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Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | reference victims lamp gilliam norris stated two girls held captive day murdered adding bittaker killed gilliam bludgeoned lamp head bittaker strangled her.discussing abuse torture ledford norris stated upon insistence bittaker committed actual murder ledford adding bittaker informed kill hadnt killed anyone yet.knew coming agreed.norris confessed killed ledford strangling coat hanger tightened pliers much manner bittaker previous victims schaefer lamp.norris stated pair driven sunland discarded shirley ledfords body upon front lawn bittaker waited van. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | several witnesses testified bittaker shown pictures victims retained keepsakes found motel.one witness yearold neighbor bittakers named christina dralle testified bittaker shown polaroid picture taken gilliam stating girls get wont talk anymore.dralle also stated bittaker played cassette tape heard two girls screaming bittaker laughing.another witness testify lloyd douglas shared jail cell bittaker following november arrest.douglas testified bittaker discussed detail torture inflicted victims gilliam ledford stating bittaker informed stabbed one gilliams breasts ice pick twisted tool remained inserted wound also pinched gilliam legs breasts vise grip tearing part one nipple. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | douglas also stated bittaker informed pulled genitals breasts shirley ledford instrument attempted beat breasts back chest.defense contended norris actual perpetrator murders bittaker become aware norriss activities shortly arrest norris informed murdered several girls encountered engaged sexual activities.support case defense produced friend norris named richard shoopman testified norriss repeatedly divulging desire rape young girls.shoopman also testified norris informed look shock fear face young girl prime sexual stimulus him.support bittakers case defense also harked polaroid images taken facial expressions hall bittakers statements norriss revelations bittaker regarding prime sexual stimulations incarcerated california mens colony .the damning evidence presented bittakers trial minute section audio tape pair created ledfords abuse torment. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | audiotape found inside bittakers van norris earlier testified bittaker repeatedly played drove weeks prior arrest—adding bittaker considered contents real funny —was presented evidence january stephen kay forewarning jury know hell like find out.judge fredericks earlier denied motions defense omit tape recording admission evidence.more people present courtroom tape played many members jury audience wept openly upon hearing contents several members audience either burying heads hands dabbing tears eyes rushing courtroom tape finished.bittaker undisturbed hearing contents tape smiled throughout duration recording.in one two instances throughout trial prosecutor stephen kay reduced tears walked courtroom recess following hearing recording ledfords rape abuse torture.weeping openly kay stated reporters gathered outside courtroom everybody heard tape affect lives.picture girls ... alone died. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | questioned reporters whether audiotape introduced evidence given obvious psychological emotional trauma caused many courtroom contents broadcast kay simply stated youre darn right audio tape been.jury needs know guys did.on february bittaker testified behalf.bittaker denied knowledge abduction murder schaefer claimed paid hall pose polaroid photographs depicting found burbank motel hall agreed offer sex.claimed norris walked hall san gabriel mountains returning alone informing bittaker told hall find way home.bittaker similar explanation double murder lamp gilliam claimed gilliam accepted offer money sex posing pictures last seen girls alone norris gmc van.regards murder ledford claimed agreed theatrically scream tape recorder tortured presence left alone norris. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | closing arguments bittakers trial lasted three weeks.february prosecution defense counsels began closing arguments.closing argument delivered prosecution kay apologized jury asking death penalty adding wished law permitted request suffering inflicted upon bittaker inflicted upon victims.kay described bittaker excuse man held aloft pictures five murdered girls jury.seeking death penalty bittaker kay referred case one shocking brutal cases history american crime added death penalty appropriate case ever closing argument jury deputy district attorney c. randolph ramsey discredited bittakers claims that—contrary norriss testimony—shirley lynette ledford agreed scream weep plead mercy theatrically tape recording introduced evidence stating jury youve heard sounds tape ... ms. ledford screaming yelling dont touch tape sufficient corroboration itselfdefense attorney albert garber requested jury discount testimony norris arguing favor bittakers claims norris committed actual murders claiming testimony prosecutors throughout trial amounted little bloodlust adding prosecution repeatedly recited gory details murders.garber harked earlier testimony psychologist named michael maloney testified bittakers inability empathize peoples feelings emotions addition fact exception bittakers stabbing gary louie bittakers previous criminal convictions nonviolent offenses. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | defense also claimed insufficient corroborative evidence existed convict bittaker.on february deliberating three days jury found bittaker guilty five counts firstdegree murder one charge conspiracy commit firstdegree murder five charges kidnapping nine charges rape two charges forcible oral copulation one charge sodomy three charges unlawful possession firearm.deliberations whether bittaker sentenced death life without parole began february .the jury deliberated minutes returned verdict bittaker sentenced death five counts firstdegree murder upon prosecution sought penalty.showed emotion verdict delivered.superior court judge thomas fredericks ordered bittaker appear court march formal sentencing.on march accordance jury verdict bittaker formally sentenced death.event sentence imposed ever reverted life imprisonment judge thomas fredericks imposed alternative sentence years months imprisonment take immediate effect. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | imprisonment appeals bittaker appealed conviction sentencing citing procedural errors validity warrants used authorize search van motel room dismissal judge woman initially hired stage jury selection advise defense counsel matters relating jury views upon death penalty.nonetheless bittakers appeal dismissed june court ruling procedural errors minor and—in view strong evidence bittaker—did affect overall verdict.an initial execution date bittaker set december .bittaker appealed decision although june u.s. supreme court upheld decision executed.renewed execution date scheduled july .bittaker appealed decision u.s. supreme court executed granted stay execution july . |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | aftermath bittaker granted several death row interviews following conviction.never expressed remorse crimes repeatedly stating remorse felt fact norris arrested thus ruining life.despite fact bittaker considered life wasted one also marveled norris little common acquaintance california mens colony san luis obispo adding one hell lot common reference one implements norris used torture murder victims bittaker responded letters received nickname pliers bittaker.while incarcerated bittaker filed frivolous lawsuits issues trivial served broken cookie crushed sandwiches prison cafeteria cited example subjected cruel unusual punishment.bittaker declared vexatious litigant .result declaration allowed file lawsuits without express permission attorney judge.bittaker died incarcerated death row san quentin state prison december age . |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | death reported due natural causes.norris incarcerated richard j. donovan correctional facility.died natural causes california medical facility february age transferred facility one week prior death.since conviction repeatedly claimed sole reason participated murders fear bittaker.norris also claimed twice contemplated confessing bittakers responsibility murders police also claimed deterred three potential victims entering bittakers van.although norris readily admitted enjoyed acts rape victims claimed bittaker enjoyed acts torture murder stating didnt enjoy killing—that lawrence bittaker. