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Ecosystem management | strategies ecosystem management several strategies implementing maintenance restoration natural humanmodified ecosystem exist.command control management traditional natural resource management precursors ecosystem management.adaptive management strategic management landscapelevel conservation different methodologies processes involved implementing ecosystem management command control management command control management utilizes linear problem solving approach perceived problem resolved controlling devices laws threats contracts andor agreements.topdown approach used across many disciplines best suited addressing relatively simple welldefined problems clear cause effect broad societal agreement policy management goals.context natural systems command control management attempts control nature order improve natural resource extractions establish predictability reduce threats. |
Ecosystem management | command control strategies include use herbicides pesticides improve crop yields culling predators protect game bird species safeguarding timber supply suppressing forest fires.however due complexities ecological systems command control management may result unintended consequences.example wolves extirpated yellowstone national park mids reduce elk predation.longterm studies wolf elk tree populations since wolf reintroduction demonstrate reintroduction decreased elk populations improving tree species recruitment.thus controlling ecosystems limit natural variation increase predictability command control management often leads decline resilience ecological social economic systems termed “pathology natural resource management”.“pathology” initially successful command control practice drives relevant institutions shift focus toward control time obscuring ecosystem’s natural behavior economy becomes reliant system controlled state. |
Ecosystem management | consequently transition away command control management increased focus holistic adaptive management approaches arriving management solutions partnerships stakeholders.natural resource management term natural resource management frequently used relation particular resource human use rather management whole ecosystem.natural resource management aims fulfill societal demand given resource without causing harm ecosystem jeopardizing future resource.due focus natural resources socioeconomic factors significantly affect management approach.natural resource managers initially measure overall condition ecosystem ecosystems resources healthy ideal degree resource extraction determined leaves enough allow resource replenish subsequent harvests. |
Ecosystem management | condition resource ecosystem subject change different spatial time scales ecosystem attributes watershed soil health species diversity abundance need considered individually collectively.informed natural resource management ecosystem management concept based relationship sustainable ecosystem maintenance human demand natural resources ecosystem services.achieve goals ecosystem managers appointed balance natural resource extraction conservation longterm timeframe.partnerships ecosystem managers natural resource managers stakeholders encouraged order promote sustainable use limited natural resources.historically ecosystems experienced limited resource extraction able subsist naturally.ecosystems forests many regions provide considerable timber resources undergone successful reforestation consequently accommodated needs future generations.human populations grow introducing new stressors ecosystems climate change invasive species landuse change habitat fragmentation future demand natural resources unpredictable. |
Ecosystem management | although ecosystem changes may occur gradually cumulative impacts negative effects humans wildlife.geographic information system gis applications remote sensing used monitor evaluate natural resources ecosystem health.adaptive management adaptive management based concept predicting future influences disturbances ecosystem limited unclear.therefore ecosystem managed maintain greatest degree ecological integrity management practices ability change based new experience insights.adaptive management strategy hypotheses ecosystem functioning formed management techniques test hypotheses implemented. |
Ecosystem management | implemented methods analyzed evaluate ecosystem health improved declined analysis allows modification methods successfully meet needs ecosystem.thus adaptive management iterative approach encouraging “informed trialanderror”.this management approach mixed success field ecosystem management fisheries management wildlife management forest management possibly ecosystem managers may equipped decisionmaking skills needed undertake adaptive management methodology.additionally economic social political priorities interfere adaptive management decisions.reason adaptive management successful must social scientific process focusing institutional strategies implementing experimental management techniques.strategic management relates ecosystem management strategic management encourages establishment goals sustain ecosystem keeping socioeconomic politically relevant policy drivers mind. |
Ecosystem management | approach differs types ecosystem management emphasizes stakeholders involvement relying input develop best management strategy ecosystem.similar methods ecosystem management strategic management prioritizes evaluating reviewing impacts management intervention ecosystem flexibility adapting management protocols result new information.landscapelevel conservation landscapelevel landscapescale conservation method considers wildlife needs broader landscape scale implementing conservation initiatives.considering broadscale interconnected ecological systems landscapelevel conservation acknowledges full scope environmental problem.implementation landscapescale conservation carried number ways. |
Ecosystem management | wildlife corridor example provides connection otherwise isolated habitat patches presenting solution habitat fragmentation.instances habitat requirements keystone vulnerable species assessed identify best strategies protecting ecosystem species.however simultaneously addressing habitat requirements multiple species ecosystem difficult result comprehensive approaches considered landscapelevel conservation.in humandominated landscapes weighing habitat requirements wild flora fauna versus needs humans presents challenges.globally humaninduced environmental degradation increasing problem landscapelevel approaches play important role ecosystem management.traditional conservation methods targeted individual species may need modified include maintenance habitats consideration human ecological factors. |
Homeland Security Grant Program | see also ecosystembased managementecosystem management decision supportsustainable forest managementsustainable land management referencespurpose grants purchase surveillance equipment weapons advanced training law enforcement personnel order heighten security.hsgp helps fulfill one core missions department homeland security enhancing countrys ability prepare prevent respond recover potential attacks hazards.hsgp one main mechanisms funding creation maintenance national preparedness refers establishment plans procedures policies training equipment federal state local level needed maximize ability prevent respond recover major events terrorist attacks major disasters emergencies.hsgps creation stemmed consolidation six original projects previously funded office state local government coordination preparedness.hsgp encompasses five projects program state homeland security program urban areas security initiative operation stonegarden metropolitan medical response system program citizen corps program. |
