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Brisbane Water National Park | retrieved october .brisbane water national park plan management pdf.nsw national parks wildlife service pdf.government new south wales.october .oclc .brisbane water national park map. |
Brisbane Water National Park | nsw national parks wildlife service government new south wales.archived original october .retrieved october .brisbane water national park mountain bike routes pdf map map.nsw national parks wildlife service.government new south wales. |
Microsoft Windows | .brisbane water national park.office environment heritage.government new south wales.family caters certain sector computing industry.active microsoft windows families include windows nt windows iot may encompass subfamilies e.g.windows server windows embedded compact windows ce.defunct microsoft windows families include windows x windows mobile windows phone.microsoft introduced operating environment named windows november graphical operating system shell msdos response growing interest graphical user interfaces guis.microsoft windows came dominate worlds personal computer pc market market share overtaking mac os introduced .apple came see windows unfair encroachment innovation gui development implemented products lisa macintosh eventually settled court microsofts favor . |
Microsoft Windows | pcs windows still popular operating system countries.however microsoft admitted losing majority overall operating system market android massive growth sales android smartphones.number windows devices sold less android devices sold.comparison however may fully relevant two operating systems traditionally target different platforms.still numbers server use windows comparable competitors show one third market share similar end user use. |
Microsoft Windows | october recent version windows pcs tablets windows version h. recent version embedded devices windows version h. recent version server computers windows server version h. specialized version windows also runs xbox one xbox series xs video game consoles.genealogy marketing role microsoft developer windows registered several trademarks denotes family windows operating systems target specific sector computing industry.following windows families actively developedwindows nt started family operating systems windows nt .operating system server computers workstations.consists three operating system subfamilies released almost time share kernelwindows operating system mainstream personal computers tablets. |
Microsoft Windows | latest version windows .main competitor family macos apple personal computers ipados android tablets c.f.usage share operating systems § market share category.windows server operating system server computers.latest version windows server .unlike client sibling adopted strong naming scheme. |
Microsoft Windows | main competitor family linux.c.f.usage share operating systems § market share categorywindows pe lightweight version windows sibling meant operate live operating system used installing windows baremetal computers especially many computers recovery troubleshooting purposes.latest version windows pe .windows iot previously windows embedded initially microsoft developed windows ce generalpurpose operating system every device resourcelimited called fullfledged computer.eventually however windows ce renamed windows embedded compact folded windows compact trademark also consists windows embedded industry windows embedded professional windows embedded standard windows embedded handheld windows embedded automotive.the following windows families longer developedwindows x operating system targeted consumer market. |
Microsoft Windows | discontinued suboptimal performance.pc world called last version windows one worst products time.microsoft caters consumer market windows nt.windows mobile predecessor windows phone mobile phone operating system.first version called pocket pc third version windows mobile first version adopt windows mobile trademark.last version windows mobile ..windows phone operating system sold manufacturers smartphones. |
Microsoft Windows | first version windows phone followed windows phone windows phone .. succeeded windows mobile also discontinued.version history term windows collectively describes several generations microsoft operating system products.products generally categorized follows early versions history windows dates back microsoft started work program called interface manager.announced november apple lisa macintosh name windows windows .released november . |
Microsoft Windows | windows .compete apples operating system achieved little popularity.windows .complete operating system rather extends msdos.shell windows . |
Microsoft Windows | program known msdos executive.components included calculator calendar cardfile clipboard viewer clock control panel notepad paint reversi terminal write.windows .allow overlapping windows.instead windows tiled. |
Microsoft Windows | modal dialog boxes may appear windows.microsoft sold included windows development libraries c development environment included numerous windows samples.windows .released december popular predecessor.features several improvements user interface memory management.windows . |
Microsoft Windows | changed os tiled windows overlapping windows.result change led apple computer filing suit microsoft alleging infringement apples copyrights.windows .also introduced sophisticated keyboard shortcuts could make use expanded memory.windows .released two different versions windows windows. |
Microsoft Windows | windows uses virtual mode intel multitask several dos programs paged memory model emulate expanded memory using available extended memory.windows spite name runs intel intel processors.runs real mode make use high memory area.in addition full windowspackages runtimeonly versions shipped early windows software third parties made possible run windows software msdos without full windows feature set.the early versions windows often thought graphical shells mostly ran top msdos use file system services.however even earliest windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions notably executable file format providing device drivers timer graphics printer mouse keyboard sound.unlike msdos windows allowed users execute multiple graphical applications time cooperative multitasking. |
Microsoft Windows | windows implemented elaborate segmentbased software virtual memory scheme allows run applications larger available memory code segments resources swapped thrown away memory became scarce data segments moved memory given application relinquished processor control.windows .x windows .released improved design mostly virtual memory loadable virtual device drivers vxds allow windows share arbitrary devices multitasked dos applications.windows .applications run protected mode gives access several megabytes memory without obligation participate software virtual memory scheme. |
Microsoft Windows | run inside address space segmented memory provides degree protection.windows .also featured improvements user interface.microsoft rewrote critical operations c assembly.windows . |
Microsoft Windows | first microsoft windows version achieve broad commercial success selling million copies first six months.windows .made generally available march featured facelift.august windows workgroups special version integrated peertopeer networking features version number .released.sold along windows .. support windows . |
Microsoft Windows | ended december .windows .released updated version chinese version windows .. update limited language version fixed issues related complex writing system chinese language.windows .generally sold computer manufacturers tendisk version msdos also simplified chinese characters basic output translated utilities.windows x next major consumeroriented release windows windows released august . |
Microsoft Windows | still remaining msdosbased windows introduced support native bit applications plug play hardware preemptive multitasking long file names characters provided increased stability predecessors.windows also introduced redesigned object oriented user interface replacing previous program manager start menu taskbar windows explorer shell.windows major commercial success microsoft ina fried cnet remarked time windows finally ushered market become fixture computer desktops around world.microsoft published four oem service releases osr windows roughly equivalent service pack.first osr windows also first version windows bundled microsofts web browser internet explorer. |
