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China | international patents application.china ranked th rd asia oceania region nd countries population million global innovation index increased ranking considerably since ranked th.china ranks first globally important indicators including patents utility models trademarks industrial designs creative goods exports also shenzhenhong kongguangzhou beijing nd rd spots respectively global top science technology clusters country.chinese tech companies huawei zte top filers international patents .chineseborn academicians nobel prize physics four times nobel prize chemistry nobel prize physiology medicine fields medal respectively though conducted prizewinning research western nations.china developing education system emphasis science technology engineering mathematics stem china graduated phd engineers many bsc graduates country. |
China | china also became worlds largest publisher scientific papers .chinese technology companies huawei lenovo become world leaders telecommunications personal computing chinese supercomputers consistently ranked among worlds powerful.china worlds largest market industrial robots since account newly installed robots .the chinese space program one worlds active.china launched first satellite dong fang hong becoming fifth country independently.china became third country independently send humans space yang liweis spaceflight aboard shenzhou thirteen chinese nationals journeyed space including two women. |
China | chinas first space station module tiangong launched marking first step project assemble large crewed station early s. china successfully landed change lander yutu rover onto lunar surface.first quantum science satellite launched partnership austria dedicated testing fundamentals quantum communication space.china became first country land probe—change —on far side moon.first experimental g test satellite launched change successfully returned moon samples earth making china third country independently united states soviet union.china became second nation history independently land rover zhurong mars joining united states. |
China | infrastructure decadeslong infrastructural boom china produced numerous worldleading infrastructural projects china worlds largest bullet train network supertall skyscrapers world worlds largest power plant three gorges dam largest energy generation capacity world global satellite navigation system largest number satellites world initiated belt road initiative large global infrastructure building initiative funding order – billion per year.belt road initiative could one largest development plans modern history.telecommunications china largest telecom market world currently largest number active cellphones country world .billion subscribers .also worlds largest number internet broadband users million internet users —equivalent around population—and almost mobile well. |
China | china billion g users accounting worlds total.china making rapid advances g—by late china started largescale commercial g trials.china mobile china unicom china telecom three large providers mobile internet china.china telecom alone served million broadband subscribers million mobile users china unicom million subscribers china mobile biggest million users .combined three operators .million g basestations china. |
China | several chinese telecommunications companies notably huawei zte accused spying chinese military.china developed satellite navigation system dubbed beidou began offering commercial navigation services across asia well global services end .upon completion th beidou satellite launched orbit june beidou followed gps glonass third completed global navigation satellite world.transport since late chinas national road network significantly expanded creation network national highways expressways.chinas highways reached total length km mi making longest highway system world.china worlds largest market automobiles surpassed united states auto sales production. |
China | sideeffect rapid growth chinas road network significant rise traffic accidents though number fatalities traffic accidents fell .urban areas bicycles remain common mode transport despite increasing prevalence automobiles – approximately million bicycles china.chinas railways stateowned among busiest world handling quarter worlds rail traffic volume percent worlds tracks .country km mi railways second longest network world.railways strain meet enormous demand particularly chinese new year holiday worlds largest annual human migration takes place.chinas highspeed rail hsr system started construction early s. end high speed rail china reached kilometers miles dedicated lines alone making longest hsr network world.services beijing–shanghai beijing–tianjin chengdu–chongqing lines reach kmh mph making fastest conventional high speed railway services world. |
China | annual ridership .billion passengers worlds busiest.network includes beijing–guangzhou–shenzhen highspeed railway single longest hsr line world beijing–shanghai highspeed railway three longest railroad bridges world.shanghai maglev train reaches kmh mph fastest commercial train service world.since growth rapid transit systems chinese cities accelerated.january chinese cities urban mass transit systems operation metro systems approved. |
China | china boasts five longest metro systems world networks shanghai beijing guangzhou chengdu shenzhen largest.there approximately airports around planned .china river seaports open foreign shipping.ports shanghai hong kong shenzhen ningbozhoushan guangzhou qingdao tianjin ranked top world container traffic cargo tonnage.water supply sanitation water supply sanitation infrastructure china facing challenges rapid urbanization well water scarcity contamination pollution.according data presented joint monitoring program water supply sanitation unicef rural population china still access improved sanitation. |
China | ongoing south–north water transfer project intends abate water shortage north.demographics national census recorded population peoples republic china approximately ..population years old younger .years old . |
China | years old.population growth rate estimated .. china used make much worlds poor makes much worlds middle class.although middleincome country western standards chinas rapid growth pulled hundreds millions— million precise—of people poverty since .less chinese population lived international poverty line us.per day . |
China | unemployment rate china averaged .given concerns population growth china implemented twochild limit began advocate even stricter limit one child per family.beginning mid however given unpopularity strict limits china began allow major exemptions particularly rural areas resulting actually .child policy mids ethnic minorities also exempt one child limits.next major loosening policy enacted december allowing families two children one parent child.onechild policy replaced favor twochild policy.data census implies total fertility rate may around . |
China | although due underreporting births may closer .–..according one group scholars onechild limits little effect population growth size total population.however scholars challenged.counterfactual model fertility decline without restrictions implies china averted million births number may reach one billion given lost descendants births averted era fertility restrictions onechild restrictions accounting great bulk reduction.the policy along traditional preference boys may contributed imbalance sex ratio birth.according census sex ratio birth .boys every girls beyond normal range around boys every girls. |
