii hawaiian alaska twenty native languages south dakota sioux american samoa samoan puerto rico spanish guam chamorro northern mariana islands carolinian chamorro.puerto rico spanish widely spoken english.according american community survey million people total u.s. population million spoke english home.million spoke spanish home making second commonly used language united states.languages spoken home one million people include chinese .million tagalog .
United States	million vietnamese .million french .million korean .million german million.the widely taught foreign languages united states terms enrollment numbers kindergarten university undergraduate education spanish around .million students french .
United States	million german .commonly taught languages include latin japanese american sign language italian chinese.americans claim speak english another language.religion first amendment u.s. constitution guarantees free exercise religion forbids congress passing laws respecting establishment.the united states worlds largest christian population.survey .
United States	adults united states identified christians protestants general accounted .catholics .formed largest single christian denomination..u.s. adult population claimed nonchristian religion.
United States	include judaism .islam .hinduism .buddhism .. survey also reported .americans described agnostic atheist simply religion—up .
United States	.membership house worship fell much decline related number americans expressing religious preference.however membership also fell among identified specific religious group.protestantism largest christian religious grouping united states accounting almost half americans.baptists collectively form largest branch protestantism .southern baptist convention largest individual protestant denomination .
United States	u.s. population.apart baptists protestant categories include nondenominational protestants methodists pentecostals unspecified protestants lutherans presbyterians congregationalists episcopaliansanglicans quakers adventists holiness christian fundamentalists anabaptists pietists multiple others.the bible belt informal term region southern united states socially conservative evangelical protestantism significant part culture christian church attendance across denominations generally higher nations average.contrast religion plays least important role new england western united states.health centers disease control prevention cdc reported united states average life expectancy birth .years .
United States	years men .years women .years .according provisional figures lowest average u.s. life expectancy recorded cdc since first overall decline since largest oneyear decline since world war ii.threequarters decrease attributed deaths covid pandemic rest due accidents drug overdoses.
United States	country also one highest suicide rates among wealthy countries.starting average life expectancy u.s. fell behind wealthy industrialized countries americans health disadvantage gap increasing ever since.americans died drug overdoses.life expectancy highest among asians hispanics lowest among blacks.increasing obesity united states improvements health longevity outside u.s. contributed lowering countrys rank life expectancy th world nd .united states lowest life expectancy among japan canada australia united kingdom seven nations western europe.
United States	obesity rates doubled last years highest industrialized world.approximately onethird adult population obese additional third overweight.obesityrelated type diabetes considered epidemic health care professionals.in coronary artery disease lung cancer stroke chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases traffic collisions caused years life lost u.s. low back pain depression musculoskeletal disorders neck pain anxiety caused years lost disability.harmful risk factors poor diet tobacco smoking obesity high blood pressure high blood sugar physical inactivity alcohol use.alzheimers disease substance use disorders kidney disease cancer falls caused additional years life lost ageadjusted percapita rates.
United States	u.s. teenage pregnancy abortion rates substantially higher western nations especially among blacks hispanics.governmentfunded health care coverage poor medicaid established age older medicare begun available americans meet programs income age qualifications.united states developed nation without system universal health care reasons extent problem matter debate.similarly significant proportion population carry health insurance reasons extent problem also matter debate.former president obama passed patient protection affordable care act also known affordable care act aca ushered sweeping set reforms americas health care system nearly five decades since creation medicare medicaid.cdc said law roughly halved uninsured share population multiple studies concluded aca reduced mortality enrollees legacy remains controversial.the u.s. health care system far outspends nation measured per capita spending percentage gdp attains worse healthcare outcomes compared peer nations.
United States	however u.s. global leader medical innovation.education american public education operated state local governments regulated united states department education restrictions federal grants.states children required attend school age five six beginning kindergarten first grade turn generally bringing twelfth grade end high school states allow students leave school .about children enrolled parochial nonsectarian private schools..children homeschooled .
United States	u.s. spends education per student nation world spending average per year public elementary secondary school students – school year.u.s. college students attend public universities.of americans older .graduated high school .attended college .earned bachelors degree .
United States	earned graduate degrees.basic literacy rate approximately .united nations assigns united states education index .tying th world.the united states many private public institutions higher education.majority worlds top universities listed various ranking organizations u.s. also local community colleges generally open admission policies shorter academic programs lower tuition.in u network researchintensive universities ranked united states first world breadth quality higher education th gdp factor.
United States	public expenditures higher education u.s. trails oecd organization cooperation development nations spends per student oecd average nations combined public private spending.despite student loan forgiveness programs place student loan debt increased last decade exceeded .trillion dollars .culture united states home many cultures wide variety ethnic groups traditions values.aside native american native hawaiian native alaskan populations nearly americans ancestors immigrated imported slaves within past five centuries.
