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Mumbai	buddhists .jains .christians .sikhs .. linguisticethnic demographics greater mumbai area maharashtrians gujaratis rest hailing parts india.native christians include east indian catholics converted portuguese th century goan mangalorean catholics also constitute significant portion christian community city.jews settled bombay th century.
Mumbai	bene israeli jewish community bombay migrated konkan villages south bombay believed descendants jews israel shipwrecked konkan coast probably year bce reign greek ruler antiochus iv epiphanes.mumbai also home largest population parsi zoroastrians world numbering however population declining rapidly.parsis migrated india greater iran following muslim conquest persia seventh century.oldest muslim communities mumbai include dawoodi bohras ismaili khojas konkani muslims.language marathi official language working language bureaucracy city along english hindi.
Mumbai	mumbai large polyglot population like metropolitan cities india.sixteen major languages india spoken mumbai common marathi dialect east indian.spoken people .populationmarathi single language spoken population.hindi spoken population that’s .
Mumbai	population making second largest dominat language mumbai.many hindi speakers workers uttar pradesh bihar migrate seasonally mumbai work labourers.gujarati speakers spoken .population making third largest language marathi hindi.other languages spoken include urdu spoken .population.
Mumbai	english extensively spoken principal language citys white collar workforce.colloquial form hindi known bambaiya – blend hindi marathi gujarati konkani urdu indian english invented words – spoken streets.tamil kannada telugu malayalam odia punjabi sindhi tulu assamese bhojpuri minority languages spoken mumbai.in suburbs marathi spoken .population suburban mumbai gujarati .. food mumbai variety street food including vada pav.culture mumbais culture offers blend traditional cosmopolitan festivals food entertainment night life.citys cosmopolitan urbancentric modern cultural offerings comparable world capitals.
Mumbai	mumbai bears distinction cosmopolitan city india.history major trading centre expansion education middle class led diverse range cultures religions cuisines coexisting city.variety abundance restaurants cinemas theatres sports events museums product mumbais unique cosmopolitan culture.mumbai birthplace indian cinema—dadasaheb phalke laid foundations silent movies followed marathi talkies—and oldest film broadcast took place early th century.mumbai also large number cinema halls feature bollywood marathi hollywood movies.mumbai international film festival award ceremony filmfare awards oldest prominent film awards given hindi film industry india held mumbai.
Mumbai	despite professional theatre groups formed british raj disbanded mumbai developed thriving theatre movement tradition marathi hindi english regional languages.contemporary art featured governmentfunded art spaces private commercial galleries.governmentfunded institutions include jehangir art gallery national gallery modern art.built asiatic society bombay one oldest public libraries city.chhatrapati shivaji maharaj vastu sangrahalaya formerly prince wales museum renowned museum south mumbai houses rare ancient exhibits indian history.mumbai zoo named jijamata udyaan formerly victoria gardens also harbors garden.rich literary traditions city highlighted internationally booker prize winners salman rushdie aravind adiga.
Mumbai	marathi literature modernized works mumbaibased authors mohan apte anant kanekar gangadhar gadgil promoted annual sahitya akademi award literary honor bestowed indias national academy letters.mumbai residents celebrate western indian festivals.diwali holi eid christmas navratri good friday dussera moharram ganesh chaturthi durga puja maha shivratri popular festivals city.kala ghoda arts festival exhibition world arts encapsulates works artists fields music dance theatre films.weeklong annual fair known bandra fair starting following sunday september celebrated people faiths commemorate nativity mary mother jesus september.the banganga festival twoday music festival held annually month january organised maharashtra tourism development corporation mtdc historic banganga tank mumbai.elephanta festival—celebrated every february elephanta islands—is dedicated classical indian dance music attracts performers across country.
Mumbai	public holidays specific city state include maharashtra day may celebrate formation maharashtra state may gudi padwa new years day marathi people.beaches major tourist attraction city.major beaches mumbai girgaum chowpatty juhu beach dadar chowpatty gorai beach marve beach versova beach madh beach aksa beach manori beach.beaches unfit swimming except girgaum chowpatty juhu beach.essel world theme park amusement centre situated close gorai beach includes asias largest theme water park water kingdom.adlabs imagica opened april located near city khopoli mumbaipune expressway.
Mumbai	media mumbai numerous newspaper publications television radio stations.marathi dailies enjoy maximum readership share city top marathi language newspapers maharashtra times navakaal lokmat loksatta mumbai chaufer saamana sakaal.popular marathi language magazines saptahik sakaal grihashobhika lokrajya lokprabha chitralekha.popular english language newspapers published sold mumbai include times india midday hindustan times dna india indian express.newspapers also printed indian languages.