Homeland Security Grant Program | fiscal year department homeland security spend homeland security grant program.core program priorities stated u.s. department homeland security four areas missionsupporting responsibilities drive homeland security grant programprotecting united states terrorist threats founding principle highest priority.securing nation’s southern northern borders along air sea ports entry.facilitating legal immigration naturalizing new americans prosecuting violate countrys laws.helping communities prepare respond recover facets disaster.current projects funded homeland security grant program hsgp encompasses three projects billion funding available fy state homeland security program million urban areas security initiative million operation stonegarden million.hsgp previously included projects including metropolitan medical response system program citizen corps beginning projects longer part hsgp.state homeland security program shsp grant program offers total million enhance state local levels ability implement goals objectives states individual preparedness report one first steps moving grant processes programs planning focus loosely affiliated equipment training exercises technical assistance projects one delivers picture prevention protection response recovery capacity. |
Homeland Security Grant Program | correspondence implementing recommendations commission act public law act states receiving funding legally required ensure least percent appropriated funds dedicated planning organization training exercise equipment necessary terrorism prevention.additionally shsp funds may used facilitate secure identification including real id enhanced drivers licenses transportation worker identification credential twic first responder credentialing.items specified authorized equipment list eligible purchased shsp funding.authorized items fall following categories personal protective equipment fully encapsulated liquid vapor protection ensemble chemical resistant gloves etc.explosive device mitigation remediation equipment ballistic threat body armor realtime xray unit etc. |
Homeland Security Grant Program | chemical biological radiological nuclear highyield explosive cbrne search rescue equipment rescue ropes ladder confined space kits etc.interoperable communications equipment personal alert safety system antenna tower systems etc.detection equipment detection paper chemical agent identification photoionization detector etc.decontamination equipment decontamination littersroller systems high efficiency particulate air vacuum etc.physical security enhancement equipment motion detector systems radar systems etc. |
Homeland Security Grant Program | terrorism incident prevention equipment joint regional information exchange system law enforcement surveillance equipment etc.cbrne logistical support equipment equipment trailers handheld computers emergency response applications etc.cbrne incident response vehicles hazardous materials vehicles mobile morgue unit etc.medical supplies limited types pharmaceuticals automatic biphasic external defibrillators carry bags epinephrine etc.cbrne reference materials national fire protection association guide hazardous materials national institute occupational safety health hazardous materials pocket guide etc. |
Homeland Security Grant Program | agricultural terrorism prevention response mitigation equipment animal restraints blood sampling supplies etc.cbrne response watercraft surface boats vessels port homeland security purposes cbrne aviation equipment fixedwing aircraft helicopters etc.cyber security enhancement equipment firewall authentication technologies geographic information systems etc.intervention equipment tactical entry equipment specialized response vehicles vessels etc.authorized equipment installation costs authorized equipment shipping costs equipment etc.. urban areas security initiative uasi urban areas security initiative program makes million available enhance regional preparedness major metropolitan areas throughout united states. |
Homeland Security Grant Program | uasi program directly supports expanding regional collaboration meant assist participants creation regional systems prevention protection response recovery.correspondence act states required ensure least percent appropriated funding dedicated terrorism prevention planning organization training exercise equipment.state administrative agencies department public safety state office homeland security emergency management agency etc.groups eligible apply directly fema uasi grants.regional recipients recipients uasi program include highest risk urban areas country divided highest risk areas tier remaining areas tier . |
Homeland Security Grant Program | areas determined dhs examining relative risk populous metropolitan statistical areas defined office management budget.relative risk determined threestep process analyzes urban areas states based threat vulnerability consequence measurements effectiveness assessment applicants’ investment justifications final allocation decision.tier areas los angeleslong beach san francisco bay national capital region chicago boston jersey citynewark new york city philadelphia houston dallasfort wortharlington.tier areas phoenix tucson san diego anaheimsanta ana riverside sacramento oxnard bakersfield denver bridgeport hartford miami tampa fort lauderdale jacksonville orlando atlanta honolulu indianapolis louisville new orleans baton rouge baltimore detroit minneapolisst.paul st. louis kansas city omaha las vegas buffalo rochester albany syracuse charlotte cleveland cincinnati columbus toledo oklahoma city tulsa portland pittsburgh san juan providence memphis nashville san antonio el paso austin salt lake city norfolk seattle milwaukee.operation stonegarden opsg intent million program enhance coordination among local state federal law enforcement agencies secure borders mexico canada international waters.opsg intended support u.s. border states territories increasing nations capability handle border security issues emphasizing role local operational groups enhancing national state homeland security federal secure borders initiative u.s. customs border protection cbp strategies increasing collaboration among levels law enforcement agencies continuing enhancements required border security providing intelligencebased operations u.s. customs border protection experts ensure safety operational oversight law enforcement agencies participating projects operation supporting activation deployment redeployment specialized national guard units packages elements state law enforcement enhance operational activities continuing increase readiness law enforcement agencies. |
Homeland Security Grant Program | eligible opsg funding local units government county level federally recognized tribal governments states bordering canada mexico international water borders.allocations funds received homeland security appropriations act public law based riskbased prioritization u.s. customs border protection’s sectorspecific border risk methodology include threat vulnerability miles border borderspecific law enforcement intelligence.july secretary napolitano announced percent operation stonegarden funding directed southwest border states tribal funding increased .million million fy .metropolitan medical response system mmrs program metropolitan medical response system program made . |
Homeland Security Grant Program | million available integration emergency management health medical systems organized response mass casualty incidents nuclear biological chemical terrorist incidents.successful mmrs grantees provided necessary resources reduce potential costs mass casualty incident initial stages incident proper coordinated response systems equipment supplies procurement emergency triage prehospital treatmentemergency medical services hospital evacuation patient tracking etc.already place.aside typical local regional state emergency response agencies mmrs also includes facets response disaster medical assistance teams disaster mortuary operational response teams may federalized disaster situations.program created local mmrs jurisdictions . |
Homeland Security Grant Program | million budget distributed evenly.jurisdictions encouraged collaborate closely local regional state health medical partners medical reserve corps units citizen corps councils u.s. department health human services assistant secretary preparedness response center disease controls cities readiness initiative strategic national stockpile programs.citizen corps program ccp citizen corps made .million grant funding available integrating community government better coordinate local involvement preparation planning mitigation response recovery stages emergencies.main mission citizen corps utilize every resource means education training volunteer service local security readiness respond threats terror crime health issues disasters. |
