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Endangered species	ssp plans endangered species covered aza plans cover population management goals recommendations breeding diverse healthy population created taxon advisory groups.programs commonly created last resort effort.ssp programs regularly participate species recovery veterinary care wildlife disease outbreaks wildlife conservation efforts.azas species survival plan also breeding transfer programs within outside aza certified zoos aquariums.animals part ssp programs giant pandas lowland gorillas california condors.
Endangered species	private farming whereas poaching substantially reduces endangered animal populations legal forprofit private farming opposite.substantially increased populations southern black rhinoceros southern white rhinoceros.dr richard emslie scientific officer iucn said programs effective law enforcement become much easier animals largely privately owned... able bring local communities conservation programs.increasingly strong economic incentives attached looking rhinos rather simply poaching ecotourism selling profit.many owners keeping secure.
Endangered species	private sector key helping work.conservation experts view effect chinas turtle farming wild turtle populations china southeastern asia – many endangered – poorly understood.although commend gradual replacement turtles caught wild farmraised turtles marketplace – percentage farmraised individuals visible trade grew around around – worry many wild animals caught provide farmers breeding stock.conservation expert peter paul van dijk noted turtle farmers often believe animals caught wild superior breeding stock.turtle farmers may therefore seek catch last remaining wild specimens endangered turtle species.in researchers australia managed coax southern bluefin tuna breed landlocked tanks raising possibility fish farming may able save species overfishing.gallery see also iucn red list list chromista conservation statuslist endangered amphibianslist endangered arthropodslist endangered birdslist endangered fisheslist endangered insectslist endangered invertebrateslist endangered mammalslist endangered molluscslist endangered plantslist endangered reptileslist fungi conservation statuslists iucn red list endangered species references reading external links list species category endangered identified iucn red list threatened speciesendangered species ucb libraries govpubs.endangered species wetlands report independent print online newsletter covering esa wetlands regulatory takings.usfws numerical summary listed species us elsewhereextinction million species risk saved bbc.
Mooloolah River National Park	december .covers area .hectares bordered mooloolah river east claymore dixon roads west lower mooloolah river environmental reserve south.bisected sunshine motorway northern .hectare component park later addition.park initially vacant crown land prior national park designation .
Mooloolah River National Park	surrounding land uses include livestock grazing urban development campus university sunshine coast.second largest mainland park coastal lowlands south east queensland noosa national park represents example lowlying coastal floodplain distinctive region.the jowarra section park located north western corner intersection steve irwin way formerly glasshouse mountains road bruce highway.remnant coastal rainforest cut main body park connection via mooloolah river itself.park used conservation study purposes recreationally bushwalkers bird watchers.ecology park provides important habitat numerous species endemic eastern australia south east queensland owing species diversity varied ecosystem types ecotones.
Mooloolah River National Park	represents important remnant coastal heathland common region refuge associated flora fauna.almost half area park coastal subcoastal floodplain wet heath swamp approximately one third coastal subcoastal floodplain tree swamp containing melaleuca eucalyptus species parks wetland areas.seven vegetative communities park regionally significant.forest red gum eucalyptus tereticornis along blackbutttallowwood eucalyptus pilularise.microcorys classed endangered regional ecosystems schedule vegetation management regulation vmr .five regional ecosystems present park listed concern schedule vmr including paperbark teatree melaleuca quinquenervia open forestwoodland wallum banksia banksia aemula woodland scribbly gum eucalyptus racemosa open forest sedgelands closed heath.
Mooloolah River National Park	flora variety ecosystem types communities park home wide array endemic flora types number threatened regionally.park contains three examples flora listed endangered nature conservation act nc act andor environmental protection biodiversity conservation act epbc act two species listed vulnerable acts.mt emu sheoak allocasuarina emuina listed nc act epbc act endangered.windpollinated shrub restricted coastal heaths south east queensland likely widespread prior encroaching primary production industries urbanisation.species also highly reliant fire regimes altered due urbanisation.the swamp stringybark eucalyptus conglomerata endangered nc act epbc act.
Mooloolah River National Park	species grows margin open forest heathland sandy acidic soils times waterlogged.christmas bells blandfordia grandiflora plant listed endangered nc act located sandy acidic soils damp heathland sedgeland.the acacia attenuata listed vulnerable nc act epbc act endemic south east queensland.populations persist close coast ecotone wet heathland open eucalypt forests within park.relies disturbance fire events seed recruitment.species tolerate disturbed environments observed man made disturbed areas easements road reserves.
Mooloolah River National Park	tiny wattle acacia bauera subsp.baueri located park listed vulnerable nc act.fauna mammals species mammals recorded park.macropod species include eastern grey kangaroo macropus gignateus swamp wallaby wallabia bicolor also using buffer zones around park.species include short beaked echidna tachyglossus aculeatus eastern bentwinged bat miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis little bentwinged bat miniopterus australis four kinds native rats brush ringtail possums flying foxes.
Mooloolah River National Park	koalas phascolarctos cinereus recorded area although listed occurring within park queensland government records viable population believed present park apart anecdotal records mentioning population section north sunshine motorway.amphibians park home ten species frogs including threatened ‘acid frogs’ termed ability inhabit acidic water bodies.preferred habitat wet coastal heathlands acidic waters ph less .significant threats include destruction coastal wetlands changes water quality availability.species include wallum froglet crinnia tinnula listed vulnerable nc act wallum sedgefrog litoria olongburensis listed epbc act nc act vulnerable wallum rocketfrog litoria freycineti listed vulnerable nc act.
Mooloolah River National Park	three frogs also recorded outside park lower mooloolah river environmental reserve provides buffer zone extension habitat.acid frogs tolerate fire events long suitable water sources available.introduced cane toad rhinella marina prevalent across south east queensland also recorded park.birds park contains wide assortment bird species different species listed.significant species include eastern grass owl sea eagles various parrot species goshawks kites whitethroated needle tail egrets herons wedgetailed eagles wrens.
Mooloolah River National Park	nutmeg mannikin also known scalybreasted munia lonchura punctulata introduced finch species native tropical asia.able tolerate disturbed environments may pose threat native finches competition.park recorded habitat ground parrot pezoporus wallicus wallicus listed vulnerable nc act.confined heathlands sedgelands numerous predators including eastern grass owl feral cat brown falcons falco berigora snakes.reptiles park home nine reptile species including lace monitor varanus varius eastern water dragon intellagama lesueurii freshwater snake tropidonophis mairii golden crowned snake cacophis squamulosus.
Mooloolah River National Park	insects park contains five species butterfly – common evening brown melanitis leda bankia monarch danaus plexippus plexippus richmond birdwing ornithoptera richmondia two types jezebel delias sp.one black jezebel delias nigrina.the vulnerable richmond birdwing butterfly occurring subtropical northern nsw south east queensland threat removal already fragmented rainforest habitat.exclusive host plant richmond birdwing butterfly vine pararistolochia praevenosa listed near threatened recorded inside park outside areas south.vine competition invasive weed species outside park affected land road side reserve clearing.introduced dutchmans pipe vine poisonous larvae richmond birdwing considerable regional threat though recorded park yet.
