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Secure cookie | secure attribute protection mechanism cookies also httponly samesite attributes.httponly attribute restricts cookie accessed instance javascript samesite attribute allows cookie sent application request originated domain.background http cookie small packet data sent web server users web browser.two types cookiepersistent cookies cookies store information users browser long time.nonpersistent cookies cookies generally expire browser closes.cookies could contain sensitive information passwords credit card numbers sent http connection might stored web browsers plain text.prevent attackers stealing information cookies secured attributes. |
Secure cookie | cookie theft hijacking various cookie hijacking techniques exist.methods difficult implement significant damage user organization.cookies contain sensitive information usernames passwords session identifiers captured using tools downloaded site web browser accessed computer hard drive.network threats cookies sent unencrypted channels subject eavesdropping i.e.contents cookie read attacker. |
Secure cookie | types threats prevented use secure sockets layer ssl protocol servers internet browsers although works cookies network.one might also use cookies sensitive information encrypted instead entirety data payload exchanged.end system threats cookies stolen copied user could either reveal information cookies allow attacker edit contents cookies impersonate users.happens cookie browsers end system stored local drive memory clear text altered copied one computer another without knowledge user.cookie harvesting attacker try impersonate website accepting cookies users. |
Secure cookie | attacker gets cookies use harvested cookies websites accept thirdparty cookies.example threat socalled crosssite scripting attack involves exploitation vulnerabilities website displaying data provided user underlying malicious intent.attacker instance could embed script url posted discussion forum message board email activated target opens hyperlink.see also http cookiesession computer scienceinformation security references external links secure cookie definition techopedia.archived original . |
Critical infrastructure protection | retrieved .nist cybersecurity framework published presidential directives.in europe equivalent european programme critical infrastructure protection epcip refers doctrine specific programs created result european commissions directive eu com designates european critical infrastructure case fault incident attack could impact country hosted least one european member state.member states obliged adopt directive national statutes.history u.s. cip u.s. cip national program ensure security vulnerable interconnected infrastructures united states.may president bill clinton issued presidential directive pdd subject critical infrastructure protection.recognized certain parts national infrastructure critical national economic security united states wellbeing citizenry required steps taken protect it.this updated december president bush homeland security presidential directive hspd critical infrastructure identification prioritization protection. |
Critical infrastructure protection | directive describes united states critical infrastructure vital united states incapacity destruction systems assets would debilitating impact security national economic security national public health safety.overview systems networks make infrastructure society often taken granted yet disruption one systems dire consequences across sectors.take example computer virus disrupts distribution natural gas across region.could lead consequential reduction electrical power generation turn leads forced shutdown computerized controls communications.road traffic air traffic rail transportation might become affected.emergency services might also hampered.an entire region become debilitated critical elements infrastructure become disabled natural disaster. |
Critical infrastructure protection | potentially contravention geneva conventions military forces also recognized cripple enemys ability resist attacking key elements civilian military infrastructure.the federal government developed standardized description critical infrastructure order facilitate monitoring preparation disabling events.government requires private industry critical economic sector toassess vulnerabilities physical cyber attacksplan eliminate significant vulnerabilitiesdevelop systems identify prevent attempted attacksalert contain rebuff attacks federal emergency management agency fema rebuild essential capabilities aftermath infrastructure sectors cip defines sectors organizational responsibilities standard waybanking finance department treasury responsible coordinating protection systems also maintaining public confidence industry initiatives financial services information sharing analysis center isactransportation department transportation responsible protecting road rail air water transportation infrastructure including computercontrolled justintime delivery systems optimization distribution hubs traffic operations centers consolidated key locations regulation transport hazardous materials.power department energy oversees energy supplies including electricity oil gas works nuclear regulatory commission protection nuclear materials power.note cip sector different energy security politics economics supply.additionally operating auspices federal energy regulatory commission north american electric reliability corporation nerc nonprofit organization defines enforces reliability standards bulk power system.information communications overseen department commerce areas life rely telecommunications information technology.federal municipal services overseen jointly federal state agencies.guarantee continuity government federal state local levels meet provision essential services.emergency services overseen health human services includes emergency health services public healthfire departments overseen federal emergency management agency fema.law enforcement agencies overseen jointly department justice federal bureau investigation ensure orderly running activities times threat crises.public works overseen united states environmental protection agency. |
Critical infrastructure protection | includes safe water systems drainage.in remit expanded includeagriculture food department agriculture overseeing safe supply meat poultry egg products.national monuments icons department interiorwith much critical infrastructure privately owned department defense dod depends commercial infrastructure support normal operations.department state central intelligence agency also involved intelligence analysis friendly countries.in may dhs completed sectorspecific plans ssp coordinating dealing critical events.continuity government cog time catastrophic event used preserve government seen fit president point welfare government placed welfare citizenry united states ensuring government preserved rebuild economy country deemed safe return surface united states america.significance march deputy defense secretary john hamre warned united states congress cyber terrorist electronic pearl harbor saying going navy ships sitting navy shipyard.going commercial infrastructure. |
Critical infrastructure protection | later fear qualified president clinton reports actual cyber terrorist attacks think alarm.dont think pearl harbor.lost pacific fleet pearl harbor.dont think analogous loss great.there many examples computer systems hacked victims extortion.one example occurred september russian national allegedly masterminded breakin citicorps electronic funds transfer system ordered stand trial united states. |
Critical infrastructure protection | gang hackers leadership breached citicorps security times .able transfer million customer accounts withdraw estimated .in past systems networks infrastructure elements physically logically independent separate.little interaction connection sectors infrastructure.advances technology systems within sector became automated interlinked computers communications facilities.result flow electricity oil gas telecommunications throughout country linked—albeit sometimes indirectly—but resulting linkages blur traditional security borders.while increased reliance interlinked capabilities helps make economy nation efficient perhaps stronger also makes country vulnerable disruption attack. |