Homeland Security Grant Program | ccp allocations determined using usa patriot act formula specifies states district columbia commonwealth puerto rico receive minimum percent total available grant funding.leaves remaining percent total available grant funding allocated four territories american samoa guam northern mariana islands u.s. virgin islands.balance ccp funds distributed populationshare basis among recipients.funding controversy criticism homeland security grant program come distribution funds.unlike federal funding programs hsgp distributes portion funding based population distributes remainder funding evenly. |
Homeland Security Grant Program | part hsgp distributes funds basis population evenly spread across recipients regardless population.wyoming instance despite least populous state received funding per capita homeland security grants state ..per citizen state wyoming received four times amount funding per citizen given either california new york.another criticism come government accountability office gao regards riskbased grant methodology.although gao concluded overall riskbased methodology threat vulnerability consequences reasonable absence proper way measure variations vulnerability greatly reduce value vulnerability portion assessment. |
Estonian identity card | ultimately concluded vulnerability measure part risk analysis model amended better capture variations vulnerability across different states urban areas assesses.news socal gets nearly homeland security funds associated press see also homeland security actoperation virtual shieldsurveillancematrixfusion center references reading books terrorism preparedness grant programs legal guide homeland security emergency management state local governments ernest b. abbott otto j. hetzel eds.american bar association p. steffen w. schmidt mack c. shelley barbara a. bardes.state department homeland security grants american government politics today cengage learning p. jack pinkowksi handbook homeland security crc press p. introduction homeland security butterworthheinemann p. homeland security scams transaction publishers p. homeland security emergency management legal guide state local governments american bar association introduction homeland security principles allhazards response butterworthheinemannaddition regular identification person idcard also used establishing ones identity electronic environment giving ones digital signature.within europe except belarus russia ukraine united kingdom well french overseas territories georgia estonian id card used citizens estonia travel document.the mandatory identity document citizen european union also identity card also known id card.estonian id card used cross estonian border however estonian authorities cannot guarantee eu member states accept card travel document.in addition regular identification person idcard also used establishing ones identity electronic environment giving ones digital signature.estonian idcard citizen receive personal eesti.ee email address used state send important information.order use eesti.ee email address citizen forward personal email address using state portal eesti.ee.the police border guard board ppa september introduced newest version estonias id card featuring additional security elements contactless interface begin rolled later next year. |
Estonian identity card | new cards also utilize estonias font elements brand.one new detail inclusion qr code make easier check validity id card.new design also features color photo bearer doubles security element made lines looking card angle another photo appears.new chip higher capacity allowing addition new applications it.scope estonian id cards used health care electronic banking signing contracts public transit encrypting email voting. |
Estonian identity card | estonia offers eservices citizens businesses.cards chip stores digitized data authorized user importantly users full name gender national identification number cryptographic keys public key certificates.types estonian id cards several types identity documents issued estonian state usually referred estonian id card.these identity card digital identity card residence permit card theeresident’s digital identity card diplomatic identity card.while identity documents issued different categories persons different appearanceall documents provide electronic functionality via smart card chip.electronic functionality id card introduction core electronicfunctionality provided estonian id card stayed same.the id card contains two asymmetric rsa ecc key pairs corresponding x. publickey certificatesand symmetric keys perform card management operations.authentication key.the authentication key used log eservicesby providing signature tls client certificate authentication process.this key also used decrypt documents encrypted cardholder. |
Estonian identity card | used infrequently documents would become unreadable card lost destroyed.cryptographic signature decryption operations key authorized using digit pin code.digital signature key.the digital signature key used give legally binding digital signaturesthat eidas recognized qualified electronic signatures.each signature operation key authorized using digit pin code.personal data file.the id card chip contains publicly readable personal data file consists records containing information printed card.card management operations.the cards preloaded symmetric keys used manufacturer performvarious card management operations postissuance phase.this provides method reset pin codes event cardholderforgets generate new keys write new certificatesand even reinstall whole smart card applet needed.estonian state provides digidoc software allowing users cryptographically sign digital documents.since digidoc software create files follow euwide etsi standard called asice.by september electronic signatures given thus averaging signatures per card user per year.under estonian law since december cryptographic signature legally equivalent manual signature.law superseded euwide esignature directive since .uses identification cards compatibility standard x. tls infrastructure providing client certificate person made convenient means identification use webbased government services estonia see egovernment. |
Estonian identity card | major banks many financial web services support idcard based authentication.adding support estonian idcard based identification simple nowadays majority used browsers web servers software supports tls ssl clientcertificate based authentication estonian idcard use exactly system.web discussion forums web commentary columns estonian newspapers notably eesti päevaleht used support idcard based authentication comments.approach caused controversy internet community.public transport larger cities estonia tallinn tartu arrangements making possible residents purchase virtual transportation tickets linked id cards.period tickets bought online via electronic bank transfer sms public kiosks. |
Estonian identity card | process usually takes less minutes ticket instantly active moment purchase since first use ticket.customers also option requesting email sms notification alerting ticket expire setting automatic renewal internet banking services.to use virtual ticket customers must carry id card whenever use public transport.routine ticket check users asked present id card inserted special device.device confirms user holds valid ticket also warns ticket expire.ticket check usually takes less second.ticket information stored central database id card itself.thus order ticket necessary idcard reader. |
Estonian identity card | ticket controllers access local archive master database.ticket purchased local archive updated ticket device able confirm ticket master database mobile data link.electronic voting estonian id card also used authentication estonias internetbased voting program called ivoting.in february estonia first country world institute electronic voting parliamentary elections.voters participated countrys eelection.parliamentary election votes cast electronically representing total votes.the software used process available microsoft windows macos linux. |