Mooloolah River National Park	environmental threats sunshine coast region experiencing rapid urban expansion adding environmental pressures park.urban development encroaching native bushland reducing effectiveness parks buffer zones making isolated surrounding natural areas.heathlands common across south east queensland experiencing pressures urbanisation fragmentation species occupying habitats threat.much habitat occupied wallum dependent species wallum rocketfrog wallum sedgefrog wallum froglet cleared primary production sand mining residential development areas considered useless lands.parks southern bordering areas used pastureland also support number introduced weed species.multiple threatening processes affecting park suggest management observation species numbers within park undertaken ensure decline unexpectedly particularly already certain specialized requirements.
Mooloolah River National Park	altered burning frequencies resulting need protect property prevent reduction living amenity nearby residents detrimental effect fire dependent species.hydrological balance water quality park potentially altered changes surrounding drainage systems amphibians present park could put additional pressures environment already restricted fragmented decline.the mt emu sheoak faces pressure loss suitable habitat urbanisation primary production outside park altered fire regimes invasive species within.acacia attenuata also threat altered fire regimes fragmentation loss habitat given reliance seasonally waterlogged areas modified hydrological processes.similarly swamp stringybark main threats clearing drainage works invasive groundsel bush baccharis halimifolia exotic grasses frequent burning.over coming decades possible species park susceptible effects climate change.prolonged periods drier conditions could mean less available water bodies acid frogs amphibians find refuge fire events.
Mooloolah River National Park	lack rain also desiccates richmond birdwing vine making unusable richmond birdwing butterfly larvae food source.alternatively increased flooding events drier conditions park may affect water quality favour plant species others.distinct scenario spread lantana lantana camara result climate change may experience conditions conducive spread.invasive speciesin addition cane toad cats felis catus red foxes vulpes vulpes present park.cattle using grazing areas south access parks southern borders effect native seedlings trample vegetation.up invasive plant weed species recorded park.include limited groundsel bush baccharis halimifolia camphor laurel cinnamomum camphora lantana lantana camara listed weed national significance.
Mooloolah River National Park	variety exotic grasses also present.park management management parks reserves conservation areas queensland guided master plan queenslands parks forests sets vision values goals strategic objectives protected area management state.the park managed queensland parks wildlife service qpws nature conservation act .management park parks queensland direction individual management plans – instance mooloolah park river national park management plan.plan provides overview park terms regional context species composition values threatening process outlines key strategies employed managing park.broad management practices burn scheduling weed removal invasive species control likely yield positive results species suited habitats park.in addition parks management plan many threatened species found park also recovery plans.
Mooloolah River National Park	management planning mt emu sheoak involves protecting restoring habitat translocation managing fire regimes stormwater runoff invasive weed control strategies.ongoing monitoring populations well study community awareness play integral part mt emu sheoks management.understanding species’ genetics assists translocation determining appropriate fire management strategies.swamp stringybark much monitor populations assess genetic diversity mitigate threats adapt management actions required including seed collection storage managing fire regimes.important plant species seed banks soil place erosion stormwater runoff controls prevent loss otherwise suitable habitat.healthland communities influenced rely fire events regeneration.
Mooloolah River National Park	traditional burn frequencies altered due increased burning reduce fuel loads prevent risk property.understanding fire management across park terms areas burnt timing effects various ecosystem types important affect species richness distribution.fire events rare frequent result loss habitat food sources species proliferate certain times fire.current management strategy burns one year year regime.the mooloolah national park management plan specifies number guidelines planning implementation burns.park also falls guidance qpws planned burn guidelines.
Mooloolah River National Park	guideline provides specific fire management across various vegetation communities region heathlands open forest woodlands melaleuca communities would found park.allows tailored burning areas provide optimal conditions ecosystem health.guidelines also allow controlling noxious weeds lantana advice avoidance peat fires.the management areas surrounding park important many species located park also located parks vegetated buffer zones.species areas may face considerably threats less protection park affords areas provide valuable buffer intrapark species benefits associated larger overall habitat.undertaking management options external areas lower mooloolah river environmental reserve including weed removal stock exclusion controlled burnings assist protecting parks ecosystems species.
OpenID	see also protected areas queensland referencesallows users authenticated cooperating sites known relying parties rp using thirdparty identity provider idp service eliminating need webmasters provide ad hoc login systems allowing users log multiple unrelated websites without separate identity password each.users create accounts selecting openid identity provider use accounts sign onto website accepts openid authentication.several large organizations either issue accept openids websites.the openid standard provides framework communication must take place identity provider openid acceptor relying party.extension standard openid attribute exchange facilitates transfer user attributes name gender openid identity provider relying party relying party may request different set attributes depending requirements.openid protocol rely central authority authenticate users identity.
OpenID	moreover neither services openid standard may mandate specific means authenticate users allowing approaches ranging common passwords novel smart cards biometrics.the final version openid openid .finalized published december .term openid may also refer identifier specified openid standard identifiers take form unique uniform resource identifier uri managed openid provider handles authentication.adoption march billion openidenabled accounts internet see approximately sites integrated openid consumer support aol flickr google amazon.com canonical provider name ubuntu one livejournal microsoft provider name microsoft account mixi myspace novell openstreetmap orange sears sun telecom italia universal music group verisign wordpress yahoo bbc ibm paypal steam although organizations also authentication management.many larger organizations require users provide authentication form existing email account mobile phone number order sign account used openid identity.several smaller entities accept signups extra identity details required.facebook use openid past moved facebook connect.
OpenID	blogger also used openid since may longer supports it.technical overview end user entity wants assert particular identity.relying party rp web site application wants verify end users identifier.terms party include service provider obsolete consumer.identity provider openid provider op service specializes registering openid urls xris.
OpenID	openid enables end user communicate relying party.communication done exchange identifier openid url xri chosen end user name end users identity.identity provider provides openid authentication possibly identity services.exchange enabled useragent program browser used end user communicate relying party openid provider.logging end user interacts relying party website provides option specify openid purposes authentication end user typically previously registered openid e.g.
OpenID	alice.openid.example.org openid provider e.g.openid.example.org.the relying party typically transforms openid canonical url form e.g.httpalice.openid.example.org.with openid .relying party requests html resource identified url reads html link tag discover openid providers url e.g.httpopenid.example.orgopenidauth.php.