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | favorite part watching women struggle live knowing hed soon taking life away.investigators psychologists stated norris derived extreme gratification domination abuse torture inflicted upon victims respective parties also harked toward norriss extensive history physical sexual violence women prior meeting bittaker repeated instances denial culpability actions.norris initially became eligible parole .norris declined attend parole hearing thereby automatically deferring parole eligibility another years.denied parole died still incarcerated early following year.stephen kay prosecutor bittakers trial still considers murders committed bittaker norris worst criminal case ever prosecuted encountered remained insistent belief prior bittakers death via natural causes deserving executed inmate incarcerated californias death row. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | interviews stated two years following trial lawrence bittaker sleep disturbed recurring nightmares would rushing bittakers van prevent harm coming girls would always get late.paul bynum chief investigator murders committed bittaker norris committed suicide december .years old.tenpage suicide note bynum specifically referred murders committed bittaker norris haunting fear may released prison.the audio cassette bittaker norris created raping torturing ledford remains possession fbi academy recording used train desensitize fbi agents raw reality torture murder.media film documentary film devil death penalty focuses upon murders committed bittaker norris addition issues relating death penalty appeals process california.kay among interviewed director. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | bibliography alone devil psychopathic killings shocked world written ronald marksman dominick bosco.isbn xthe encyclopedia serial killers written brian lane wilfred gregg.isbn television documentary killing america features section devoted trial bittaker.the crime documentary series arrest trial broadcast episode detailing murders committed bittaker norris.episode initially broadcast october .the investigation discovery channel broadcast documentary focusing upon murders committed bittaker norris.documentary titled wicked attraction initially broadcast august . |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | see also notes references cited works reading douglas john olshaker mark .journey darkness.united kingdom arrow books.pp.– . |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | isbn .fox james allan .extreme killing understanding serial mass murder.london sage publishing.pp.–. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | isbn .furio jennifer .serial killer letters.charles press.pp.– –. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | isbn xfurio jennifer .team killers comparative study collaborative criminals.new york algora publishing.isbn .lane brian gregg wilfred .encyclopedia serial killers. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | new york city berkley book.pp.–.isbn .markman ronald bosco dominick .alone devil. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | piatkus publishing.pp.–.isbn xschechter harold .serial killers files. |
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris | ballantine books.pp.– .isbn .whittingtonegan richard molly whittingtonegan .murder file worlds notorious killers. |
Dennis Nielsen | u.k. neil wilson publishing.p. .isbn .external links lawrence bittaker roy norris crimelibrary.compeople v. lawrence bittaker details bittakers appeal convictiontool box killer lawrence bittaker dies death row upi news december .born shelby iowa february lived small town middlesex north carolina since retired air national guard .united airlines flight july united airlines flight made emergency crashlanding sioux city iowa killing people board minutes suffering catastrophic failure tailmounted engine led loss many flight controls.dennis nielsen serving united states air force since iowa air national guard since .one airmen air national guard duty sioux gateway airport crash occurred well known carrying spencer bailey baby board flight safety.political career military retirement attempted elected various offices north carolina. |
Dennis Nielsen | ran republican democratic state senator a. b. swindell ran unsuccessfully primary state house representatives primary elections attempted become democratic candidate governor north carolina opposing sitting lieutenant governor beverly perdue state treasurer richard h. moore.elections nielsen came last receiving .million votes cast.beverly perdue eventually became new governor narrowly beating republican pat mccrory became governor perdue .campaign platform campaign nielsen advocated elimination property tax years age annual adjusted gross income less wanted give tax credits parents homeschooled sent children private schools proposed creation citizen groups inspected state government activities behalf governor wanted much liberal gun laws north carolina wanted remove vehicle inspections north carolina promised prosecute employer hired illegal immigrants didnt submit income taxes social security employees possibly also didnt pay employees minimum wage. |
Hypothermia | see also north carolina gubernatorial election references external links dennis nielsens blog wilmington star newsnews observer profile pageour campaigns profileair force aviation heritage foundation°c .°f humans.symptoms depend temperature.mild hypothermia shivering mental confusion.moderate hypothermia shivering stops confusion increases. |
Hypothermia | severe hypothermia may paradoxical undressing person removes clothing well increased risk heart stopping.hypothermia two main types causes.classically occurs exposure cold weather cold water immersion.may also occur condition decreases heat production increases heat loss.commonly includes alcohol intoxication may also include low blood sugar anorexia advanced age.body temperature usually maintained near constant level .–. |
Hypothermia | °c .–.°f thermoregulation.efforts increase body temperature involve shivering increased voluntary activity putting warmer clothing.hypothermia may diagnosed based either persons symptoms presence risk factors measuring persons core temperature.the treatment mild hypothermia involves warm drinks warm clothing physical activity.moderate hypothermia heating blankets warmed intravenous fluids recommended. |
Hypothermia | people moderate severe hypothermia moved gently.severe hypothermia extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ecmo cardiopulmonary bypass may useful.without pulse cardiopulmonary resuscitation cpr indicated along measures.rewarming typically continued persons temperature greater °c °f.improvement point blood potassium level greater mmolliter time resuscitation may discontinued.hypothermia cause least deaths year united states. |