Estonian identity card | use travel document since estonias accession european union eu estonian citizens possess estonian identity card able use international travel document lieu passport travel within european economic area except belarus russia ukraine well french overseas departments territories andorra san marino monaco vatican state northern cyprus georgia.however nonestonian citizens resident estonia unable use estonian identity cards international travel document.security issues years estonian id card ecosystem experienced several security incidents similar issues.listed significant security incidents encountered.infineons rsa key generation flaw august security threat discovered affected id eresidency cards issued october october .it reported code library developed infineon widespread use security products smartcards tpms flaw later dubbed roca vulnerability allowed private keys inferred public keys.result systems depending upon privacy keys vulnerable compromise identity theft spoofing. |
Estonian identity card | affected systems include estonian national id cards estonian eresidency cards.on november estonian government decided suspend affected certificates midnight november .next five months march incl.holders suspended certificates still able update id cards ppa customer service points remotely internet.april certificates nonrenewed id cards revoked renewal service affected id cards discontinued.governments decision postpone revocation affected certificates allowing remote renewal suspended certificates criticized compliance eid legal requirements.the incident resulted litigation process id card manufacturer gemalto failed inform estonian state vulnerability timely manner. |
Estonian identity card | february reported gemalto estonia state reached compromise agreement gemalto agreeing pay state .million eur compensation.security flaws key management several isolated cases security flaws discovered id card key management process.particular cases contrary security requirements id card manufacturer gemalto generated private keys outside chip.several cases copies private key imported id cards different cardholders allowing impersonate other. |
John Jackson (hacker) | addition result separate flaw manufacturing process corrupted rsa public key moduli included certificates one case led full recovery corresponding private key.see also national identity cards european unionestonian passportestonian seafarers discharge bookestonian temporary travel documentestonian aliens passportestonian travel document refugeesestonian nationality lawvisa requirements estonian citizensvisa requirements estonian noncitizenseresidency estoniaeestoniaroca vulnerability references external links new estonian id card information estonian id card estonian police border guard boardinformation estonian id card prado consiliumsample id card estonian citizen issued estonian police border guard board starting ..a map estonian representations abroadcertificate return estonian citizenidentity documents actvisafree country list estonian foreign ministrypassport index visafree score estonian passporthenley partners visa restrictions index mapissuing authoritys official website englishid ticket websiteid card official information pageid card information eestonia websiteearly career education jackson served marine corps petroleum engineer logistics manager.discharged military suffering injury began attending leaderquest colorado certification bootcamp.studying leaderquest learning earned several cybersecurity certificates including itil comptia security eccouncil certified network defender cnd certified ethical hacker ceh.career jacksons first cybersecurity job staples endpoint detection response engineer.jackson became application security engineer shutterstock involved maintaining security web applications managing bug bounty program managing static dynamic application security testing tools. |
John Jackson (hacker) | employed shutterstock also worked penetration tester inc. bug bounty hunting spare time.independent research march jackson published blog post vulnerability discovered talkspace mental health app told company issue dismissed.talkspace sent cease desist letter shortly post published techcrunch described latest example security researchers facing legal threats work.in november jackson researcher sick.codes discovered two vulnerabilities tcl brand televisions.first would allow attackers adjacent network access system files potentially leading critical information disclosure.second would allow attackers read write files vendor resources directories could allow arbitrary code execution enable attackers compromise systems network. |
John Jackson (hacker) | jackson sick.codes reported vulnerability tcl tcl deployed patch—however jackson researcher partner said fix raised concerns notification software updated tcl appeared full control device.vulnerability came described media chinese backdoor.december speech heritage foundation acting department homeland security secretary chad wolf said agency investigating vulnerability due concerns chinese manufacturer may exposed users cyber breaches data exfiltration.also november jackson found serverside request forgery vulnerability privateip popular javascript library published npm.march jackson researchers discovered similar bug netmask package used around software projects.bug existed nine years. |
John Jackson (hacker) | april group discovered flaw existed python ipaddress standard library broadly affecting languages perl go rust.in december jackson nick sahler reported gained access large quantity sensitive data associated childrens website neopets.data included database credentials employee emails website source code.in september jackson sick.codes disclosed vulnerability found gurocks test management tool testrail improper access control would allow access list application files file paths could potentially expose sensitive data hardcoded credentials api keys.sakura samurai jackson nick sahler founded sakura samurai whitehat hacking security research group.current former members group included robert willis aubrey cottle higinio ochoa.in january jackson members sakura samurai publicly reported discovered exposed git directories git credential files domains belonging two groups within united nations.vulnerability exposed private employee records.in march jackson others group publicly disclosed disclosed vulnerabilities affected groups within indian government. |
John Jackson (hacker) | finding exposed git configuration directories sakura samurai able access credentials critical applications personal records police reports data.group also discovered vulnerabilities relating session hijacking arbitrary code execution financerelated governmental systems.issues reported indias national critical information infrastructure protection centre went unaddressed several weeks sakura samura involved u.s. department defense vulnerability disclosure program issues remediated.jackson sakura samurai members found vulnerability pegasystems pega infinity enterprise software suite used customer engagement digital process automation.vulnerability first reported pegasystems february involved possible misconfiguration would enable data exposure.vulnerability led researchers breaching systems belonging ford motor company john deere incidents publicly disclosed august .jackson members sakura samurai also reported notable vulnerabilities related organizations software including apache velocity keybase fermilab. |
John Jackson (hacker) | publications jackson john december .corporate cybersecurity identifying risks bug bounty program.wiley.isbn .references external links official website |
Mumbai | according united nations mumbai secondmost populous city india delhi eighthmost populous city world population roughly crore million.per indian government population census mumbai populous city india estimated city proper population .crore .million living municipal corporation greater mumbai.mumbai centre mumbai metropolitan region sixth populous metropolitan area world population . |
Mumbai | crore million.mumbai lies konkan coast west coast india deep natural harbour.mumbai named alpha world city.highest number millionaires billionaires among cities india.mumbai home three unesco world heritage sites elephanta caves chhatrapati shivaji maharaj terminus citys distinctive ensemble victorian art deco buildings designed th th centuries.the seven islands constitute mumbai earlier home communities marathi language speaking koli people. |