United States	mainstream american culture western culture largely derived traditions european immigrants influences many sources traditions brought slaves africa.recent immigration asia especially latin america added cultural mix described homogenizing melting pot immigrants contributing eventually assimilating mainstream american culture.americans traditionally characterized strong work ethic competitiveness individualism well unifying belief american creed emphasizing liberty equality private property democracy rule law preference limited government.americans extremely charitable global standards according british study americans gave .gdp charity nation studied.the american dream perception americans enjoy high social mobility plays key role attracting immigrants.whether perception accurate topic debate.
United States	mainstream culture holds united states classless society scholars identify significant differences countrys social classes affecting socialization language values.americans tend greatly value socioeconomic achievement ordinary average also generally seen positive attribute.literature philosophy visual art th early th centuries american art literature took cues europe contributing western culture.writers washington irving nathaniel hawthorne edgar allan poe henry david thoreau established distinctive american literary voice middle th century.mark twain poet walt whitman major figures centurys second half emily dickinson virtually unknown lifetime recognized essential american poet.
United States	work seen capturing fundamental aspects national experience character—such herman melvilles mobydick twains adventures huckleberry finn f. scott fitzgeralds great gatsby harper lees kill mockingbird —may dubbed great american novel.thirteen u.s. citizens nobel prize literature.william faulkner ernest hemingway john steinbeck often named among influential writers th century.popular literary genres western hardboiled crime fiction developed united states.beat generation writers opened new literary approaches postmodernist authors john barth thomas pynchon delillo.the transcendentalists led thoreau ralph waldo emerson established first major american philosophical movement.civil war charles sanders peirce william james john dewey leaders development pragmatism.
United States	th century work w. v. o. quine richard rorty later noam chomsky brought analytic philosophy fore american philosophical academia.john rawls robert nozick also led revival political philosophy.in visual arts hudson river school midthcentury movement tradition european naturalism.armory show new york city exhibition european modernist art shocked public transformed u.s. art scene.georgia okeeffe marsden hartley others experimented new individualistic styles.major artistic movements abstract expressionism jackson pollock willem de kooning pop art andy warhol roy lichtenstein developed largely united states.
United States	tide modernism postmodernism brought fame american architects frank lloyd wright philip johnson frank gehry.americans long important modern artistic medium photography major photographers including alfred stieglitz edward steichen edward weston ansel adams.food early settlers introduced native americans indigenous noneuropean foods turkey sweet potatoes corn squash maple syrup.later immigrants combined foods known wheat flour beef milk create distinctive american cuisine.homegrown foods part shared national menu one americas popular holidays thanksgiving many americans make purchase traditional foods celebrate occasion.the american fast food industry worlds largest pioneered drivethrough format s. characteristic american dishes apple pie fried chicken doughnuts french fries macaroni cheese ice cream pizza hamburgers hot dogs derive recipes various immigrants.mexican dishes burritos tacos pasta dishes freely adapted italian sources widely consumed.
United States	americans drink three times much coffee tea.marketing u.s. industries largely responsible making orange juice milk standard breakfast beverages.music among americas earliest composers man named william billings born boston composed patriotic hymns billings part first new england school dominated american music earliest stages.anthony heinrich prominent composer civil war.mid late john philip sousa late romantic era composed numerous military songs—particularly marches—and regarded one americas greatest composers.
United States	late th century second new england school sometimes referred specifically boston six became prominent representatives classical tradition john knowles paine leading figure.although little known time charles ives work established first major u.s. composer classical tradition experimentalists henry cowell john cage created distinctive american approach classical composition.aaron copland george gershwin—eventually furthered leonard bernstein—developed new synthesis popular classical music.the rhythmic lyrical styles africanamerican music deeply influenced american music large distinguishing european african traditions.elements folk idioms blues known oldtime music adopted transformed popular genres global audiences.jazz developed innovators louis armstrong duke ellington early th century.country music developed rhythm blues s.elvis presley chuck berry among mids pioneers rock roll.
United States	rock bands metallica eagles aerosmith among highest grossing worldwide sales.bob dylan emerged folk revival become one americas celebrated songwriters james brown led development funk.more recent american creations include hip hop salsa techno house music.midthcentury american pop stars bing crosby frank sinatra elvis presley became global celebrities artists late th century michael jackson prince madonna whitney houston.popular artists mids late include mariah carey britney spears justin timberlake christina aguilera beyoncé.wellknown american singers include katy perry bruno mars lady gaga taylor swift ariana grande.cinema hollywood northern district los angeles california one leaders motion picture production.
United States	worlds first commercial motion picture exhibition given new york city using thomas edisons kinetoscope.since early th century u.s. film industry largely based around hollywood although st century increasing number films made film companies subject forces globalization.director d. w. griffith american filmmaker silent film period central development film grammar producerentrepreneur walt disney leader animated film movie merchandising.directors john ford redefined image american old west like others john huston broadened possibilities cinema location shooting.industry enjoyed golden years commonly referred golden age hollywood early sound period early screen actors john wayne marilyn monroe becoming iconic figures.new hollywood hollywood renaissance defined grittier films influenced french italian realist pictures postwar period.