OpenID	relying party also discovers whether use delegated identity see below.with openid .relying party discovers openid provider url requesting xrds document also called yadis document content type applicationxrdsxml document may available target url always available target xri.there two modes relying party may communicate openid providercheckidimmediate relying party requests openid provider interact end user.communication relayed end users useragent without explicitly notifying end user.checkidsetup end user communicates openid provider via useragent used access relying party.the checkidimmediate mode fall back checkidsetup mode operation cannot automated.first relying party openid provider optionally establish shared secret referenced associate handle relying party stores.using checkidsetup mode relying party redirects end users useragent openid provider end user authenticate directly openid provider.the method authentication may vary typically openid provider prompts end user password cryptographic token asks whether end user trusts relying party receive necessary identity details.if end user declines openid providers request trust relying party useragent redirected back relying party message indicating authentication rejected relying party turn refuses authenticate end user.if end user accepts openid providers request trust relying party useragent redirected back relying party along end users credentials.relying party must confirm credentials really came openid provider.
OpenID	relying party openid provider previously established shared secret relying party validate identity openid provider comparing copy shared secret one received along end users credentials relying party called stateful stores shared secret sessions.contrast stateless dumb relying party must make one background request checkauthentication ensure data indeed came openid provider.after openid verified authentication considered successful end user considered logged relying party identity specified given openid e.g.alice.openid.example.org.relying party typically stores end users openid along end users session information.identifiers obtain openidenabled url used log openidenabled websites user registers openid identifier identity provider.
OpenID	identity providers offer ability register url typically thirdlevel domain e.g.username.example.com automatically configured openid authentication service.once registered openid user also use existing url control blog home page alias delegated identity.simply insert appropriate openid tags html serve yadis document.starting openid authentication ..implementations two types identifiers used openid urls xris.xris new form internet identifier designed specifically crossdomain digital identity.
OpenID	example xris come two forms—inames inumbers—that usually registered simultaneously synonyms.inames reassignable like domain names inumbers never reassigned.xri iname used openid identifier immediately resolved synonymous inumber canonicalid element xrds document.inumber openid identifier stored relying party.way user relying party protected end users openid identity ever taken another party happen url based reassignable dns name.
OpenID	openid foundation openid foundation oidf promotes enhances openid community technologies.oidf nonprofit international standards development organization individual developers government agencies companies wish promote protect openid.openid foundation formed june serves public trust organization representing open community developers vendors users.oidf assists community providing needed infrastructure help promoting supporting adoption openid.includes managing intellectual property trade marks well fostering viral growth global participation openid.
OpenID	people openid foundations board directors four community members eight corporate members chapters oidf global organization promote digital identity encourage adoption openid oidf encouraged creation member chapters.member chapters officially part foundation work within constituency support development adoption openid framework usercentric identity internet.intellectual property contribution agreements oidf ensures openid specifications freely implementable therefore oidf requires contributors sign contribution agreement.agreement grants copyright license foundation publish collective specifications includes patent nonassertion agreement.nonassertion agreement states contributor sue someone implementing openid specifications.
OpenID	legal issues openid trademark united states assigned openid foundation march .registered netmesh inc. openid foundation operational.europe august openid trademark registered openid europe foundation.the openid logo designed randy ydnar reddig expressed plans transfer rights openid organization.since original announcement openid official site statednobody this.nobodys planning making money this.goal release every part liberal licenses possible theres money licensing registering required play.
OpenID	benefits community whole something like exists part community.sun microsystems verisign number smaller companies involved openid issued patent nonassertion covenants covering openid .specifications.covenants state companies assert patents openid implementations revoke promises anyone threatens asserts patents openid implementors.security authentication bugs march research paper reported two generic security issues openid.issues allow attacker sign victims relying party accounts.
OpenID	first issue openid google identity provider openid published security advisories address it.googles advisory says attacker could forge openid request doesnt ask users email address insert unsigned email address idps response.attacker relays response website doesnt notice attribute unsigned website may tricked logging attacker local account.research paper claims many popular websites confirmed vulnerable including yahoo mail smartsheet.com zoho manymoon.com diigo.com.researchers notified affected parties fixed vulnerable code.for second issue paper called data type confusion logic flaw also allows attackers sign victims rp accounts.
OpenID	google paypal initially confirmed vulnerable.openid published vulnerability report flaw.report says google paypal applied fixes suggest openid vendors check implementations.phishing observers suggested openid security weaknesses may prove vulnerable phishing attacks.example malicious relaying party may forward end user bogus identity provider authentication page asking end user input credentials.
OpenID	completion malicious party case also controls bogus authentication page could access end users account identity provider use end users openid log services.in attempt combat possible phishing attacks openid providers mandate end user needs authenticated prior attempt authenticate relying party.relies end user knowing policy identity provider.december openid foundation approved version .provider authentication policy extension pape enables relying parties request openid providers employ specified authentication policies authenticating users openid providers inform relying parties policies actually used.privacy trust issues security issues identified openid involve lack privacy failure address trust problem.
OpenID	however problem unique openid simply state internet commonly used.the identity provider however get log openid logins know logged website making crosssite tracking much easier.compromised openid account also likely serious breach privacy compromised account single site.authentication hijacking unsecured connection another important vulnerability present last step authentication scheme tlsssl used redirecturl identity provider relying party.problem redirect fact anyone obtain url e.g.sniffing wire replay get logged site victim user.
OpenID	identity providers use nonces number used allow user log site fail consecutive attempts.nonce solution works user first one use url.however fast attacker sniffing wire obtain url immediately reset users tcp connection attacker sniffing wire knows required tcp sequence numbers execute replay attack described above.thus nonces protect passive attackers cannot prevent active attackers executing replay attack.use tlsssl authentication process significantly reduce risk.this restated rp rp bob client common case bob uses idp rp rp common case rp use vpnssltls secure connection client preventable rp could obtain credentials sufficient impersonate bob rp endif covert redirect may bug dubbed covert redirect related oauth .
OpenID	openid disclosed.discovered mathematics doctoral student wang jing school physical mathematical sciences nanyang technological university singapore.the announcement openid iscovert redirect publicized may instance attackers using open redirectors – wellknown threat wellknown means prevention.openid connect protocol mandates strict measures preclude open redirectors prevent vulnerability.the general consensus far covert redirect bad still threat.understanding makes dangerous requires basic understanding open redirect exploited.a patch immediately made available.ori eisen founder chairman chief innovation officer st parameter told sue marquette poremba distributed system counting good nature participants right thing.
OpenID	cases like oauth openid distribution vast unreasonable expect every website patch near future.history original openid authentication protocol developed may brad fitzpatrick creator popular community website livejournal working six apart.initially referred yadis acronym yet another distributed identity system named openid openid.net domain name given six apart use project.openid support soon implemented livejournal fellow livejournal engine community deadjournal blog post comments quickly gained attention digital identity community.web developer janrain early supporter openid providing openid software libraries expanding business around openidbased services.in late june discussions started openid users developers enterprise software company netmesh leading collaboration interoperability openid netmeshs similar lightweight identity lid protocol.