Microsoft Windows | mainstream support windows ended december extended support windows ended december .windows followed release windows june introduced windows driver model support usb composite devices support acpi hibernation support multimonitor configurations.windows also included integration internet explorer active desktop aspects windows desktop update series enhancements explorer shell also made available windows .may microsoft released windows second edition updated version windows .windows se added internet explorer .windows media player . |
Microsoft Windows | amongst upgrades.mainstream support windows ended june extended support windows ended july .on september microsoft released windows millennium edition last dosbased version windows.windows incorporated visual interface enhancements windows ntbased counterpart windows faster boot times previous versions however required removal ability access real mode dos environment removing compatibility older programs expanded multimedia functionality including windows media player windows movie maker windows image acquisition framework retrieving images scanners digital cameras additional system utilities system file protection system restore updated home networking tools.however windows faced criticism speed instability along hardware compatibility issues removal real mode dos support.pc world considered windows one worst operating systems microsoft ever released th worst tech product time. |
Microsoft Windows | windows nt version history early versions windows nt .... november new development team within microsoft included former digital equipment corporation developers dave cutler mark lucovsky began work revamped version ibm microsofts os operating system known nt os.nt os intended secure multiuser operating system posix compatibility modular portable kernel preemptive multitasking support multiple processor architectures.however following successful release windows .nt development team decided rework project use extended bit port windows api known win instead os.win maintained similar structure windows apis allowing existing windows applications easily ported platform also supported capabilities existing nt kernel. |
Microsoft Windows | following approval microsofts staff development continued windows nt first bit version windows.however ibm objected changes ultimately continued os development own.windows nt first windows operating system based hybrid kernel.hybrid kernel designed modified microkernel influenced mach microkernel developed richard rashid carnegie mellon university without meeting criteria pure microkernel.the first release resulting operating system windows nt .named associate windows .released july versions desktop workstations servers. |
Microsoft Windows | windows nt .released september focusing performance improvements support novells netware followed windows nt .may included additional improvements support powerpc architecture.windows nt .released june introducing redesigned interface windows nt series. |
Microsoft Windows | february microsoft released windows successor nt .. windows nt name dropped point order put greater focus windows brand.windows xp next major version windows nt windows xp released october .introduction windows xp aimed unify consumeroriented windows x series architecture introduced windows nt change microsoft promised would provide better performance dosbased predecessors.windows xp would also introduce redesigned user interface including updated start menu taskoriented windows explorer streamlined multimedia networking features internet explorer integration microsofts .net passport services compatibility mode help provide backwards compatibility software designed previous versions windows remote assistance functionality.at retail windows xp marketed two main editions home edition targeted towards consumers professional edition targeted towards business environments power users included additional security networking features.home professional later accompanied media center edition designed home theater pcs emphasis support dvd playback tv tuner cards dvr functionality remote controls tablet pc edition designed mobile devices meeting specifications tablet computer support stylus pen input additional penenabled applications. |
Microsoft Windows | mainstream support windows xp ended april .extended support ended april .after windows microsoft also changed release schedules server operating systems server counterpart windows xp windows server released april .followed december windows server r. windows vista lengthy development process windows vista released november volume licensing january consumers.contained number new features redesigned shell user interface significant technical changes particular focus security features.available number different editions subject criticism drop performance longer boot time criticism new uac stricter license agreement. |
Microsoft Windows | vistas server counterpart windows server released early .windows july windows windows server r released rtm release manufacturing former released public months later october .unlike predecessor windows vista introduced large number new features windows intended focused incremental upgrade windows line goal compatible applications hardware windows vista already compatible.windows multitouch support redesigned windows shell updated taskbar revealable jump lists contain shortcuts files frequently used specific applications shortcuts tasks within application home networking system called homegroup performance improvements.windows . |
Microsoft Windows | windows successor windows released generally october .number significant changes made windows including introduction user interface based around microsofts metro design language optimizations touchbased devices tablets allinone pcs.changes include start screen uses large tiles convenient touch interactions allow display continually updated information new class apps designed primarily use touchbased devices.new windows version required minimum resolution × pixels effectively making unfit netbooks ×pixel screens.other changes include increased integration cloud services online platforms social networks microsofts onedrive formerly skydrive xbox live services windows store service software distribution new variant known windows rt use devices utilize arm architecture new keyboard shortcut screenshots.update windows called windows . |
Microsoft Windows | released october includes features new live tile sizes deeper onedrive integration many revisions.windows windows .subject criticism removal start menu.windows september microsoft announced windows successor windows .. released july addresses shortcomings user interface first introduced windows .changes pc include return start menu virtual desktop system ability run windows store apps within windows desktop rather fullscreen mode. |
Microsoft Windows | windows said available update qualified windows sp windows .windows phone .devices get windows application windows windows .windows update windows .in february microsoft announced migration windows source code repository perforce git.migration involved . |
Microsoft Windows | million separate files gigabyte repository.may percent engineering team using git commits windows builds per day.in june shortly microsofts announcement windows microsoft updated lifecycle policy pages windows revealing support last release windows october .windows june windows announced successor windows livestream.new operating system designed userfriendly understandable.released october . |
Microsoft Windows | windows free upgrade windows users now.windows july microsoft announced start selling subscriptions virtualized windows desktops part new windows service following month.standalone version microsoft windows web service provides access windows windows built top azure virtual desktop.new service allow crossplatform usage aiming make operating system available apple android users.subscriptionbased service accessible operating system web browser. |
Microsoft Windows | microsoft stated new service attempt capitalizing growing trend fostered covid pandemic businesses adopt hybrid work environment employees split time office home according vice president jared spataro.service accessible webbrowsers microsoft able bypass need publish service google play apple app store.microsoft announced windows availability business enterprise customers august .multilingual support multilingual support built windows since windows .. language keyboard interface changed region language control panel.components supported input languages input method editors automatically installed windows installation windows xp earlier files east asian languages chinese righttoleft scripts arabic may need installed separately also said control panel.thirdparty imes may also installed user feels provided one insufficient needs.interface languages operating system free download languages limited certain editions windows. |