United States	recent times directors steven spielberg george lucas james cameron gained renown blockbuster films often characterized high production costs earnings.notable films topping american film institutes afi list include orson welless citizen kane frequently cited greatest film time casablanca godfather gone wind lawrence arabia wizard oz graduate waterfront schindlers list singin rain wonderful life sunset boulevard .academy awards popularly known oscars held annually academy motion picture arts sciences since golden globe awards held annually since january .theater theater united states part old european theatrical tradition heavily influenced british theater.central hub american theater scene manhattan divisions broadway offbroadway offoffbroadway.many movie television stars gotten big break working new york productions.
United States	outside new york city many cities professional regional resident theater companies produce seasons works produced regionally hopes eventually moving new york.u.s. theater also active community theater culture relies mainly local volunteers may actively pursuing theatrical career.sports american football several measures popular spectator sport united states national football league nfl highest average attendance sports league world super bowl watched tens millions globally.even collegiate level college football games receive millions viewers per television broadcast notably college football playoff averages million viewers.baseball regarded u.s. national sport since late th century major league baseball mlb top league.
United States	basketball ice hockey countrys next two leading professional team sports top leagues national basketball association nba national hockey league nhl.college football basketball attract large audiences.ncaa final four one watched sporting events.soccer sport gained footing united states since mids country hosted fifa world cup mens national soccer team qualified ten world cups womens team fifa womens world cup four times major league soccer sports highest league united states featuring american three canadian teams.market professional sports united states roughly billion roughly larger europe middle east africa combined.eight olympic games taken place united states.
United States	summer olympics st. louis missouri firstever olympic games held outside europe.united states medals summer olympic games country winter olympic games second behind norway.while major u.s. sports baseball american football evolved european practices basketball volleyball skateboarding snowboarding american inventions become popular worldwide.lacrosse surfing arose native american native hawaiian activities predate western contact.mostwatched individual sports golf auto racing particularly nascar indycar.mass media four major broadcasters u.s. national broadcasting company nbc columbia broadcasting system cbs american broadcasting company abc fox broadcasting company fox.
United States	four major broadcast television networks commercial entities.cable television offers hundreds channels catering variety niches.americans listen radio programming also largely commercial average two half hours day.in number u.s. commercial radio stations grown stations fm stations.addition public radio stations.stations run universities public authorities educational purposes financed public private funds subscriptions corporate underwriting.
United States	much public radio broadcasting supplied npr.npr incorporated february public broadcasting act television counterpart pbs created legislation.september licensed fullpower radio stations u.s. according u.s. federal communications commission fcc.wellknown newspapers include wall street journal new york times usa today.although cost publishing increased years price newspapers generally remained low forcing newspapers rely advertising revenue articles provided major wire service associated press reuters national world coverage.exceptions newspapers u.s. privately owned either large chains gannett mcclatchy dozens even hundreds newspapers small chains handful papers situation increasingly rare individuals families.
United States	major cities often alternative weeklies complement mainstream daily papers new york citys village voice los angeles la weekly.major cities may also support local business journal trade papers relating local industries papers local ethnic social groups.five popular websites used u.s. google youtube amazon yahoo facebook.more publications produced spanish second commonly used language united states behind english.see also index united states–related articleslists u.s. state topicsoutline united states notes references reading internet sources external links united states.world factbook.
Charles de Gaulle	central intelligence agency.united states bbc newskey development forecasts united states international futuresgovernmentofficial u.s. government web portal gateway government siteshouse official site united states house representativessenate official site united states senatewhite house official site president united statessupreme court official site supreme court united stateshistoryhistorical documents collected national center public policy researchu.s.national mottos history constitutionality analysis ontario consultants religious toleranceusa collected links historical datamapsnational atlas united states official maps u.s. department interior wikimedia atlas united states geographic data related united states openstreetmapmeasure america variety mapped information relating health education income demographics u.s.photosphotos usacame retirement appointed president council ministers prime minister president rené coty.rewrote constitution france founded fifth republic approval referendum.elected president france later year position reelected held resignation .born lille graduated saintcyr .decorated officer first world war wounded several times later taken prisoner verdun.interwar period advocated mobile armoured divisions.
Charles de Gaulle	german invasion may led armoured division counterattacked invaders appointed undersecretary war.refusing accept governments armistice germany de gaulle fled england exhorted french resist occupation continue fight appeal june.led free french forces later headed french national liberation committee axis.despite frosty relations united states generally winston churchills support emerged undisputed leader free france.became head provisional government french republic june interim government france following liberation.
Charles de Gaulle	early de gaulle introduced dirigiste economic policy included substantial statedirected control capitalist economy followed years unprecedented growth known trente glorieuses.frustrated return petty partisanship new fourth republic resigned early continued politically active founder rassemblement du peuple français rpf rally french people.retired early wrote war memoirs quickly became staple modern french literature.when algerian war ripping apart unstable fourth republic national assembly brought back power may crisis.founded fifth republic strong presidency elected continue role.managed keep france together taking steps end war much anger piedsnoirs ethnic french born algeria military previously supported return power maintain colonial rule.