OpenID	direct result collaboration yadis discovery protocol adopting name originally used openid.new yadis announced october .discussion internet identity workshop days later xriinames developers joined yadis project contributing extensible resource descriptor sequence xrds format utilization protocol.in december developers sxip identity began discussions openidyadis community announcing shift development version .simple extensible identity protocol sxip urlbased identities like lid openid.march janrain developed simple registration sreg extension openid enabling primitive profileexchange april submitted proposal formalize extensions openid.
OpenID	month work also begun incorporating full xri support openid.around early may key openid developer david recordon left six apart joining verisign focus digital identity guidance openid spec.early june major differences sxip .openid projects resolved agreement support multiple personas openid submission identity provider url rather full identity url.well addition extensions xri support underway openid evolving fullfledged digital identity framework recordon proclaiming see openid umbrella framework encompasses layers identifiers discovery authentication messaging services layer sits atop entire thing sort dubbed openid .. late july sxip began merge digital identity exchange dix protocol openid submitting initial drafts openid attribute exchange ax extension august.
OpenID	late zdnet opinion piece made case openid users web site operators entrepreneurs.on january symantec announced support openid identity initiative products services.week later february microsoft made joint announcement janrain sxip verisign collaborate interoperability openid microsofts windows cardspace digital identity platform particular focus developing phishingresistant authentication solution openid.part collaboration microsoft pledged support openid future identity server products janrain sxip verisign pledged add support microsofts information card profile future identity solutions.midfebruary aol announced experimental openid provider service functional aol aol instant messenger aim accounts.in may sun microsystems began working openid community announcing openid program well entering nonassertion covenant openid community pledging assert patents implementations openid.june openid leadership formed openid foundation oregonbased public benefit corporation managing openid brand property.
OpenID	month independent openid europe foundation formed belgium snorri giorgetti.early december nonassertion agreements collected major contributors protocol final openid authentication .openid attribute exchange .specifications ratified december .in midjanuary yahoo announced initial openid .support provider relying party releasing provider service end month.
OpenID	early february google ibm microsoft verisign yahoo joined openid foundation corporate board members.around early may sourceforge inc. introduced openid provider relying party support leading open source software development website sourceforge.net.late july popular social network service myspace announced support openid provider.late october google launched support openid provider microsoft announced windows live id would support openid.november janrain announced free hosted service rpx basic allows websites begin accepting openids registration login without install integrate configure openid open source libraries.in january paypal joined openid foundation corporate member followed shortly facebook february.
OpenID	openid foundation formed executive committee appointed thibeau executive director.march myspace launched previously announced openid provider service enabling myspace users use myspace url openid.may facebook launched relying party functionality letting users use automatic loginenabled openid account e.g.google log facebook.in september janrain announced myopenid.com would shut february pie chart showed facebook google dominate social login space q .facebook since left openid longer sponsor represented board permitting openid logins.in may symantec announced would discontinuing pip.verisignlabs.com openid personal identity portal service.in march stack overflow announced end openid support citing insufficient usage justify cost.
OpenID	announcement stated based activity users strongly preferred facebook google emailpassword based account authentication.openid versus pseudoauthentication using oauth openid way use single set user credentials access multiple sites oauth facilitates authorization one site access use information related users account another site.although oauth authentication protocol used part one.authentication context user accessing application tells application current user whether theyre present.... authentication user presence application internetscale authentication protocol needs able across network security boundaries.however oauth tells application none that.oauth says absolutely nothing user say user proved presence even theyre still there.
OpenID	far oauth client concerned asked token got token eventually used token access api.doesnt know anything authorized application even user all.fact much point oauth giving delegated access use situations user present connection client resource accessed.great client authorization really bad authentication whole point figuring user are.the following drawing highlights differences using openid versus oauth authentication.note openid process starts application asking user identity typically openid uri whereas case oauth application directly requests limited access oauth token valet key access apis enter house users behalf.
OpenID	user grant access application retrieve unique identifier establishing profile identity using apis.attack pseudoauthentication openid provides cryptographic verification mechanism prevents attack users misuse oauth authentication.note valet key describe user way provides limited access rights house even necessarily users key.therefore key becomes compromised user malicious managed steal key someone elses house user impersonate house owner application requested authenticity.key compromised point chain trust malicious user may intercept use impersonate user x application relying oauth pseudo authentication oauth authorization server.conversely notarized letter contains users signature checked requesting application user attack viable.
OpenID	verifying letter letter use publickey cryptography authenticated.the requesting application provides encryption public key user provides authentication server.the authentication server encrypts document containing encryption key corresponds one way hash secret user knows e.g.passphrase challenge response using applications public key.the user passes encrypted document back application decrypts it.the application encrypts random phrase using received encryption key asks user compares results match user authentic.openid connect oidc published february openid foundation openid connect third generation openid technology.authentication layer top oauth .authorization framework.
Biodiversity	allows computing clients verify identity end user based authentication performed authorization server well obtain basic profile information end user interoperable restlike manner.technical terms openid connect specifies restful http api using json data format.openid connect allows range parties including webbased mobile javascript clients request receive information authenticated sessions end users.openid connect specification extensible supporting optional features encryption identity data discovery openid providers session management.see also references external links official website openid curliebiodiversity measure variation genetic species ecosystem level.terrestrial biodiversity usually greater near equator result warm climate high primary productivity.biodiversity distributed evenly earth richer tropics.tropical forest ecosystems cover less ten percent earths surface contain ninety percent worlds species.marine biodiversity usually higher along coasts western pacific sea surface temperature highest midlatitudinal band oceans.
Biodiversity	latitudinal gradients species diversity.biodiversity generally tends cluster hotspots increasing time likely slow future primary result deforestation.encompasses evolutionary ecological cultural processes sustain life.rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions..percent species ever lived earth amounting five billion species estimated extinct.
Biodiversity	estimates number earths current species range million million .million documented percent yet described.total amount related dna base pairs earth estimated .x weighs billion tonnes.comparison total mass biosphere estimated much four trillion tons carbon.
Biodiversity	july scientists reported identifying set genes last universal common ancestor luca organisms living earth.the age earth .billion years.earliest undisputed evidence life earth dates least .billion years ago eoarchean era geological crust started solidify following earlier molten hadean eon.microbial mat fossils found .
Biodiversity	billionyearold sandstone discovered western australia.early physical evidence biogenic substance graphite .billionyearold metasedimentary rocks discovered western greenland.recently remains biotic life found .billionyearold rocks western australia.
Biodiversity	according one researchers life arose relatively quickly earth .. could common universe.since life began earth five major mass extinctions several minor events led large sudden drops biodiversity.phanerozoic eon last million years marked rapid growth biodiversity via cambrian explosion—a period majority multicellular phyla first appeared.next million years included repeated massive biodiversity losses classified mass extinction events.carboniferous rainforest collapse led great loss plant animal life.permian–triassic extinction event million years ago worst vertebrate recovery took million years.