Microsoft Windows | language interface packs lips redistributable may downloaded microsofts download center installed edition windows xp later – translate windows interface require certain base language language windows originally shipped with.used languages emerging markets.full language packs translates complete operating system available specific editions windows ultimate enterprise editions windows vista editions windows .rt except single language.require specific base language commonly used popular languages french chinese. |
Microsoft Windows | languages cannot downloaded download center available optional updates windows update service except windows .the interface language installed applications affected changes windows interface language.availability languages depends application developers themselves.windows windows server introduces new language control panel interface input languages simultaneously changed language packs regardless type downloaded central location.pc settings app windows .windows server r also includes counterpart settings page this.changing interface language also changes language preinstalled windows store apps mail maps news certain microsoftdeveloped apps remote desktop. |
Microsoft Windows | limitations language packs however still effect except full language packs installed edition except single language caters emerging markets.platform support windows nt included support several platforms xbased personal computer became dominant professional world.windows nt .predecessors supported powerpc dec alpha mips r although platforms implement bit computing os treated bit.windows dropped support platforms except third generation x known ia newer bit mode. |
Microsoft Windows | client line windows nt family still runs ia windows server line ceased supporting platform release windows server r.with introduction intel itanium architecture ia microsoft released new versions windows support it.itanium versions windows xp windows server released time mainstream x counterparts.windows xp bit edition released last windows client operating systems support itanium.windows server line continues support platform windows server windows server r last windows operating system support itanium architecture.on april microsoft released windows xp professional x edition windows server x editions support x simply x bit version x architecture.windows vista first client version windows nt released simultaneously ia x editions. |
Microsoft Windows | x still supported.an edition windows known windows rt specifically created computers arm architecture arm still used windows smartphones windows tablets windows rt updated.starting windows fall creators update version later includes support pcs arm architecture.windows first version drop support bit hardware.windows ce windows ce officially known windows embedded compact edition windows runs minimalistic computers like satellite navigation systems mobile phones.windows embedded compact based dedicated kernel dubbed windows ce kernel.microsoft licenses windows ce oems device makers. |
Microsoft Windows | oems device makers modify create user interfaces experiences windows ce provides technical foundation so.windows ce used dreamcast along segas proprietary os console.windows ce core windows mobile derived.successor windows phone based components windows ce .r windows ce .. windows phone however based ntkernel windows .windows embedded compact confused windows xp embedded windows nt .embedded modular editions windows based windows nt kernel. |
Microsoft Windows | xbox os xbox os unofficial name given version windows runs xbox consoles.xbox one onwards implementation emphasis virtualization using hyperv three operating systems running consisting core operating system second implemented games windowslike environment applications.microsoft updates xbox ones os every month updates downloaded xbox live service xbox subsequently installed using offline recovery images downloaded via pc.originally based nt .windows kernel latest version runs nt .base. |
Microsoft Windows | system sometimes referred windows xbox one onecore.xbox one xbox series operating systems also allow limited due licensing restrictions testing resources backward compatibility previous generation hardware xbox system backwards compatible original xbox.version control system microsoft used proprietary sourcedepot version control system couldnt keep size windows.microsoft begun integrate git team foundation server windows continued rely source depot.windows code divided among different repositories kind virtualization layer produce unified view code.in microsoft announced would start using git open source version control system created linus torvalds may reported completed migration git repository.vfsforgit large decadeslong history however windows codebase especially well suited decentralized nature linux development git originally created manage. |
Microsoft Windows | git repository contains complete history files proved unworkable windows developers cloning whole repository takes several hours.microsoft working new project called virtual file system git vfsforgit address challenges.in vfs git superseded scalar.timeline releases usage share device sales use latest version windows exceeded windows globally since early .for desktop laptop computers according net applications statcounter track use operating systems devices active web windows used operatingsystem family august around usage share according net applications around usage share according statcounter.including personal computers kinds e.g.desktops laptops mobile devices game consoles windows oses accounted .usage share august compared android highest . |
Microsoft Windows | ioss .ipadoss .macoss .according net applications .usage share august compared android highest . |
Microsoft Windows | iosipadoss .macoss .according statcounter.those statistics include servers including socalled cloud computing microsoft known leader linux used windows net applications statcounter use web browsing proxy use.security consumer versions windows originally designed easeofuse singleuser pc without network connection security features built outset.however windows nt successors designed security including network multiuser pcs initially designed internet security mind much since first developed early internet use less prevalent.these design issues combined programming errors e.g. |
Microsoft Windows | buffer overflows popularity windows means frequent target computer worm virus writers.june bruce schneiers counterpane internet security reported seen new viruses worms previous six months.kaspersky lab found around malicious programs – viruses trojans backdoors exploits written windows.microsoft releases security patches windows update service approximately month usually second tuesday month although critical updates made available shorter intervals necessary.versions windows including windows sp windows xp updates automatically downloaded installed user selects so.result service pack windows xp well service pack windows server installed users quickly otherwise might been.while windows x series offered option profiles multiple users concept access privileges allow concurrent access true multiuser operating systems. |
Microsoft Windows | addition implemented partial memory protection.accordingly widely criticised lack security.the windows nt series operating systems contrast true multiuser implement absolute memory protection.however lot advantages true multiuser operating system nullified fact prior windows vista first user account created setup process administrator account also default new accounts.though windows xp limited accounts majority home users change account type fewer rights – partially due number programs unnecessarily required administrator rights – home users ran administrator time.windows vista changes introducing privilege elevation system called user account control.logging standard user logon session created token containing basic privileges assigned. |
Microsoft Windows | way new logon session incapable making changes would affect entire system.logging user administrators group two separate tokens assigned.first token contains privileges typically awarded administrator second restricted token similar standard user would receive.user applications including windows shell started restricted token resulting reduced privilege environment even administrator account.application requests higher privileges run administrator clicked uac prompt confirmation consent given including administrator credentials account requesting elevation member administrators group start process using unrestricted token.leaked documents published wikileaks codenamed vault dated detail capabilities cia perform electronic surveillance cyber warfare ability compromise operating systems microsoft windows.in august computer experts reported bluekeep security vulnerability cve potentially affects older unpatched microsoft windows versions via programs remote desktop protocol allowing possibility remote code execution may include related flaws collectively named dejablue affecting newer windows versions i.e. |