Critical infrastructure protection | interdependent interrelated infrastructure vulnerable physical cyber disruptions become complex system single points failure.past incident would isolated failure cause widespread disruption cascading effects.example capabilities within information communication sector enabled united states reshape government business processes becoming increasingly software driven.one catastrophic failure sector potential bring multiple systems including air traffic control emergency services banking trains electrical power dam control.the elements infrastructure also considered possible targets terrorism.traditionally critical infrastructure elements lucrative targets anyone wanting attack another country. |
Critical infrastructure protection | infrastructure become national lifeline terrorists achieve high economic political value attacking elements it.disrupting even disabling infrastructure may reduce ability defend nation erode public confidence critical services reduce economic strength.additionally well chosen terrorist attacks become easier less costly traditional warfare interdependence infrastructure elements.infrastructure elements become easier targets low probability detection.the elements infrastructure also increasingly vulnerable dangerous mix traditional nontraditional types threats.traditional nontraditional threats include equipment failures human error weather natural causes physical attacks cyber attacks. |
Critical infrastructure protection | threats cascading effect caused single points failure potential pose dire farreaching consequences.challenges fears frequency severity critical infrastructure incidents increase future.although efforts way unified national capability protect interrelated aspects countrys infrastructure.one reason good understanding interrelationships exist.also consensus elements infrastructure mesh together element functions affects others.securing national infrastructure depends understanding relationships among elements. |
Critical infrastructure protection | thus one sector scheduled threeweek drill mimic effects pandemic flu even though twothirds participants claimed business continuity plans place barely half reported plan moderately effective.critical infrastructure protection requires development national capability identify monitor critical elements determine elements attack victim destructive natural occurrences.cip important link risk management infrastructure assurance.provides capability needed eliminate potential vulnerabilities critical infrastructure.cip practitioners determine vulnerabilities analyze alternatives order prepare incidents.focus improving capability detect warn impending attacks system failures within critical elements national infrastructure.organization structure pdd mandated formation national structure critical infrastructure protection. |
Critical infrastructure protection | accomplish one primary actions produce national infrastructure assurance plan niap later renamed national infrastructure protection plan nipp.the different entities national cip structure work together partnership government public sectors.department agency federal government responsible protecting portion governments critical infrastructure.addition grants made available department homeland security municipal private entities use cip security purposes.include grants emergency management water security training rail transit port security metropolitan medical response lea terrorism prevention programs urban areas security initiative.pdd identified certain functions related critical infrastructure protection must performed chiefly federal government.national defense foreign affairs intelligence law enforcement. |
Critical infrastructure protection | lead agency special functions appoints senior official serve functional coordinator federal government.mobile pdabased vulnerability assessment security survey tool vasst introduced speed physical security assessment critical infrastructure law enforcement meet compliance requirements pdd.national infrastructure assurance plan national infrastructure protection plan identified major sectors critical infrastructure federal government appointed sector liaison official designated lead agency.private sector counterpart sector coordinator also identified.together two sector representatives one federal government one corporate responsible developing sector niap.in addition department agency federal government responsible developing cip plan protecting portion federal governments critical infrastructure. |
Critical infrastructure protection | federal department agency plans assimilated sector niaps create one comprehensive national infrastructure assurance plan.additionally national structure must ensure national cip program.program includes responsibilities education awareness threat assessment investigation research.the process includes assessments ofprotection defined state defended safeguarded shielded injury loss destruction natural unnatural forces.vulnerability – quality susceptible attack injury warranted unwarranted accident design.risk – possibility likelihood attacked injured.mitigation – ability alleviate reduce moderate vulnerability thus reducing eliminating risk.controversy public criticisms mechanisms implementation security initiatives grants claims led companies benefit encouraging unnecessary culture fear.commentators note initiatives started directly collapse cold war raising concern simply diversion militaryindustrial complex away funding area shrinking richer previously civilian arena.grants distributed across different states even though perceived risk evenly spread leading accusations pork barrel politics directs money jobs towards marginal voting areas. |
Critical infrastructure protection | urban areas security initiative grant program particularly controversial infrastructure list covering assets including popcorn factory hot dog stand.criteria reduced facilities must make much stronger case become eligible grants.wellintentioned results also questioned regarding claims poorly designed intrusive security theater distracts attention money pressing issues creates damaging side effects.an absence comparative risk analysis benefits tracking made difficult counter allegations authority.order better understand ultimately direct effort productively risk management analysis office recently created national protection programs directorate department homeland security.department defense cip u.s. department defense responsible protecting portion governments critical infrastructure. |
Critical infrastructure protection | part cip program dod responsibilities traverse national departmentwide critical infrastructure.pdd identified responsibilities dod critical infrastructure protection.first dod identify critical assets infrastructures provide assurance analysis assessment remediation.dod also responsible identifying monitoring national international infrastructure requirements industry government agencies needed included protection planning.dod also addressed assurance protection commercial assets infrastructure services dod acquisitions.dod responsibilities cip included assessing potential impact military operations would result loss compromise infrastructure service. |
Critical infrastructure protection | also requirements monitoring dod operations detecting responding infrastructure incidents providing department indications warnings part national process.ultimately dod responsible supporting national critical infrastructure protection.in response requirements identified pdd dod categorized critical assets sector manner similar national cip organization.dod identified slightly different list infrastructure sectors areas specifically required protection dod.dods organizational structure critical infrastructure protection reflects complements effectively interacts national structure cip.dod sectors ten defense critical infrastructure sectors protected dod. |