Mumbai	mumbai home asias oldest newspaper bombay samachar published gujarati since .bombay durpan first marathi newspaper started balshastri jambhekar mumbai .numerous indian international television channels watched mumbai one pay tv companies local cable television provider.metropolis also hub many international media corporations many news channels print publications major presence.national television broadcaster doordarshan provides two free terrestrial channels three main cable networks serve households.the wide range cable channels available includes zee marathi zee talkies etv marathi star pravah mi marathi dd sahyadri marathi channels news channels abp majha ibnlokmat zee taas sports channels like espn star sports national entertainment channels like colors sony zee tv star plus business news channels like cnbc awaaz zee business et bloomberg utv.news channels entirely dedicated mumbai include sahara samay mumbai.
Mumbai	zing popular bollywood gossip channel also based mumbai.satellite television dth yet gain mass acceptance due high installation costs.prominent dth entertainment services mumbai include dish tv tata sky.there twelve radio stations mumbai nine broadcasting fm band three india radio stations broadcasting band.mumbai also access commercial radio providers sirius.conditional access system cas started union government met poor response mumbai due competition sister technology directtohome dth transmission service.bollywood hindi film industry based mumbai produces around – films every year.
Mumbai	name bollywood blend bombay hollywood.saw growth bollywoods popularity overseas.led filmmaking new heights terms quality cinematography innovative story lines well technical advances special effects animation.studios goregaon including film city location movie sets.city also hosts marathi film industry seen increased popularity recent years tv production companies.
Mumbai	mumbai hub indian film making.several indian language films bengali bhojpuri gujarati malayalam tamil telugu urdu also occasionally shot mumbai.slumdog millionaire english language british film shot entirely mumbai garnered oscar awards.education schools schools mumbai either municipal schools run mcgm private schools run trusts individuals cases receive financial aid government.schools affiliated either following boardsmaharashtra state board msbshsethe allindia council indian school certificate examinations ciscethe national institute open schooling niosthe central board secondary education cbsethe international baccalaureate ibthe international general certificate secondary education igcse.
Mumbai	marathi english usual language instruction.the primary education system mcgm largest urban primary education system asia.mcgm operates primary schools imparting primary education students eight languages marathi hindi gujarati urdu english tamil telugu kannada.mcgm also imparts secondary education students secondary schools.higher education plan students complete ten years schooling enrol two years junior college select one three streams arts commerce science.followed either general degree course chosen field study professional degree course law engineering medicine.
Mumbai	colleges city affiliated university mumbai one largest universities world terms number graduates.the university mumbai one premier universities india.ranked among top engineering schools world americas news broadcasting firm business insider university list five emerging brics nations viz brazil russia india china south africa.moreover university mumbai ranked th list best universities india india today ranked qs brics university rankings ranking leading universities five brics countries brazil russia india china south africa.its strongest scores qs university rankings brics papers per faculty th employer reputation th citations per paper th.it ranked th among top universities india qs .top ten indian universities purely science technology universities indias rd best multi disciplinary university qs university ranking.the indian institute technology bombay iit bombaymumbai institute chemical technology formerly udct uict veermata jijabai technological institute vjti indias premier engineering technology schools along sndt womens university autonomous universities located mumbai.april iit bombay launched first u.s.india joint emba program alongside washington university st. louis.
Mumbai	thadomal shahani engineering college first oldest private engineering college affiliated federal university mumbai also pioneered first institute citys university offer undergraduate level courses computer engineering information technology biomedical engineering biotechnology.grant medical college established seth g.s.medical college leading medical institutes affiliated sir jamshedjee jeejeebhoy group hospitals kem hospital respectively.mumbai also home national institute industrial engineering nitie jamnalal bajaj institute management studies jbims narsee monjee institute management studies nmims p jain institute management research tata institute social sciences tiss several management schools.government law college sydenham college respectively oldest law commerce colleges india based mumbai.
Mumbai	sir j. j. school art mumbais oldest art institution.it also one best law schools universities country national law universities nlu.mumbai home two prominent research institutions tata institute fundamental research tifr bhabha atomic research centre barc.barc operates cirus mw nuclear research reactor facility trombay.bombay veterinary college mumbai veterinary college oldest premier veterinary college india asia.foundation stone laid year .the icarcentral institute fisheries education cife deemed university institution higher learning fisheries science mumbai india.cife four decades leadership human resource development alumni aiding development fisheries aquaculture worldwide producing notable contributions research technological advancements credit.institute one four deemed universities operating indian council agricultural research icar three indian veterinary research institute ivri national dairy research institute ndri indian agriculture research institute iari sports cricket popular sport city.
Mumbai	mumbai home board control cricket india bcci indian premier league ipl.mumbai cricket team firstclass team city ranji trophy titles team.city based mumbai indians compete indian premier league.mumbai two international cricket grounds wankhede stadium brabourne stadium.first cricket test match india played mumbai bombay gymkhana.
Mumbai	biggest cricketing event staged city far final icc cricket world cup played wankhede stadium.mumbai london two cities hosted world cup final final icc champions trophy played brabourne stadium .football another popular sport city fifa world cup english premier league followed widely.indian super league city represented mumbai city fc.city based kenkre fc competes ileague matches city played cooperage ground.elite football league india introduced august mumbai noted one eight cities awarded team inaugural season.mumbais first professional american football franchise mumbai gladiators played first season pune late .in hockey mumbai home mumbai marines mumbai magicians world series hockey hockey india league respectively.