Microsoft Windows | windows recent versions well.addition experts reported microsoft security vulnerability cve based legacy code involving microsoft ctf ctfmon ctfmon.exe affects windows versions older windows xp version recent windows versions patch correct flaw currently available.file permissions windows versions windows nt based file system permission system referred agdlp accounts global domain local permissions file permissions applied filefolder form local group global groups members.global groups hold groups users depending different windows versions used.system varies vendor products linux netware due static allocation permission applied directly file folder. |
Microsoft Windows | however using process aglpagdlpagudlp allows small number static permissions applied allows easy changes account groups without reapplying file permissions files folders.alternative implementations owing operating systems popularity number applications released aim provide compatibility windows applications either compatibility layer another operating system standalone system run software written windows box.includewine – free opensource implementation windows api allowing one run many windows applications xbased platforms including unix linux macos.wine developers refer compatibility layer use windowsstyle apis emulate windows environment.crossover – wine package licensed fonts.developers regular contributors wine focus wine running officially supported applications.cedega – proprietary fork wine transgaming technologies designed specifically running microsoft windows games linux. |
Microsoft Windows | version cedega known cider allows windows games run macos.since wine licensed lgpl cedega unable port improvements made wine proprietary codebase.cedega ceased service february .darwine – port wine macos darwin.operates running wine qemu.linux unified kernel – set patches linux kernel allowing many windows executable files linux using wine dlls windows drivers used.reactos – opensource os intended run software windows originally designed simulate windows nt .aiming windows compatibility. |
Microsoft Windows | development stage since .linspire – formerly lindowsos commercial linux distribution initially created goal running major windows software.changed name linspire microsoft v. lindows.discontinued favor xandros desktop also later discontinued.freedows os – opensource attempt creating windows clone x platforms intended released gnu general public license.started reece k. sellin project never completed getting stage design discussions featured number novel concepts suspended .see also references external links official websiteofficial windows blogmicrosoft developer networkwindows developer centermicrosoft windows history timelinepearson education informit – history microsoft windowsmicrosoft business software solutionswindows release information |
National Cyber Security Policy 2013 | policy also intends safeguard information personal information web users financial banking information sovereign data.particularly relevant wake us national security agency nsa leaks suggested us government agencies spying indian users legal technical safeguards it.ministry communications information technology india defines cyberspace complex environment consisting interactions people software services supported worldwide distribution information communication technology.reason cyber security policies india cyber security policy .hindu newspaper citing documents leaked nsa whistleblower edward snowden alleged much nsa surveillance focused indias domestic politics strategic commercial interests. |
National Cyber Security Policy 2013 | sparked furore among people.pressure government unveiled national cyber security policy july .vision build secure resilient cyberspace citizens business government also protect anyone intervening users privacy.mission protect information information infrastructure cyberspace build capabilities prevent respond cyber threat reduce vulnerabilities minimize damage cyber incidents combination institutional structures people processes technology cooperation.objective ministry communications information technology india define objectives followsto create secure cyber ecosystem country generate adequate trust confidence system transactions cyberspace thereby enhance adoption sectors economy.to create assurance framework design security policies promotion enabling actions compliance global security standards best practices way conformity assessment product process technology people.to strengthen regulatory framework ensuring secure cyberspace ecosystem.to enhance create national sectoral level x mechanism obtaining strategic information regarding threats ict infrastructure creating scenarios response resolution crisis management effective predictive preventive protective response recovery actions.to improve visibility integrity ict products services establishing infrastructure testing validation security product.to create workforce professionals skilled next years capacity building skill development training.to provide fiscal benefit businesses adoption standard security practices processes.to enable protection information process handling storage transit safeguard privacy citizens data reducing economic losses due cyber crime data theft.to enable effective prevention investigation prosecution cybercrime enhancement law enforcement capabilities appropriate legislative intervention. |
Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary | strategies creating secured ecosystem.creating assurance framework.encouraging open standards.strengthening regulatory framework.creating mechanism security threats early warning vulnerability management response security threats.securing egovernance services.protection resilience critical information infrastructure.promotion research development cyber security.reducing supply chain riskshuman resource development fostering education training programs formal informal sectors support nations cyber security needs build capacity.creating cyber security awareness.developing effective publicprivate partnerships.to develop bilateral multilateral relationships area cyber security another country.information sharing cooperationa prioritized approach implementation.see also national security strategy india references external links national cyber security policy pdf.department information technology ministry communications information technology.indian cyber securitynovember ministry environment forest climate change moefcc declared first ramsar site bihar.kanwar jheel locally called located km northwest begusarai town manjhaul.residual oxbow lake formed due meandering gandak river tributary ganga geological past.covers hectares indogangetic plains northern bihar state.site one wetlands within extensive floodplain complex floods monsoon season depth .metres. |
Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary | absorption floodwaters vital service bihar state land vulnerable inundation.dry season areas marshland dry used agriculture.significant biodiversity present plant species animal species recorded including bird species.wetland important stopover along central asian flyway migratory waterbirds using rest refuel.also valuable site fish biodiversity species documented. |
Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary | five critically endangered species inhabit site including three vultures – redheaded vulture sarcogyps calvus whiterumped vulture gyps bengalensis indian vulture gyps indicus – two waterbirds sociable lapwing vanellus gregarius baer’s pochard aythya baeri.major threats site include water management activities drainage water abstraction damming canalization.ornithologist salim ali mentioned migratory birds come way central asia winter recorded around species resident birds.since lake designated protected ramsar site.the nearest railway station begusarai station nearest bus stop jaimanglagadh nearest airport lok nayak jayaprakash airport patna.trees mangifera indica annona squamosa polyalthia longifolia borassus flabellifer cocos nucifera phoenix sylvestris haplophragma adenophyllum bombax ceiba ceiba pentandra cordia dichotoma ehretia laevis bauhinia variegata cassia fistula delonix regia peltophorum pterocarpum tamarindus indica trema oriental terminalia arjuna diospyros montana croton roxburghii trevia nudiflora dalbergia sissoo leucaena leucocephala pongamia glabra phoebe lanceolata azadirachta indica melia azedarach swietenia macrophylla acacia catechu acacia nilotica albizia lebbeck pithecellobium dulce artocarpus heterophyllus artocarpus lacucha ficus benghalensis ficus hispida ficus racemosa ficus religiosa ficus virens streblus asper moringa oleifera eucalyptus tereticornis psidium guajava syzygium cumininyctanthes arbortristis phyllanthus emblica bambusa bambos dendrocalamus strictus ziziphus mauritiana anthocephalus kadamba aegle marmelos citrus maxima madhuca indica tectona grandis threats excessive chemicals like furadan used capture birdskilling birdsvillagers encroachment lake area birds region critically endangered oriental whitebacked vulture gyps bengalensislongbilled vulture gyps indicus endangered greater adjutant leptoptilos dubiu vulnerable greater spotted eagle aquila clangalesser kestrel falco naumannisarus crane grus antigone near threatened indian darter anhinga melanogasterpainted stork mycteria leucocephalablackbellied tern sterna acuticauda images see also bharatpur bird sanctuary references external links newsx report killingnewsx report |