Hypothermia | common older people males.one lowest documented body temperatures someone accidental hypothermia survived .°c .°f neardrowning yearold girl sweden.survival six hours cpr described. |
Hypothermia | individuals ecmo bypass used survival around .deaths due hypothermia played important role many wars.term greek ὑπο hupo meaning θερμία thermía meaning heat.opposite hypothermia hyperthermia increased body temperature due failed thermoregulation.classification hypothermia often defined body temperature . |
Hypothermia | °c .°f.method divided degrees severity based core temperature.another classification system swiss staging system divides hypothermia based presenting symptoms preferred possible determine accurate core temperature.other coldrelated injuries present either alone combination hypothermia includechilblains condition caused repeated exposure skin temperatures freezing.cold causes damage small blood vessels skin.damage permanent redness itching return additional exposure. |
Hypothermia | redness itching typically occurs cheeks ears fingers toes.frostbite freezing destruction tissue happens freezing point waterfrostnip superficial cooling tissues without cellular destructiontrench foot immersion foot condition caused repetitive exposure water nonfreezing temperaturesthe normal human body temperature often stated .–.°c .–.°f.hyperthermia fever defined temperature greater .–.°c .–. |
Hypothermia | °f.signs symptoms signs symptoms vary depending degree hypothermia may divided three stages severity.infants hypothermia may feel cold touched bright red skin unusual lack energy.people hypothermia may appear pale.cold stress refers nearnormal body temperature low skin temperature signs include shivering.cold stress caused cold exposure lead hypothermia frostbite. |
Hypothermia | mild symptoms mild hypothermia may vague sympathetic nervous system excitation shivering high blood pressure fast heart rate fast respiratory rate contraction blood vessels.physiological responses preserve heat.increased urine production due cold mental confusion liver dysfunction may also present.hyperglycemia may present glucose consumption cells insulin secretion decrease tissue sensitivity insulin may blunted.sympathetic activation also releases glucose liver. |
Hypothermia | many cases however especially people alcoholic intoxication hypoglycemia appears common cause.hypoglycemia also found many people hypothermia hypothermia may result hypoglycemia.moderate hypothermia progresses symptoms include mental status changes amnesia confusion slurred speech decreased reflexes loss fine motor skills.severe temperature decreases physiological systems falter heart rate respiratory rate blood pressure decrease.results expected heart rate temperature °c °f.there often cold inflamed skin hallucinations lack reflexes fixed dilated pupils low blood pressure pulmonary edema shivering often absent. |
Hypothermia | pulse respiration rates decrease significantly fast heart rates ventricular tachycardia atrial fibrillation also occur.atrial fibrillation typically concern itself.paradoxical undressing twenty fifty percent hypothermia deaths associated paradoxical undressing.typically occurs moderate severe hypothermia person becomes disoriented confused combative.may begin discarding clothing turn increases rate heat loss.rescuers trained mountain survival techniques taught expect however people die hypothermia urban environments found undressed state sometimes incorrectly assumed subjected sexual assault.one explanation effect coldinduced malfunction hypothalamus part brain regulates body temperature. |
Hypothermia | another explanation muscles contracting peripheral blood vessels become exhausted known loss vasomotor tone relax leading sudden surge blood heat extremities causing person feel overheated.terminal burrowing apparent selfprotective behaviour known terminal burrowing hideanddie syndrome occurs final stages hypothermia.afflicted enter small enclosed spaces underneath beds behind wardrobes.often associated paradoxical undressing.researchers germany claim obviously autonomous process brain stem triggered final state hypothermia produces primitive burrowinglike behavior protection seen hibernating mammals. |
Hypothermia | happens mostly cases temperature drops slowly.causes hypothermia usually occurs exposure low temperatures frequently complicated alcohol consumption.condition decreases heat production increases heat loss impairs thermoregulation however may contribute.thus hypothermia risk factors include substance use disorders including alcohol use disorder homelessness condition affects judgment hypoglycemia extremes age poor clothing chronic medical conditions hypothyroidism sepsis living cold environment.hypothermia occurs frequently major trauma also observed severe cases anorexia nervosa. |
Hypothermia | hypothermia also associated worse outcomes people sepsis.people sepsis develop fevers elevated body temperature develop hypothermia.in urban areas hypothermia frequently occurs chronic cold exposure cases homelessness well immersion accidents involving drugs alcohol mental illness.studies shown people experiencing homelessness risk premature death hypothermia true incidence hypothermiarelated deaths population difficult determine.rural environments incidence hypothermia higher among people significant comorbidities less able move independently.rising interest wilderness exploration outdoor water sports incidence hypothermia secondary accidental exposure may become frequent general population. |
Hypothermia | alcohol alcohol consumption increases risk hypothermia two ways vasodilation temperature controlling systems brain.vasodilation increases blood flow skin resulting heat lost environment.produces effect feeling warm one actually losing heat.alcohol also affects temperatureregulating system brain decreasing bodys ability shiver use energy would normally aid body generating heat.overall effects alcohol lead decrease body temperature decreased ability generate body heat response cold environments. |
Hypothermia | alcohol common risk factor death due hypothermia.hypothermia cases complicated alcohol.poverty uk cases hypothermia treated – – increase previous year.cases hypothermia death well preventable deaths happen poor people cannot easily afford keep warm.rising fuel bills increased numbers difficulty paying adequate heating uk. |
Hypothermia | pensioners disabled people risk work cannot easily leave homes.better heat insulation help.water immersion hypothermia continues major limitation swimming diving cold water.reduction finger dexterity due pain numbness decreases general safety work capacity consequently increases risk injuries.other factors predisposing immersion hypothermia include dehydration inadequate rewarming repetitive dives starting dive wearing cold wet dry suit undergarments sweating work inadequate thermal insulation example thin dry suit undergarment poor physical conditioning.heat lost much quickly water air.thus water temperatures would quite reasonable outdoor air temperatures lead hypothermia survivors although usually direct clinical cause death rescued. |