China | census found males accounted .percent total population.however chinas sex ratio balanced males accounted .percent total population.ethnic groups china legally recognizes distinct ethnic groups altogether comprise zhonghua minzu. |
China | largest nationalities ethnic chinese han constitute totalpopulation.han chinese – worlds largest single ethnic group – outnumber ethnic groups every provinciallevel division except tibet xinjiang.ethnic minorities account less population china according census.compared population census han population increased persons .population national minorities combined increased persons .. census recorded total foreign nationals living china. |
China | largest groups south korea theunited states japan .languages many living languages china.languages commonly spoken belong sinitic branch sinotibetan language family contains mandarin spoken population varieties chinese language yue including cantonese taishanese wu including shanghainese suzhounese min including fuzhounese hokkien teochew xiang gan hakka.languages tibetoburman branch including tibetan qiang naxi yi spoken across tibetan yunnan–guizhou plateau.ethnic minority languages southwest china include zhuang thai dong sui taikadai family miao yao hmong–mien family wa austroasiatic family. |
China | across northeastern northwestern china local ethnic groups speak altaic languages including manchu mongolian several turkic languages uyghur kazakh kyrgyz salar western yugur.korean spoken natively along border north korea.sarikoli language tajiks western xinjiang indoeuropean language.taiwanese aborigines including small population mainland speak austronesian languages.standard mandarin variety mandarin based beijing dialect official national language china used lingua franca country people different linguistic backgrounds.mongolian uyghur tibetan zhuang various languages also regionally recognized throughout country.chinese characters used written script sinitic languages thousands years. |
China | allow speakers mutually unintelligible chinese varieties communicate writing.government introduced simplified characters supplanted older traditional characters mainland china.chinese characters romanized using pinyin system.tibetan uses alphabet based indic script.uyghur commonly written persian alphabetbased uyghur arabic alphabet. |
China | mongolian script used china manchu script derived old uyghur alphabet.zhuang uses official latin alphabet script traditional chinese character script.urbanization china urbanized significantly recent decades.percent countrys population living urban areas increased .estimated chinas urban population reach one billion potentially equivalent oneeighth world population.china cities population one million including megacities cities population million chongqing shanghai beijing chengdu guangzhou tianjin shenzhen wuhan harbin shijiazhuang suzhou hangzhou xian zhengzhou baoding linyi changsha dongguan qingdao. |
China | shanghai chinas populous urban area chongqing largest city proper.estimated country home cities million inhabitants.figures table census estimates urban populations within administrative city limits different ranking exists considering total municipal populations includes suburban rural populations.large floating populations migrant workers make conducting censuses urban areas difficult figures include longterm residents.education since compulsory education china comprises primary junior secondary school together last nine years. |
China | .percent students continued education threeyear senior secondary school.gaokao chinas national university entrance exam prerequisite entrance higher education institutions.percent secondary school graduates enrolled higher education.number increased significantly last years reaching tertiary school enrolment . |
China | percent .vocational education available students secondary tertiary level.million chinese students graduated vocational colleges nationwide every year.china largest education system world million students .million fulltime teachers schools.february government pledged provide completely free nineyear education including textbooks fees. |
China | annual education investment went less us billion us billion .however remains inequality education spending.annual education expenditure per secondary school student beijing totalled ¥ guizhou one poorest provinces china totalled ¥.free compulsory education china consists primary school junior secondary school ages .graduation enrollment ratio compulsory education level reached . |
China | percent exceeding average levels recorded highincome countries around .chinese received secondary education.chinas literacy rate grown dramatically ..population age .year china beijing shanghai jiangsu zhejiang ranked highest world programme international student assessment ranking three categories mathematics science reading. |
China | china ranks first alltime medal count international mathematical olympiad goal medals since first participation .china also ranks first alltime medal count international physics olympiad international chemistry olympiad international olympiad informatics.china universities million students enrolled mainland china.china worlds secondhighest number top universities.currently china trails united states terms representation lists top universities according academic ranking world universities arwu.china home two best universities tsinghua university peking university whole asiaoceania region emerging countries according times higher education world university rankings. |
China | members c league alliance elite chinese universities offering comprehensive leading education.health national health family planning commission together counterparts local commissions oversees health needs chinese population.emphasis public health preventive medicine characterized chinese health policy since early s. time communist party started patriotic health campaign aimed improving sanitation hygiene well treating preventing several diseases.diseases cholera typhoid scarlet fever previously rife china nearly eradicated campaign.after deng xiaoping began instituting economic reforms health chinese public improved rapidly better nutrition although many free public health services provided countryside disappeared along peoples communes.healthcare china became mostly privatized experienced significant rise quality. |
China | government began year largescale healthcare provision initiative worth us billion.campaign resulted chinas population basic health insurance coverage.china estimated worlds thirdlargest supplier pharmaceuticals population suffered development distribution counterfeit medications.as average life expectancy birth china years infant mortality rate per thousand.improved significantly since s. rates stunting condition caused malnutrition declined .. |
China | .despite significant improvements health construction advanced medical facilities china several emerging public health problems respiratory illnesses caused widespread air pollution hundreds millions cigarette smokers increase obesity among urban youths.chinas large population densely populated cities led serious disease outbreaks recent years outbreak sars although since largely contained.air pollution caused .million premature deaths china.the covid pandemic first identified wuhan december . |