Critical infrastructure protection | includefinancial services defense financial services support activities related officially appropriated funds.activities include disbursement cash receipt funds acceptance deposits credit officially designated treasury general accounts.sector also provides financial services individuals onbase organizations including deposits account maintenance safekeeping.defense finance accounting service lead component financial services sector.transportation defense transportation system dts includes resources support global dod transportation needs.include surface sea lift assets supporting infrastructure personnel related systems. |
Critical infrastructure protection | transportation command ustranscom single manager dod transportation.public works public works includes four distinct physical infrastructure sectors electric power oil natural gas water sewer emergency services fire medical hazardous material handling.defense infrastructure sector composed networks systems principally distribution associated commodities.corps engineers responsible coordinating assurance activities public works infrastructure sector.global information grid command control gigc global information grid command control gigc two combined sectors support overall asset assurance cip.gig globally interconnected set personnel information communication capabilities necessary achieve information superiority.c includes assets facilities networks systems support mission accomplishment. |
Critical infrastructure protection | defense information systems agency disa lead component responsible global information grid command control.intelligence surveillance reconnaissance isr defense intelligence surveillance reconnaissance infrastructure sector composed facilities networks systems support isr activities intelligence production fusion centers.defense intelligence agency dia responsible coordinating assurance activities infrastructure sector.health affairs health care infrastructure consists facilities sites worldwide.located dod installations however dod also manages larger system nondod care facilities within health care network.health care facilities linked information systems.office assistant secretary defense health affairs designated lead component sector.personnel defense personnel infrastructure sector includes large number assets hosted component sites network facilities information systems linking sites facilities. |
Critical infrastructure protection | addition responsible assets personnel infrastructure sector also coordinates commercial services support personnel function.services include recruitment record keeping training.defense human resources activity designated lead component defense personnel infrastructure sector.space defense space infrastructure sector composed space groundbased assets including launch specialized logistics control systems.facilities located worldwide dodcontrolled private sites.defense space sector led united states strategic command usstratcom.logistics defense logistics sector includes activities facilities networks systems support provision supplies services u.s. forces worldwide. |
Critical infrastructure protection | logistics includes acquisition storage movement distribution maintenance material supplies.sector also includes final disposition material longer needed dod.defense logistics agency dla lead component dod logistics infrastructure.defense industrial base defense industrial base consists dod product service providers private sector.services products provided constitute critical assets dod.lead component defense industrial base defense contract management agency. |
Critical infrastructure protection | cases infrastructure protection requirements affect one defense sector dod set special function components support implementation cip.dod special functions dod cip special function components interface equivalent national functional coordinators coordinate activities related function within dod.dods special function components currently include seven areas focus.include following componentspolicy strategy policy strategy special function component provides strategic planning required prepare armed forces st century.part satisfies responsibility development national military strategy.within area policy development responsible leading chairmans biennial review unified command plan developing joint staff positions key issues organization roles missions functions armed forces combatant commands.intelligence support cip intelligence support special function component provides intelligence support dod protection defense portion federal government critical infrastructure. |
Critical infrastructure protection | intelligence support responsibilities also include supporting defense warning system alert notification interfacing national intelligence community.responsibilities intelligence support agencies include activities provisioning threat assessments indications warnings potential attacks advice support sector ciaos development defense infrastructure sector monitoring reporting crisis management support counterintelligence.special function component also tasked support dod contingent nipc related intelligence counterintelligence.industrial policy secretary defense acquisition technology logistics ensures adequate defense industrial base exists remains viable meet current future emergent national security requirements.defense security defense security service provides department defense federal agencies array security products services designed deter detect espionageinformation assurance assistant secretary defense networks information integration asd nii principal osd staff assistant development oversight integration dod policies programs relating strategy information superiority department defense.information assurance ia component information operations assures dods operational readiness providing continuous availability reliability information systems networks.ia protects dii exploitation degradation denial service providing means efficiently reconstitute reestablish vital capabilities following attack.research development research development special function component responsible information assurance protection. |
Critical infrastructure protection | office director defense research engineering coordinates cip dod research development agenda.well reconciling dod agenda national rd agenda.education awareness although education awareness may rightly considered everyones responsibility comprehensive education awareness strategy deemed essential successful dod cip program.national defense university ndu provided advice assistance assessing dod education awareness requirements.education awareness component also developed ciao education program.component tasked assist development special education training required cip crisis management personnel. |
Critical infrastructure protection | education awareness also supports dod national cip policy strategy formulation executive leadership development periodic infrastructure games.dod cip lifecycle mandated pdd dod must protect portion federal governments critical infrastructure.dod defense infrastructure di.protecting defense infrastructure complex task involving ten defense sectors.it deemed nearly impossible protect every critical asset every location therefore focus directed protecting critical defense infrastructure.critical defense infrastructure critical assets essential providing mission assurance. |
Critical infrastructure protection | six phases six phases dod cip life cycle build one another create framework comprehensive solution infrastructure assurance.life cycle phases occur event may compromise degrade infrastructure.synopsis six phases areanalysis assessment occurs event analysis assessment phase foundation important phase cip life cycle.phase identifies assets absolutely critical mission success determines assets’ vulnerabilities well interdependencies configurations characteristics.assessment made operational impact infrastructure loss degradation. |