Mumbai	matches city played mahindra hockey stadium.the indian badminton league ibl known premier badminton league also visiting mumbai since inaugural edition final held mumbais national sports club india.second season final premier badminton league held homesquad mumbai rockets delhi dashers formerly delhi acers visitors eventually claiming title.opening ceremony also held mumbai finals delhi.in premier badminton league also known vodafone pbl sponsorship reasons mumbai rockets beat hyderabad hunters – proceed final.final lost – chennai smashers.u mumba team representing mumbai countrys professional kabaddi league pro kabaddi.mumbai leg pro kabaddi held nsci worli.rugby another growing sport mumbai league matches held bombay gymkhana june november.every february mumbai holds derby races mahalaxmi racecourse.
Mumbai	mcdowells derby also held february turf club mumbai.march mumbai grand prix part f powerboat world championship force india f team car unveiled city .annual mumbai marathon established part greatest race earth.mumbai also played host kingfisher airlines tennis open international series tournament atp world tour .regional professional sports teams mumbaiformer regional professional sports teams mumbai see also geology mumbailist tallest buildings mumbailist people mumbailist twin towns sister cities india references sources external links chisholm hugh ed..
PeopleSoft	bombay city .encyclopædia britannica th ed.. cambridge university press.official website municipal corporation greater mumbai archived october wayback machinemumbai curlieexisted independent corporation acquisition oracle corporation .peoplesoft name product line marketed oracle.peoplesoft financial management solutions fms supply chain management scm part package commonly known financials supply chain management fscm.peoplesoft campus solutions cs separate package developed student information system colleges universities.history founded ken morris david duffield peoplesoft originally headquartered walnut creek california moving pleasanton california.duffield envisioned client–server version integral systems popular mainframe hrms package.cofounded peoplesoft leaving integral systems also based walnut creek.
PeopleSoft	confused integral systems columbia maryland different company.companys sole venture backing came ibm.george j. still jr. norwest venture partners joined board directors.peoplesoft version released late first fully integrated robust client–server hrms application suite.peoplesoft expanded product range include financials module distribution manufacturing acquisition red pepper.jd edwards peoplesoft performed friendly merger smaller rival jd edwards.latters similar product line world oneworld targeted midsized companies small benefit peoplesofts applications.
PeopleSoft	jd edwards software used configurable network computing architecture shielded applications operating system database backend.peoplesoft branded oneworld product peoplesoft enterpriseone.oracle corporation acquisition beginning oracle began maneuver control peoplesoft company.june oracle made billion bid hostile corporate takeover attempt.february oracle decreased bid approximately .
PeopleSoft	billion offer also rejected peoplesofts board directors.complicating oracles takeover attempt peoplesofts poison pill allowing customers potentially receive refunds – times amount paid case takeover.later month u.s. department justice filed suit block oracle grounds acquisition would break antitrust laws.september suit rejected u.s. federal judge found justice department proven antitrust case.october decision handed european commission.although oracle reduced offer .
PeopleSoft	billion may raised bid november .billion.in december oracle announced signed definitive merger agreement acquire peoplesoft approximately .billion.month acquisition peoplesoft oracle cut half peoplesofts workforce laying peoplesofts employees.oracle moved capitalize perceived strong brand loyalty within jd edwards user community rebranding former jd edwards products.thus peoplesoft enterpriseone became jd edwards enterpriseone peoplesoft world became jd edwards world.oracle announced fusion applications would combine best aspects peoplesoft jd edwards oracle applications merge new product suite.oracle would later slow release cadence peoplesoft applications instead releasing feature packs add functionality.
PeopleSoft	postoracle acquisition oracle peoplesoft offers different cloudbased software products including human capital management hcm campus solutions procurement supplier management financial management peopletools technology.in peoplesoft released inmemory project discovery.translated unstructured data structured data allowed users analyze keywords data services automation suite.ran oracle’s exalytics inmemory machine oracle endeca information discovery enterprise data platform.in oracle peoplesoft erp enterprise resource planning onpremises system capable running windows linux unix ibm mainframe environments.department foreign affairs trade dfat used peoplesoft enterprise human resource platform time labor tracking manager employee selfservice tools security.product design application architecture original architecture peoplesoft suite products built client–server twotier approach dedicated client.
PeopleSoft	release version entire suite rewritten ntier webcentric design called peoplesoft internet architecture pia.new format allowed companys business functions accessed run within web browser.originally small number security system setup functions still needed performed fatclient machine however longer case.the peoplesoft application suite function erp system similar sap also used single modules example student administration hcm human capital management alone.peoplesoft uses functionality known integration broker communicate different modules known pillars.addition integration broker utilized web services calls peoplesoft applications.development platform implementation focuses peoplesofts proprietary peopletools technology.peopletools includes many different components used create webbased applications scripting language known peoplecode design tools define various types metadata standard security structure batchprocessing tools ability interface sql database.