Hypothermia | water temperature °c °f lead death little one hour water temperatures near freezing cause death little minutes.sinking titanic people entered − °c °f water died – minutes.the actual cause death cold water usually bodily reactions heat loss freezing water rather hypothermia loss core temperature itself.example plunged freezing seas around victims die within two minutes cold shock uncontrolled rapid breathing gasping causing water inhalation massive increase blood pressure cardiac strain leading cardiac arrest panic another die within – minutes cold incapacitation inability use control limbs hands swimming gripping body protectively shuts peripheral muscles limbs protect core.exhaustion unconsciousness cause drowning claiming rest within similar time.pathophysiology heat primarily generated muscle tissue including heart liver lost skin lungs . |
Hypothermia | heat production may increased two fourfold muscle contractions i.e.exercise shivering.rate heat loss determined object convection conduction radiation.rates affected body mass index body surface area volume ratios clothing environmental conditions.many changes physiology occur body temperatures decrease.occur cardiovascular system leading osborn j wave dysrhythmias decreased central nervous system electrical activity cold diuresis noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.research shown glomerular filtration rates gfr decrease result hypothermia. |
Hypothermia | essence hypothermia increases preglomerular vasoconstriction thus decreasing renal blood flow rbf gfr.diagnosis accurate determination core temperature often requires special low temperature thermometer clinical thermometers measure accurately .°c .°f.low temperature thermometer placed rectum esophagus bladder. |
Hypothermia | esophageal measurements accurate recommended person intubated.methods measurement mouth arm using infrared ear thermometer often accurate.as hypothermic persons heart rate may slow prolonged feeling pulse could required detecting.american heart association recommended least – seconds verify absence pulse initiating cpr.others recommend second check.the classical ecg finding hypothermia osborn j wave.also ventricular fibrillation frequently occurs °c °f asystole °c °f. |
Hypothermia | osborn j may look similar acute st elevation myocardial infarction.thrombolysis reaction presence osborn j waves indicated would worsen underlying coagulopathy caused hypothermia.prevention proper clothing helps prevent hypothermia.synthetic wool fabrics superior cotton provide better insulation wet dry.synthetic fabrics polypropylene polyester used clothing designed wick perspiration away body liner socks moisturewicking undergarments. |
Hypothermia | clothing loose fitting tight clothing reduces circulation warm blood.planning outdoor activity prepare appropriately possible cold weather.drink alcohol outdoor activity ensure least one sober person present responsible safety.covering head effective effective covering part body.common folklore says people lose heat heads heat loss head significant uncovered parts body.however heat loss head significant infants whose head larger relative rest body adults. |
Hypothermia | several studies shown uncovered infants lined hats significantly reduce heat loss thermal stress.children larger surface area per unit mass things equal one layer clothing adults similar conditions time spend cold environments limited.however children often active adults may generate heat.adults children overexertion causes sweating thus increases heat loss.building shelter aid survival danger death exposure.shelters many different types metal conduct heat away occupants sometimes best avoided. |
Hypothermia | shelter big body warmth stays near occupants.good ventilation essential especially fire lit shelter.fires put occupants sleep prevent carbon monoxide poisoning.people caught cold snowy conditions build igloo snow cave shelter.the united states coast guard promotes using life vests protect hypothermia rule someone °f °c water minutes heshe percent better chance survival wearing life jacket.heat escape lessening position used increase survival cold water.babies sleep – °c – °f housebound people checked regularly make sure temperature home least °c °f. |
Hypothermia | management aggressiveness treatment matched degree hypothermia.treatment ranges noninvasive passive external warming active external rewarming active core rewarming.severe cases resuscitation begins simultaneous removal cold environment management airway breathing circulation.rapid rewarming commenced.moving person little gently possible recommended aggressive handling may increase risks dysrhythmia.hypoglycemia frequent complication needs tested treated. |
Hypothermia | intravenous thiamine glucose often recommended many causes hypothermia complicated wernickes encephalopathy.the uk national health service advises putting person hot bath massaging arms legs using heating pad giving alcohol.measures cause rapid fall blood pressure potential cardiac arrest.rewarming rewarming done number methods including passive external rewarming active external rewarming active internal rewarming.passive external rewarming involves use persons ability generate heat providing properly insulated dry clothing moving warm environment.passive external rewarming recommended mild hypothermia.active external rewarming involves applying warming devices externally heating blanket. |
Hypothermia | may function warmed forced air bair hugger commonly used device chemical reactions electricity.wilderness environments hypothermia may helped placing hot water bottles armpits groin.active external rewarming recommended moderate hypothermia.active core rewarming involves use intravenous warmed fluids irrigation body cavities warmed fluids chest abdomen use warm humidified inhaled air use extracorporeal rewarming via heart lung machine extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ecmo.extracorporeal rewarming fastest method severe hypothermia. |
Hypothermia | severe hypothermia led cardiac arrest effective extracorporeal warming results survival normal mental function time.chest irrigation recommended bypass ecmo possible.rewarming shock rewarming collapse sudden drop blood pressure combination low cardiac output may occur active treatment severely hypothermic person.theoretical concern external rewarming rather internal rewarming may increase risk.concerns partly believed due afterdrop situation detected laboratory experiments continued decrease core temperature rewarming started.recent studies supported concerns problems found active external rewarming. |
Hypothermia | fluids people alert able swallow drinking warm sweetened liquids help raise temperature.many recommend alcohol caffeinated drinks avoided.people moderately dehydrated due coldinduced diuresis warmed intravenous fluids temperature – °c – °f often recommended.cardiac arrest without signs life cardiopulmonary resuscitation cpr continued active rewarming.ventricular fibrillation ventricular tachycardia single defibrillation attempted. |
Hypothermia | however people severe hypothermia may respond pacing defibrillation.known defibrillation withheld core temperature reaches °c °f.europe epinephrine recommended persons core temperature reaches °c °f american heart association recommends three doses epinephrine core temperature °c °f reached.temperature °c °f reached normal acls protocols followed.prognosis usually recommended declare person dead body warmed near normal body temperature greater °c °f since extreme hypothermia suppress heart brain function. |
Hypothermia | exceptions include obvious fatal injuries chest frozen cannot compressed.person buried avalanche minutes found mouth packed full snow without pulse stopping early may also reasonable.also case persons blood potassium greater mmoll.those stiff pupils move may survive treated aggressively.survival good function also occasionally occurs even need hours cpr.children neardrowning accidents water near °c °f occasionally revived even hour losing consciousness. |