Critical infrastructure protection | addition proactive cyber defence may anticipate attack computers networks.applies equally well critical infrastructure sectors involves interdicting disrupting attack threats preparation attack either preemptively selfdefense.remediation occurs event remediation phase involves precautionary measures actions taken event occurs fix known cyber physical vulnerabilities could cause outage compromise national defense infrastructure ndi critical asset.example remediation actions may include education awareness operational process procedural changes system configuration component changes.indications warnings occurs andor event indications warnings phase involves daily sector monitoring assess mission assurance capabilities critical infrastructure assets determine event indications report.indications preparatory actions indicate whether infrastructure event likely occur planned.indications based input tactical operational theater strategic level. |
Critical infrastructure protection | tactical level input comes asset owners.operational level input comes ndi sectors.theater level input comes regional assets allied intelligence nato command intelligence allied governments coalition forces.strategic level input comes intelligence lawenforcement private sector.warning process notifying asset owners possible threat hazard.mitigation occurs event mitigation phase comprises actions taken event response warnings incidents. |
Critical infrastructure protection | dod critical asset owners ndi sectors dod installations military operators take actions minimize operational impact critical assets loss debilitation.incident response occurs event incident response comprises plans activities taken eliminate cause source infrastructure event.reconstitution occurs event last phase cip life cycle involves actions taken rebuild restore critical asset capability damaged destroyed.phase challenging least developed process.effective management cip life cycle ensures protection activities coordinated reconciled among dod sectors.many ways dod cip risk management imperative.achieving success means obtaining mission assurance.missing mark mean mission failure well human material losses. |
Critical infrastructure protection | critical infrastructure protection risk management requires leveraging resources address critical infrastructure assets also vulnerable greatest threat exposure.the important part cip lifecycle phase .crucial target right assets infrastructure protection determining assets first phase cip life cycle.phase analysis assessment key foundation seven lifecycle activities.without solid foundation remaining cip life cycle phases may flawed resulting cip plan fails protect critical infrastructure therefore mission assurance.phase analysis assessment phase determines assets important identifies vulnerabilities dependencies decision makers information need make effective risk management choices.the defense infrastructure di organized ten sectors. |
Critical infrastructure protection | sector composed assets systems programs people equipment facilities.assets may simple one facility within one geographic location complex involving geographically dispersed links nodes.the analysis assessment made five steps include activities span encompass ten di sectors assets.i.first step analysis assessment phase identify critical assets.assets criticality function time situation based assets operational business value.di value depends several factors first military operations services rely asset dependencies change across time next sensitive operation loss compromise asset words maximum allowable time asset compromised. |
Critical infrastructure protection | finally assets assurance profile particular whether asset restoration switch backup occur within allowable time.domain expertise inspection critical assets identified reported cip program.ii.second step analysis assessment phase defense infrastructure characterization.step maps associates critical asset functions relationships within di sector.iii.third step analysis assessment phase operational impact analysis. |
Critical infrastructure protection | step accomplished development operational dependency matrices application operations research methods.potential operational impacts servicelevel requirements reflected assets criticality attributes criticality index cip program.iv.fourth step vulnerability assessment.step accomplished multiple channels.cip program critical assets baseline vulnerability index calculated inputs associated class asset geographic region probability natural disasters criminal national security events technological failures. |
Critical infrastructure protection | asset owners host installations sector ciao dod entities may provide asset operational readiness emergency preparedness information.v.fifth final step analysis assessment phase interdependency analysis.interdependency analysis seeks map functions relationships among di sectors.result interdependency analysis criticality attributes previously identified assets may updated additional critical assets may identified cip program.multiple groups within dod cip structure perform analysis assessment activities. |
Critical infrastructure protection | translating analysis assessment process concrete data requires specific activities tasks tools.phase example “real world” august director joint staff requested uspacom serve lead support combatant command creating cip firstever theater cip plan – known “cip appendix plan”.following uspacom approached task.uspacom focused analysis assessment phase organizing activities answer three major questionswhat criticalis vulnerablewhat doneto answer question “what critical” uspacom outlined threestep procedurefirst identify project focus.second complete operational analysis.third complete defense infrastructure analysis.to accomplish steps uspacom adopted methodology focuses cip efforts tier assets.tier assets assets could cause mission failure compromised damaged.methodology uapacom adopted modified mission area analysis maa. |
Critical infrastructure protection | maa links combatant command missions infrastructure assets critical given operations plan oplan contingency plan conplan crisis action plan.typically maa process determines assessment site priorities.uspacom modified process selected cip assessment sites installations prior conducting maa.following illustration uspacom maa processfirst identified mission essential requirements mers specific combatant commands joint task force capabilities essential execution warfighting plan.created mer matrix specific command. |
Critical infrastructure protection | example one mer may provide command control communications computers c.second identified forces required mer.example c mer linked specific signal battalion.third linked forces necessary functions tasks supporting force.example signal battalion linked communications civil engineers functions task managing theaters c information systems requirements.third links assets functions supporting tasks.result mission area analysis missioncritical assets.uspacom uses maa data gathers scope focus efforts truly missioncritical assets answer next question process vulnerablethe first step answering question complete installation analysis. |
Critical infrastructure protection | next step complete commercial infrastructure analysis.uspacom relied upon two different dod organizations cip assessments balanced survivability assessments bsas mission assurance assessments.bsa twoweek missionfocused assessment military installation designated site.mission assurance assessment unique uses area assessment approach focus commercial military asset vulnerabilities dependencies.final step determine vulnerabilities integrate two analyses assessments. |