Civil defense | uses principles emergency operations prevention mitigation preparation response emergency evacuation recovery.programs sort initially discussed least early implemented countries threat war aerial bombardment grew.became widespread threat nuclear weapons realized.since end cold war focus civil defense largely shifted military attack emergencies disasters general.new concept described number terms specific shade meaning crisis management emergency management emergency preparedness contingency planning civil contingency civil aid civil protection.in countries civil defense seen key part defense general.example swedish language word totalförsvar total defense refers commitment wide range national resources defense including protection aspects civilian life. |
Civil defense | countries organized civil defense along paramilitary lines incorporated within armed forces soviet civil defense forces войска гражданской обороны.history origins united kingdom advent civil defense stimulated experience bombing civilian areas first world war.bombing united kingdom began january german zeppelins dropped bombs great yarmouth area killing six people.german bombing operations first world war surprisingly effective especially gotha bombers surpassed zeppelins.devastating raids inflicted casualties ton bombs dropped figure used basis predictions.after war attention turned toward civil defense event war air raid precautions committee arp established investigate ways ensuring protection civilians danger airraids.the committee produced figures estimating london would casualties first two days continuing rate casualties week. |
Civil defense | rates thought conservative.believed would total chaos panic hysterical neurosis people london would try flee city.control population harsh measures proposed bringing london almost military control physically cordoning city troops force people back work.different government department proposed setting camps refugees days sending back london.a special government department civil defence service established home office .remit included preexisting arp well wardens firemen initially auxiliary fire service afs latterly national fire service nfs fire watchers rescue first aid post stretcher party industry. |
Civil defense | .million people served within cd nearly lost lives enemy action.the organization civil defense responsibility local authority.volunteers ascribed different units depending experience training.local civil defense service divided several sections.wardens responsible local reconnaissance reporting leadership organization guidance control general public. |
Civil defense | wardens would also advise survivors locations rest food centers welfare facilities.rescue parties required assess access bombedout buildings retrieve injured dead people.addition would turn gas electricity water supplies repair pull unsteady buildings.medical services including first aid parties provided spot medical assistance.the expected stream information would generated attack handled report control teams.local headquarters would arp controller would direct rescue first aid decontamination teams scenes reported bombing.local services deemed insufficient deal incident controller could request assistance surrounding boroughs.fire guards responsible designated areabuilding required monitor fall incendiary bombs pass news fires broken nfs. |
Civil defense | could deal individual magnesium electron incendiary bomb dousing buckets sand water smothering.additionally gas decontamination teams kitted gastight waterproof protective clothing deal gas attacks.trained decontaminate buildings roads rail material contaminated liquid jelly gases.little progress made issue airraid shelters apparently irreconcilable conflict need send public underground shelter need keep ground protection gas attacks.february home secretary appointed technical committee structural precautions air attack.munich crisis local authorities dug trenches provide shelter. |
Civil defense | crisis british government decided make permanent feature standard design precast concrete trench lining.also decided issue anderson shelter free poorer households provide steel props create shelters suitable basements.during second world war arp responsible issuing gas masks prefabricated airraid shelters anderson shelters well morrison shelters upkeep local public shelters maintenance blackout.arp also helped rescue people air raids attacks women became arp ambulance attendants whose job help administer first aid casualties search survivors many grim instances help recover bodies sometimes colleagues.as war progressed military effectiveness germanys aerial bombardment limited.thanks luftwaffes shifting aims strength british air defenses use early warning radar lifesaving actions local civil defense units aerial blitz battle britain failed break morale british people destroy royal air force significantly hinder british industrial production.despite significant investment civil military defense british civilian losses blitz higher strategic bombing campaigns throughout war. |
Civil defense | example uk civilian fatalities battle britain relatively high number considering luftwaffe dropped estimated tons ordinance battle.granted resulting .. civilian fatalities per ton bombs dropped lower earlier casualties per ton prediction.however comparison allied strategic bombing germany war proved slightly less lethal observed uk estimated german civilian fatalities approximately .million tons bombs dropped germany estimated resulting rate therefore .. civilian fatalities per ton bombs dropped.united states united states office civil defense established may coordinate civilian defense efforts. |
Civil defense | coordinated department army established similar groups british arp.one groups still exists today civil air patrol originally created civilian auxiliary army.cap created december main civil defense mission search rescue.cap also sank two axis submarines provided aerial reconnaissance allied neutral merchant ships.civil air patrol barred combat public law . |
Civil defense | cap received current mission search rescue downed aircraft.air force created civil air patrol became auxiliary air force.the coast guard auxiliary performs similar role support u.s. coast guard.like civil air patrol coast guard auxiliary established run world war ii.auxiliarists sometimes armed war extensively participated port security operations.war auxiliary shifted focus promoting boating safety assisting coast guard performing search rescue marine safety environmental protection.in united states federal civil defense program existed public law st congress amended –. |
Civil defense | statutory scheme made socalled allhazards public law largely repealed public law .parts appear title vi robert t. stafford disaster relief emergency assistance act public law amended.term emergency preparedness largely codified repeal amendment.see usc sections following.in states north atlantic treaty organization united states united kingdom west germany well soviet bloc especially neutral countries switzerland sweden many civil defense practices took place prepare aftermath nuclear war seemed quite likely time.in united kingdom civil defence service disbanded followed arp .onset growing tensions east west service revived civil defence corps. |