China | studies carried around world possible origin virus.chinese government criticized handling epidemic accused concealing extent outbreak became international pandemic.religion government peoples republic china officially espouses state atheism conducted antireligious campaigns end.religious affairs issues country overseen state administration religious affairs.freedom religion guaranteed chinas constitution although religious organizations lack official approval subject state persecution.over millennia chinese civilization influenced various religious movements. |
China | three teachings including confucianism taoism buddhism chinese buddhism historically significant role shaping chinese culture enriching theological spiritual framework harks back early shang zhou dynasty.chinese popular folk religion framed three teachings traditions consists allegiance shen 神 character signifies energies generation deities environment ancestral principles human groups concepts civility culture heroes many feature chinese mythology history.among popular cults mazu goddess seas huangdi one two divine patriarchs chinese race guandi god war business caishen god prosperity richness pangu many others.china home many worlds tallest religious statues including tallest spring temple buddha henan.clear data religious affiliation china difficult gather due varying definitions religion unorganized diffusive nature chinese religious traditions.scholars note china clear boundary three teachings religions local folk religious practice. |
China | poll conducted gallup international found chinese people selfidentified convinced atheist though worthwhile note chinese religions strands definable nontheistic humanistic religions since believe divine creativity completely transcendent inherent world particular human being.according study approximately either nonreligious practice chinese folk belief buddhists christians muslims adhere religions including taoists folk salvationism.addition han peoples local religious practices also various ethnic minority groups china maintain traditional autochthone religions.various folk religions today comprise – population confucianism religious selfidentification common within intellectual class.significant faiths specifically connected certain ethnic groups include tibetan buddhism islamic religion hui uyghur kazakh kyrgyz peoples northwest china. |
China | population census reported total number muslims country .million.a poll ipsos policy institute kings college london found chinese people said tension different religious groups second lowest percentage countries surveyed.culture since ancient times chinese culture heavily influenced confucianism.much countrys dynastic era opportunities social advancement could provided high performance prestigious imperial examinations origins han dynasty.literary emphasis exams affected general perception cultural refinement china belief calligraphy poetry painting higher forms art dancing drama. |
China | chinese culture long emphasized sense deep history largely inwardlooking national perspective.examinations culture merit remain greatly valued china today.the first leaders peoples republic china born traditional imperial order influenced may fourth movement reformist ideals.sought change traditional aspects chinese culture rural land tenure sexism confucian system education preserving others family structure culture obedience state.observers see period following establishment prc continuation traditional chinese dynastic history others claim communist partys rule damaged foundations chinese culture especially political movements cultural revolution many aspects traditional culture destroyed denounced regressive harmful vestiges feudalism.many important aspects traditional chinese morals culture confucianism art literature performing arts like peking opera altered conform government policies propaganda time. |
China | access foreign media remains heavily restricted.today chinese government accepted numerous elements traditional chinese culture integral chinese society.rise chinese nationalism end cultural revolution various forms traditional chinese art literature music film fashion architecture seen vigorous revival folk variety art particular sparked interest nationally even worldwide.poll october respondents spain slovakia latvia serbia russia found majorities countries considered china culturally attractive.tourism china china received .million inbound international visitors thirdmostvisited country world. |
China | also experiences enormous volume domestic tourism estimated million chinese holidaymakers traveled within country october .china hosts worlds secondlargest number world heritage sites italy one popular tourist destinations world first asiapacific.forecast euromonitor international china become worlds popular destination tourists .literature chinese literature based literature zhou dynasty.concepts covered within chinese classic texts present wide range thoughts subjects including calendar military astrology herbology geography many others. |
China | important early texts include ching shujing within four books five classics served confucian authoritative books statesponsored curriculum dynastic era.inherited classic poetry classical chinese poetry developed floruit tang dynasty.li bai du fu opened forking ways poetic circles romanticism realism respectively.chinese historiography began shiji overall scope historiographical tradition china termed twentyfour histories set vast stage chinese fictions along chinese mythology folklore.pushed burgeoning citizen class ming dynasty chinese classical fiction rose boom historical town gods demons fictions represented four great classical novels include water margin romance three kingdoms journey west dream red chamber. |
China | along wuxia fictions jin yong liang yusheng remains enduring source popular culture east asian cultural sphere.in wake new culture movement end qing dynasty chinese literature embarked new era written vernacular chinese ordinary citizens.hu shih lu xun pioneers modern literature.various literary genres misty poetry scar literature young adult fiction xungen literature influenced magic realism emerged following cultural revolution.mo yan xungen literature author awarded nobel prize literature .cuisine chinese cuisine highly diverse drawing several millennia culinary history geographical variety influential known eight major cuisines including sichuan cantonese jiangsu shandong fujian hunan anhui zhejiang cuisines. |
China | featured precise skills shaping heating flavoring.chinese cuisine also known width cooking methods ingredients well food therapy emphasized traditional chinese medicine.generally chinas staple food rice south wheatbased breads noodles north.diet common people premodern times largely grain simple vegetables meat reserved special occasions.bean products tofu soy milk remain popular source protein. |
China | pork popular meat china accounting threefourths countrys total meat consumption.pork dominates meat market also vegetarian buddhist cuisine porkfree chinese islamic cuisine.southern cuisine due areas proximity ocean milder climate wide variety seafood vegetables differs many respects wheatbased diets across dry northern china.numerous offshoots chinese food hong kong cuisine american chinese food emerged nations play host chinese diaspora.music chinese music covers highly diverse range music traditional music modern music. |