PeopleSoft	metadata describes data user interfaces tables messages security navigation portals etc.set tools make peoplesoft suite platformindependent.components pia version .components called panel groups.peoplesoft timeline peoplesoft inc. founded david duffield ken morris walnut creek ca usa.
PeopleSoft	peoplesoft hrms released.begins opening international offices.public distribution distribution financials modules.launch student administration system.opened office mexico first latin america.
PeopleSoft	releases manufacturing peoplesoft first erp package.peoplesoft released within upgraded erp modules.peoplesoft .released improved clientserver technology.acquired intrepid systems.
PeopleSoft	peoplesoft student administration system released.craig conway named new ceo release products enable internet transactions.acquired vantive corporation.deliver peoplesoft inhouse application service provider.acquired jd edwards dave duffield returns ceo replacing craig conway.
PeopleSoft	acquired oracle corporation.peoplesoft fscm .released.september peoplesoft hcm .released.
PeopleSoft	december peoplesoft hcm .released.october peoplesoft fscm .released.november peoplesoft hcm human capital management .
PeopleSoft	feature pack november peoplesoft .released.fscm hcm released simultaneously peoplesoft campus solutions .released december security peoplesoft applications address complex business requirements known issues terms online security.peoplesoft used fortune companies government organizations almost vulnerable hacked via internet researchers state.the risk factor lies existing vulnerabilities oracle peoplesoft systems could enable data breaches businesses government organizations universities.
PeopleSoft	companies using peoplesoft applications constant threat cyber attacks.according research publicfacing oracle peoplesoft applications vulnerabilities systems available online susceptible tokenchpoken attack.tokenchpoken attack affects systems use single signon sso possible authentication cookie pstoken used peoplesoft applications forged.pstoken identified brute force tokenchpoken attack possible log system account gain access data compromised system.since several cases reported peoplesoft security breaches.march salem state university massachusetts alerted students employees social security numbers might compromised database breach.similarly february university central florida disclosed student social security numbers compromised.all organizations use peoplesoft including companies specialized charity food manufacturing retail transport etc.
Sichuan takin	stay vulnerable tokenchpoken interventions pay due attention security.referencesbudorcas greek bous ox cow dorkas gazelle taxicolor latin taxus badger color hue referring badgerlike coloration listed vulnerable species sichuan takin native tibet provinces sichuan gansu xinjiang peoples republic china.taxonomy differentiated close cousin golden takin largely coat color among morphological differences addition different range habitat.takin previously considered closely related arctic muskox.physical similarities found due convergent evolution common ancestor.dna sequencing recently revealed various sheep close relatives goats tahrs sheep bharal barbary sheep.
Sichuan takin	habitat takin inhabit dense bamboo forests better known giant panda.sichuan takins live dense thickets bamboo groves family groups individuals.despite large stocky relatively slow moving sichuan takin quite agile maneuvering rocky habitat often steep challenging slopes.inaccessibility takins mountainous habitat meant little information species’ behavior ecology specifically distribution population size.species threats although considered national treasure china highest legal protection sichuan takin threatened ongoing poaching habitat destruction.
Sichuan takin	highest need species scientific knowledge allow production valid longterm conservation management plan.principal threats survival include poaching hunters food fur.led decline wild.reliable count species fully undertaken may indirectly benefited protections accorded giant panda species.behavior ecology takins adaptations help stay warm dry bitter cold winter himalayan mountains.
Sichuan takin	thick secondary coat grown keep chill.large mooselike snout large sinus cavities warm air takin inhales gets lungs.without adaptation takins would lose large amount body heat breathing.yet another protection oily skin.although skin glands skin secretes oily bittertasting substance acts natural raincoat storms fog.
Sichuan takin	streaks oily stuff seen takins rub.also odor smells like combination horse musk.takins eat early morning late afternoon rest feeding.since live altitudes feet meters feed many kinds alpine deciduous plants evergreens.comes food takins eat almost vegetation within reach.includes tough leaves evergreen rhododendrons oaks willow pine bark bamboo leaves variety newgrowth leaves herbs.
Sichuan takin	easily stand hind legs front legs propped tree reach higher vegetation need to.herding migration spring takins gather large herds migrate mountains tree line.cooler weather approaches food becomes scarce takins move forested valleys.move across mountains takins use routes over.creates series wellworn paths dense growths bamboo rhododendrons lead natural salt licks grazing areas.the size takin herd changes seasons spring early summer herds number animals cooler months food less plentiful large herds break smaller groups takins head mountain.
Sichuan takin	herds made adult females called cows kids young subadults young males.older males called bulls generally solitary except rut mating season late summer.reproduction cows give birth single kid early spring.within three days birth takin kid able follow mother types terrain.important predators nearby herd needs travel long distance food.