Civil defense | civilian volunteer organization tasked take control aftermath major national emergency principally envisaged cold war nuclear attack.although authority home office centralized administrative establishment corps administered locally corps authorities.general every county corps authority county boroughs england wales large burghs scotland.each division divided several sections including headquarters intelligence operations scientific reconnaissance warden rescue ambulance first aid welfare.in coventry city council caused international controversy announced plans disband civil defence committee councillors decided hydrogen bombs meant could recovery nuclear attack.british government opposed move held provocative civil defence exercise streets coventry labour council members protested against.government also decided implement committee citys cost council reinstituted committee.in united states sheer power nuclear weapons perceived likelihood attack precipitated greater response yet required civil defense. |
Civil defense | civil defense previously considered important commonsense step became divisive controversial charged atmosphere cold war.national security resources board created page document outlining model civil defense structure u.s. called blue book civil defense professionals reference solid blue cover template legislation organization next years.perhaps memorable aspect cold war civil defense effort educational effort made promoted government.duck cover bert turtle advocated children duck cover see flash.booklets survival atomic attack fallout protection nuclear war survival skills also commonplace.transcribed radio program stars defense combined hit music civil defense advice. |
Civil defense | government institutes created public service announcements including childrens songs distributed radio stations educate public case nuclear attack.the us president kennedy – launched ambitious effort install fallout shelters throughout united states.shelters would protect blast heat effects nuclear weapons would provide protection radiation effects would last weeks even affect areas distant nuclear explosion.order preparations effective degree warning.conelrad control electromagnetic radiation established.system primary stations would alerted emergency would broadcast alert. |
Civil defense | broadcast stations throughout country would constantly listening upstream station repeat message thus passing station station.in classified us war game analysis looking varying levels war escalation warning preemptive attacks late early estimated approximately million us citizens would saved civil defense education.time however cost fullscale civil defense program regarded less effective costbenefit analysis ballistic missile defense nike zeus system soviet adversary increasing nuclear stockpile efficacy would follow diminishing returns trend.contrary largely noncommittal approach taken nato stops starts civil defense depending whims newly elected government military strategy comparatively ideologically consistent ussr held amongst things winnable nuclear war possible.effect soviets planned minimize far possible effects nuclear weapon strikes territory therefore spent considerably thought civil defense preparations u.s. defense plans assessed far effective u.s.soviet civil defense troops played main role massive disaster relief operation following chernobyl nuclear accident.defense troop reservists officially mobilized case war throughout ussr join chernobyl task force formed basis kyiv civil defense brigade.task force performed highrisk tasks including failure robotic machinery manual removal highlyradioactive debris. |
Civil defense | many personnel later decorated medals work containing release radiation environment number deaths accident civil defense troops.decline western countries strong civil defense policies never properly implemented fundamentally odds doctrine mutual assured destruction mad making provisions survivors.also considered fullfledged total defense would worth large expense.whatever reason public saw efforts civil defense fundamentally ineffective powerful destructive forces nuclear weapons therefore waste time money although detailed scientific research programs underlie muchmocked government civil defense pamphlets s.the civil defence corps stood great britain due financial crisis mid s. neighbors however remained committed civil defence namely isle man civil defence corps civil defence ireland republic ireland.in united states various civil defense agencies replaced federal emergency management agency fema .became part department homeland security. |
Civil defense | focus shifted nuclear war allhazards approach comprehensive emergency management.natural disasters emergence new threats terrorism caused attention focused away traditional civil defense new forms civil protection emergency management homeland security.today many countries still maintain national civil defence corps usually wide brief assisting large scale civil emergencies flood earthquake invasion civil disorder.after september attacks united states concept civil defense revisited umbrella term homeland security allhazards emergency management.in europe triangle cd logo continues widely used.old u.s. civil defense logo used fema logo hinted united states civil air patrol logo.created charles coiner n. w. ayer advertising agency used throughout world war ii cold war era. |
Civil defense | national emergency management association—a u.s. organization made state emergency managers—officially retired civil defense triangle logo replacing stylised em standing emergency management.name logo however continue used hawaii state civil defense guam homeland securityoffice civil defense.the term civil protection currently widely used within european union refer governmentapproved systems resources tasked protecting noncombat population primarily event natural technological disasters.example eus humanitarian aid policy director ebola crisis florika finkhooijer said civil protection requires resources first foremost better governance resources available including better synergies humanitarian aid civil protection.recent years emphasis preparedness technological disasters resulting terrorist attack.within eu countries term crisismanagement emphasizes political security dimension rather measures satisfy immediate needs population. |
Civil defense | australia civil defense responsibility volunteerbased state emergency service.in former soviet countries civil defense responsibility governmental ministries russias ministry emergency situations.importance relatively small investments preparation speed recovery months years thereby prevent millions deaths hunger cold disease.according human capital theory economics countrys population valuable land factories assets possesses.people rebuild country destruction therefore important economic security country protect people.according psychology important people feel though control destiny preparing uncertainty via civil defense may help achieve this.in united states federal civil defense program authorized statute ran . |
Civil defense | originally authorized public law st congress repealed public law .small portions statutory scheme incorporated robert t. stafford disaster relief emergency assistance act public law partly superseded part partly amended partly supplemented disaster relief act public law .portions civil defense statute incorporated stafford act primary modification use term emergency preparedness wherever term civil defence previously appeared statutory language.an important concept initiated president jimmy carter socalled crisis relocation program administered part federal civil defense program.effort largely lapsed president ronald reagan discontinued carter initiative opposition areas potentially hosting relocated population.threat assessment threats civilians civilian life include nbc nuclear biological chemical warfare others like modern term cbrn chemical biological radiological nuclear. |
Civil defense | threat assessment involves studying threat preventative measures built civilian life.conventionalrefers conventional explosives.blast shelter designed protect radiation fallout would much vulnerable conventional explosives.see also fallout shelter.nuclearshelter intended protect nuclear blast effects would include thick concrete sturdy elements resistant conventional explosives.biggest threats nuclear attack effects blast fires radiation.one prepared countries nuclear attack switzerland. |
Civil defense | almost every building switzerland abri shelter initial nuclear bomb explosion followed fallout.many people use safe protect valuables photos financial information on.switzerland also airraid nuclearraid sirens every village.dirty bomba radiologically enhanced weapon dirty bomb uses explosive spread radioactive material.theoretical risk weapons used terrorists.depending quantity radioactive material dangers may mainly psychological. |