Mumbai | centuries seven islands bombay control successive indigenous rulers ceded portuguese empire subsequently east india company dowry catherine braganza married charles ii england.midth century bombay reshaped hornby vellard project undertook reclamation area seven islands sea.along construction major roads railways reclamation project completed transformed bombay major seaport arabian sea.bombay th century characterised economic educational development.early th century became strong base indian independence movement. |
Mumbai | upon indias independence city incorporated bombay state.following samyukta maharashtra movement new state maharashtra created bombay capital.mumbai financial commercial entertainment capital india.also one worlds top ten centres commerce terms global financial flow generating .indias gdp accounting industrial output maritime trade india mumbai port trust jnpt capital transactions indias economy.mumbai eighthhighest number billionaires city world mumbais billionaires highest average wealth city world . |
Mumbai | city houses important financial institutions corporate headquarters numerous indian companies multinational corporations.also home indias premier scientific nuclear institutes.city also home bollywood marathi cinema industries.mumbais business opportunities attract migrants india.etymology name mumbai marathi मुंबई gujarati મુંબઈ hindi मुंबई derived mumbā mahāambā—the name patron goddess kuladevata mumbadevi native koli community— āī meaning mother marathi language mother tongue koli people official language maharashtra. |
Mumbai | koli people originated kathiawar central gujarat according sources brought goddess mumba kathiawar gujarat still worshipped.however sources disagree mumbais name derived goddess mumba.the oldest known names city kakamuchee galajunkja sometimes still used.portuguese writer gaspar correia used name bombaim lendas da índia legends india.name possibly originated galicianportuguese phrase bom baim meaning good little bay bombaim still commonly used portuguese.portuguese explorer duarte barbosa used name tanamaiambu tana appears refer adjoining town thane maiambu mumbadevi.other variations recorded th th centuries include mombayn bombay bombain bombaym monbaym mombaim mombaym bambaye bombaiim bombeye boon bay bon bahia. |
Mumbai | english gained possession city th century portuguese name anglicised bombay.ali muhammad khan imperial dewan revenue minister gujarat province mirati ahmedi referred city manbai.the french traveller louis rousselet visited states book l’inde des rajahs first published etymologists wrongly derived name portuguese bôa bahia french bonne bai english good bay knowing tutelar goddess island remote antiquity bomba mumba devi still... possesses temple.by late th century city referred mumbai mambai marathi konkani gujarati kannada sindhi bambai hindi.government india officially changed english name mumbai november .came insistence marathi nationalist shiv sena party maharashtra state elections mirrored similar name changes across country particularly maharashtra.according slate magazine argued bombay corrupted english version mumbai unwanted legacy british colonial rule. |
Mumbai | slate also said push rename bombay part larger movement strengthen marathi identity maharashtra region.city still referred bombay residents indians regions mention city name mumbai controversial resulting emotional outbursts sometimes violently political nature.people mumbai resident mumbai called mumbaikar marathi suffix kar means resident of.term use quite time gained popularity official name change mumbai.older terms bombayite also use. |
Mumbai | history early history mumbai built archipelago seven islands isle bombay parel mazagaon mahim colaba worli old womans island also known little colaba.exactly known islands first inhabited.pleistocene sediments found along coastal areas around kandivali northern mumbai suggest islands inhabited since south asian stone age.perhaps beginning common era possibly earlier came occupied koli fishing community.in rd century bce islands formed part maurya empire expansion south ruled buddhist emperor ashoka magadha.kanheri caves borivali excavated basalt rock first century ce served important centre buddhism western india ancient times. |
Mumbai | city known heptanesia ancient greek cluster seven islands greek geographer ptolemy ce.mahakali caves andheri cut st century bce th century ce.between nd century bce th century ce islands came control successive indigenous dynasties satavahanas western satraps abhira vakataka kalachuris konkan mauryas chalukyas rashtrakutas ruled shilaharas .oldest edifices city built period jogeshwari caves elephanta caves sixth seventh century walkeshwar temple th century banganga tank th century.king bhimdev founded kingdom region late th century established capital mahikawati present day mahim.pathare prabhus among earliest known settlers city brought mahikawati saurashtra gujarat around bhimdev.delhi sultanate annexed islands – controlled . |
Mumbai | time islands administered muslim governors gujarat appointed delhi sultanate.the islands later governed independent gujarat sultanate established .sultanates patronage led construction many mosques prominent haji ali dargah worli built honour muslim saint haji ali .islands source contention gujarat sultanate bahmani sultanate deccan.bahadur khan gilani bahmani sultanate attempted conquer islands defeated.portuguese british rule mughal empire founded dominant power indian subcontinent midth century. |
Mumbai | growing apprehensive power mughal emperor humayun sultan bahadur shah gujarat obliged sign treaty bassein portuguese empire december .according treaty seven islands bombay nearby strategic town bassein dependencies offered portuguese.territories later surrendered october .the portuguese actively involved foundation growth roman catholic religious orders bombay.called islands various names finally took written form bombaim.islands leased several portuguese officers regime. |
Mumbai | portuguese franciscans jesuits built several churches city prominent st. michaels church mahim st. john baptist church andheri st. andrews church bandra gloria church byculla .portuguese also built several fortifications around city like bombay castle castella de aguada castelo da aguada bandra fort madh fort.english constant struggle portuguese vying hegemony bombay recognised strategic natural harbour natural isolation land attacks.middle th century growing power dutch empire forced english acquire station western india.may marriage treaty charles ii england catherine braganza daughter king john iv portugal placed islands possession english empire part catherines dowry charles. |
Mumbai | however salsette bassein mazagaon parel worli sion dharavi wadala still remained portuguese possession.english managed acquire mahim sion dharavi wadala.in accordance royal charter march england leased islands english east india company sum £ per annum.population quickly rose .islands subsequently attacked yakut khan muslim koli admiral mughal empire october rickloffe van goen governorgeneral dutch india february siddi admiral sambal october .in english east india company transferred headquarters surat bombay.city eventually became headquarters bombay presidency. |
Mumbai | following transfer bombay placed head companys establishments india.towards end th century islands suffered incursions yakut khan –.portuguese presence ended bombay marathas peshwa baji rao captured salsette bassein .by middle th century bombay began grow major trading town received huge influx migrants across india.later british occupied salsette december .treaty surat british formally gained control salsette bassein resulting first anglomaratha war. |
Mumbai | british able secure salsette marathas without violence treaty purandar later treaty salbai signed settle outcome first anglomaratha war.from onwards city reshaped largescale civil engineering projects aimed merging seven islands bombay single amalgamated mass way causeway called hornby vellard completed .british east india company mountstuart elphinstone defeated baji rao ii last maratha peshwa battle khadki.following defeat almost whole deccan plateau came british suzerainty incorporated bombay presidency.success british campaign deccan marked end attacks native powers.by seven islands coalesced single landmass hornby vellard project via large scale land reclamation.april indias first passenger railway line established connecting bombay neighbouring town thana thane. |