Sichuan takin	natural enemies large powerful bodies impressive horns takins natural enemies bears wolves.generally slow moving react quickly angered frightened.needed takin leap nimbly rock rock.takin senses danger warns others loud cough sends herd running cover.takins also make intimidating roar bellow.
Cyberstrategy 3.0	zoos north america abq bioparkafrican lion safari hamilton ontarioassiniboine park zoocleveland metroparks zoodetroit zooedmonton valley zoolee richardson zoo garden city kansaslincoln park zoolos angeles zoomesker park zoo evansville indianaminnesota zoopeoria zoopotawatomi zoopueblo zoored river zooriverview park zoo peterborough ontarioroger williams park zoorolling hills wildlife adventure salina kansasrosamond gifford zoo burnet parksaint louis zoosan diego zoothe wilds cumberland ohiobillings mt.zoo conservation breeding centers wilds cumberland ohio united states americashaanxi wild animal conservation research centre swarc louguantai zhouzhi county qinling peoples republic china see also list endangered protected species china referencesunited states information warfare strategy cyberwarfare.strategy uses deterrence based making infrastructure robust redundant enough survive internet cyber attack.good example concept seen action cyber strategy game like cyberstratg..references
Fisheries management	fisheries classified renewable organisms interest e.g.fish shellfish reptiles amphibians marine mammals usually produce annual biological surplus judicious management harvested without reducing future productivity.fisheries management employs activities protect fishery resources sustainable exploitation possible drawing fisheries science possibly including precautionary principle.modern fisheries management often referred governmental system appropriate management rules based defined objectives mix management means implement rules put place system monitoring control surveillance.popular approach ecosystem approach fisheries management.
Fisheries management	according food agriculture organization united nations fao clear generally accepted definitions fisheries management.however working definition used fao much cited elsewhere isthe integrated process information gathering analysis planning consultation decisionmaking allocation resources formulation implementation enforcement necessary regulations rules govern fisheries activities order ensure continued productivity resources accomplishment fisheries objectives.objectives political according fao fisheries management based explicitly political objectives ideally transparent priorities.political goals also weak part fisheries management since objectives conflict other.typical political objectives exploiting commercially important fish resource tomaximize sustainable biomass yieldmaximize sustainable economic yieldsecure increase employmentsecure protein production food suppliesincrease export incomefor recent several decades political goals fisheries management commercially important species rapidly evolving primarily driven recognition response fish target animals changing climate new technologies fishing particularly high seas development competing policy priorities aquatic environments leading ecosystembased approach fisheries management new scientific insights processes affecting fish population size recruitment.the political objectives operative recreational fisheries management often substantially different prevalent commercial fisheries management.
Fisheries management	example catchandrelease regulations common types recreational fisheries.thus biological yield less important.international objectives fisheries objectives need expressed concrete management rules.countries fisheries management rules based internationally agreed though nonbinding code conduct responsible fisheries agreed meeting u.n.s food agriculture organization fao session .precautionary approach prescribes typically implemented concrete management rules minimum spawning biomass maximum fishing mortality rates etc.
Fisheries management	ubc fisheries centre university british columbia comprehensively reviewed performance worlds major fishing nations code.management mechanisms many countries set ministriesgovernment departments named ministry fisheries similar controlling aspects fisheries within exclusive economic zones.four categories management means devised regulating either inputinvestment output operating either directly indirectlytechnical means may includeprohibiting devices bows arrows spears firearmsprohibiting netssetting minimum mesh sizeslimiting average potential catch vessel fleet vessel crew size gear electronic gear physical inputs.prohibiting baitsnagginglimits fish trapslimiting number poles lines per fishermanrestricting number simultaneous fishing vesselslimiting vessels average operational intensity per unit time sealimiting average time sea catch quotas systems use individual transferable quotas itq also called individual fishing quota limit total catch allocate shares quota among fishers work fishery.fishers buyselltrade shares choose.a large scale study provided strong evidence itqs help prevent fishery collapse even restore fisheries appear decline.studies shown negative socioeconomic consequences itqs especially smallsclale fisheries.consequences include concentration quota hands fishers increased number inactive fishers leasing quotas others phenomenon known armchair fishermen detrimental effects coastal communities.
Fisheries management	elderly maternal fish traditional management practices aim reduce number old slowgrowing fish leaving room resources younger fastergrowing fish.marine fish produce huge numbers eggs.assumption younger spawners would produce plenty viable larvae.however research rockfish shows large elderly females far important younger fish maintaining productive fisheries.larvae produced older maternal fish grow faster survive starvation better much likely survive offspring younger fish.failure account role older fish may help explain recent collapses major us west coast fisheries.
Fisheries management	recovery stocks expected take decades.one way prevent collapses establish marine reserves fishing allowed fish populations age naturally.precautionary principle fishery managers guidebook issued fao advises set working principles applied highlight underlying key issues fisheries management.principles considered whole order best manage fishery.first principle focuses finite nature fish stocks potential yields must estimated based biological constraints population.in paper published shertzer prager suggested significant benefits stock biomass fishery yield management stricter prompt.