Charles de Gaulle	granted independence algeria acted progressively towards french colonies.context cold war de gaulle initiated politics grandeur asserting france major power rely countries united states national security prosperity.end pursued policy national independence led withdraw natos military integrated command launch independent nuclear development program made france fourth nuclear power.restored cordial francogerman relations create european counterweight angloamerican soviet spheres influence signing élysée treaty january .however opposed development supranational europe favouring europe continent sovereign nations.de gaulle openly criticised united states intervention vietnam exorbitant privilege united states dollar.
Charles de Gaulle	later years support slogan vive le québec libre two vetoes britains entry european economic community generated considerable controversy north america europe.although reelected presidency faced widespread protests students workers may armys support election increased majority national assembly.de gaulle resigned losing referendum proposed decentralisation.died year later residence colombeylesdeuxéglises leaving presidential memoirs unfinished.many french political parties figures claim gaullist legacy many streets monuments france dedicated memory death.early life childhood origins charles andré joseph marie de gaulle born november lille nord department third five children.
Charles de Gaulle	raised devoutly catholic traditional family.father henri de gaulle professor history literature jesuit college eventually founded school.– henri de gaulle came long line parliamentary gentry normandy burgundy.– name thought dutch origin may well derived van der walle rampart defensive wall.de gaulles mother jeanne born maillot descended family wealthy entrepreneurs lille.
Charles de Gaulle	french irish scottish german ancestry.– de gaulles father encouraged historical philosophical debate children mealtimes encouragement de gaulle grew familiar french history early age.struck mothers tale cried child heard french capitulation germans sedan developed keen interest military strategy.also influenced uncle also named charles de gaulle historian passionate celticist wrote books pamphlets advocating union welsh scots irish bretons one people.grandfather julienphilippe also historian grandmother josephinemarie wrote poems impassioned christian faith.
Charles de Gaulle	– education intellectual influences time ten reading medieval history.de gaulle began writing early teens especially poetry later family paid composition oneact play verse traveller privately published.voracious reader favored philosophical tomes writers bergson péguy barrès.addition german philosophers nietzsche kant goethe read works ancient greeks especially plato prose romanticist poet chateaubriand.de gaulle educated paris collège stanislas studied briefly belgium continued display interest reading studying history shared great pride many countrymen felt nations achievements.– age fifteen wrote essay imagining general de gaulle leading french army victory germany later wrote youth looked forward somewhat naive anticipation inevitable future war germany avenge french defeat .france de gaulles teenage years divided society many developments unwelcome de gaulle family growth socialism syndicalism legal separation church state reduction term military service two years year.
Charles de Gaulle	equally unwelcome entente cordiale britain first moroccan crisis dreyfus affair.henri de gaulle came supporter dreyfus less concerned innocence per se disgrace army brought onto itself.period also saw resurgence evangelical catholicism dedication sacrécœur paris rise cult joan arc.– de gaulle outstanding pupil midteens july worked harder school focused winning place train army officer military academy saintcyr.lacouture suggests de gaulle joined army despite inclination suited career writer historian partly please father partly one unifying forces represented whole french society.
Charles de Gaulle	later wrote entered army one greatest things world claim lacouture points needs treated caution armys reputation low ebb early dreyfus affair.used extensively strikebreaking fewer applicants st cyr turn century.early career officer cadet lieutenant de gaulle place st cyr .class ranking mediocre th entrants relatively young first attempt exam.law march aspiring army officers required serve year ranks including time private nco attending academy.
Charles de Gaulle	accordingly october de gaulle enlisted four years required rather normal twoyear term conscripts rd infantry regiment french army based arras.historic regiment austerlitz wagram borodino amongst battle honours.april promoted corporal.company commander declined promote sergeant usual rank potential officer commenting young man clearly felt nothing less constable france would good enough him.eventually promoted sergeant september .de gaulle took place st cyr october .
Charles de Gaulle	end first year risen th place.st cyr de gaulle acquired nickname great asparagus height cm high forehead nose.well academy received praise conduct manners intelligence character military spirit resistance fatigue.graduated th class passingout report noted gifted cadet would undoubtedly make excellent officer.future marshal alphonse juin passed first class although two appear close friends time.preferring serve france rather distant overseas colonies october rejoined rd infantry regiment souslieutenant second lieutenant.
Charles de Gaulle	regiment commanded colonel future marshal philippe pétain de gaulle would follow next years.later wrote memoirs first colonel pétain taught art command.it claimed buildup world war de gaulle agreed pétain obsolescence cavalry traditional tactics age machine guns barbed wire often debated great battles likely outcome coming war superior.lacouture sceptical pointing although pétain wrote glowing appraisals de gaulle first twoquarters unlikely stood among captains lieutenants command.de gaulle would present arras manoeuvres pétain criticised general gallet face evidence notebooks accepted pétains unfashionable ideas importance firepower dominant doctrine emphasizing offensive spirit.de gaulle stressed maurice de saxe banned volley fire french armies napoleonic period relied infantry column attack french military power declined nineteenth century – supposedly – excessive concentration firepower e.g.