Critical infrastructure protection | critical assets vulnerabilities identified uspacom ready perform risk management activities decide done protect missioncritical assets.booz allen hamilton developed process pacom.phase remediation first phase cip life cycle analysis assessment identified critical assets dod sector infrastructures vulnerabilities weaknesses critical assets.the second phase remediation phase.remediation phase known weaknesses vulnerabilities addressed.remediation actions deliberate precautionary measures designed fix known virtual physical vulnerabilities event occurs.purpose remediation improve reliability availability survivability critical assets infrastructures. |
Critical infrastructure protection | remediation actions apply type vulnerability regardless cause.apply acts nature technology failures deliberate malicious actions.the cost remediation action depends nature vulnerability addresses.defense infrastructure sector assurance plan infrastructure sector must develop establishes priorities resources remediation.remediation requirements determined multiple factors.analysis assessment input military planners dod sectors national infrastructure assurance plan plans reports information national infrastructure vulnerabilities remediation well intelligence estimates assessments threats.remediation requirements also gathered lessons learned defense infrastructure sector monitoring reporting infrastructure protection operations exercises. |
Critical infrastructure protection | cip program tracks status remediation activities critical assets.remediation activities protect critical defense infrastructure cross multiple department components.phase indications warnings need monitor activities warn potential threats united states new.conventional assaults potential nuclear attacks military forefront monitoring warning potential dangers since founding country.protecting security well united states including critical defense infrastructure entered new era. |
Critical infrastructure protection | deemed essential coordinated ability identify warn potential actual incidents among critical infrastructure domains.ability detect warn infrastructure events third phase critical infrastructure protection life cycle indications warnings phase.indications warnings actions infrastructure conditions signal event eitherlikelyplanned orunderway.historically dod event indications focused relied intelligence information foreign developments.event indications expanded include potential infrastructure disruption degradation regardless cause.dod cip indications based four levels inputtactical level input dod asset owners installationsoperationallevel input sector chief information assurance officers ciaostheaterlevel input command service intelligence counterintelligence activities.strategiclevel intelligence intelligence community law enforcement private sectorthis fusion traditional intelligence information sectorspecific information determined essential meaningful cip indications.if indication detected warning notifying appropriate asset owners possible occurring event hazard issued.sectors assurance plan determines conditions actions monitored reported defense infrastructure sector. |
Critical infrastructure protection | sector must develop written defense sector assurance plan includes compendium sector incidents monitoring reporting.sector incident compendium made three types incidentsnationally defined reportable incidentsdod defined reportable incidents andsectordefined reportable incidents.dod critical asset owners installations sector ciaos determine dod sectordefined incidents.reportable incidents classes incidents must include following componentswho monitor incidenthow soon incident must reportedwhich information elements incident containhow incident reporting routedwhat followup actions requiredthe national infrastructure protection center nipc primary national warning center significant infrastructure attacks.critical asset owners dod installations sector ciaos monitor infrastructure daily.indications infrastructure incident reported national military command center nmcc. |
Critical infrastructure protection | indications computer network also reported joint task force computer network operations jtfcno.nmcc jtfcno assess indications pass nipc appropriate dod organizations.nipc determines infrastructure event likely occur planned way issues national warning.dod nipc passes warnings alerts nmcc jtfcno.warnings alerts passed dod components. |
Critical infrastructure protection | warning may include guidance regarding additional protection measures dod take.phase mitigation phase cip life cycle provided layer protection identifying assessing critical assets vulnerabilities.phase provided another layer protection remediating improving identified deficiencies weaknesses asset.even protections precautions infrastructure incident still possible.indications warnings phase goes effect.the mitigation phase phase made preplanned coordinated actions response infrastructure warnings incidents. |
Critical infrastructure protection | mitigation actions taken infrastructure event.actions designed minimize operational impact loss critical asset facilitate incident response quickly restore infrastructure service.a primary purpose mitigation phase minimize operational impact critical defense infrastructures assets critical asset lost damaged.example u.s. installation site located host nation.site tier asset meaning fails combatant commands mission fails.site mutual global information grid command control gigc information interdependencies sites b c. addition defense infrastructure sectors rely site mission capabilities. |
Critical infrastructure protection | scenario could impact supply line commercial power plant provides installations primary power accidentally severed.interdependencies losing asset loss one site.means loss sector capabilities.a possible mitigation action might site go backup power.an alternate action could pass complete control site functionality another site redundancy previously arranged.actions would limit impact incident sites related sectors.addition lessening operational impact critical infrastructure event mitigation phase cip life cycle supports complements two life cycle phases. |
Critical infrastructure protection | mitigation actions aid emergency investigation management activities phase incident response.also facilitate reconstitution activities phase .during mitigation phase dod critical asset owners dod installations sector chief infrastructure assurance officers ciaos work national military command center nmcc joint task forcecomputer network operations jtfcno develop train exercise mitigation responses various scenarios.warning emergency infrastructure incident critical asset owners installations sector ciaos initiate mitigation actions sustain service dod.also provide mitigation status information nmcc jtfcno.nmcc monitors consequences event within one defense infrastructure sector significant enough affect sectors. |
Critical infrastructure protection | events cross two sectors nmcc advises prioritization coordination mitigation actions.event threats consequences continue escalate nmcc directs mitigation actions sector ensure coordinated response across dod.nmcc jtfcno keep national infrastructure protection center nipc apprised significant mitigation activities.phase incident response event affects defense infrastructure incident response phase begins.incident response fifth phase cip life cycle. |
Critical infrastructure protection | purpose incident response phase eliminate cause source infrastructure event.example attacks world trade center pentagon nonmilitary airplanes grounded united states prevent incidents.response activities included emergency measures asset owners operators dedicated third parties law enforcement medical rescue fire rescue hazardous material explosives handling investigative agencies.response defense infrastructure incidents take one two paths depending whether event affects dod computer network.when incidents compromise dod computer network joint task forcecomputer network operations jtfcno directs response activities.activities designed stop computer network attack contain mitigate damage dod information network restore minimum required functionality. |