Fisheries management	supported recent work management north sea fisheries accordance ranges acceptable fishing fishing top acceptable ranges many times risky fishing near bottom delivers yield.human factors managing fisheries managing people businesses managing fish.fish populations managed regulating actions people.fisheries management successful associated human factors reactions fishermen key importance need understood.management regulations must also consider implications stakeholders.commercial fishermen rely catches provide families farmers rely crops.
Fisheries management	commercial fishing traditional trade passed generation generation.commercial fishing based towns built around fishing industry regulation changes impact entire towns economy.cuts harvest quotas adverse effects ability fishermen compete tourism industry.effective management fisheries includes involving stakeholders fishery.successfully stakeholders need feel empowered enough make meaningful contributions management process.empowerment wide application context refers tool gives people within fishing communities opportunity shape future order cope impacts largescale commercial fishing competition resources threats impact fishing communities.however limits empowerment fisheries management process.empowerment maintains involvement part state fisheries management matter empowered stakeholders success fisheries isnt possible without legislative powers financial resources educational support research government provides.this concept accepted communities individuals argue state withdraw completely let local communities handle fishery management based cultural traditions established practices.
Fisheries management	additionally others argued comanagement empowers wealthy powerful turn solidifies validates already existing inequalities fisheries management.empowerment working function comanagement carried correctly enable authorize individuals communities make meaningful contributions fisheries management.mechanism works loop individual gains empowerment encouragement part group collective action successful empowered individuals.order effectively successfully use empowerment comanagement imperative study programs guidelines reading materials manuals checklists developed incorporated fisheries management.corruption fisheries mismanagement due part corruption.corruption bribery influence number fishing licenses distributed well negotiation fishing acccess agreements.
Fisheries management	evidence industrial fisheries corruption among small island developing states pacific ocean well fisheries coast west africa.smallscale fisheries inspectors charged regulating catch bribed give advance notice surprise inspections relax enforcement standards.standards enforced due bribery infractions may result smaller fines mandated.fishing gear seized investigation also returned exchange bribe.corruption smallscale fisheries documented south africa lake victoria.
Fisheries management	data quality according fisheries scientist milo adkison primary limitation fisheries management decisions absence quality data.fisheries management decisions often based population models models need quality data effective.asserts scientists fishery managers would better served simpler models improved data.the reliable source summary statistics fao fisheries department.fisheries law fisheries law emerging specialized area law includes study analysis different fisheries management approaches including seafood safety regulations aquaculture regulations.despite importance area rarely taught law schools around world leaves vacuum advocacy research.fisheries legislation national level differs greatly countries fisheries may also managed international level.
Fisheries management	one first laws enacted united nations convention law sea december los convention entered force .law set foundation international agreements related oceans followed.effects climate change past changing climate affected inland offshore fisheries changes likely continue.fisheries perspective specific driving factors climate change include rising water temperature alterations hydrologic cycle changes nutrient fluxes relocation spawning nursery habitat.changes factors would affect resources levels biological organization including genetic organism population ecosystem levels.
Fisheries management	understanding factors affect fisheries nuanced level stand challenges fisheries scientists across multiple fields still need face.population dynamics population dynamics describes growth decline given fishery stock time controlled birth death migration.basis understanding changing fishery patterns issues habitat destruction predation optimal harvesting rates.population dynamics fisheries traditionally used fisheries scientists determine sustainable yields.the basic accounting relation population dynamics bide modeln n b − − ewhere n number individuals time n number individuals time b number individuals born number died number immigrated e number emigrated time time .immigration emigration present wild fisheries usually measured.care needed applying population dynamics real world fisheries.
Fisheries management	past oversimplistic modelling ignoring size age reproductive status fish focusing solely single species ignoring bycatch physical damage ecosystem accelerated collapse key stocks.environmental impact fishing environmental impact fishing includes issues availability fish overfishing fisheries fisheries management well impact industrial fishing elements environment bycatch.issues part marine conservation addressed fisheries science programs.fisheries also evolutionary impact species especialy related implementation minimum landing sizes.ecosystem based fisheries propose rebuilding ecosystems sustainability per se goal fishery management.sustainability deceptive goal human harvesting fish leads progressive simplification ecosystems favour smaller high turnover lower trophic level fish species adapted withstand disturbance habitat degradation.according marine ecologist chris frid fishing industry points pollution global warming causes unprecedentedly low fish stocks recent years writing everybody would like see rebuilding fish stocks achieved understand influences human natural fish dynamics.