Hypothermia | cold water lowers metabolism allowing brain withstand much longer period hypoxia.survival possible mortality severe profound hypothermia remains high despite optimal treatment.studies estimate mortality .in hypothermia due another underlying health problem death occurs frequently underlying health problem.epidemiology united states average coldrelated emergency department visits occurred per year years average people died per year due hypothermia.deaths reported us affected years older twothirds male. |
Hypothermia | deaths work related affected people home.hypothermia common autumn winter months october march.united kingdom estimated deaths per year due hypothermia whereas annual incidence hypothermiarelated deaths canada .history hypothermia played major role success failure many military campaigns hannibals loss nearly half men second punic war b.c.near destruction napoleons armies russia . |
Hypothermia | men wandered around confused hypothermia lost consciousness died others shivered later developed torpor tended sleep.others weak walk fell knees stayed way time resisting death.pulse weak hard detect others groaned yet others eyes open wild quiet delirium.deaths hypothermia russian regions continued first second world wars especially battle stalingrad.civilian examples deaths caused hypothermia occurred sinkings rms titanic rms lusitania recently ms estonia.antarctic explorers developed hypothermia ernest shackleton team measured body temperatures .° spells death home though probably referred oral temperatures rather core temperature corresponded mild hypothermia.one scotts team atkinson became confused hypothermia.nazi human experimentation world war ii amounting medical torture included hypothermia experiments killed many victims. |
Hypothermia | experiments subjects indicating one experiment performed them.various methods rewarming attempted one assistant later testified victims thrown boiling water rewarming.medical use various degrees hypothermia may deliberately induced medicine purposes treatment brain injury lowering metabolism total brain ischemia tolerated short time.deep hypothermic circulatory arrest medical technique brain cooled low °c allows heart stopped blood pressure lowered zero treatment aneurysms circulatory problems tolerate arterial pressure blood flow.time limit technique also accidental arrest ice water internal temperatures may drop low °c one hour. |
Kidnapping of Ursula Herrmann | animals many animals humans often induce hypothermia hibernation torpor.water bears tardigrade microscopic multicellular organisms survive freezing low temperatures replacing internal water sugar trehalose preventing crystallization otherwise damages cell membranes.see also diving reflex – physiological responses immersion airbreathing vertebratesto build fire – short story jack london two versions short story jack london portraying effects cold hypothermiathe little match girl – fairy tale hans christian andersen short story hans christian andersen child dying hypothermiadyatlov pass incident references bibliography external links cdc niosh workplace safety health topic cold stressyearold girl disappeared tuesday september subsequently found dead mysterious circumstances.events hermann making trip cousins house home tenminute ride bicycle disappeared.disappearance triggered immediate search yielded nothing.after two days cryptic calls made home consisting radio jingle.three days ransom note arrived apparently later kidnappers intended demanding dm million explaining jingle meant elicit yesorno response concerning payment ransom.next call ursulas mother affirmed ransom would paid received communication kidnappers. |
Kidnapping of Ursula Herrmann | instead letter arrived monday september ransom payment instructions unstated location.ransom sum raised instructions arrived.discovery two weeks ursulas disappearance grid search undertaken forest ursula disappeared.four days searching police found ursula herrmanns dead body box buried woods.box furnished ventilation food lights reading material radio toilet bucket ventilation pipes provided allow sufficient air exchange. |
Kidnapping of Ursula Herrmann | autopsy concluded died suffocation within hours placed box probably sedated.initial investigation investigation identified werner mazurek neighbor herrmanns person interest case.investigation revealed skills motivation alibi.however friend mazurek klaus pfaffinger stated police hired mazurek dig hole forest later recanted claim.case stalled progress . |
Kidnapping of Ursula Herrmann | thirtyyear statute limitations approaching mazurek placed surveillance eventually arrested charged along wife.time pfaffinger dead.the trial introduced pfaffingers statements forensic evidence tape recorder found mazureks house could device used play radio jingle calls herrmanns.mazurek convicted sentenced life imprisonment wife acquitted.civil action brought damages ursulas brother michael herrmann.michael expressed reservations mazureks conviction used proceeding reexamine case. |
Kidnapping of Ursula Herrmann | court effectively affirmed criminal trial verdict awarded herrmann partial damages.crime police investigations established hermann kidnapped placed prepared hiding place weingarten forest.buried forest floor box measuring cm × cm × cm lights blankets food reading material radio tuned bayern toilet bucket.system pipes provided ventilation covered leaves.however wet leaves forced air movement provide sufficient exchange air girl suffocated minutes five hours placed box. |
Kidnapping of Ursula Herrmann | autopsy results indicated struggled moved time box may drugged.the perpetrators made coded telephone calls ursulas family september playing distinctive bayern radio jingle attempt elicit response concerning ransom payment.however letter demanding ransom composed cutout letters received september day calls started.note explained jingle answered affirmation ransom would delivered.denial attempt call police would result girls death.police called soon ursula disappeared initial search found bicycle. |
Kidnapping of Ursula Herrmann | september another letter arrived detailed instructions hand money without stating location delivery.communications received.two weeks ursulas disappearance forest searched officers metal rods probing disturbances four days box found.the box large one person transported site weighing kg police assumed one person involved.tips led werner mazurek yearold television repairman neighbor herrmann family known debt.day without recalling whereabouts mazurek eventually offered alibi playing risk wife two friends. |
Kidnapping of Ursula Herrmann | nevertheless mazurek arrested january questioned several days released.february mazurek acquaintance klaus pfaffinger stated questioning mazurek asked dig hole forest seen box hole.however pfaffinger could lead police burial location recanted admission.progress made investigation apart discovery wire forest apparently used provide alert kidnapping.in dna analysis used examine evidence found box useful matches found.thirty year statute limitations kidnapping fatal consequences approaching prime suspects reexamined. |
Kidnapping of Ursula Herrmann | pfaffinger died mazurek placed surveillance october house searched mazurek provided saliva sample.match obtained evidence mazurek.during search mazureks house police confiscated tape recorder.police developed theory tape recorder used play bayern jingle calls herrmanns.mazurek wife arrested may charged crime.trial trial began february . |
Kidnapping of Ursula Herrmann | police presented evidence mazureks prior legal difficulties including fraud conviction animal cruelty.established mazurek means construct box listened police communications search debt.surveillance evidence showed mazurek discussed statute limitations friend.grundig model tk tape recorder subject elaborate forensic report.according report tape recorder technical abnormalities identifiable jingle codes appeared recorded phone calls herrmann family. |