Mumbai | american civil war – city became worlds chief cottontrading market resulting boom economy subsequently enhanced citys stature.the opening suez canal transformed bombay one largest seaports arabian sea.september bombay hit bubonic plague epidemic death toll estimated people per week.people fled bombay textile industry adversely affected.city capital bombay presidency indian independence movement fostered quit india movement royal indian navy mutiny .independent india indias independence territory bombay presidency retained india restructured bombay state. |
Mumbai | area bombay state increased several erstwhile princely states joined indian union integrated state.subsequently city became capital bombay state.april municipal limits bombay expanded merging bombay suburban district bombay city form greater bombay municipal corporation.the samyukta maharashtra movement create separate maharashtra state including bombay height s. lok sabha discussions congress party demanded city constituted autonomous citystate.states reorganisation committee recommended bilingual state maharashtra–gujarat bombay capital report.bombay citizens committee advocacy group leading gujarati industrialists lobbied bombays independent status.following protests movement people lost lives clashes police bombay state reorganised linguistic lines may . |
Mumbai | gujaratispeaking areas bombay state partitioned state gujarat.maharashtra state bombay capital formed merger marathispeaking areas bombay state eight districts central provinces berar five districts hyderabad state numerous princely states enclosed them.memorial martyrs samyukta maharashtra movement flora fountain renamed hutatma chowk martyrs square memorial erected.following decades saw massive expansion city suburbs.late nariman point cuffe parade reclaimed developed. |
Mumbai | bombay metropolitan region development authority bmrda established january government maharashtra apex body planning coordination development activities bombay metropolitan region.august sister township new bombay founded city industrial development corporation cidco across thane raigad districts help dispersal control bombays population.textile industry bombay largely disappeared widespread great bombay textile strike nearly workers textile mills went strike.mumbais defunct cotton mills since become focus intense redevelopment.industrial development began mumbai. |
Mumbai | economy started focusing fields petrochemicals electronics electronics automobile.hindustan petroleum comissoned mumbai refinery trombay bpcl refinery.the jawaharlal nehru port handles – indias containerized cargo commissioned may across creek nhava sheva view decongest bombay harbour serve hub port city.geographical limits greater bombay coextensive municipal limits greater bombay.october greater bombay district bifurcated form two revenue districts namely bombay city bombay suburban though continued administered municipal administration.the years saw increase violence terrorism activities.following demolition babri masjid ayodhya city rocked hindumuslim riots – people killed. |
Mumbai | march series coordinated bombings several city landmarks islamic extremists bombay underworld resulted deaths injuries.people killed injured seven bombs exploded citys commuter trains.series ten coordinated attacks armed terrorists three days resulted deaths injuries severe damage several heritage landmarks prestigious hotels.three coordinated bomb explosions july occurred opera house zaveri bazaar dadar latest series terrorist attacks mumbai resulted deaths injuries.mumbai commercial capital india evolved global financial hub.several decades home indias main financial services focus infrastructure development private investment. |
Mumbai | ancient fishing community colonial centre trade mumbai become south asias largest city home worlds prolific film industry.geography mumbai narrow peninsula southwest salsette island lies arabian sea west thane creek east vasai creek north.mumbais suburban district occupies island.navi mumbai east thane creek thane north vasai creek.mumbai consists two distinct regions mumbai city district mumbai suburban district form two separate revenue districts maharashtra. |
Mumbai | city district region also commonly referred island city south mumbai.total area mumbai .km sq mi.island city spans .km sq mi suburban district spans km sq mi together accounting . |
Mumbai | km sq mi administration municipal corporation greater mumbai mcgm.remaining areas belong various defence establishments mumbai port trust atomic energy commission borivali national park jurisdiction mcgm.mumbai metropolitan region includes portions thane palghar raigad districts addition greater mumbai covers area km .sq mi.mumbai lies mouth ulhas river western coast india coastal region known konkan.sits salsette island sashti island partially shares thane district. |
Mumbai | mumbai bounded arabian sea west.many parts city lie sea level elevations ranging ft ft city average elevation ft. northern mumbai salsette hilly highest point city ft salsette powai–kanheri ranges.sanjay gandhi national park borivali national park located partly mumbai suburban district partly thane district extends area .km .sq mi.apart bhatsa dam six major lakes supply water city vihar lower vaitarna upper vaitarna tulsi tansa powai. |
Mumbai | tulsi lake vihar lake located borivili national park within citys limits.supply powai lake also within city limits used agricultural industrial purposes.three small rivers dahisar river poinsar poisar ohiwara oshiwara originate within park polluted mithi river originates tulsi lake gathers water overflowing vihar powai lakes.coastline city indented numerous creeks bays stretching thane creek theeastern madh marve western front.eastern coast salsette island covered large mangrove swamps rich biodiversity western coast mostly sandy rocky.soil cover city region predominantly sandy due proximity sea. |
Mumbai | suburbs soil cover largely alluvial loamy.underlying rock region composed black deccan basalt flows acidic basic variants dating back late cretaceous early eocene eras.mumbai sits seismically active zone owing presence fault lines vicinity.area classified seismic zone iii region means earthquake magnitude .richter magnitude scale may expected. |
Mumbai | climate mumbai tropical climate specifically tropical wet dry climate aw köppen climate classification.varies dry period extending october may wet period peaking june.cooler season december february followed hotter season march may.period june end september constitutes south west monsoon season october november form postmonsoon season.flooding monsoon major problem mumbai.june september south west monsoon rains lash city. |
Mumbai | premonsoon showers received may.occasionally northeast monsoon showers occur october november.maximum annual rainfall ever recorded mm .highest rainfall recorded single day mm july .average total annual rainfall . |
Mumbai | mm island city mm suburbs.the average annual temperature °c °f average annual precipitation mm in.island city average maximum temperature °c °f average minimum temperature °c °f.suburbs daily mean maximum temperature range °c °f °c °f daily mean minimum temperature ranges °c °f °c °f.record high .°c °f set april record low . |
Mumbai | °c °f set january .tropical cyclones rare city worst cyclone ever impact mumbai mumbai cyclone gusts reached kmh mph juhu storm left people dead missing storm reportedly impacted bombay hours left city devastated air pollution major issue mumbai.according world health organization global urban ambient air pollution database annual average pm.concentration μgm .times higher recommended air quality guidelines annual mean pm.. central pollution control board government india consulate general united states mumbai monitor publicly share realtime air quality data.december iit bombay partnership mckelvey school engineering washington university st. louis launched aerosol air quality research facility study air pollution mumbai among indian cities. |