Critical infrastructure protection | jtfcno also requests coordinates support assistance federal agencies civilian organizations incidents affecting dod network.incidents impact dod owned assets installation commanders critical asset owners follow traditional channels procedures coordinate responses.includes notifying affected sector chief infrastructure assurance officers ciaos initial notice status reporting.although third parties play major role response defense infrastructure events dod cip personnel also responsibilities fulfill.phase reconstitution source cause infrastructure event eliminated contained infrastructure capabilities must restored. |
WinRAR | reconstitution last phase critical infrastructure protection.reconstitution probably challenging least developed process life cycle.dod critical asset owners major responsibility reconstitution.see also richard a. clarke former special advisor president counterterrorism cybersecurity critical infrastructure protectionproactive cyber defence protect critical information infrastructurespresidential decision directive north american electric reliability corporation nerccritical foreign dependencies initiativeeconomic terrorismhighvoltage transformer fire barriers references external links anderson k. intelligencebased threat assessments information networks infrastructures white paper.strategy secure cyberspacecritical infrastructure protection program george mason universitycritical infrastructure homeland security emergency preparednessinfracriticalcritical infrastructure protection reviewcentre protection national infrastructure united kingdomwater infrastructure security enhancements draft national standardsterrorism public utility infrastructure protectiondod ia policy chart build operate trusted gignerc cip reliability standardscreate view archives rar zip file formats unpack numerous archive file formats.enable user test integrity archives winrar embeds crc blake checksums file archive.winrar supports creating encrypted multipart selfextracting archives.winrar windowsonly program.android application called rar android also available.related programs include commandline utilities rar unrar versions macos linux freebsd windows ce msdos. |
WinRAR | evolution winrar rar file format evolved time.support archive format rar using rar file extension earlier versions added version .older rar file format since referred rar.winrar versions .support rar archives older versions winrar run windows versions prior windows vista cannot open rar archives.the rar file format increased maximum dictionary size gb different compression directory sizes mb gb available default version increased mb mb typically improving compression ratio. |
WinRAR | aes encryption used cbc mode increased strength bit.maximum path length files rar zip archives increased characters.options added v. include bit blake filehashing algorithm instead default bit crc duplicate file detection ntfs hard symbolic links quick open record allow large archives opened faster.the rar file format removed comments file though archive comment still remains authenticity verification specialized compression algorithms text multimedia files.rar also changed file name split volumes archivename.rnn archivename.partnn.rar.features creation packed rar zip archives.unpacking arj bzip cab gz iso jar lha rar tar uue xz z zip zipx zst z split archives well exe files containing archive formatschecksum integrity verification arj bzip cab gz bzip rar xz zip z archivesmultithreaded cpu compression decompressionwhen creating rar archivessupport maximum file size eib .× bytes million tbcompression dictionary mib gib limited mib bit editions windows although bit windows still decompress archives gib dictionary default size miboptional bit blake file hash replace default bit crc file checksumoptional encryption using aes bit key cbc mode using key derivation function based pbkdf using hmacshaoptional data redundancy provided form reed–solomon recovery records recovery volumes allowing reconstruction damaged archives including reconstruction entirely missed volumesoptional quick open record open rar files fasterability create multivolume split archivesability create selfextracting files multivolume selfextracting archives supported selfextractor execute commands running specified program selfextractionsupport advanced ntfs file system options ntfs hard symbolic linkssupport maximum path length characters stored utf formatoptional archive comment stored utf formatoptional file time stamp preservation creation last access high precision modification timesoptional file deduplication license software distributed try buy may used without charge days. |
WinRAR | period expires nonenterprise functionalities remain available move intended discourage piracy.china freetouse personal edition provided officially since .although archiving rar format proprietary rarlab supplies copyrighted freeware c source code current unrar unpacker license allowing used software thus enabling others produce software capable unpacking creating rar archives.rar android free charge.displays advertisements payment disabled.license winrar provide adsuppression rar android.security february major security vulnerability unacev.dll library used winrar decompress ace archives discovered. |
WinRAR | consequently winrar dropped support ace format version ..selfextracting archives created versions .including executable installer winrar vulnerable dll hijacking may load use dlls named uxtheme.dll riched.dll riched.dll folder executable file.it widely reported winrar v. earlier remote code execution rce vulnerability could allow remote attacker insert malicious code selfextracting executable sfx file created user putting million users software risk.however examination claim revealed vulnerability existed result merely sfx delivered payload executed published responses dismissed threat one saying find suckers trust .exe labelled selfextracting archive ... trick running smuggled javascript.history versions command line rar unrar first released autumn .early development version winrar .b released windows .x software.. new rar archive format implemented.new archives cannot managed older versions winrar. |
WinRAR | solid compression wav audio lossless compression features added.. adds support linux .z archives like gzip bzip.new options include storing entire file paths restoring compressed ntfs files.. adds support interface skins windows xp professional x edition.. adds multithreaded version compression algorithm improves compression speed systems multiple dualcore hyperthreadingenabled cpus.. adds support zip archives contain unicode file names utf.. adds support x architecture windows .multithreaded support enhanced.. last release supports valencian.. last release supports serbian cyrillic serbian latin.. decompression sped .windows windows windows nt longer supported minimum windows version required windows .. removes zip limitations allowing unlimited number files archive size.winrar also allows creation multivolume zip files. |
WinRAR | zip archives include unicode file names.. compression speed smp mode increased significantly improvement made expense increased memory usage.zip compression uses smp well.default smp mode cannot handle text text compression significantly worse unless additional switches used.also windows compatibility removed.. rar archive format implemented.rar compressed archives cannot managed old versions winrar. |
WinRAR | rar format improves multicore processor utilization adds larger dictionary size gib bit winrar.special optional compression algorithms optimized rgb bitmaps raw audio files itanium executables plain text supported earlier versions supported older rar format rar.optional optimized compression x executables delta compression structured table data supported file formats.. adds support master password used encrypt passwords stored winrar.default rar format changed version .adds support decompressing lzip archives adds support high precision file dates longer file names larger file sizes tar archives.. repairing protected rar archives improved. |