Kidnapping of Ursula Herrmann | prosecutors also introduced pfaffingers abortive confession testimony pfaffinger deliberately misleading accurately described box burial site.evidence entirely circumstantial tape recorders distinctive noises played emphasized prosecution.mazurek maintained bought flea market week raid corroboration sellers could found.the defense examined pfaffingers statement revealed pfaffingers confession recorded contemporaneously written investigators weeks later never signed.ursulas brother michael took extraordinary measure making written statement court stating tape recorder analysis incomplete onesided.the augsburg public prosecutor demanded sentence lifelong imprisonment.criminal court composed three judges two jurors found mazurek guilty march mazurek sentenced life imprisonment extortionist human robbery fatal consequences. |
Kidnapping of Ursula Herrmann | wife acquitted.civil case ursulas brother michael herrmann brought civil case district court augsburg mazurek demanding € compensation suffered sustained damage health criminal case.michael become increasingly convinced mazurek wrongfully convicted faulty evidence court action would means reexamining case.the case came trial .despite opposition judges aware michael herrmanns motives proceedings trial continued two years.evidence debunking tape recorder analysis introduced along forensic analysis ransom notes concluded author note educated native german speaker pretending foreigner writing could produced mazurek.the case concluded may verdict ordered mazurek pay herrmann €. |
Cate Blanchett | court effectively affirmed mazurek kidnapped ursula herrmann.in may michael herrmann presented new evidence judicial authorities concerning ransom note.herrmann alleged traces pressure mathematical sketches corresponding class work upper secondary level could discerned note.media case featured zdf television series aktenzeichen xy… ungelöst .gunther scholz ich war es nicht zwei urteile und viele zweifel.documentary film germangunther scholz der fall ursula herrmann german see also barbara mackle kidnapping possibly model herrmann crimelist kidnappingslist solved missing person cases referencesregarded one best actresses generation known versatile work across independent films blockbusters stage.blanchett recipient numerous accolades including two academy awards three british academy film awards three screen actors guild awards three golden globe awards.after graduating national institute dramatic art blanchett began acting career australian stage taking roles electra hamlet .came international attention elizabeth drama film elizabeth golden globe bafta award best actress received first seven academy award nominations.portrayal katharine hepburn martin scorseses aviator academy award best supporting actress.later academy award best actress playing neurotic former socialite woody allens comedydrama blue jasmine . |
Cate Blanchett | blanchetts oscarnominated roles include notes scandal im elizabeth golden age carol .highestgrossing films include lord rings – hobbit – trilogies curious case benjamin button indiana jones kingdom crystal skull cinderella thor ragnarok oceans .blanchett performed theatre productions.husband andrew upton artistic directors sydney theatre company.stage roles period revivals streetcar named desire uncle vanya maids garnering several theatre awards nominations. |
Cate Blanchett | made broadway debut present received tony award best actress play nomination.blanchett also received emmy award nominations outstanding lead actress limited series movie outstanding limited series producer fxhulu historical drama miniseries mrs. america .australian government awarded blanchett centenary medal appointed companion order australia .appointed chevalier order arts letters french government.honoured museum modern art received british film institute fellowship. |
Cate Blanchett | december announced would receive honorary césar académie des arts et techniques du cinéma absolutely remarkable career personality.blanchett received honorary doctor letters degrees university new south wales university sydney macquarie university.time magazine named one influential people world .ranked among worlds highestpaid actresses.early life education catherine elise blanchett born may ivanhoe suburb melbourne. |
Cate Blanchett | australian mother june née gamble worked property developer teacher american father robert dewitt blanchett jr. texas native united states navy chief petty officer later worked advertising executive.two met roberts ship broke melbourne.blanchett ten father died heart attack leaving mother raise family own.second three children younger sister older brother.ancestry includes english scottish remote french roots.blanchett described part extrovert part wallflower child. |
Cate Blanchett | teenage years penchant dressing traditionally masculine clothing went goth punk phases one point shaving head.attended primary school melbourne ivanhoe east primary school secondary education attended ivanhoe girls grammar school methodist ladies college explored passion performing arts.late teens early twenties worked nursing home victoria.studied economics fine arts university melbourne dropped one year travel overseas.egypt blanchett asked play american cheerleader extra egyptian boxing movie kaboria need money accepted. |
Cate Blanchett | upon returning australia working pocket theatres melbourne including la mama moved sydney enrolled national institute dramatic art nida.graduated nida bachelor fine arts.career – early work international breakthrough blanchetts first stage role opposite geoffrey rush david mamet play oleanna sydney theatre company.year also cast clytemnestra production sophocles electra.couple weeks rehearsals actress playing title role pulled director lindy davies cast blanchett role. |
Cate Blanchett | performance electra became one acclaimed nida.blanchett awarded sydney theatre critics best newcomer award performance timothy dalys kafka dances best actress performance mamets oleanna making first actor win categories year.blanchett played role ophelia acclaimed – company b production hamlet directed neil armfield starring rush richard roxburgh nominated green room award.appeared tv miniseries heartland opposite ernie dingo miniseries bordertown hugo weaving episode police rescue entitled loaded boy.also appeared minute drama short parklands received australian film institute afi nomination best original screenplay.blanchett made feature film debut supporting role australian nurse captured japanese army world war ii bruce beresfords film paradise road costarred glenn close frances mcdormand. |
Cate Blanchett | film made million box office budget million received mixed reviews critics.first leading role came later year eccentric heiress lucinda leplastrier gillian armstrongs romantic drama oscar lucinda opposite ralph fiennes.blanchett received wide acclaim performance emanuel levy variety declaring luminous newcomer blanchett role originally intended judy davis bound become major star.earned first afi award nomination best leading actress oscar lucinda.afi best actress award year starring role lizzie romantic comedy thank god met lizzie costarring richard roxburgh frances oconnor. |