Civil defense | toxic effects managed standard hazmat techniques.biologicalthe threat primarily diseasecausing microorganisms bacteria viruses.chemicalvarious chemical agents threat nerve gas vx sarin on.. stages mitigation mitigation process actively prevents war released nuclear weapons.includes policy analysis diplomacy political measures nuclear disarmament military responses national missile defense air defense artillery.case counterterrorism mitigation would include diplomacy intelligence gathering direct action terrorist groups.mitigation may also reflected longterm planning design interstate highway system placement military bases away populated areas.preparation preparation consists building blast shelters prepositioning information supplies emergency infrastructure. |
Civil defense | example larger cities u.s. underground emergency operations centers perform civil defense coordination.fema also many underground facilities purpose located near major railheads ones denton texas mount weather virginia.other measures would include continual government inventories grain silos strategic national stockpile uncapping strategic petroleum reserve dispersal lorrytransportable bridges water purification mobile refineries mobile decontamination facilities mobile general special purpose disaster mortuary facilities disaster mortuary operational response team dmort dmortwmd aids temporary housing speed civil recovery.on individual scale one means preparation exposure nuclear fallout obtain potassium iodide ki tablets safety measure protect human thyroid gland uptake dangerous radioactive iodine.another measure cover nose mouth eyes piece cloth sunglasses protect alpha particles internal hazard.to support supplement efforts national regional local level regard disaster prevention preparedness responsible civil protection intervention event disasterto establish framework effective rapid cooperation different civil protection services mutual assistance needed police fire service healthcare service public utility provider voluntary agenciesto set implement training programs intervention coordination teams well assessment experts including joint courses exchange systemsto enhance coherence actions undertaken international level field civil protection especially context cooperationpreparing also includes sharing informationto contribute informing public view increasing citizens level selfprotectionto collect disseminate validated emergency informationto pool information national civil protection capabilities military medical resourcesto ensure efficient information sharing different authorities response response consists first warning civilians enter fallout shelters protect assets.staffing response always full problems civil defense emergency.attack conventional fulltime emergency services dramatically overloaded conventional fire fighting response times often exceeding several days.capability maintained local state agencies emergency reserve provided specialized military units especially civil affairs military police judge advocates combat engineers.however traditional response massed attack civilian population centers maintain masstrained force volunteer emergency workers. |
Civil defense | studies world war ii showed lightly trained hours less civilians organised teams perform emergency activities trained liaised supported local government.plan populace rescues situations provides information central office prioritize professional emergency services.in concept revived los angeles fire department cope civil emergencies earthquakes.program widely adopted providing standard terms organization.u.s. official federal policy implemented community emergency response teams department homeland security certifies training programs local governments registers certified disaster service workers complete training.recovery recovery consists rebuilding damaged infrastructure buildings production. |
Civil defense | recovery phase longest ultimately expensive phase.immediate crisis passed cooperation fades away recovery efforts often politicized seen economic opportunities.preparation recovery helpful.mitigating resources dispersed attack cascades social failures prevented.one hedge bridge damage riverine cities subsidize tourist ferry performs scenic cruises river.bridge ferry takes load. |
Civil defense | civil defense organizations civil defense also name number organizations around world dedicated protecting civilians military attacks well providing rescue services natural humanmade disasters alike.worldwide protection managed united nations office coordination humanitarian affairs ocha.in countries jordan singapore see singapore civil defence force civil defense essentially organization fire brigade.countries however civil defense governmentmanaged volunteerstaffed organization separate fire brigade ambulance service.as threat cold war eased number civil defense organizations disbanded mothballed case royal observer corps united kingdom united states civil defense others changed focuses providing rescue services natural disasters state emergency service australia.however ideals civil defense brought back united states femas citizen corps community emergency response team cert.in united kingdom civil defence work carried emergency responders civil contingencies act assistance voluntary groups raynet search rescue teams x response.ireland civil defence still much active organization occasionally called upon auxiliary fire service ambulancerescue services emergencies flash flooding occur require additional manpower.organization units trained firemen medical responders based key areas around country. |
Sybil attack | country albanian civil protection – albaniastate emergency service – australiabelgian civil protection – belgiumbosnia herzegovinafederation bosnia herzegovina – federal administration civil protection federation bosnia herzegovinarepublic srpska – republican administration civil protection republic srpskadefesa civil – brazilcyprus civil defence – cypruspopulation protection – czech republicberedskabsstyrelsen emergency management agency – denmarkprotección civil – el salvadorcivil defense finlandsécurité civile – francegeneral secretariat civil protection – greececivil aid service – hong kongdirectorate general fire services civil defence home guards – indiabadan nasional penanggulangan bencana indonesian national board disaster management – indonesiacivil defence harir kurdistan – iraqcivil defence ireland – irelandisle man civil defence corpscivil defense israelprotezione civile – italymalaysia civil defence force – malaysiaprotección civil – mexicocorps des sapeurspompiers – monacocivil defence new zealandnigeria security civil defence corps – nigerianorwegian civil defencedirectorate general civil defence – pakistanpanama civil defense seismic networkautoridade nacional de proteção civil – portugalcivil police – san marinosingapore civil defence forcedirectorategeneral civil protection emergencies – spainukcivil defence corpsx responseuks national attack warning systemroyal observer corpsuscivil air patrolunited states civil defenseunited states civil defense associationcomprehensive emergency managementfederal emergency management agencyconelradduck covergermanytechnisches hilfswerkkatastrophenschutzdrkasbdlrgfeuerwehrjohannitermalteserbergwachtverkehrswachtseenotretter see also american civil defense associationfrench civil protectionblast sheltercivildefense geiger counterscivil defense sirencivilianbased defensecollective protectioncontinuity governmenteffects nuclear explosions human healthemergency managementfallout sheltertransarmamentgeneralnuclear warfarenuclear holocaustnuclear terrorismsurvivalismweapon mass destruction notes references external links greecelarge gallery bulgarias civil defense mechanizationarchived linkthe uk civil defence project – history photosnational civil defence college nagpur india archived wayback machinespecial event amateur ham radio station operated bangalore indiaprotezione civile italian civil defensedublin civil defence irelandsebev search rescue originally civil defence team ukcivil protection ministry interior spain.civil protection villena – spaincivil defense logo dies mourn passing new york times december david dunlap.cold war era civil defense museum – features much historical information civil defense history equipment methods many historical photographs posters.annotated bibliography civil defense alsos digital library nuclear issuesthe american civil defense associationcivil defense caves – cold war community getaway case nuclear war located idahocomprehensive emergency management reference material repositoryready.gov – official preparedness site u.s. department homeland securitycivil defence – site details uks civil defence preparations including implemented cold war burlington central government war hq.corsham wiltshire.emergency planning lincolnshire archived wayback machinethe official civil defence site republic irelandthe official civil defense site são paulo state – brazildoctors disaster preparednessphysicians civil defensedutch civil defense instructions englishemergency management portal – online resources emergency planners managersthe norwegian civil defencegerman federal agency technical relief – thw technisches hilfswerknamed subject book sybil case study woman diagnosed dissociative identity disorder.name suggested brian zill microsoft research.term pseudospoofing previously coined l. detweiler cypherpunks mailing list used literature peertopeer systems class attacks prior term gain much influence sybil attack.description sybil attack computer security attack wherein reputation system subverted creating multiple identities.reputation systems vulnerability sybil attack depends cheaply identities generated degree reputation system accepts inputs entities chain trust linking trusted entity whether reputation system treats entities identically. |