Biodiversity	recent cretaceous–paleogene extinction event occurred million years ago often attracted attention others resulted extinction nonavian dinosaurs.the period since emergence humans displayed ongoing biodiversity reduction accompanying loss genetic diversity.named holocene extinction often referred sixth mass extinction reduction caused primarily human impacts particularly habitat destruction.conversely biodiversity positively impacts human health number ways although negative effects studied.the united nations designated – united nations decade biodiversity.– united nations decade ecosystem restoration according global assessment report biodiversity ecosystem services ipbes plant animal species threatened extinction result human activity.october ipbes report found human actions drive biodiversity loss also resulted increase pandemics.in fifth edition uns global biodiversity outlook report served final report card aichi biodiversity targets series objectives set beginning uns decade biodiversity supposed reached end year stated none targets – concern safeguarding ecosystems promotion sustainability – fully met.
Biodiversity	history terminology – term biological diversity used first j. arthur harris variable desert scientific american bare statement region contains flora rich genera species diverse geographic origin affinity entirely inadequate description real biological diversity.– term natural diversity introduced john terborgh.– thomas lovejoy introduced term biological diversity scientific community book.rapidly became commonly used.– according edward o. wilson contracted form biodiversity coined w. g. rosen national forum biodiversity ... conceived walter g.rosen ... dr. rosen represented nrcnas throughout planning stages project.
Biodiversity	furthermore introduced term biodiversity.term biodiversity appears article new plan conserve earths biota laura tangley.term biodiversity first appeared publication.the present term achieved widespread use.definitions prior term biodiversity commonly used replace clearly defined long established terms species diversity species richness.alternate terms biologists often define biodiversity totality genes species ecosystems region.
Biodiversity	advantage definition seems describe circumstances presents unified view traditional types biological variety previously identifiedtaxonomic diversity usually measured species diversity levelecological diversity often viewed perspective ecosystem diversitymorphological diversity stems genetic diversity molecular diversityfunctional diversity measure number functionally disparate species within population e.g.different feeding mechanism different motility predator vs prey etc.multilevel construct consistent datman lovejoy.wilcox explicit definition consistent interpretation first given paper bruce a. wilcox commissioned international union conservation nature natural resources iucn world national parks conference.wilcoxs definition biological diversity variety life forms...at levels biological systems i.e.
Biodiversity	molecular organismic population species ecosystem.... genetic wilcox biodiversity defined genetically diversity alleles genes organisms.study processes mutation gene transfer drive evolution.united nations united nations earth summit defined biological diversity variability among living organisms sources including inter alia terrestrial marine aquatic ecosystems ecological complexes part includes diversity within species species ecosystems.definition used united nations convention biological diversity.gaston spicer gaston spicers definition book biodiversity introduction variation life levels biological organization.
Biodiversity	food agriculture organization forest biological biodiversity forest biological diversity broad term refers life forms found within forested areas ecological roles perform.forest biological diversity encompasses trees multitude plants animals microorganisms inhabit forest areas associated genetic diversity.forest biological diversity considered different levels including ecosystem landscape species population genetic.complex interactions occur within levels.biologically diverse forests complexity allows organisms adapt continually changing environmental conditions maintain ecosystem functions.in annex decision ii cbd n.d.a conference parties cbd recognized “forest biological diversity results evolutionary processes thousands even millions years driven ecological forces climate fire competition disturbance.
Biodiversity	furthermore diversity forest ecosystems physical biological features results high levels adaptation feature forest ecosystems integral component biological diversity.within specific forest ecosystems maintenance ecological processes dependent upon maintenance biological diversity.” distribution biodiversity evenly distributed rather varies greatly across globe well within regions.among factors diversity living things biota depends temperature precipitation altitude soils geography presence species.study spatial distribution organisms species ecosystems science biogeography.diversity consistently measures higher tropics localized regions cape floristic region lower polar regions generally.rain forests wet climates long time yasuní national park ecuador particularly high biodiversity.terrestrial biodiversity thought times greater ocean biodiversity.
Biodiversity	forests harbour earths terrestrial biodiversity.conservation worlds biodiversity thus utterly dependent way interact use worlds forests.new method used put total number species earth .million .million estimated live ocean.
Biodiversity	however estimate seems underrepresent diversity microorganisms.forests provide habitats percent amphibian species percent bird species percent mammal species.percent vascular plants found tropical forests.mangroves provide breeding grounds nurseries numerous species fish shellfish help trap sediments might otherwise adversely affect seagrass beds coral reefs habitats many marine species.the biodiversity forests varies considerably according factors forest type geography climate soils – addition human use.forest habitats temperate regions support relatively animal plant species species tend large geographical distributions montane forests africa south america southeast asia lowland forests australia coastal brazil caribbean islands central america insular southeast asia many species small geographical distributions.
Biodiversity	areas dense human populations intense agricultural land use europe parts bangladesh china india north america less intact terms biodiversity.northern africa southern australia coastal brazil madagascar south africa also identified areas striking losses biodiversity intactness.latitudinal gradients generally increase biodiversity poles tropics.thus localities lower latitudes species localities higher latitudes.often referred latitudinal gradient species diversity.
Biodiversity	several ecological factors may contribute gradient ultimate factor behind many greater mean temperature equator compared poles.even though terrestrial biodiversity declines equator poles studies claim characteristic unverified aquatic ecosystems especially marine ecosystems.latitudinal distribution parasites appear follow rule.in alternative hypothesis fractal biodiversity proposed explain biodiversity latitudinal gradient.study species pool size fractal nature ecosystems combined clarify general patterns gradient.hypothesis considers temperature moisture net primary production npp main variables ecosystem niche axis ecological hypervolume.way possible build fractal hyper volumes whose fractal dimension rises three moving towards equator.
Biodiversity	biodiversity hotspot biodiversity hotspot region high level endemic species experienced great habitat loss.term hotspot introduced norman myers.hotspots spread world majority forest areas located tropics.brazils atlantic forest considered one hotspot containing roughly plant species vertebrates millions insects half occur nowhere else.island madagascar india also particularly notable.colombia characterized high biodiversity highest rate species area unit worldwide largest number endemics species found naturally anywhere else country.
Biodiversity	species earth found colombia including species bird europe north america combined colombia worlds mammals species amphibian species bird species world.madagascar dry deciduous forests lowland rainforests possess high ratio endemism.since island separated mainland africa million years ago many species ecosystems evolved independently.indonesias islands cover square miles km contain worlds flowering plants mammals reptiles amphibians birds—along nearly million people.many regions high biodiversity andor endemism arise specialized habitats require unusual adaptations example alpine environments high mountains northern european peat bogs.accurately measuring differences biodiversity difficult.
Biodiversity	selection bias amongst researchers may contribute biased empirical research modern estimates biodiversity.rev.gilbert white succinctly observed selborne hampshire nature full district produces variety examined.evolution history biodiversity result .billion years evolution.