Charles de Gaulle	chassepot rifle rather élan.also appears accepted fashionable lesson drawn recent russojapanese war bayonet charges japanese infantry high morale succeeded face enemy firepower.de gaulle promoted first lieutenant october .first world war combat war finally broke france early august rd regiment considered one best fighting units france immediately thrown checking german advance dinant.however french fifth army commander general charles lanrezac remained wedded thcentury battle tactics throwing units pointless bayonet charges bugles full colours flying german artillery incurring heavy losses.as platoon commander de gaulle involved fierce fighting outset.received baptism fire august among first wounded receiving bullet knee battle dinant.
Charles de Gaulle	sometimes claimed hospital grew bitter tactics used spoke injured officers outdated methods french army.however contemporary evidence understood importance artillery modern warfare.instead writing time criticised overrapid offensive inadequacy french generals slowness english troops.he rejoined regiment october commander th company.many former comrades already dead.december became regimental adjutant.de gaulles unit gained recognition repeatedly crawling mans land listen conversations enemy trenches information brought back valuable january received croix de guerre.
Charles de Gaulle	february promoted captain initially probation.march de gaulle shot left hand wound initially seemed trivial became infected.wound incapacitated four months later forced wear wedding ring right hand.august commanded th company returning duty regimental adjutant.september rank captain became permanent.
Charles de Gaulle	late october returning leave returned command th company again.as company commander douaumont battle verdun march leading charge try break position become surrounded enemy received bayonet wound left thigh stunned shell captured passing effects poison gas.one survivors battalion.pulled empty shell crater german soldiers taken prisoner.circumstances capture would later become subject debate antigaullists spread rumour actually surrendered claim de gaulle nonchalantly dismissed.prisoner de gaulle spent months six different prisoner camps spent time ingolstadt fortress treatment satisfactory.in captivity de gaulle read german newspapers learned german school spent summer vacation germany gave talks view course conflict fellow prisoners.
Charles de Gaulle	patriotic fervour confidence victory earned yet another nickname le connétable constable title medieval commanderinchief french army.ingolstadt also journalist remy roure would eventually become political ally de gaulle mikhail tukhachevsky future commander red army.time pow de gaulle got know well tukhachevsky whose theories fastmoving mechanized army closely resembled his.prisoner war de gaulle wrote first book discorde chez lennemi enemys house divided analysing issues divisions within german forces.book published .
Charles de Gaulle	de gaulle made five unsuccessful escape attempts moved highersecurity facility punished return long periods solitary confinement withdrawal privileges newspapers tobacco.attempted escape hiding laundry basket digging tunnel digging hole wall even posing nurse fool guards.letters parents constantly spoke frustration war continuing without calling situation shameful misfortune compared cuckolded.war neared end grew depressed playing part victory despite efforts remained captivity armistice.december three weeks later returned fathers house dordogne reunited three brothers served army survived war.
Charles de Gaulle	wars early poland staff college armistice de gaulle served staff french military mission poland instructor polands infantry war communist russia –.distinguished operations near river zbrucz rank major polish army polands highest military decoration virtuti militari.– de gaulle returned france became lecturer military history st cyr.already powerful speaker practice prisoner war.studied école de guerre staff college november october .
Charles de Gaulle	clashed instructor colonel moyrand arguing tactics based circumstances rather doctrine exercise played role commander refused answer question supplies replying de minimis noncurat praetor leader concern trivia ordering responsible officer answer moyrand.obtained respectable outstanding grades – – many assessments.moyrand wrote final report intelligent cultured seriousminded officer brilliance talent criticised deriving much benefit course done arrogance excessive selfconfidence harsh dismissal views others attitude king exile.entered rd graduated nd place grade assez bien good enough.posted mainz help supervise supplies food equipment french army occupation.
Charles de Gaulle	de gaulles book la discorde chez lennemi appeared march .march published essay use tactics according circumstances deliberate gesture defiance moyrand.mids ghostwriter pétain de gaulles career saved pétain arranged staff college grade amended bien good—but excellent would needed general staff posting.– july worked pétain part maison pétain largely pen officer ghostwriter.de gaulle disapproved pétains decision take command morocco later known remark marshal pétain great man.
Charles de Gaulle	died know saw lust public adulation pétain wife.de gaulle began cultivate joseph paulboncour first political patron.december published essay historical role french fortresses.popular topic maginot line planned argument quite nuanced argued aim fortresses weaken enemy economise defence.friction arose de gaulle pétain le soldat history french soldier ghostwritten wanted greater writing credit.written mainly historical material pétain wanted add final chapter thoughts.
Charles de Gaulle	least one stormy meeting late de gaulle seen emerge white anger pétains office.october returned duties headquarters army rhine.de gaulle sworn would never return école de guerre except commandant pétains invitation introduced stage patron delivered three lectures april leadership wartime character prestige.later formed basis book edge sword .many officers audience seniors taught examined years earlier.lates trier beirut spending twelve years captain normal period de gaulle promoted commandant major september .