Fisheries management	overfishing also effect.frid adds “fish communities altered number ways example decrease particular sized individuals species targeted affects predator prey dynamics.fishing however sole perpetrator changes marine life pollution another example ... one factor operates isolation components ecosystem respond differently individual factor.in contrast traditional approach focusing single species ecosystembased approach organized terms ecosystem services.ecosystembased fishery concepts implemented regions.group scientists offered following ten commandments keep perspective holistic riskaverse adaptive.maintain “old growth” structure fish populations since big old fat female fish shown best spawners also susceptible overfishing.characterize maintain natural spatial structure fish stocks management boundaries match natural boundaries sea.monitor maintain seafloor habitats make sure fish food shelter.maintain resilient ecosystems able withstand occasional shocks.identify maintain critical foodweb connections including predators forage species.adapt ecosystem changes time shortterm longer cycles decades centuries including global climate change.account evolutionary changes caused fishing tends remove large older fish.include actions humans social economic systems ecological equations.report congress state science support ecosystem approach regional fishery management national marine fisheries service noaa technical memorandum nmfsfspo.
Fisheries management	ecosystem modelling software ecopath ecosim ewe ecosystem modelling software suite.initially noaa initiative led jeffrey polovina later primarily developed ubc fisheries centre university british columbia.named one ten biggest scientific breakthroughs noaas year history.citation states ecopath revolutionized scientists’ ability worldwide understand complex marine ecosystems.behind lies two decades development work villy christensen carl walters daniel pauly fisheries scientists.
Fisheries management	registered users countries.ecopath widely used fisheries management tool modelling visualising complex relationships exist real world marine ecosystems.performance biomass certain global fish stocks allowed run down.biomass many species diminished point longer possible sustainably catch amount fish could caught.according un report titled sunken billions economic justification fisheries reform worlds fishing fleets incur us billion annual economic loss depleted stocks poor fisheries management.
Fisheries management	report produced jointly world bank un food agriculture organization fao asserts half worlds fishing fleet could scrapped change catch.by improving governance marine fisheries society could capture substantial part billion annual economic loss.comprehensive reform fisheries sector could become basis economic growth creation alternative livelihoods many countries.time nation’s natural capital form fish stocks could greatly increased negative impacts fisheries marine environment reduced.the prominent failure fisheries management recent times perhaps events lead collapse atlantic northwest cod fishery.recently international consortium investigative journalists produced series journalistic investigations called looting seas.detail investigations black market bluefin tuna subsidies propping spanish fishing industry overfishing chilean jack mackerel.
Fisheries management	history fisheries explicitly managed places hundreds years.percent worlds commercial exploitation fish shellfish harvested natural occurring populations oceans freshwater areas.example māori people new zealand residents years prohibitions taking could eaten giving back first fish caught offering sea god tangaroa.starting th century attempts made regulate fishing north norwegian fishery.resulted enactment law lofoten fishery established measure come known territorial use rights.the fishing banks divided areas belonging nearest fishing base land subdivided fields boats allowed fish.
Fisheries management	allocation fishing fields hands local governing committees usually headed owner onshore facilities fishermen rent accommodation drying fish.in europe governmental resource protectionbased fisheries management relatively new idea first developed north european fisheries first overfishing conference held london .british fisheries researchers ray beverton sidney holt published seminal work north sea commercial fisheries dynamics.work became theoretical platform north european management schemes.north america commercial recreational fisheries actively managed years.u.s. states canadian provinces fisheries agencies employees implement state provincial federal laws using broad suite tools procedures freshwater marine fisheries.after years away field fisheries management beverton criticized earlier work paper given first world fisheries congress athens .
New Jersey Office of Homeland Security and Preparedness	dynamics exploited fish populations expressed concerns including way sidney holts work misinterpreted misused fishery biologists managers previous years.nevertheless institutional foundation modern fishery management laid.in marine stewardship council founded set standards sustainable fishing.aquaculture stewardship council created aquaculture.a report prince charles international sustainability unit new yorkbased environmental defense fund published july estimated global fisheries adding billion year global gdp full implementation sustainable fishing figure could rise extra amount much billion.see also references book sourcesnjohsp fulfills mission committing professional ethos sum four core values service teamwork excellence diversity.new jersey cybersecurity communications integration cell purview.history shortly tragic events september new jerseys legislature governor passed signed .htmdomestic security preparedness act created domestic security preparedness task force within office attorney general.governor created office counterterrorism oct executive order remained office attorney general.oct provided new jersey single agency lead coordinate new jerseys counterterrorism efforts state local federal authorities private sector.oct remained place reorganized—again executive order—into office homeland security preparedness njohsp bolstering new jerseys resources counterterrorism critical infrastructure protection emergency preparedness training federal grants management.