Biodiversity	origin life established science however evidence suggests life may already wellestablished hundred million years formation earth.approximately .billion years ago life consisted microorganisms – archaea bacteria singlecelled protozoans protists.the history biodiversity phanerozoic last million years starts rapid growth cambrian explosion—a period nearly every phylum multicellular organisms first appeared.next million years invertebrate diversity showed little overall trend vertebrate diversity shows overall exponential trend.dramatic rise diversity marked periodic massive losses diversity classified mass extinction events.
Biodiversity	significant loss occurred rainforests collapsed carboniferous.worst permiantriassic extinction event million years ago.vertebrates took million years recover event.the biodivertisy past called paleobiodiversity.fossil record suggests last million years featured greatest biodiversity history.however scientists support view since uncertainty strongly fossil record biased greater availability preservation recent geologic sections.
Biodiversity	scientists believe corrected sampling artifacts modern biodiversity may much different biodiversity million years ago whereas others consider fossil record reasonably reflective diversification life.estimates present global macroscopic species diversity vary million million best estimate somewhere near million vast majority arthropods.diversity appears increase continually absence natural selection.diversification existence global carrying capacity limiting amount life live debated question whether limit would also cap number species.records life sea show logistic pattern growth life land insects plants tetrapods shows exponential rise diversity.
Biodiversity	one author states tetrapods yet invaded percent potentially habitable modes could without human influence ecological taxonomic diversity tetrapods would continue increase exponentially available ecospace filled.it also appears diversity continues increase time especially mass extinctions.on hand changes phanerozoic correlate much better hyperbolic model widely used population biology demography macrosociology well fossil biodiversity exponential logistic models.latter models imply changes diversity guided firstorder positive feedback ancestors descendants andor negative feedback arising resource limitation.hyperbolic model implies secondorder positive feedback.differences strength secondorder feedback due different intensities interspecific competition might explain faster rediversification ammonoids comparison bivalves endpermian extinction.hyperbolic pattern world population growth arises secondorder positive feedback population size rate technological growth.
Biodiversity	hyperbolic character biodiversity growth similarly accounted feedback diversity community structure complexity.similarity curves biodiversity human population probably comes fact derived interference hyperbolic trend cyclical stochastic dynamics.most biologists agree however period since human emergence part new mass extinction named holocene extinction event caused primarily impact humans environment.argued present rate extinction sufficient eliminate species planet earth within years.new species regularly discovered average – new species year insects many though discovered yet classified estimates nearly arthropods yet classified.terrestrial diversity found tropical forests general land species ocean .million species may exist earth .
Biodiversity	million live ocean.ecosystem services balance evidence ecosystem services suite benefits ecosystems provide humanity.natural species biota caretakers ecosystems.natural world enormous bank account capital assets capable paying life sustaining dividends indefinitely capital maintained.these services come three flavorsprovisioning services involve production renewable resources e.g.food wood fresh waterregulating services lessen environmental change e.g.
Biodiversity	climate regulation pestdisease controlcultural services represent human value enjoyment e.g.landscape aesthetics cultural heritage outdoor recreation spiritual significancethere many claims biodiversitys effect ecosystem services especially provisioning regulating services.exhaustive survey peerreviewed literature evaluate different claims biodiversitys effect ecosystem services claims validated demonstrate mixed support unsupported incorrect lack enough evidence draw definitive conclusions.services enhanced provisioning services greater species diversityof plants increases fodder yield synthesis experimental studies.of plants i.e.diversity within single species increases overall crop yield synthesis experimental studies.
Biodiversity	although another review experimental studies reports mixed evidence.of trees increases overall wood production synthesis experimental studies.however enough data draw conclusion effect tree trait diversity wood production.regulating services greater species diversityof fish increases stability fisheries yield synthesis observational studiesof natural pest enemies decreases herbivorous pest populations data two separate reviews synthesis experimental observational studies synthesis observational studies.although another review experimental studies found mixed support claim suggesting cases mutual intraguild predation occurs single predatory species often effectiveof plants decreases disease prevalence plants synthesis experimental studiesof plants increases resistance plant invasion data two separate reviews synthesis experimental studies synthesis experimental studiesof plants increases carbon sequestration note finding relates actual uptake carbon dioxide longterm storage see synthesis experimental studiesplants increases soil nutrient remineralization synthesis experimental studiesof plants increases soil organic matter synthesis experimental studies services mixed evidence provisioning services none date regulating services greater species diversity plants may may decrease herbivorous pest populations.data two separate reviews suggest greater diversity decreases pest populations synthesis observational studies synthesis experimental studies.
Biodiversity	one review found mixed evidence synthesis experimental studies another found contrary evidence synthesis experimental studiesgreater species diversity animals may may decrease disease prevalence animals synthesis experimental observational studies although study offers support showing biodiversity may fact enhance disease resistance within animal communities least amphibian frog ponds.many studies must published support diversity sway balance evidence draw general rule service.greater species trait diversity plants may may increase long term carbon storage synthesis observational studiesgreater pollinator diversity may may increase pollination synthesis observational studies publication march suggests increased native pollinator diversity enhances pollen deposition although necessarily fruit set authors would believe details explore lengthy supplementary material.services hindered provisioning services greater species diversity plants reduces primary production synthesis experimental studies regulating services greater genetic species diversity number organisms reduces freshwater purification synthesis experimental studies although attempt authors investigate effect detritivore diversity freshwater purification unsuccessful due lack available evidence observational study found provisioning services effect species diversity plants biofuel yield survey literature investigators found studieseffect species diversity fish fishery yield survey literature investigators found experimental studies observational study regulating services effect species diversity stability biofuel yield survey literature investigators find studieseffect species diversity plants stability fodder yield survey literature investigators found studieseffect species diversity plants stability crop yield survey literature investigators found studyeffect genetic diversity plants stability crop yield survey literature investigators found studieseffect diversity stability wood production survey literature investigators could find studieseffect species diversity multiple taxa erosion control survey literature investigators could find studies – however find studies effect species diversity root biomasseffect diversity flood regulation survey literature investigators could find studieseffect species trait diversity plants soil moisture survey literature investigators found studiesother sources reported somewhat conflicting results robert costanza colleagues reported estimated global value ecosystem services captured traditional markets average trillion annually.since stone age species loss accelerated average basal rate driven human activity.estimates species losses rate – times fast typical fossil record.biodiversity also affords many nonmaterial benefits including spiritual aesthetic values knowledge systems education.
Biodiversity	agriculture agricultural diversity divided two categories intraspecific diversity includes genetic variation within single species like potato solanum tuberosum composed many different forms types e.g.u.s. might compare russet potatoes new potatoes purple potatoes different part species s. tuberosum.the category agricultural diversity called interspecific diversity refers number types different species.thinking diversity might note many small vegetable farmers grow many different crops like potatoes also carrots peppers lettuce etc.agricultural diversity also divided whether planned diversity associated diversity.functional classification impose intrinsic feature life diversity.planned diversity includes crops farmer encouraged planted raised e.g.