China | chinese music dates back preimperial times.traditional chinese musical instruments traditionally grouped eight categories known bayin 八音.traditional chinese opera form musical theatre china originating thousands years regional style forms beijing opera cantonese opera.chinese pop cpop includes mandopop cantopop.chinese rap chinese hip hop hong kong hip hop become popular contemporary times. |
China | cinema cinema first introduced china first chinese film dingjun mountain released .china largest number movie screens world since china became largest cinema market world .top highestgrossing films china currently wolf warrior ne zha wandering earth .fashion hanfu historical clothing han people china.qipao cheongsam popular chinese female dress. |
China | hanfu movement popular contemporary times seeks revitalize hanfu clothing.sports china one oldest sporting cultures world.evidence archery shèjiàn practiced western zhou dynasty.swordplay jiànshù cuju sport loosely related association football date back chinas early dynasties well.physical fitness widely emphasized chinese culture morning exercises qigong tai chi chuan widely practiced commercial gyms private fitness clubs gaining popularity across country.basketball currently popular spectator sport china. |
China | chinese basketball association american national basketball association huge following among people native ethnic chinese players yao ming yi jianlian held high esteem.chinas professional football league known chinese super league established largest football market asia.popular sports country include martial arts table tennis badminton swimming snooker.board games go known wéiqí chinese xiangqi mahjong recently chess also played professional level.addition china home huge number cyclists estimated million bicycles . |
China | many traditional sports dragon boat racing mongolianstyle wrestling horse racing also popular.china participated olympic games since although participated prc since .china hosted summer olympics beijing athletes received gold medals – highest number gold medals participating nation year.china also medals nation summer paralympics overall including gold medals.shenzhen guangdong china hosted summer universiade.china hosted east asian games tianjin summer youth olympics nanjing first country host regular youth olympics. |
RT UK | beijing nearby city zhangjiakou hebei province collaboratively hosted olympic winter games making beijing first dual olympic city world holding summer olympics winter olympics.see also outline chinapublic holidays china notes references reading external links government central peoples government peoples republic china english general information china glance peoples dailybbc news – china profilechina.world factbook.central intelligence agency.china peoples republic ucb libraries govpubschina curlie maps google maps—china wikimedia atlas peoples republic china geographic data related china openstreetmappart rt network russian statecontrolled international television network funded federal tax budget russian government.channels head nikolay bogachikhin.ran live broadcasts seven years stopped broadcasting london july .the channels studios located millbank tower.closure news channel offered four hours programming per day monday friday uk news pm pm pm pm.rt uk news anchors bill dod kate partridge. |
RT UK | rt international broadcasts place millbank tower.rt uk serves home production base rts ukbased programmes.channel still available online rts websites social media along rt international rt documentary rt america.the uk media regulator ofcom repeatedly found rt breached rules impartiality one occasion found broadcast materially misleading content.launch channel launched october closed tv broadcasting july .rt uk focused covering united kingdom. |
RT UK | rt presenter afshin rattansi stated channels position challenge dominant power structures britain broadcasting live original programming progressive uk focus subject metropolitan elites london bias since news come right across country.richard sambrook former director global news bbc director centre journalism cardiff university quoted saying surprising move focus resources uk.commercial proposition therefore main purpose must gain influence.soft power kremlin.prelaunch statement rt correspondent polly boiko said much made rt funded.cast big bad wolf news media landscape think many us... see launch rt uk opportunity shake accusations levelled channel. |
RT UK | incidents relations british regulators ahead launch ukspecific broadcasts rt said adverts promoting channel rejected ad agencies felt would illegal uk laws political advertising.network posted versions adverts billboards website word redacted protest.uk advertising standards authority said banned ads even received complaint them.the uk broadcast regulator ofcom repeatedly reprimanded international version rt failure remain impartial.july londonbased rt international correspondent sara firth resigned five years channel calling coverage mh disaster straw broke camel’s back.shortly rt uk operation launched ofcom said sanctions would imposed breaches broadcasting code occurred.in september ofcom found rt breach impartiality rules coverage events ukraine syria. |
RT UK | also upheld complaint bbc allegations made episode truthseeker bbc panorama film saving syrias children faked parts report chemical weapon attack syria materially misleading.another episode truthseeker named genocide eastern ukraine stated ukrainian government deliberately bombing civilians murdered tortured journalists well crucifying babies.ukrainian army forces accused ethnic cleansing compared nazis world war two.response allegations broadcast form caption saying kiev claims committing genocide denies casualty reports appeared screen six seconds.according ofcom broadcast little counterbalance objectivity. |
RT UK | spokesperson media regulator said ofcom found rt broadcast content either materially misleading duly impartial.significant failings therefore requiring rt broadcast two clear statements decision correct failures.in december ofcom ruled seven programmes broadcast rt march april year wake salisbury nerve agent attacks breached uks impartiality rules bbc reported rt extremely disappointed ofcoms conclusions.rt fined £ kept licence broadcast uk.threatened closure banking facilities october rt published letter sent russia today tv uk ltd natwest bank informing company intended cease banking facilities provided it.rts editor moscow margarita simonyan tweeted russian closed accounts britain. |
RT UK | them.decision discussed.long live freedom speech russian mps foreign ministry human rights officials condemned move.the russian embassy london described move openly political decision however british government since financial crisis owned majority shares group denied responsible banks actions.natwest subsequently said written one rts suppliers station would review decision.rt said company provides rt services uk.the decision natwest end banking services reversed late january . |