Charles de Gaulle	november began twoyear posting commanding officer th chasseurs à pied battalion élite light infantry occupation forces trier treves.de gaulle trained men hard river crossing exercise freezing moselle river night vetoed commanding general.imprisoned soldier appealing deputy member parliament transfer cushier unit investigated initially tried invoke status member maison pétain eventually appealing pétain protect reprimand interfering soldiers political rights.observer wrote de gaulle time although encouraged young officers ego...glowed far off.winter – thirty soldiers counting annamese died socalled german flu seven de gaulles battalion.
Charles de Gaulle	investigation singled praise ensuing parliamentary debate exceptionally capable commanding officer mention worn mourning band private soldier orphan earned exclamation praise prime minister raymond poincaré.the breach de gaulle pétain ghostwriting le soldat deepened .pétain brought new ghostwriter colonel audet unwilling take job wrote de gaulle embarrassment take project.pétain quite friendly matter publish book.pétain use de gaulles draft text eulogy late ferdinand foch whose seat academie française assuming.the allied occupation rhineland coming end de gaulles battalion due disbanded although decision later rescinded moved next posting.de gaulle wanted teaching post école de guerre .
Charles de Gaulle	apparently threat mass resignation faculty appointed position there.talk posting corsica north africa pétains advice accepted twoyear posting lebanon syria.– beirut chief rd bureau military operations general louispaulgaston de bigault du granrut wrote glowing reference recommending high command future.staff officer spring posting beirut drew close de gaulle asked pétain posting école de guerre.pétain tried obtain appointment professor history faculty would him.
Charles de Gaulle	instead de gaulle drawing plans drawn reform institution asked pétain create special post would enable lecture conduct war école de guerre centre des hautes études militaires chem – senior staff college generals known school marshals also civilians école normale supérieure civil servants.pétain instead advised apply posting secrétariat général du conseil supérieur de la défense nationale sgdn – general secretariat supreme war council reporting undersecretary prime minister although later moved ministry war paris.pétain promised lobby appointment thought would good experience him.de gaulle posted sgdn november initially drafting officer.promoted lieutenantcolonel december appointed head third section operations.service sgdn gave six years experience interface army planning government enabling take ministerial responsibilities .
Charles de Gaulle	studying arrangements us italy belgium de gaulle drafted bill organisation country time war.made presentation bill chem.bill passed chamber deputies failed senate.early proponent armoured warfare unlike pétain de gaulle believed use tanks rapid maneuvers rather trench warfare.de gaulle became disciple émile mayer – retired lieutenantcolonel career damaged dreyfus affair military thinker.
Charles de Gaulle	mayer thought although wars still bound happen obsolete civilised countries threaten wage war one another previous centuries.low opinion quality french generals critic maginot line proponent mechanised warfare.lacouture suggests mayer focused de gaulles thoughts away obsession mystique strong leader le fil depée back loyalty republican institutions military reform.in de gaulle wrote vers larmée de métier towards professional army.proposed mechanization infantry stress élite force men tanks.book imagined tanks driving around country like cavalry.
Charles de Gaulle	de gaulles mentor emile mayer somewhat prophetic future importance air power battlefield.army would compensate frances population shortage efficient tool enforce international law particularly treaty versailles forbade germany rearming.also thought would precursor deeper national reorganisation wrote master make appearance ... whose orders cannot challenged – man upheld public opinion.only copies sold france claim thousands copies sold germany thought exaggeration.de gaulle used book widen contacts among journalists notably andré pironneau editor lécho de paris.book attracted praise across political spectrum apart hard left committed republican ideal citizen army.
Charles de Gaulle	de gaulles views attracted attention maverick politician paul reynaud wrote frequently sometimes obsequious terms.reynaud first invited meet december .the de gaulle family private.de gaulle deeply focused career time.evidence tempted fascism little evidence views either domestic upheavals many foreign policy crises decade.approved rearmament drive popular front government began although french military doctrine remained tanks used penny packets infantry support ironically would german panzer units would used manner similar de gaulle advocated.
Charles de Gaulle	rare insight de gaulles political views letter mother warning war germany sooner later inevitable reassuring pierre lavals pact ussr best likening francis alliance turks emperor charles v. lates tank regiment april whilst still staff position sgdn de gaulle also lecturer generals chem.de gaulles superiors disapproved views tanks passed promotion full colonel supposedly service record good enough.interceded political patron reynaud showed record minister war édouard daladier.daladier enthusiast rearmament modern weapons ensured name entered onto promotion list following year.general bineau taught st cyr wrote report lectureship chem highly able suitable high command future hid attributes cold lofty attitude.
Charles de Gaulle	put command th tank regiment consisting battalion medium char ds battalion r light tanks metz july promotion full colonel took effect december year.de gaulle attracted public attention leading parade tanks place darmes metz command tank austerlitz.by de gaulle beginning wellknown figure known colonel motors.invitation publisher plon produced another book la france et son armée france army .de gaulle incorporated much text written pétain decade earlier uncompleted book le soldat pétains displeasure.end de gaulle agreed include dedication pétain although wrote rather using draft pétain sent later dropped postwar editions.