Biodiversity	crops covers symbionts livestock among others contrasted associated diversity arrives among crops uninvited e.g.herbivores weed species pathogens among others.associated biodiversity damaging beneficial.beneficial associated biodiversity include instance wild pollinators wild bees syrphid flies pollinate crops natural enemies antagonists pests pathogens.beneficial associated biodiversity occurs abundantly crop fields provide multiple ecosystem services pest control nutrient cycling pollination support crop production.the control damaging associated biodiversity one great agricultural challenges farmers face.monoculture farms approach generally suppress damaging associated diversity using suite biologically destructive pesticides mechanized tools transgenic engineering techniques rotate crops.
Biodiversity	although polyculture farmers use techniques also employ integrated pest management strategies well laborintensive strategies generally less dependent capital biotechnology energy.interspecific crop diversity part responsible offering variety eat.intraspecific diversity variety alleles within single species also offers us choice diets.crop fails monoculture rely agricultural diversity replant land something new.wheat crop destroyed pest may plant hardier variety wheat next year relying intraspecific diversity.may forgo wheat production area plant different species altogether relying interspecific diversity.
Biodiversity	even agricultural society primarily grows monocultures relies biodiversity point.the irish potato blight major factor deaths one million people emigration two million.result planting two potato varieties vulnerable blight phytophthora infestans arrived rice grassy stunt virus struck rice fields indonesia india varieties tested resistance.one resistant indian variety known science since .variety formed hybrid varieties widely grown.coffee rust attacked coffee plantations sri lanka brazil central america .resistant variety found ethiopia.
Biodiversity	diseases form biodiversity.monoculture contributing factor several agricultural disasters including european wine industry collapse late th century us southern corn leaf blight epidemic .although percent humans food supply comes kinds plants humans use least species.many people depend species food shelter clothing.earths surviving biodiversity provides resources increasing range food products suitable human use although present extinction rate shrinks potential.human health biodiversitys relevance human health becoming international political issue scientific evidence builds global health implications biodiversity loss.issue closely linked issue climate change many anticipated health risks climate change associated changes biodiversity e.g.
Biodiversity	changes populations distribution disease vectors scarcity fresh water impacts agricultural biodiversity food resources etc.. species likely disappear buffer infectious disease transmission surviving species tend ones increase disease transmission west nile virus lyme disease hantavirus according study done coauthored felicia keesing ecologist bard college drew harvell associate director environment atkinson center sustainable future acsf cornell university.the growing demand lack drinkable water planet presents additional challenge future human health.partly problem lies success water suppliers increase supplies failure groups promoting preservation water resources.distribution clean water increases parts world remains unequal.according world health organisation global population used safely managed drinkingwater service.some health issues influenced biodiversity include dietary health nutrition security infectious disease medical science medicinal resources social psychological health.biodiversity also known important role reducing disaster risk postdisaster relief recovery efforts.according united nations environment programme pathogen like virus chances meet resistance diverse population.
Biodiversity	therefore population genetically similar expands easily.example covid pandemic less chances occur world higher biodiversity.biodiversity provides critical support drug discovery availability medicinal resources.significant proportion drugs derived directly indirectly biological sources least pharmaceutical compounds us market derived plants animals microorganisms world population depends medicines nature used either modern traditional medical practice primary healthcare.tiny fraction wild species investigated medical potential.biodiversity critical advances throughout field bionics.
Biodiversity	evidence market analysis biodiversity science indicates decline output pharmaceutical sector since mids attributed move away natural product exploration bioprospecting favour genomics synthetic chemistry indeed claims value undiscovered pharmaceuticals may provide enough incentive companies free markets search high cost development meanwhile natural products long history supporting significant economic health innovation.marine ecosystems particularly important although inappropriate bioprospecting increase biodiversity loss well violating laws communities states resources taken.business industry many industrial materials derive directly biological sources.include building materials fibers dyes rubber oil.biodiversity also important security resources water timber paper fiber food.
Biodiversity	result biodiversity loss significant risk factor business development threat longterm economic sustainability.leisure cultural aesthetic value biodiversity enriches leisure activities birdwatching natural history study.popular activities gardening fishkeeping strongly depend biodiversity.number species involved pursuits tens thousands though majority enter commerce.the relationships original natural areas often exotic animals plants commercial collectors suppliers breeders propagators promote understanding enjoyment complex poorly understood.general public responds well exposure rare unusual organisms reflecting inherent value.philosophically could argued biodiversity intrinsic aesthetic spiritual value mankind itself.idea used counterweight notion tropical forests ecological realms worthy conservation services provide.
Biodiversity	ecological services biodiversity supports many ecosystem servicesthere unequivocal evidence biodiversity loss reduces efficiency ecological communities capture biologically essential resources produce biomass decompose recycle biologically essential nutrients... mounting evidence biodiversity increases stability ecosystem functions time... diverse communities productive contain key species large influence productivity differences functional traits among organisms increase total resource capture... impacts diversity loss ecological processes might sufficiently large rival impacts many global drivers environmental change... maintaining multiple ecosystem processes multiple places times requires higher levels biodiversity single process single place time.it plays part regulating chemistry atmosphere water supply.biodiversity directly involved water purification recycling nutrients providing fertile soils.experiments controlled environments shown humans cannot easily build ecosystems support human needs example insect pollination cannot mimicked though attempts create artificial pollinators using unmanned aerial vehicles.economic activity pollination alone represented .–.billion .
Biodiversity	number species according mora colleagues total number terrestrial species estimated around .million number oceanic species much lower estimated .million.authors note estimates strongest eukaryotic organisms likely represent lower bound prokaryote diversity.estimates include vascular plants estimated using speciesarea relation method.
Biodiversity	million marine species– million insects .million know today– million bacteria.million fungi estimates based data tropics longterm nontropical sites molecular studies revealed cryptic speciation..million species fungi documented million mitesthe number microbial species reliably known global ocean sampling expedition dramatically increased estimates genetic diversity identifying enormous number new genes nearsurface plankton samples various marine locations initially – period.
Biodiversity	findings may eventually cause significant change way science defines species taxonomic categories.since rate extinction increased many extant species may become extinct described.surprisingly animalia studied groups birds mammals whereas fishes arthropods least studied animals groups.measuring biodiversity variety objective means exist empirically measure biodiversity.measure relates particular use data likely associated variety genes.biodiversity commonly measured terms taxonomic richness geographic area time interval.