RT UK | responses coverage oliver kamm wrote times october purportedly expert analysis world events rt turns assortment racists neonazis ufo buffs conspiracy theorists obscure fantasists.admittedly also commended balance fairness – british national party.continued normal news outlet conspiracy fraudsters service murderous autocracy.observer nick cohen wrote november channel feeds huge western audience wants believe human rights sham democracy fix.believe ask right criticise putin least honest way. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | rt uk programming going underground –present afshin rattansikeiser report –present max keisersam delaneys news thing – sam delaneysputnik –present george gallowaythe alex salmond show –present alex salmond rt programmes rt uk air staff news anchorsbill dod —kate partridgecorrespondentsmartyn andrewsshadia edwardsdashtilaura smith —polly boiko —anastasia churkina references external links rt.comrt uks channel youtubedied natural causes california medical facility february .bittaker norris became known tool box killers majority instruments used torture murder victims pliers ice picks sledgehammers items normally stored inside household toolbox.early life lawrence bittaker lawrence sigmund bittaker born pittsburgh pennsylvania september unwanted child couple chosen children.bittaker placed orphanage birth mother adopted mr. mrs. george bittaker infant.bittakers adoptive father worked aviation industry required family frequently move around united states throughout childhood.bittaker first arrested shoplifting age obtained minor criminal record next four years arrests offense—in addition petty theft—which brought attention juvenile authorities.bittaker would later claim numerous theftrelated offenses committed throughout adolescence attempts compensate lack love received parents. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | although reported iq bittaker considered school tedious experience dropped high school .stage adolescence adoptive parents living california.within year dropping arrested car theft hit run evading arrest.offenses imprisoned california youth authority remained years old.upon release bittaker discovered adoptive parents disowned moved another state. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | would never see adoptive parents again.roy norris roy lewis norris born greeley colorado february .norris conceived wedlock parents married avoid social stigma surrounding illegitimate birth time.– norriss extended family lived within short distance parents home due grandfathers real estate investments.father worked scrapyard mother drugaddicted housewife. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | occasionally lived parents throughout childhood adolescence repeatedly placed care foster families throughout state colorado.norriss childhood recollections interspersed memories wrongful accusations living biological parents neglected many foster families lived frequently denied sufficient food clothing.also claimed sexually abused care hispanic family later stating prejudice held toward hispanic people originated neglect abuse endured child placed care family.living birth parents age norris visited home female relative early twenties began speaking sexually suggestive manner.ordered leave house informed norriss father threatened subject beating. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | norris subsequently stole fathers car drove rocky mountains attempted commit suicide injecting pure air artery arm.later apprehended runaway returned live parents.upon return home norriss parents informed younger sister unwanted children intended divorce reached adolescence.a year later norris dropped school joined united states navy.stationed san diego deployed serve vietnam war although see active combat fourmonth tour duty.honorably discharged navy one tour duty. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | first offenses bittaker within days parole california youth authority bittaker arrested transporting stolen vehicle across state lines.august bittaker sentenced months imprisonment served oklahoma state reformatory.later transferred medical center federal prisoners springfield missouri serve remainder sentence.– bittaker released prison soon reverted crime.within months release arrested los angeles robbery may sentenced years imprisonment. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | incarcerated robbery diagnosed psychiatrist highly manipulative.psychiatrist also described bittaker considerable concealed hostility.bittaker released parole completing two years sentence.october imprisoned parole violation.bittaker underwent examinations two independent psychiatrists classified borderline psychopath highly manipulative individual unable acknowledge consequences actions. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | – bittaker explained one criminal activities gave feeling selfimportance although insisted circumstantial matters pertaining environment upbringing decreased ability resist committing crimes.bittaker prescribed antipsychotic medication.year later released society.– month parole july bittaker arrested convicted theft leaving scene accident.sentenced five years released april . |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | march bittaker arrested burglary.due repeated parole violations sentenced serve months years imprisonment october .three years later bittaker released prison.bittaker arrested assault attempt commit murder stabbed young supermarket employee accused stealing.supermarket employee observed bittaker stealing steak followed bittaker outside stores parking lot asked bittaker whether forgotten pay. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | bittaker responded stabbing pursuer chest narrowly missing heart.attempted flee quickly restrained two supermarket employees.employee gary louie survived stabbing bittaker convicted lesser charge assault deadly weapon sent california mens colony san luis obispo.norris november norris arrested first known sexual offenses charged rape assault attempt commit rape.latter incident attempted force way car lone woman. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | three months later february norris attempted deceive lone woman allowing enter home.woman refused attempted break house woman phoned police arrested norris opportunity cause woman harm.less three months offense norris diagnosed military psychologists severe schizoid personality.given administrative discharge navy terms labeled psychological problems.may norris—on bail latest offense—attacked female student stalking grounds san diego state university campus. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | norris repeatedly struck back head rock slumped knees repeatedly beat head sidewalk knelt upon lower back.shortly thereafter norris charged assault deadly weapon committed five years imprisonment atascadero state hospital classified mentally disordered sex offender.norris released atascadero state hospital five years probation declared doctors individual danger others.three months release norris approached yearold woman walking home restaurant redondo beach offered ride motorcycle.declined norris parked motorcycle grabbed womans scarf twisting around neck informing intended rape dragging nearby bushes.fearing life woman resist rape. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | although rape reported police initially unable find perpetrator.however one month later victim observed norriss motorcycle noted license number immediately gave police.norris arrested rape one year later tried convicted offense sent california mens colony san luis obispo.incarcerated california mens colony norris met befriended bittaker.acquaintance bittaker norris initially became loosely acquainted one year norris arrived san luis obispo. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | bittakers initial impression norris upon arrival california mens colony savvy individual largely associated hardened criminals motorcycle gangs addition dealing contraband drugs.pair gradually became closely acquainted began talking friendly terms norris taught bittaker construct jewelry.according norris bittaker saved attacked fellow inmates least two occasions.pair become close acquaintances discovering shared interest sexual violence misogyny norris also divulging bittaker biggest stimulation seeing frightened young women adding primary reason amassed lengthy record sexual offenses.bittaker—who known committed sexual offenses prior meeting norris—himself divulged norris ever raped woman would kill leave witness crime. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | alone pair regularly discussed plans assault murder teenage girls released.shared fantasy evolved elaborate plan murder one girl teenage year .pair vowed become reacquainted released.release bittaker released california mens colony october returned los angeles found work skilled machinist.work earned bittaker close week despite classifying loner became friendly several people neighborhood earning reputation generous helpful individual occasionally donated money salvation army. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | one occasion known purchased large quantities fast food wine handed homeless individuals downtown los angeles.bittaker particularly popular among local teenagers later admitted primary reason always beer marijuana burbank motel residence would remain popular place teenagers socialize.three months bittaker released california mens colony january norris released prison moved mothers home redondo beach.within one month release raped woman simply abandoned desert.soon found employment electrician compton. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | shortly thereafter received letter bittaker.late february pair met hotel rekindled plan kidnap rape girls.order pair abduct teenage girls bittaker decided would need van opposed car.financial assistance norris bittaker purchased silvergray gmc vandura february .vehicle windowless one side large passengerside sliding door. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | according bittaker viewing sliding door realized norris could pull teenage girl real close open doors way.bittaker norris would nickname van murder mac.murders february june bittaker norris picked female hitchhikers.pair assault girls manner practice runs merely way develop ruses lure girls van voluntarily discovering secluded locations.late april pair found isolated fire road san gabriel mountains. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | bittaker broke open locked gate crowbar replaced lock one owned.– lucinda lynn schaefer bittaker norris killed first victim yearold lucinda lynn schaefer june .schaefer last seen leaving presbyterian church meeting redondo beach.written accounts events day bittaker stated norris first finished constructing bed pair installed rear van beneath placed tools clothes cooler filled beer soft drinks.approximately a.m. pair drove beach area drinking beer smoking grass flirting girls. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | set routine.approximately p.m. norris spotted schaefer walking side street remarked bittaker theres cute little blonde.unsuccessfully attempting entice schaefer van alternative offers marijuana lift home bittaker norris drove ahead parked alongside driveway.norris exited vehicle opened passengerside sliding door leaned van head shoulders obscured view behind door.schaefer passed van norris exchanged words dragging van closing door. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | using ruse would repeat subsequent murders bittaker turned radio full volume norris bound victims arms legs gagged duct tape bittaker drove schaefer fire road san gabriel mountains april pair previously switched locks.despite initially screaming abducted schaefer quickly regained composure.written account night followed bittaker wrote schaefer displayed magnificent state selfcontrol composed acceptance conditions control.shed tears offered resistance expressed great concern safety ... guess knew coming.fire road norris first raped schaefer instructing bittaker go take walk return one hour. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | upon returning van bittaker similarly raped girl norriss absence.upon second occasion raped norris bittakers absence schaefer asked whether intended kill norris replied no.response schaefer requested allowed time pray killed bittaker norriss intention.in subsequent accounts actual murder bittaker norris gave differing accounts argued whether kill rather release stated argued kill her.event schaefer pleaded second pray norris attempted manually strangle her.approximately seconds became disturbed look eyes ran front van vomiting. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | bittaker manually strangled schaefer collapsed ground began convulsing.twisted wire coat hanger around neck visegrip pliers schaefers convulsions ceased.schaefer denied requests pray bittaker norris killed her.schaefers body wrapped plastic shower curtain thrown steep canyon bittaker selected.according norris bittaker thrown schaefer canyon bittaker assured animals would eat wouldnt evidence left.andrea joy hall july two weeks murder schaefer bittaker norris encountered yearold andrea joy hall hitchhiking along pacific coast highway. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | pair slowed van offer hall lift another vehicle pulled offered hall exactly accepted.bittaker norris followed vehicle distance hall exited vehicle redondo beach.on occasion norris hid back van order dupe hall believing bittaker traveling alone.inside van bittaker offered hall cold drink cooler rear van.norris—who hidden behind bedspread rear van—pounced hall attempted retrieve drink strenuous fight managed subdue twisting arm behind back causing scream pain.norris gagged hall adhesive tape bound wrists ankles.bittaker norris drove hall location san gabriel mountains beyond earlier taken schaefer. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | location raped twice bittaker norris.bittaker raping hall second time norris saw believed vehicle headlights approaching.bittaker clasped hand halls mouth dragged nearby bushes norris drove unsuccessful search vehicle thought seen.returned pair drove location farther san gabriel mountains.bittaker forced hall walk uphill naked alongside road perform oral sex ordering hall pose several polaroid pictures. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | bittaker norris drove hall third location bittaker walked hall nearby hill time norris drove nearby store purchase alcohol.norris returned bittaker alone possession two polaroid pictures taken depicted halls face expressions norris later described sheer terror begged life spared.bittaker informed norris told hall going kill challenged give many reasons could come allowed live thrusting ice pick ear brain.turned body thrust ice pick ear stomping handle broke.bittaker strangled hall throwing body cliff. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | – jackie doris gilliam jacqueline leah lamp september bittaker norris observed two girls named jackie doris gilliam jacqueline leah lamp sitting bus stop bench near hermosa beach.lamp gilliam hitchhiking along pacific coast highway bittaker norris observed resting bus stop.bittaker norris offered girls ride gilliam lamp accepted.inside van girls offered marijuana norris accepted.shortly entering van girls realized bittaker steered van pacific coast highway driving direction san gabriel mountains. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | girls protested bittaker norris attempted allay girls concerns excuses deceive either girl.lamp aged attempted open sliding door whereupon norris hit back head bag filled lead weights briefly knocking unconscious overpowering yearold gilliam.began bind gag gilliam lamp regained consciousness attempted flee van whereupon norris twisted arm behind back dragged back van.struggle ensued bittaker—noting girls struggle full view potential witnesses—stopped van punched gilliam face assisted norris finishing binding gagging two girls.gilliam lamp driven san gabriel mountains held captive almost two days bound gagged repeated instances sexual physical abuse. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | men slept van alongside two hostages alternatively acting lookout.one occasion bittaker walked lamp onto nearby hill forced pose pornographic pictures returning van.bittaker also asked norris take several polaroid pictures gilliam nude clothed.first three instances bittaker raped gilliam also created tape recording raping forcing girl pretend cousin informing gilliam feel free express pain.bittaker also known tortured gilliam stabbing breasts ice pick using vise grip pliers tear part one nipple.after almost two days captivity lamp gilliam murdered. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | bittakers subsequent trial norris claimed suggested gilliam killed quickly unlike lamp largely cooperative throughout period captivity whereupon bittaker replied die anyway.gilliam struck ear ice pick strangled death.bittaker murdered gilliam forced lamp van.upon exiting sliding door bittaker shouted wanted stay virgin die virgin norris struck upon head sledgehammer.bittaker strangled lamp believed died lamp opened eyes norris bludgeoned repeatedly bittaker strangled death.the bodies gilliam lamp thrown embankment chaparral. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | shirley lynette ledford bittaker norris abducted final victim yearold shirley lynette ledford october .ledford abducted stood outside gas station hitchhiking home halloween party sunlandtujunga suburb los angeles.investigators believe ledford accepted ride home bittaker norris recognized bittaker known frequented restaurant ledford held parttime job waitress.upon accepting offer lift home entering van ledford offered marijuana norris refused.bittaker drove van secluded street norris drew knife bound gagged ledford construction tape. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | bittaker traded places norris drove aimless manner excess hour bittaker remained ledford back van.removing construction tape girls mouth legs bittaker tormented ledford initially slapping mocking beating fists repeatedly shouted say something ledford began screaming shouting scream louder.ledford continued screaming bittaker began asking struck whats matter dont like scream ledford began cry pleaded bittaker repeatedly saying dont touch me.response bittaker ordered scream loud wished began alternately striking hammer beating breasts fists torturing pliers throughout instances raped sodomized her.repeatedly ledford heard pleading abuse cease making statements oh sounds bittaker alternately extracting either sledgehammer pliers toolbox heard tape recorder switched entering rear van. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | norris later described hearing screams ... constant screams emanating rear van drove.shortly norris switched places bittaker switched tape recorder bittaker used record much time rear van ledford.norris first shouted ledford go ahead scream ill make scream.response ledford pleaded ill scream stop hitting emitted several highpitched screams norris encouraged continue ordered stop.norris reached sledgehammer ledford—seeing this—screamed oh norris struck ledford upon left elbow.response informed norris broken elbow pleading dont hit again. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | – response norris raised sledgehammer ledford repeatedly screamed norris proceeded strike ledford consecutive times upon elbow sledgehammer asking sniveling ledford continuously screamed wept.approximately two hours captivity norris killed ledford strangling wire coat hanger tightened pliers.ledford react much act strangulation although died eyes open.bittaker opted discard body random lawn order view reaction press.pair drove randomly selected house sunland norris discarded ledfords body bed ivy upon front lawn.ledfords body found jogger following morning. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | autopsy revealed addition sexually violated died strangulation receiving extensive bluntforce trauma face head breasts left elbow olecranon sustaining multiple fractures.genitalia rectum torn caused part bittaker inserted pliers inside body.– addition left hand bore puncture wound finger right hand slashed.bittaker would later claim tape recording pair created ledfords clear abuse torture offered nothing evidence threesome adding toward end ledford screaming norris kill her.investigation november norris became reacquainted friend named joseph jackson individual previously incarcerated california mens colony. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | norris confided jackson regarding bittakers exploits previous five months including graphic details murder shirley ledford victim whose body found time.norris also divulged jackson addition five murders bittaker committed three additional incidents bittaker abducted attempted abduct young women either escaped attackers one instance actually raped released.upon hearing norriss confessions jackson consulted attorney advised inform authorities.jackson agreed attorney informed los angeles police department turn relayed two men hermosa beach police.hermosa beach detective named paul bynum assigned investigate jacksons claims norriss confessions murders attempted abductions rapes confided jackson occurred june october. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | bynum initially noted jacksons statements norriss confessions match reports file several teenage girls reported missing previous five months.addition incident norris confided jackson claimed bittaker sprayed mace face woman dragged bittakers gmc van raped men matched report filed relation incident occurred september .filed report young woman named robin robeck mace sprayed face dragged van raped two caucasian men mids released.although robeck reported abduction rape police unable identify assailants.– bynum dispatched investigator visit robeck residence oregon show series mug shots. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | without hesitation robeck positively identified two photos presented men kidnapped raped september .two individuals identified bittaker norris.arrest upon linking bittaker norris rape robin robeck hermosa beach police placed norris surveillance within days observed dealing marijuana.november norris arrested hermosa beach police parole violation.day burbank motel resided bittaker arrested rape robin robeck.although robeck identified mug shots bittaker norris unable positively identify assailants police lineup. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | nonetheless police observed norris dealing marijuana whereas bittaker possession drugs time arrest.held charges parole violation.a search bittakers apartment revealed several polaroid photographs determined depicting hall gilliam—both reported missing earlier year.inside bittakers van investigators discovered sledgehammer plastic bag filled lead weights book detailing locate police radio frequencies jar vaseline two necklaces later confirmed belonging two victims tape recording young woman obvious distress screaming pleading mercy tortured sexually abused.the mother ledford—named jackson one women norris confessed bittaker killed—identified voice tape daughter voices two men mocking threatening ledford process torture abuse identified roy norris lawrence bittaker.also found bittakers motel seven bottles various acidic materials.investigators would later discover bittaker planned use acidic materials upon next victim.inside norriss apartment police discovered bracelet taken ledfords body souvenir. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | also found homes bittaker norris polaroid pictures almost teenage girls young women apparently taken redondo beach hermosa beach others taken bittaker burbank high school.pictures taken without girls knowledge consent.confession november norris attended preliminary hearing relation september rape.stage norris beginning display visible signs stress.hearing norris waived miranda rights detective bynum deputy district attorney stephen kay began questioning initially relation rape robin robeck relation statements given police joseph jackson evidence recovered bittakers residences. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | – initially norris flatly denied involvement murders rapes disappearances however confronted evidence investigators compiled norris began confess although attempt portray bittaker culpable murders himself.bynum kay later described casual unconcerned manner norris divulged bittaker habit driving around areas pacific coast highway randomly approaching girls found attractive offers ride posing pair photographs marijuana.approached rejected whatever given ruse bittaker norris used entice van although four girls accepted lifts pair murdered fifth victim—their first—being grabbed force.inside van girls would typically overpowered bound hand foot gagged driven locations deep within san gabriel mountains would sexually assaulted men usually killed strangulation wire coat hanger although two victims ice picks driven ears strangled.norris admitted bludgeoning youngest victim lamp head sledgehammer bittaker strangled admitted repeatedly striking shirley ledford upon elbow sledgehammer strangling death. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | bottles acid found bittakers motel norris stated intended use upon next victim abducted acts torture humiliation committed victims fun.according norris level brutality bittaker exhibited toward victims increased successive instance lured girl van final victim ledford actually pleaded killed order agony could cease.additional details norris provided corroborating evidence support confessions.example knew first victim schaefer left meeting presbyterian church shortly abducted schaefer lost one shoe dragged bittakers van.norris also knew part shirley ledfords ancestry hispanic bittaker unsuccessfully asked date prior october .press statement relating police investigation murders issued february los angeles county sheriff peter pitchess stated victims subjected sadistic barbaric abuse adding five charges firstdegree murder would sought bittaker norris. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | sheriff pitchess also stated relation polaroid pictures found bittaker norriss apartments police located young women depicted—none harmed.nonetheless pitchess also stated police also identified women depicted pictures individuals reported missing teenage girls young women may well murdered although pitchess stress conclusive evidence suggest additional women photographed fallen victim bittaker norris.one polaroid pictures seized bittaker norris depicts unidentified young white woman alone bittaker norris circumstances similar pictures found depicting known victims hall lamp gilliam.young woman pictures never identified.photograph indicative may one victim neither bittaker norris ever mentioned investigators.search san gabriel mountains norris agreed return san gabriel mountains search bodies girls whose abduction murder confessed assisting in. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | instance norris brought detectives area bittaker disposed victims bodies.despite extensive searches areas stated bodies schaefer hall discarded bodies never found.february skeletalized bodies lamp gilliam found bottom canyon alongside dry river bed.bodies scattered area measuring hundreds feet diameter.ice pick still lodged skull gilliam skull lamp bore multiple indentations—evidence numerous hammer blows norris stated inflicted.in february norris bittaker formally charged murders five girls. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | arraignment bittaker denied bail whereas norriss bail set .within one month charged murder norris accepted plea bargain would testify bittaker return prosecution agreeing seek death penalty him.guilty plea march norris pleaded guilty four counts firstdegree murder one count seconddegree murder relation victim hall two counts rape one count robbery.formal sentencing postponed may .in return norriss agreeing plead guilty testify bittaker prosecutors agreed seek neither death penalty life without parole upcoming sentencing hearing.prior may sentencing norris reviewed probation officer testified sentencing norris accused bittaker actual torture victims norris feeling power dominance victims main overriding factor opposed sexual intercourse them. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | probation officer added norris never exhibited remorse compassion brutal acts toward victims ... defendant appears compulsive need inflict pain torture upon women.conclusion probation officer testified norris realistically regarded extreme sociopath whose depraved pattern behavior beyond rehabilitation.may norris sentenced years life imprisonment eligibility parole .arraignment april bittaker arraigned charges kidnapping rape sodomy murder addition various charges criminal conspiracy possession firearm.also charged two counts conspiracy commit murder dating december unsuccessfully attempted persuade two inmates due released murder robin robeck order prevent testifying upcoming trial. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | charges rape robin robeck would later dropped lack physical evidence well robecks failing identify attackers lineup.when asked judge william hollingsworth pleaded bittaker remained silent—refusing answer questions.response judge entered plea guilty behalf.trial bittakers trial began january .tried torrance judge thomas fredericks.the star witness appear prosecution trial bittaker norris began testimony january .norris testified became acquainted bittaker jail pair formulated plan kidnap rape kill teenage girls. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | responding questions prosecutor norris stated june unsuccessfully attempted abduct rape woman escaped unharmed.informed bittaker incident agreed act together future abductions.norris chronologically recounted court details five murders bittaker committed addition september rape robeck attempted abduction woman named jan malin also occurred september attempted abduction unidentified young woman september .in reference actual murders norris stated unsuccessfully attempted strangle schaefer bittaker strangled wire coat hanger.pair thrown body location near san dimas canyon.reference murder hall norris stated told bittaker drive nearby store purchase alcohol hall murdered returned find bittaker smiling holding polaroid pictures taken hall informing intended kill her. |
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