Charles de Gaulle	pétain treated de gaulle lacouture puts unbounded good october privately thought former protégé ambitious man illbred.second world war fall france early war outbreak world war ii de gaulle put command french fifth armys tanks five scattered battalions largely equipped r light tanks alsace.september attacked bitche simultaneously saar offensive.start october reynaud asked staff posting de gaulle event remained post minister finance.de gaulles tanks inspected president lebrun impressed regretted late implement ideas.
Charles de Gaulle	wrote paper lavènement de la force mécanique coming armoured force sent general georges commanderinchief northeast front – especially impressed politician leon blum.daladier prime minister time busy read it.in latefebruary reynaud told de gaulle earmarked command armoured division soon one became available.early exact date uncertain de gaulle proposed reynaud appointed secretarygeneral war council would effect made governments military adviser.reynaud became prime minister march reliant daladiers backing job went instead politician paul baudouin.in latemarch de gaulle told reynaud would given command th armoured division due form may.government appeared likely restructured daladier maurice gamelin commanderinchief attack aftermath allied defeat norway happened de gaulle may still lobbying reynaud restructuring control war might well joined government.
Charles de Gaulle	may assembling staff new division.battle france division commander germans attacked west may.de gaulle activated new division may.germans broke sedan may .day three tank battalions assembled less third paper strength summoned headquarters told attack gain time general robert touchons sixth army redeploy maginot line aisne.
Charles de Gaulle	general georges told chance implement ideas.de gaulle commandeered retreating cavalry artillery units also received extra halfbrigade one whose battalions included heavy b bis tanks.attack montcornet key road junction near laon began around may.outnumbered without air support lost vehicles mines antitank weapons stukas.may reinforced two fresh regiments armoured cavalry bringing strength vehicles.attacked may forces devastated german stukas artillery.
Charles de Gaulle	ignored orders general georges withdraw early afternoon demanded two divisions touchon refused request.although de gaulles tanks forced german infantry retreat caumont action brought temporary relief little slow spearhead german advance.nevertheless one successes french enjoyed suffering defeats elsewhere across country.he delayed retreat may.may request propaganda officers gave talk french radio recent attack.recognition efforts de gaulle promoted rank temporary acting anglophone parlance brigadiergeneral may .
Charles de Gaulle	despite compulsorily retired colonel june see would wear uniform brigadiergeneral rest life.on – may de gaulle attacked german bridgehead south somme abbeville taking around german prisoners last attempt cut escape route allied forces falling back dunkirk.future general paul huard served de gaulle time recorded would often stand piece high ground keeping officers literally six yards distance subjecting subordinates harsh criticism making decisions autocratically behaviour consistent later conduct political leader.lacouture points undoubted energy physical courage evidence brief period command possessed hunters eye great battlefield commander single one officers joined london although joined resistance france.de gaulles rank brigadiergeneral became effective june .day paris.visit tailor fitted generals uniform visited reynaud appears offered government job first time later afterwards commanderinchief maxime weygand congratulated saving frances honour asked advice.
Charles de Gaulle	june sent memo weygand vainly urging french armoured divisions consolidated four weak divisions three stronger ones concentrated armoured corps command.made suggestion reynaud.battle france government minister june day germans began second phase offensive fall rot prime minister paul reynaud appointed de gaulle government minister undersecretary state national defence war particular responsibility coordination british.weygand objected appointment thinking mere child.pétain deputy prime minister also displeased appointment told reynaud story ghostwriting le soldat.
Charles de Gaulle	appointment received good deal press attention france uk.asked englishspeaking aide geoffroy chodron de courcel given job.on june de gaulle visited weygand believed end france defeated britain would also soon sue peace.hoped armistice germans would allow retain enough french army maintain order france.gave despairing laugh de gaulle suggested fighting on.on june de gaulle flew london met british prime minister winston churchill first time.thought half million men could evacuated french north africa provided british french navies air forces coordinated efforts.
Charles de Gaulle	either meeting june urged churchill vain throw royal air force raf aircraft battle france conceded churchill right refuse.in memoirs de gaulle mentioned support proposal continue war french north africa time favour plan form redoubt brittany later admitted.italy entered war june.day de gaulle present two meetings weygand mentions one memoirs one defence committee second weygand barged reynauds office demanded armistice.weygand asked de gaulle wanted carry fighting anything suggest de gaulle replied governments job give orders make suggestions.de gaulle wanted paris stubbornly defended de lattre instead declared open city.around reynaud de gaulle left paris tours rest government left paris june.
Charles de Gaulle	battle france briare tours june de gaulle drove arcissuraube offered general hunziger commander central army group weygands job commanderinchief.hunziger accepted principle although according henri massis merely amused prospect forming breton redoubt – hunziger would sign armistice behalf pétain weeks later de gaulle unable persuade reynaud sack weygand.later june de gaulle attended meeting anglofrench supreme war council chateau du muguet briare.british represented churchill anthony eden general john dill chief imperial general staff general hastings ismay edward spears french reynaud pétain weygand georges.churchill demanded french take guerrilla warfare reminded pétain come aid british forty french divisions march receiving dusty answer case.de gaulles fighting spirit made strong impression british.