Sybil attack | evidence showed largescale sybil attacks could carried cheap efficient way extant realistic systems bittorrent mainline dht.an entity peertopeer network piece software access local resources.entity advertises peertopeer network presenting identity.one identity correspond single entity.words mapping identities entities many one.entities peertopeer networks use multiple identities purposes redundancy resource sharing reliability integrity. |
Sybil attack | peertopeer networks identity used abstraction remote entity aware identities without necessarily knowing correspondence identities local entities.default distinct identity usually assumed correspond distinct local entity.reality many identities may correspond local entity.an adversary may present multiple identities peertopeer network order appear function multiple distinct nodes.adversary may thus able acquire disproportionate level control network affecting voting outcomes.in context human online communities multiple identities sometimes known sockpuppets.example notable sybil attack conjunction traffic confirmation attack launched tor anonymity network several months .there examples sybil attacks run tor network users. |
Sybil attack | includes bitcoin address rewrite attacks.attacker controlled quarter tor exit relays employed ssl stripping downgrade secure connections divert funds wallet threat actor known btcmitm.another notable example – attack run threat actor kax.entity controlled malicious servers primarily middle points attempt deanonymize tor users.prevention known approaches sybil attack prevention include identity validation social trust graph algorithms economic costs personhood validation applicationspecific defenses.identity validation validation techniques used prevent sybil attacks dismiss masquerading hostile entities. |
Sybil attack | local entity may accept remote identity based central authority ensures onetoone correspondence identity entity may even provide reverse lookup.identity may validated either directly indirectly.direct validation local entity queries central authority validate remote identities.indirect validation local entity relies alreadyaccepted identities turn vouch validity remote identity question.practical network applications services often use variety identity proxies achieve limited sybil attack resistance telephone number verification credit card verification even based ip address client.methods limitations usually possible obtain multiple identity proxies cost – even obtain many low cost techniques sms spoofing ip address spoofing. |
Sybil attack | use identity proxies also exclude without ready access required identity proxy e.g.without mobile phone credit card users located behind carriergrade network address translation share ip addresses many others.identitybased validation techniques generally provide accountability expense anonymity undesirable tradeoff especially online forums wish permit censorshipfree information exchange open discussion sensitive topics.validation authority attempt preserve users anonymity refusing perform reverse lookups approach makes validation authority prime target attack.protocols using threshold cryptography potentially distribute role validation authority among multiple servers protecting users anonymity even one limited number validation servers compromised.social trust graphs sybil prevention techniques based connectivity characteristics social graphs also limit extent damage caused given sybil attacker preserving anonymity. |
Sybil attack | examples prevention techniques include sybilguard sybillimit advogato trust metric sybilrank sparsity based metric identify sybil clusters distributed pp based reputation system.these techniques cannot prevent sybil attacks entirely may vulnerable widespread smallscale sybil attacks.addition clear whether realworld online social networks satisfy trust connectivity assumptions algorithms assume.economic costs alternatively imposing economic costs artificial barriers entry may used make sybil attacks expensive.proof work example requires user prove expended certain amount computational effort solve cryptographic puzzle.bitcoin related permissionless cryptocurrencies miners compete append blocks blockchain earn rewards roughly proportion amount computational effort invest given time period. |
Sybil attack | investments resources storage stake existing cryptocurrency may similarly used impose economic costs.personhood validation alternative identity verification attempts maintain strict oneperperson allocation rule validation authority use mechanism knowledge users real identity – verification unidentified persons physical presence particular place time pseudonym party – enforce onetoone correspondence online identities realworld users.proof personhood approaches proposed basis permissionless blockchains cryptocurrencies human participant would wield exactly one vote consensus.variety approaches proof personhood proposed deployed implementations although many usability security issues remain.applicationspecific defenses number distributed protocols designed sybil attack protection mind. |
Sybil attack | sumup dsybil sybilresistant algorithms online content recommendation voting.whānau sybilresistant distributed hash table algorithm.ips implementation kademlia also provisions mitigate sybil attacks.see also astroturfingballot stuffingsocial botsockpuppetry references external links querci daniele hailes stephen .sybil attacks mobile users friends foes rescue.proceedings ieee infocom. |
Sybil attack | pp.–.citeseerx ..... doi.infcom... isbn .scid .bazzi rida konjevod goran .establishment distinct identities overlay networks. |
Sybil attack | distributed computing.–.doi.sy.scid .lesniewskilaas chris .sybilproof onehop dht. |
Sybil attack | proceedings st workshop social network systems socialnets .pp.–.doi... isbn .scid .newsome james shi elaine song dawn perrig adrian . |
Sybil attack | sybil attack sensor networks.proceedings third international symposium information processing sensor networks ipsn.pp.–.doi... isbn . |
Sybil attack | scid .a survey solutions sybil attackon network formation sybil attacks reputation systemsseigneur jeanmarc gray alan jensen christian damsgaard .trust transfer encouraging selfrecommendations without sybil attack.trust management.lecture notes computer science.vol. |
Sybil attack | .pp.–.citeseerx ..... doi.. isbn .a survey dht security techniques guido urdaneta guillaume pierre maarten van steen.acm computing surveys .an experiment weakness reputation algorithms used professional social networks case naymz marco lazzari. |
Effects of climate change | proceedings iadis international conference esociety .future impact climate change depends much nations reduce greenhouse gas emissions adapt climate change.physical changes include extreme weather glacier retreat sea level rise declines arctic sea ice changes timing seasonal events earlier spring flowering.since ocean absorbed excess heat climate system.even global surface temperature stabilized sea levels continue rise ocean continue absorb excess heat atmosphere many centuries.uptake carbon dioxide atmosphere leading ocean acidification.climate change degraded land raising temperatures drying soils increasing wildfire risk.recent warming strongly affected natural biological systems. |
Effects of climate change | species worldwide migrating poleward colder areas.land species move higher elevations whereas marine species find colder water greater depths.species land assessed substantially higher risk extinction due climate change.coral reefs shellfish vulnerable combined threat ocean warming acidification.food security access fresh water risk due rising temperatures.climate change profound impacts human health directly via heat stress indirectly via spread infectious diseases. |
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