WinRAR | automatic detection encoding zip archive comments.recognition gzip files arbitrary preceding data actual gzip archive.. removes support ace archive decompression due major security vulnerabilities unacev.dll library.. ignore ignore options added read error prompt.ignore allows continue processing already read file part ignore future read errors.. dropped windows xp support.added support unpacking zst archives.maximum recovery record increased protected data size. |
WinRAR | operating systems support recent versions support many older operating systems.versions supporting older operating systems may still available maintainedrar .last version supports msdos os bit x cpus compatible.rar .last version msdos os ia cpus equivalents later.supports file names longer msdos standard . |
WinRAR | characters windows dos box except windows nt uses rsx dpmi extender.winrar .last version support windows .windows nt .windows nt .windows nt . |
WinRAR | wins.winrar .last version support windows nt .. rar pocket pc .last version windows mobile.winrar .last version support windows .winrar .last version support windows xp. |
WinRAR | see also comparison file archiverscomparison archive formatslist archive formats references reading salomon david march .data compression complete reference th ed.. london springer science business media.doi.. isbn .retrieved september .fellows geoffrey october .winrar temporary folder artefacts. |
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WinRAR | doi.s.issn .scid .metz cade .file compression beyond zip.pc magazine. |
WinRAR | .issn .qin jiancheng bai zhongying february .design new format mass data compression.journal china universities posts telecommunications.–. |
WinRAR | doi.s.issn .retrieved september .spanbauer scott december .forget napster – usenet files are.pc world. |
WinRAR | .issn .allen danny february .compression apps shrink files.pc world.. |
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WinRAR | issn .scid .jovanova b. preda m. preteux f. o. .mpeg part graphics compression framework xmlbased scene graph formats.signal processing image communication.– . |
WinRAR | doi.j.image.... issn .barr k. c. asanović k. .energyaware lossless data compression.acm transactions computer systems..citeseerx ..... doi... hdl.. issn . |
Transport Layer Security | scid .external links official website rar .archive file formatcritical vulnerability winrars versions prior .protocol widely used applications email instant messaging voice ip use securing https remains publicly visible.the tls protocol aims primarily provide cryptography including privacy confidentiality integrity authenticity use certificates two communicating computer applications.runs application layer composed two layers tls record tls handshake protocols.tls proposed internet engineering task force ietf standard first defined current version tls .defined august .tls builds earlier ssl specifications developed netscape communications adding https protocol web browser.description clientserver applications use tls protocol communicate across network way designed prevent eavesdropping tampering.since applications communicate either without tls ssl necessary client request server sets tls connection. |
Transport Layer Security | one main ways achieving use different port number tls connections.example port typically used unencrypted http traffic port common port used encrypted https traffic.another mechanism client make protocolspecific request server switch connection tls example making starttls request using mail news protocols.once client server agreed use tls negotiate stateful connection using handshaking procedure.protocols use handshake asymmetric cipher establish cipher settings also sessionspecific shared key communication encrypted using symmetric cipher.handshake client server agree various parameters used establish connections securitythe handshake begins client connects tlsenabled server requesting secure connection client presents list supported cipher suites ciphers hash functions.from list server picks cipher hash function also supports notifies client decision.the server usually provides identification form digital certificate. |
Transport Layer Security | certificate contains server name trusted certificate authority ca vouches authenticity certificate servers public encryption key.the client confirms validity certificate proceeding.to generate session keys used secure connection client eitherencrypts random number premastersecret servers public key sends result server server able decrypt private key parties use random number generate unique session key subsequent encryption decryption data sessionuses diffie–hellman key exchange securely generate random unique session key encryption decryption additional property forward secrecy servers private key disclosed future cannot used decrypt current session even session intercepted recorded third party.this concludes handshake begins secured connection encrypted decrypted session key connection closes.one steps fails tls handshake fails connection created.tls ssl fit neatly single layer osi model tcpip model.tls runs top reliable transport protocol e.g.tcp would imply transport layer.serves encryption higher layers normally function presentation layer. |
Transport Layer Security | however applications generally use tls transport layer even though applications using tls must actively control initiating tls handshakes handling exchanged authentication certificates.when secured tls connections client e.g.web browser server e.g.wikipedia.org one following propertiesthe connection private secure symmetrickey algorithm used encrypt data transmitted.keys symmetric encryption generated uniquely connection based shared secret negotiated start session.server client negotiate details encryption algorithm cryptographic keys use first byte data transmitted see below. |
Transport Layer Security | negotiation shared secret secure negotiated secret unavailable eavesdroppers cannot obtained even attacker places themself middle connection reliable attacker modify communications negotiation without detected.the identity communicating parties authenticated using publickey cryptography.authentication required server optional client.the connection reliable message transmitted includes message integrity check using message authentication code prevent undetected loss alteration data transmission.addition careful configuration tls provide additional privacyrelated properties forward secrecy ensuring future disclosure encryption keys cannot used decrypt tls communications recorded past.tls supports many different methods exchanging keys encrypting data authenticating message integrity.result secure configuration tls involves many configurable parameters choices provide privacyrelated properties described list see tables § key exchange § cipher security § data integrity.attempts made subvert aspects communications security tls seeks provide protocol revised several times address security threats.developers web browsers repeatedly revised products defend potential security weaknesses discovered see tlsssl support history web browsers. |
Transport Layer Security | history development secure data network system transport layer security protocol tls together several basic network security platforms developed joint initiative begun august among national security agency national bureau standards defense communications agency twelve communications computer corporations initiated special project called secure data network system sdns.program described september th national computer security conference extensive set published papers.innovative research program focused designing next generation secure computer communications network product specifications implemented applications public private internets.intended complement rapidly emerging new osi internet standards moving forward u.s. governments gosip profiles huge ituiso jtc internet effort internationally.originally known sp protocol renamed tls subsequently published international standard itut x. isoiec . |
Transport Layer Security | secure network programming early research efforts towards transport layer security included secure network programming snp application programming interface api explored approach secure transport layer api closely resembling berkeley sockets facilitate retrofitting preexisting network applications security measures.ssl ...netscape developed original ssl protocols taher elgamal chief scientist netscape communications described father ssl. |