Cate Blanchett | blanchett accrued significant praise recognition native australia.blanchetts first highprofile international role young elizabeth england critically acclaimed historical drama elizabeth directed shekhar kapur.film catapulted international prominence performance garnered wide recognition earning golden globe award british academy award bafta first screen actors guild sag academy award nomination best actress.review variety critic david rooney wrote performance blanchett conveys grace poise intelligence elizabeth wily decisive advanced thinker far aware exceptional nature bow man.builds juicy character almost imperceptibly smart wary young woman may head powerful creature invention.janet maslin new york times wrote blanchetts performance brings spirit beauty substance otherwise might turned vacuous role alicia potter writing boston phoenix stated end kapurs crown jewel tale twin transformations elizabeth one historys enigmatic powerful women blanchett well bona fide screen queen.the following year blanchett appeared bangers australian short film part stories lost souls compilation thematicallyrelated short stories. |
Cate Blanchett | short written directed husband andrew upton produced blanchett upton.also appeared mike newell comedy pushing tin performance singled critics critically acclaimed financially successful film talented mr. ripley alongside matt damon gwyneth paltrow jude law philip seymour hoffman.received second bafta nomination performance meredith logue talented mr. ripley.– lord rings established actor already acclaimed actor blanchett received host new fans appeared peter jacksons academy awardwinning blockbuster trilogy lord rings playing role elf leader galadriel three films.trilogy major critical financial success earning . |
Cate Blanchett | billion box office worldwide three films later ranked within top greatest fantasy movies time poll conducted american magazine wired .addition lord rings also saw blanchett diversify portfolio range roles dramas charlotte gray shipping news american crimecomedy bandits earned second golden globe sag award nomination.bandits marked blanchetts first notable foray comedy genre ben falk bbc declaring costar billy bob thornton real find comedians calling performance unsatisfied housewife caught two escaped convicts unhinged though undeniably sexy.in blanchett starred opposite giovanni ribisi tom tykwerdirected heaven first film unfinished trilogy acclaimed writerdirector krzysztof kieślowski.performance film grieving woman commits desperate act terrorism highly praised stephen holden new york times calling compelling screen performance career going state although ms. blanchetts face always registered emotion mercurial fluidity immediacy feeling conveys heaven astonishing.saw blanchett playing wide range roles galadriel third final instalment lord rings trilogy academy award best picture ron howarddirected western thriller missing jim jarmuschs coffee cigarettes playing two roles received independent spirit award best supporting female nomination biographical veronica guerin earned golden globe best actress drama nomination. |
Cate Blanchett | blanchett portrayed pregnant journalist chronicling underwater voyage eccentric oceanographer wes andersons life aquatic steve zissou.in blanchett first academy award best supporting actress highly acclaimed portrayal katharine hepburn martin scorseses aviator .made blanchett first actor history win academy award portraying another academy awardwinning actor.lent oscar statuette australian centre moving image.review newsweek david ansen wrote blanchett portrayed hepburn lipsmacking vivacity roger ebert lauded performance describing delightful yet touching mannered tomboyish.preparation role request scorcese blanchett reviewed millimeter prints hepburns first screen performances study memorise poise mannerisms speech pattern. |
Cate Blanchett | interview new york times blanchett spoke responsibility portraying iconic star representing kate medium film existed daunting.private people really knew basically know hepburn films.course give nod screen persona playing her.also blanchett australian film institute best actress award role tracy heart former heroin addict australian film little fish coproduced husbands production company dirty films.though lesser known globally films sober sensitive little fish received great critical acclaim blanchetts native australia nominated australian film institute awards.in blanchett starred opposite brad pitt alejandro gonzález iñárritus multilingual multinarrative drama babel one half grieving couple get caught international incident morocco.babel received seven academy award nominations. |
Cate Blanchett | also costarred steven soderberghdirected world war iiset drama good german george clooney acclaimed psychological thriller notes scandal opposite dame judi dench.blanchett received third academy award nomination performance latter film portrays lonely teacher embarks affair yearold student becomes object obsession older woman played dench.blanchetts denchs performances highly acclaimed peter bradshaw writing guardian director richard eyre unshowy authority gets best dench blanchett great shrewdness elicits two actors little tensions exasperations well genuine tenderness tragically fraught relationship.in blanchett named one time magazines influential people world appeared forbes celebrity list.made cameo janine forensic scientist exgirlfriend simon peggs character edgar wrights action comedy film hot fuzz .cameo uncredited gave fee charity. |
Cate Blanchett | reprised role queen elizabeth sequel elizabeth golden age directed shekhar kapur portrayed jude quinn one six incarnations bob dylan todd haynes experimental film im there.volpi cup best actress award venice film festival independent spirit award golden globe award best supporting actress portrayal jude quinn.th academy awards blanchett received two nominations – best actress elizabeth golden age best supporting actress im – becoming first actress receive second nomination reprisal role.achievement year roger ebert said blanchett could appear toronto international film festival playing elizabeth bob dylan splendidly wonder acting.– directing sydney theatre company blanchett next appeared steven spielbergs indiana jones kingdom crystal skull villainous kgb agent col. dr. irina spalko spielbergs favourite villain entire series. |
Cate Blanchett | film received mixed reviews critics audiences major box office success grossing million worldwide.david finchers oscarnominated curious case benjamin button costarred brad pitt second time playing title characters love interest daisy fuller.year blanchett voiced character granmamare english language version hayao miyazakis ponyo released july .also blanchett husband andrew upton became coceos artistic directors sydney theatre company.blanchett returned acting theatre sydney theatre company production tennessee williams streetcar named desire directed liv ullmann.starred blanche dubois alongside joel edgerton stanley kowalski. |
Cate Blanchett | ullmann blanchett meaning collaborate project since ullmans intended film adaption dolls house fell wayside.blanchett proposed embarking streetcar ullmann jumped opportunity initial discussion.a streetcar named desire production traveled sydney brooklyn academy music new york kennedy center washington d.c. critical commercial success blanchett received acclaim performance blanche dubois.new york times critic ben brantley said ms. ullmann ms. blanchett performed play never staged result friend mine put feel like youre hearing words thought knew pronounced correctly first time.john lahr new yorker wrote portrayal alert mind informed heart lithe patrician silhouette blanchett gets right first beat ... dont expect see better performance role lifetime.jane fonda attended new york show deemed perhaps greatest stage performance ever seen meryl streep declared performance naked raw extraordinary astonishing surprising scary anything ive ever seen ... thought id seen play thought knew lines heart ive seen many times id never seen play saw performance. |