Mumbai | economy mumbai indias second largest city population financial commercial capital country generates .total gdp.serves economic hub india contributing factory employment industrial output income tax collections customs duty collections central excise tax collections indias foreign trade ₹ crore us million corporate taxes.along rest india mumbai witnessed economic boom since liberalisation finance boom midnineties export services outsourcing boom s. although mumbai prominently figured hub economic activity india mumbai metropolitan region presently witnessing reduction contribution indias gdp.recent estimates economy mumbai metropolitan region estimated billion ppp metro gdp ranking either secondmost productive metro area india.many indias numerous conglomerates including larsen toubro state bank india sbi life insurance corporation india lic tata group godrej reliance five fortune global companies based mumbai. |
Mumbai | facilitated presence reserve bank india rbi bombay stock exchange bse national stock exchange india nse financial sector regulators securities exchange board india sebi.until mumbai owed prosperity largely textile mills seaport local economy since diversified include finance engineering diamondpolishing healthcare information technology.the key sectors contributing citys economy finance gems jewellery leather processing ites textiles petrochemical electronics manufacturing automobiles entertainment.nariman point bandra kurla complex bkc mumbais major financial centres.despite competition bangalore hyderabad pune mumbai carved niche information technology industry.santacruz electronic export processing zone seepz international infotech park navi mumbai offer excellent facilities companies.state central government employees make large percentage citys workforce.mumbai also large unskilled semiskilled selfemployed population primarily earn livelihood hawkers taxi drivers mechanics blue collar professions. |
Mumbai | port shipping industry well established mumbai port one oldest significant ports india.dharavi central mumbai increasingly large recycling industry processing recyclable waste parts city district estimated singleroom factories.mumbai ranked sixth among top ten global cities billionaire count millionaires.total wealth around crore billion richest indian city th richest city world.seventh list top ten cities billionaires forbes magazine april first terms average wealth billionaires.globalization world cities study group gawc ranked mumbai alpha world city third categories global cities. |
Mumbai | mumbai third expensive office market world ranked among fastest cities country business startup .civic administration greater mumbai area km sq mi consisting mumbai city mumbai suburban districts extends colaba south mulund dahisar north mankhurd east.population per census .it administered municipal corporation greater mumbai mcgm sometimes referred brihanmumbai municipal corporation formerly known bombay municipal corporation bmc.mcgm charge civic infrastructure needs metropolis.mayor serves term two half years chosen indirect election councillors among themselves.the municipal commissioner chief executive officer head executive arm municipal corporation. |
Mumbai | executive powers vested municipal commissioner indian administrative service ias officer appointed state government.although municipal corporation legislative body lays policies governance city commissioner responsible execution policies.commissioner appointed fixed term defined state statute.powers commissioner provided statute delegated corporation standing committee.the municipal corporation greater mumbai ranked th cities best governance administrative practices india .scored . |
Mumbai | compared national average ..the two revenue districts mumbai come jurisdiction district collector.collectors charge property records revenue collection central government oversee national elections held city.the mumbai police headed police commissioner indian police service ips officer.mumbai police division maharashtra police state home ministry.city divided seven police zones seventeen traffic police zones headed deputy commissioner police.mumbai traffic police semiautonomous body mumbai police. |
Mumbai | mumbai fire brigade jurisdiction municipal corporation headed chief fire officer assisted four deputy chief fire officers six divisional officers.mumbai metropolitan region development authority mmrda responsible infrastructure development planning mumbai metropolitan region.mumbai seat bombay high court exercises jurisdiction states maharashtra goa union territory dadra nagar haveli daman diu.mumbai also two lower courts small causes court civil matters sessions court criminal cases.mumbai also special terrorist disruptive activities tada court people accused conspiring abetting acts terrorism city.politics mumbai traditional stronghold birthplace indian national congress also known congress party. |
Mumbai | first session indian national congress held bombay december .city played host indian national congress six times first years became strong base indian independence movement th century.the saw rise regionalist politics bombay formation shiv sena june leadership balasaheb thackeray feeling resentment relative marginalisation native marathi people bombay.shiv sena switched marathi cause larger hindutva cause joined hands bhartiya janata party bjp year.congress dominated politics bombay independence early shiv sena bombay municipal corporation elections.in bharatiya janata party bjp major national political party forged electoral alliance shiv sena dislodge congress maharashtra legislative assembly elections.several members left congress form nationalist congress party ncp later allied congress part alliance known democratic front. |
Mumbai | parties maharashtra navnirman sena mns samajwadi party sp bahujan samaj party bsp india majliseittehadul muslimeen aimim several independent candidates also contest elections city.in indian national elections held every five years mumbai represented six parliamentary constituencies north north west north east north central south central south.member parliament mp lok sabha lower house indian parliament elected parliamentary constituencies.national election six parliamentary constituencies bjp shiv sena alliance parties winning three seats each.in maharashtra state assembly elections held every five years mumbai represented assembly constituencies.member legislative assembly mla maharashtra vidhan sabha legislative assembly elected assembly constituencies.state assembly election assembly constituencies bjp shiv sena congress ncp one independent candidate.elections also held every five years elect corporators power mcgm. |
Mumbai | corporation comprises directly elected councillors representing municipal wards five nominated councillors special knowledge experience municipal administration mayor whose role mostly ceremonial.municipal corporation elections seats shiv senabjp alliance secured seats holding power support independent candidates mcgm congressncp alliance bagged seats.tenure mayor deputy mayor municipal commissioner two half years.transport public transport public transport systems mumbai include mumbai suburban railway monorail metro brihanmumbai electric supply transport best buses blackandyellow meter taxis auto rickshaws ferries.suburban railway best bus services together accounted passenger traffic . |
Mumbai | auto rickshaws allowed operate suburban areas mumbai taxis allowed operate throughout mumbai generally operate south mumbai.taxis rickshaws mumbai required law run compressed natural gas cng convenient economical easily available means transport.railway mumbai suburban railway popularly referred locals forms backbone citys transport system.operated central railway western railway zones indian railways.mumbais suburban rail systems carried total lakh . |
Mumbai | million passengers every day .trains overcrowded peak hours ninecar trains rated capacity passengers actually carrying around passengers peak hours.mumbai rail network spread expanse route kilometres.rakes trainsets car car composition utilised run total train services city.the mumbai monorail mumbai metro built extended phases relieve overcrowding existing network.monorail opened early february . |