Biodiversity	species loss rates longer justify existence humid tropical forests feeble grounds might carry plants drugs cure human disease.gaia theory forces us see offer much this.capacity evapotranspirate vast volumes water vapor serve keep planet cool wearing sunshade white reflecting cloud.replacement cropland could precipitate disaster global scale.during last century decreases biodiversity increasingly observed.german federal environment minister sigmar gabriel cited estimates species extinct .
Biodiversity	one eighth known plant species threatened extinction.estimates reach high species per year based speciesarea theory.figure indicates unsustainable ecological practices species emerge year.almost scientists acknowledge rate species loss greater time human history extinctions occurring rates hundreds times higher background extinction rates.expected still grow upcoming years.
Biodiversity	studies suggest mammal species could extinct years.in absolute terms planet lost biodiversity since according study world wildlife fund.living planet report claims number mammals birds reptiles amphibians fish across globe average half size years ago.number accounts terrestrial wildlife gone marine wildlife gone freshwater wildlife gone.biodiversity took biggest hit latin america plummeting percent.highincome countries showed increase biodiversity canceled loss lowincome countries.
Biodiversity	despite fact highincome countries use five times ecological resources lowincome countries explained result process whereby wealthy nations outsourcing resource depletion poorer nations suffering greatest ecosystem losses.a study published plos one found biomass insect life germany declined threequarters last years.dave goulson sussex university stated study suggested humans appear making vast tracts land inhospitable forms life currently course ecological armageddon.lose insects everything going collapse.in world wildlife foundation published report saying biodiversity destroyed rate unprecedented human history.report claims population examined species destroyed years .threats many species formally classified rare endangered threatened moreover scientists estimated millions species risk formally recognized.
Biodiversity	percent species assessed using iucn red list criteria listed threatened extinction—a total .jared diamond describes evil quartet habitat destruction overkill introduced species secondary extinctions.edward o. wilson prefers acronym hippo standing habitat destruction invasive species pollution human overpopulation overharvesting.according iucn main direct threats conservation fall categories.residential commercial developmenthousing urban areas urban areas suburbs villages vacation homes shopping areas offices schools hospitalscommercial industrial areas manufacturing plants shopping centers office parks military bases power plants train shipyards airportstourism recreational areas skiing golf courses sports fields parks campgrounds.farming activitiesagriculture crop farms orchards vineyards plantations ranchesaquaculture shrimp finfish aquaculture fish ponds farms hatchery salmon seeded shellfish beds artificial algal beds.energy production miningrenewable energy production geothermal solar wind tidal farmsnonrenewable energy production oil gas drillingmining fuel minerals.
Biodiversity	transportation service corridorsservice corridors electrical phone wires aqueducts oil gas pipelinestransport corridors roads railroads shipping lanes flight pathscollisions vehicles using corridorsassociated accidents catastrophes oil spills electrocution fire.biological resource usageshunting bushmeat trophy furpersecution predator control pest control superstitionsplant destruction removal human consumption freerange livestock foraging battling timber disease orchid collectionlogging wood harvesting selective clearcutting firewood collection charcoal productionfishing trawling whaling live coral seaweed egg collection.human intrusions activities alter destroy simply disturb habitats species exhibiting natural behaviorsrecreational activities offroad vehicles motorboats jetskis snowmobiles ultralight planes dive boats whale watching mountain bikes hikers birdwatchers skiers pets recreational areas temporary campsites caving rockclimbingwar civil unrest military exercises armed conflict minefields tanks military vehicles training exercises ranges defoliation munitions testingillegal activities smuggling immigration vandalism.natural system modificationsfire suppression creation controlled burns inappropriate fire management escaped agricultural campfires arsonwater management dam construction operation wetland filling surface water diversion groundwater pumpingother modifications land reclamation projects shoreline riprap lawn cultivation beach construction maintenance treethinning parksremovingreducing human maintenance mowing meadows reduction controlled burns lack indigenous management key ecosystems ceasing supplemental feeding condors.invasive problematic species pathogens genesinvasive species feral horses household pets zebra mussels miconia tree kudzu introduction biocontrolproblematic native species overabundant native deer kangaroo overabundant algae due loss native grazing fish locusttype plaguesintroduced genetic material pesticideresistant crops genetically modified insects biocontrol genetically modified trees salmon escaped hatchery salmon restoration projects using nonlocal seed stockpathogens microbes plague affecting rodents rabbits dutch elm disease chestnut blight chytrid fungus affecting amphibians outside africa.
Biodiversity	pollutionsewage untreated sewage discharges poorly functioning sewage treatment plants septic tanks pit latrines oil sediment roads fertilizers pesticides lawns golf courses road saltindustrial military effluents toxic chemicals factories illegal dumping chemicals mine tailings arsenic gold mining leakage fuel tanks pcbs river sedimentsagricultural forestry effluents nutrient loading fertilizer runoff herbicide runoff manure feedlots nutrients aquaculture soil erosiongarbage solid waste municipal waste litter dumped possessions flotsam jetsam recreational boats waste entangles wildlife construction debrisairborne pollutants acid rain smog vehicle emissions excess nitrogen deposition radioactive fallout wind dispersion pollutants sediments farm fields smoke forest fires wood stovesexcess energy noise highways airplanes sonar submarines disturbs whales heated water power plants lamps attracting insects beach lights disorienting turtles atmospheric radiation ozone holes.catastrophic geological eventsearthquakes tsunamis avalanches landslides volcanic eruptions gas emissions.climate changesecosystem encroachment inundation shoreline ecosystems drowning coral reefs sea level rise dune encroachment desertification woody encroachment grasslandschanges geochemical regimes ocean acidification changes atmospheric co affecting plant growth loss sediment leading broadscale subsidencechanges temperature regimes heat waves cold spells oceanic temperature changes melting glacierssea icechanges precipitation hydrological regimes droughts rain timing loss snow cover increased severity floodssevere weather events thunderstorms tropical storms hurricanes cyclones tornadoes hailstorms ice storms blizzards dust storms erosion beaches storms habitat destruction habitat destruction played key role extinctions especially relation tropical forest destruction.factors contributing habitat loss include overconsumption overpopulation land use change deforestation pollution air pollution water pollution soil contamination global warming climate change.habitat size numbers species systematically related.physically larger species living lower latitudes forests oceans sensitive reduction habitat area.
Biodiversity	conversion trivial standardized ecosystems e.g.monoculture following deforestation effectively destroys habitat diverse species preceded conversion.even simplest forms agriculture affect diversity – clearingdraining land discouraging weeds pests encouraging limited set domesticated plant animal species.countries property rights lax lawregulatory enforcement associated deforestation habitat loss.a study conducted national science foundation found biodiversity genetic diversity codependent—that diversity among species requires diversity within species vice versa.anyone type removed system cycle break community becomes dominated single species.at present threatened ecosystems occur fresh water according millennium ecosystem assessment confirmed freshwater animal diversity assessment organised biodiversity platform french institut de recherche pour le développement mnhnp.coextinctions form habitat destruction.

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