Cate Blanchett | blanchett sydney theatre award best actress leading role.production blanchett received helen hayes awards outstanding nonresident production outstanding lead actress nonresident production award respectively.in blanchett starred lady marion opposite russell crowes titular hero ridley scotts epic robin hood.film received mixed reviews critics financial success earning million worldwide box office.played antagonist cia agent marissa wiegler joe wrights action thriller film hanna costarring saoirse ronan eric bana.in blanchett took part two sydney theatre company productions.played lotte kotte new translation botho straußs play groß und klein big small martin crimp directed benedict andrews. |
Cate Blanchett | sydney run production traveled london paris vienna festival ruhrfestspiele.blanchett production received wide acclaim.blanchett nominated london evening standard award best actress sydney theatre award best actress leading role helpmann award best actress.played yelena opposite hugo weaving richard roxburgh andrew uptons adaptation anton chekhovs uncle vanya traveled kennedy center new york city center part lincoln center festival.production blanchett received critical acclaim new york times ben brantley declaring consider three hours spent saturday night watching characters complain bored among happiest theatregoing life ... uncle vanya gets skin like seen ... blanchett confirms status one best bravest actresses planet. |
Cate Blanchett | washington posts peter marks dubbed production washington d.cs top theatrical event .blanchett received helen hayes award outstanding lead actress nonresident production helpmann award best actress.– blue jasmine resurgence hollywood blanchett reprised role galadriel peter jacksons adaptations hobbit – prequel lord rings series filmed new zealand.less critically acclaimed lord rings trilogy hobbit trilogy nonetheless major box office success earning nearly billion worldwide.character galadriel appear j.r.r. |
Cate Blanchett | tolkiens original novel story amended cowriter guillermo del toro director peter jackson blanchett could appear film trilogy.voiced role penelope family guy episode mr. mrs. stewie aired april queen elizabeth ii episode family guy viewer mail .blanchett returned australian film appearance turning anthology film based collection short stories tim winton.head jury dubai international film festival.sydney theatre companys season blanchetts final one coceo artistic director.in blanchett played jasmine francis lead role woody allens blue jasmine costarring alec baldwin sally hawkins. |
Cate Blanchett | performance garnered widespread acclaim critics considering finest career point surpassing acclaimed performance elizabeth.review guardian mark kermode proclaimed blanchett takes challenge like peakfitness runner facing marathon ploughing way miles emotional road pounding ups downs strains tears stomach turns heartburns entails feat occasionally leaves us gasping breath.peter travers reviewing film rolling stone called blanchetts performance miraculous went write sight jasmine – lost alone unable conjure magic unyielding reality – devastating.blanchett triumphant missed.performance industry critics awards including lafca award nyfcc award nsfc award critics choice award santa barbara international film festival outstanding performance year award sag award golden globe award bafta award independent film spirit award academy award best actress. |
Cate Blanchett | blanchetts win made sixth actress win oscar acting categories third win best actress best supporting actress first australian win one acting oscar.allens adopted daughter dylan farrow since criticised blanchett actresses working allen.blanchett responded obviously long painful situation family hope find resolution peace.response questions regarding advocacy women hollywood respect movement blanchett asserted justice system social media judge jury cases.in blanchett costarred matt damon george clooney latters ensemble film monuments men based true story crew art historians museum curators recover renowned works art stolen nazis.french heroine rose valland inspiration blanchetts character claire simone.monuments men received mixed reviews critics grossed million worldwide box office. |
Cate Blanchett | year blanchett also voiced part valka dreamworks animation film train dragon .film received critical acclaim box office success.went win golden globe award best animated feature film receive nomination academy award best animated feature.blanchett guest starred australian show rake onscreen female version richard roxburghs rogue protagonist cleaver.january cohosted th aacta awards deborah mailman.in blanchett starred five films. |
Cate Blanchett | portrayed nancy terrence malicks knight cups premiered berlin international film festival.indiewire named blanchetts performance knight cups one best performances terrence malick films.starred villainous lady tremaine disneys kenneth branaghdirected liveaction adaptation cinderella critical acclaim.writing time magazine richard corliss declared blanchett earns top billing radiating hauteur chills amuses performance grand without skirting parody.starred opposite rooney mara carol highly acclaimed film adaptation patricia highsmiths price salt reuniting director todd haynes. |
Cate Blanchett | blanchett also served executive producer film drew rave reviews performance titular character widely cited one best career alongside elizabeth blue jasmine.justin chang variety proclaimed study way beautiful surfaces simultaneously conceal expose deeper meanings blanchetts performance represents alltoofitting centerpiece magnificently realized movie.carol blanchett received oscar golden globe bafta award nominations.blanchett portrayed mary mapes opposite robert redfords dan rather truth film killian documents controversy.blanchetts production company producing partner film.starred manifesto julian rosefeldts multiscreen video installation artist manifestos depicted different characters played blanchett. |
Cate Blanchett | project blanchett received critical acclaim roberta smith new york times stating art world gave oscars cate blanchett win tour de force starring roles manifesto.blanchett narrated one two versions terence malicks documentary earth universe voyage time world premiere rd venice film festival.–present broadway debut television success blanchett starred sydney theatre company play present andrew uptons adaption anton chekhovs play platonov directed john crowley.production debuted sydney critical acclaim transferred broadway marking blanchetts broadway debut.blanchetts performance plays broadway run received acclaim. |
Cate Blanchett | ben brantley new york times remarked blanchett knows hold stage necessary hijack ... commanding tryanything charisma useful youre attempting hold together badly assembled party matter play.work blanchett received tony award nomination best actress play drama desk award nomination drama league award nomination distinguished performance award.blanchett also appeared terrence malicks song song shot backtoback knight cups portrayed goddess death hela marvel studios film thor ragnarok directed taika waititi.thor ragnarok critical financial success earning million worldwide box office.in blanchett starred oceans allfemale spinoff oceans eleven franchise directed gary ross opposite sandra bullock anne hathaway sarah paulson mindy kaling helena bonham carter rihanna awkwafina.film garnered mainly mixed reviews box office success earning million worldwide. |
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