Charles de Gaulle	meeting de gaulle met pétain first time two years.pétain noted recent promotion general adding congratulate ranks use defeat.de gaulle protested pétain promoted brigadiergeneral division commander battle marne replied comparison present situation.de gaulle later conceded pétain right much least.de gaulle missed second day conference rennes meeting mentioned memoirs discuss plans breton redoubt general rené altmayer.
Charles de Gaulle	returned attend cabinet meeting clear growing movement armistice decided government move bordeaux rather de gaulles preference quimper brittany.on june de gaulle attended another anglofrench conference tours churchill lord halifax lord beaverbrook spears ismay alexander cadogan.time major french figures present apart reynaud baudoin.hour late account reliable.reynaud demanded france released agreement made prime minister neville chamberlain march france could seek armistice.de gaulle wrote churchill sympathetic france seeking armistice provided agreement reached happen french fleet.
Charles de Gaulle	claim later made apologists vichy regime e.g.general georges claimed churchill supported armistice means keeping germans french north africa.however supported eyewitnesses churchill roland de margerie spears agree churchill said understood french action agree it.murmured de gaulle l’homme du destin man destiny although unclear whether de gaulle actually heard him.cabinet meeting evening pétain strongly supported weygands demand armistice said would remain france share suffering french people begin national rebirth.
Charles de Gaulle	de gaulle dissuaded resigning interior minister georges mandel argued war beginning de gaulle needed keep reputation unsullied.battle france francobritish union de gaulle arrived bordeaux june given new mission go london discuss potential evacuation north africa.brief meeting admiral darlan potential role french navy.evening coincidence dined restaurant pétain went shake hand silence last time ever met.next morning aircraft could found drive brittany visited wife daughters aged mother never saw died july taking boat plymouth asked skipper would willing carry war british flag arrived june.
Charles de Gaulle	ordered boat pasteur cargo munitions diverted british port caused members french government call put trial.on afternoon sunday june de gaulle downing street talks jean monnets mooted anglofrench political union.telephoned reynaud – cut conversation resume later – news british agreed.took london british aircraft june unclear whether later claimed churchill agreed would returning soon landing bordeaux around told longer minister reynaud resigned prime minister francobritish union rejected cabinet.pétain become prime minister remit seeking armistice nazi germany.de gaulle imminent danger arrest.
Charles de Gaulle	flight edward spears de gaulle visited reynaud still hoped escape french north africa declined come london.reynaud still control secret government funds handover power next day.suggested ordered de gaulle go london written evidence ever found confirm this.georges mandel also refused come.at around morning june flew london british aircraft edward spears.escape hairraising.
Charles de Gaulle	spears claimed de gaulle reluctant come pulled aircraft last minute although de gaulles biographer accept this.jean laurent brought gold francs secret funds provided reynaud.de gaulle later told andré malraux mental anguish flight london – break french army recognised government would inevitably seen treason many – caused him.second world war leader free french exile appeal london de gaulle landed heston airport soon june .saw churchill around churchill offered broadcast time bbc.
Charles de Gaulle	knew pétains broadcast earlier day stated fighting must end approached germans terms.evening de gaulle dined jean monnet denounced pétains treason.next day british cabinet churchill present day finest hour speech reluctant agree de gaulle giving radio address britain still communication pétain government fate french fleet.duff cooper minister information advance copy text address objections.cabinet eventually agreed individual lobbying indicated handwritten amendment cabinet minutes.de gaulles appeal june exhorted french people demoralized continue resist occupation france.
Charles de Gaulle	also – apparently initiative – declared would broadcast next day.recording survives june speech.listened although published newspapers metropolitan mainland france.speech largely aimed french soldiers britain evacuated norway dunkirk showed interest fighting de gaulles free french forces repatriated back france become german prisoners war.in next broadcast june de gaulle denied legitimacy government bordeaux.called north african troops live tradition bertrand clausel thomas robert bugeaud hubert lyautey defying orders bordeaux.
Charles de Gaulle	british foreign office protested churchill.de gaulle also tried largely vain attract support french forces french empire.telegraphed general charles noguès residentgeneral morocco commanderinchief french forces north africa offering serve cooperate way.noguès dismayed armistice agreed go along refused cooperate forbade press french north africa publish de gaulles appeal.noguès told british liaison officer de gaulles attitude unseemly.de gaulle also sent telegram weygand offering serve orders receiving dismissive reply.after armistice signed june de gaulle spoke june denounce it.
Charles de Gaulle	bordeaux government reacted immediately annulling temporary promotion brigadiergeneral effect day forcibly retiring french army rank colonel june disciplinary measure par mesure de discipline.june british government denounced armistice breach anglofrench treaty signed march stated longer regarded bordeaux government fully independent state.also took note plan establish french national committee fnc exile mention de gaulle name.jean monnet chairman anglofrench coordinating committee believed de gaulle could yet claim alone represented fighting france french opinion would rally man operating british soil.said letter de gaulle june noted made concerns known british foreign office officials alexander cadogan robert vansittart well edward spears.

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