Transport Layer Security | ssl version .never publicly released serious security flaws protocol.version .released february quickly discovered contain number security usability flaws.used cryptographic keys message authentication encryption. |
Transport Layer Security | weak mac construction used md hash function secret prefix making vulnerable length extension attacks.provided protection either opening handshake explicit message close meant maninthemiddle attacks could go undetected.moreover ssl .assumed single service fixed domain certificate conflicting widely used feature virtual hosting web servers websites effectively impaired using ssl.these flaws necessitated complete redesign protocol ssl version .. released produced paul kocher working netscape engineers phil karlton alan freier reference implementation christopher allen tim dierks consensus development.newer versions ssltls based ssl .. draft ssl . |
Transport Layer Security | published ietf historical document rfc .ssl .deprecated rfc .ssl .found vulnerable poodle attack affects block ciphers ssl rc nonblock cipher supported ssl .also feasibly broken used ssl .. ssl . |
Transport Layer Security | deprecated june rfc .tls .tls .first defined rfc january upgrade ssl version .written christopher allen tim dierks consensus development. |
Transport Layer Security | stated rfc differences protocol ssl .dramatic significant enough preclude interoperability tls .ssl .. tim dierks later wrote changes renaming ssl tls facesaving gesture microsoft wouldnt look like ietf rubberstamping netscapes protocol.the pci council suggested organizations migrate tls .tls .higher june . |
Transport Layer Security | october apple google microsoft mozilla jointly announced would deprecate tls ..march .tls .tls . |
Transport Layer Security | defined rfc april .update tls version .. significant differences version includeadded protection cipherblock chaining cbc attacks.the implicit initialization vector iv replaced explicit iv.change handling padding errors.support iana registration parameters.support tls versions ..widely deprecated web sites around disabling access firefox versions chromiumbased browsers . |
Transport Layer Security | tls .tls .defined rfc august .based earlier tls .specification. |
Transport Layer Security | major differences includethe md–sha combination pseudorandom function prf replaced sha option use cipher suite specified prfs.the md–sha combination finished message hash replaced sha option use cipher suite specific hash algorithms.however size hash finished message must still least bits.the md–sha combination digitally signed element replaced single hash negotiated handshake defaults sha.enhancement clients servers ability specify hashes signature algorithms accept.expansion support authenticated encryption ciphers used mainly galoiscounter mode gcm ccm mode advanced encryption standard aes encryption.tls extensions definition aes cipher suites added.tls versions refined rfc march removing backward compatibility ssl tls sessions never negotiate use secure sockets layer ssl version .. tls .tls .defined rfc august . |
Transport Layer Security | based earlier tls .specification.major differences tls .includeseparating key agreement authentication algorithms cipher suitesremoving support weak lessused named elliptic curvesremoving support md sha cryptographic hash functionsrequiring digital signatures even previous configuration usedintegrating hkdf semiephemeral dh proposalreplacing resumption psk ticketssupporting rtt handshakes initial support rttmandating perfect forward secrecy means using ephemeral keys ecdh key agreementdropping support many insecure obsolete features including compression renegotiation nonaead ciphers nonpfs key exchange among static rsa static dh key exchanges custom dhe groups ec point format negotiation change cipher spec protocol hello message unix time length field ad input aead ciphersprohibiting ssl rc negotiation backwards compatibilityintegrating use session hashdeprecating use record layer version number freezing number improved backwards compatibilitymoving securityrelated algorithm details appendix specification relegating clientkeyshare appendixadding chacha stream cipher poly message authentication codeadding ed ed digital signature algorithmsadding x x key exchange protocolsadding support sending multiple ocsp responsesencrypting handshake messages serverhellonetwork security services nss cryptography library developed mozilla used web browser firefox enabled tls .default february . |
Transport Layer Security | tls .support subsequently added — due compatibility issues small number users automatically enabled — firefox .released march .tls .enabled default may release firefox ..google chrome set tls . |
Transport Layer Security | default version short time .removed default due incompatible middleboxes blue coat web proxies.during ietf hackathon took place singapore tls group worked adapting opensource applications use tls .. tls group made individuals japan united kingdom mauritius via cyberstorm.mu team.work continued ietf hackathon london ietf hackathon montreal.wolfssl enabled use tls .version .. released may .first commercial tls . |
Transport Layer Security | implementation wolfssl .. supported draft supports draft final version well many older versions.series blogs published performance difference tls ...in september popular openssl project released version .. library support tls .headline new feature.support tls .first added schannel windows windows server . |
Transport Layer Security | enterprise transport security electronic frontier foundation praised tls .expressed concern variant protocol enterprise transport security ets intentionally disables important security measures tls .. originally called enterprise tls etls ets published standard known etsi ts middlebox security protocol part enterprise transport security.intended use entirely within proprietary networks banking systems.ets support forward secrecy allow thirdparty organizations connected proprietary networks able use private key monitor network traffic detection malware make easier conduct audits.despite claimed benefits eff warned loss forward secrecy could make easier data exposed along saying better ways analyze traffic. |
Transport Layer Security | digital certificates digital certificate certifies ownership public key named subject certificate indicates certain expected usages key.allows others relying parties rely upon signatures assertions made private key corresponds certified public key.keystores trust stores various formats .pem .crt .pfx .jks.certificate authorities tls typically relies set trusted thirdparty certificate authorities establish authenticity certificates.trust usually anchored list certificates distributed user agent software modified relying party.according netcraft monitors active tls certificates marketleading certificate authority ca symantec since beginning survey verisign authentication services business unit purchased symantec. |
Transport Layer Security | symantec accounted third certificates valid certificates used million busiest websites counted netcraft.symantec sold tlsssl business digicert.updated report shown identrust digicert sectigo top certificate authorities terms market share since may .as consequence choosing x. certificates certificate authorities public key infrastructure necessary verify relation certificate owner well generate sign administer validity certificates.convenient verifying identities via web trust mass surveillance disclosures made widely known certificate authorities weak point security standpoint allowing maninthemiddle attacks mitm certificate authority cooperates compromised.algorithms key exchange key agreement client server begin exchange information protected tls must securely exchange agree upon encryption key cipher use encrypting data see § cipher. |
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