Mumbai | first line mumbai metro opened early june .mumbai headquarters two zones indian railways central railway cr headquartered chhatrapati shivaji terminus formerly victoria terminus western railway wr headquartered churchgate.mumbai also well connected parts india indian railways.longdistance trains originate chhatrapati shivaji terminus dadar lokmanya tilak terminus mumbai central bandra terminus andheri borivali.bus mumbais bus services carried lakh .million passengers per day dropped lakh . |
Mumbai | million .public buses run best cover almost parts metropolis well parts navi mumbai mirabhayandar thane.best operates total buses cctv cameras installed ferrying lakh .million passengers daily routes.fleet consists singledecker doubledecker vestibule lowfloor disabledfriendly airconditioned euro iii compliant diesel compressed natural gas powered buses. |
Mumbai | best introduced airconditioned buses .best buses red colour based originally routemaster buses london.maharashtra state road transport corporation msrtc also known st buses provide intercity transport connecting mumbai towns cities maharashtra nearby states.navi mumbai municipal transport nmmt thane municipal transport tmt also operate buses mumbai connecting various nodes navi mumbai thane parts mumbai.buses generally favoured commuting short medium distances train fares economical longer distance commutes.the mumbai darshan tourist bus service explores numerous tourist attractions mumbai.bus rapid transit system brts lanes planned throughout mumbai.though citys commuters travel public transport mumbai still continues struggle traffic congestion. |
Mumbai | mumbais transport system categorised one congested world.water water transport mumbai consists ferries hovercraft catamarans.services provided government agencies well private partners.hovercraft services plied briefly late gateway india cbd belapur navi mumbai.subsequently scrapped due lack adequate infrastructure. |
Mumbai | road mumbai served national highway national highway national highway national highway .mumbai–chennai mumbai–delhi prongs golden quadrilateral system national highways start city.mumbaipune expressway first expressway built india.eastern freeway opened .mumbai nashik expressway mumbaivadodara expressway construction. |
Mumbai | bandraworli sea link bridge along mahim causeway links island city western suburbs.three major road arteries city eastern express highway sion thane sion panvel expressway sion panvel western express highway bandra bhayander.mumbai approximately km mi roads.five tolled entry points city road.mumbai private vehicles march black yellow taxis auto rickshaws may .air chhatrapati shivaji maharaj international airport formerly sahar international airport main aviation hub city second busiest airport india terms passenger traffic. |
Mumbai | handled .crore .million passengers tonnes cargo fy –.upgrade plan initiated targeted increasing capacity airport handle crore million passengers annually new terminal opened february .the proposed navi mumbai international airport built koprapanvel area sanctioned indian government help relieve increasing traffic burden existing airport.the juhu aerodrome indias first airport hosts bombay flying club heliport operated stateowned pawan hans.sea mumbai served two major ports mumbai port trust jawaharlal nehru port trust lies across creek navi mumbai. |
Mumbai | mumbai port one best natural harbours world extensive wet dry dock accommodation facilities.jawaharlal nehru port commissioned may busiest modern major port india.handles – countrys total containerised cargo.ferries ferry wharf mazagaon allow access islands near city.the city also headquarters western naval command also important base indian navy.utility services colonial rule tanks source water mumbai many localities named them. |
Mumbai | mcgm supplies potable water city six lakes comes tulsi vihar lakes.tansa lake supplies water western suburbs parts island city along western railway.water filtered bhandup asias largest water filtration plant.indias first underground water tunnel completed mumbai supply water bhandup filtration plant.about crore million litres water daily supply crore million litres lost way water thefts illegal connections leakages per day mumbai.almost mumbais daily refuse metric tonnes metric tonnes plastic waste transported dumping grounds gorai northwest mulund northeast deonar dumping ground east. |
Mumbai | sewage treatment carried worli bandra disposed two independent marine outfalls .km .mi .km .mi bandra worli respectively.electricity distributed brihanmumbai electric supply transport best undertaking island city reliance energy tata power maharashtra state electricity distribution co. ltd mahavitaran suburbs. |
Mumbai | power supply cables underground reduces pilferage thefts losses.cooking gas supplied form liquefied petroleum gas cylinders sold stateowned oil companies well piped natural gas supplied mahanagar gas limited.the largest telephone service provider stateowned mtnl held monopoly fixed line cellular services provides fixed line well mobile wll services.mobile phone coverage extensive main service providers vodafone essar airtel mtnl loop mobile reliance communications idea cellular tata indicom.gsm cdma services available city.mumbai along area served telephone exchanges navi mumbai kalyan classified metro telecom circle.many service providers also provide broadband internet wireless internet access mumbai. |
Mumbai | mumbai highest number internet users india .crore .million users.cityscape architecture architecture city blend gothic revival indosaracenic art deco contemporary styles.buildings british period victoria terminus bombay university built gothic revival style. |
Mumbai | architectural features include variety european influences german gables dutch roofs swiss timbering romance arches tudor casements traditional indian features.also indosaracenic styled buildings gateway india.art deco styled landmarks found along marine drive west oval maidan.mumbai second largest number art deco buildings world miami.newer suburbs modern buildings dominate landscape. |
Mumbai | mumbai far largest number skyscrapers india existing skyscrapers construction .the mumbai heritage conservation committee mhcc established formulates special regulations bylaws assist conservation citys heritage structures.mumbai three unesco world heritage sites chhatrapati shivaji terminus elephanta caves victorian art deco ensemble.south mumbai colonialera buildings sovietstyle offices.east factories slums.west coast formertextile mills demolished skyscrapers built top. |
Mumbai | buildings taller compared shanghai new york.demographics according census population mumbai city .population density estimated persons per square kilometre.living space .square metres per person. |
Mumbai | mumbai metropolitan region home people .greater mumbai area administration mcgm literacy rate .higher national average .. number slumdwellers mumbai metropolitan region estimated lakh million lakh million constitutes approximately .region.the sex ratio females per males island city suburbs whole greater mumbai numbers lower national average females per males.low sex ratio partly large number male migrants come city work.residents mumbai call mumbaikar mumbaiite bombayite bombaiite.mumbai suffers major urbanization problems seen many fast growing cities developing countries poverty unemployment. |
Mumbai | available land premium mumbai residents often reside cramped relatively expensive housing usually far workplaces therefore requiring long commutes crowded mass transit clogged roadways.many live close proximity bus train stations although suburban residents spend significant time travelling southward main commercial district.dharavi asias second largest slum karachis orangi town counted single slum located central mumbai houses lakh one million people .km .sq mi making one densely populated areas earth population density least persons per square kilometre.the number migrants mumbai outside maharashtra – decade . |
Mumbai | lakh .million amounted .net addition population mumbai.the number households mumbai forecast rise lakh .million lakh .million . |
Mumbai | number households annual incomes lakh million rupees increase amounting families.number households incomes lakh – million rupees also estimated increase .according report central pollution control board mumbai noisiest city india ahead lucknow hyderabad delhi.ethnic groups religions religious groups represented mumbai include hindus .muslims . |
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