New Jersey Office of Homeland Security and Preparedness	njohsp tasked coordinating counterterrorism emergency response efforts across levels government law enforcement emergency management nonprofit organizations private sector.jared maples first appointed acting director njohsp thengovernor chris christie june appointed serve director njohsp governor phil murphy january .organizational structure njohsp composed four divisions division intelligence division policy planning division cybersecurity also known new jersey cybersecurity communications integration cell njccic division administration.executive staff director jared mapleschief staff patrick rigby director communicationsdivision intelligence laurie doran directordivision cybersecurity michael geraghty directordivision policy planning eric tysarczyk directordivision administration randall richardson director office communications njohsps communications team ensures office able effectively strategically message constituents remaining states reliable source counterterrorism resiliency cybersecurity issues.team continues enhance visibility credibility office increasing outreach efforts social media updated website enhancing event participation new initiatives.njohsp connects numerous public private sector organizations collaborates state local partners provides general public – including faithbased community – unclassified intelligence using new digital media tools.
New Jersey Office of Homeland Security and Preparedness	divisions division intelligence collection management bureau provides tailored information new jerseys law enforcement public privatesector partners effort address variety hazards softtarget outreach programs engages regularly intelligence community share information meets state nationallevel intelligence priorities manages suspicious activity reports sars working collaboratively law enforcement agencies statewide gather process share sars accurate timely manner.analysis bureau provides timely relevant accurate insightful analysis regarding threat posed foreign domestic terrorist organizations groups individuals state new jersey region.operations bureau detects deters terrorist activity potential threats using intelligence law enforcement strategies.division policy planning training exercise bureau develops administers training exercises homeland security partners stakeholders.preparedness bureau strengthens security resiliency new jersey critical infrastructure institutions managing risks collaborative integrated efforts whole community.
New Jersey Office of Homeland Security and Preparedness	interoperable communications bureau leads new jerseys coordination planning deployment first responder network authoritys firstnet nationwide public safety broadband network npsbn.division cybersecurity responsibility cybersecurity strategy oversight executive branch transitioned nj office information technology njoit njohsp.njohsps division cybersecurity new jersey cybersecurity communications integration cell njccic organized one overarching cybersecurity function take advantage synergies respective programs work well effectively allocate utilize resources.njccic first american statelevel information sharing analysis organization united states exchanges cyber threat intelligence conducts incident response governments businesses citizens new jersey.located njs regional operations intelligence center roic acting cyber fusion center capacity njccic composed staff njohsp nj office information technology nj state police.
New Jersey Office of Homeland Security and Preparedness	cyber threat intelligence analysis responsible fusing technical nontechnical sources analyze new jerseys local cyber threat landscape reduce states virtual vulnerabilities.addition cyber tips alerts mitigation techniques bureau produces critical infrastructure sectorspecific threat assessments provides threat briefings information security training sessions.security engineering cyber operations bureau responsible managing aspects information security engineering daily operations states enterprise cybersecurity systems allow njccic detect defend cyberattacks targeting state government networks.governance risk compliance bureau responsible assessing managing cybersecurity risk posture executive branch state government njccics proactive risk management services including vulnerability scanning penetration tests risk assessments security audits.bureau responsible development maintenance states information security policies standards establish required behaviors controls intended protect states information technology resources secure personal information safeguard privacy individuals.
New Jersey Office of Homeland Security and Preparedness	partnerships bureau responsible njccics outreach efforts providing relevant timely threat intelligence alerts best practices new jerseys citizens businesses government nonprofit organizations academic institutions.additionally bureau coordinates conduct cybersecurity trainings briefings provide njccic member services.division administration financial bureau ensures state federal financial resources protected distributed fiscally responsible manner providing optimal services government privatesector partners.grants management bureau responsible management administration federal state homeland security grant funding.grant funding enables new jersey enhance capabilities prevent protect mitigate respond recover acts terrorism catastrophic events.
F-Secure	human resources bureau responsible maximizing organizational individual potential facilitating worklife balance accomplished recruitment top talent workforce training development retention highperforming workforce ensuring compliance state federal employment laws.bureau houses facilities management function office.governorships governorship phil murphygovernorship chris christie external links official websiterapid detection response edr fsecure countercept mdr flagship offerings company continues expand corporate market.history fsecure first established name data fellows petri allas risto siilasmaa may .data fellows trained computer users built customized databases.three years later company launched first major software project developed first heuristic scanner antivirus products.fsecure’ first antivirus product windows pcs launched .
F-Secure	data fellows became fsecure .fsecure first company developed antirootkit technology called blacklight .in june fsecure expanded enterprise market acquiring nsense danish company specializes security consultation vulnerability assessment.purchase inverse path privately owned italian security consultancy experience avionics automative industrial control sectors.fsecure client security received avtest best protection award fifth time .in june fsecure acquired security company mwr infosecurity million pounds million.fsecure gained mwr consulting business fsecure consulting threat hunting product countercept fsecure managed detection response suite phishing protection services phishd.academia cooperation aalto university school science technology fsecure runs onesemester course future virus analysts material available online.
F-Secure	controversies media coverage magic lantern claims av vendors purposely leave backdoor products fsecure announced policy detecting spying programsfsecure corporation would like make known leave backdoors fsecure antivirus products regardless source tools.draw line every sample get regarding whether detect not.decisionmaking influenced technical factors nothing else within applicable laws regulations case meaning eu laws.we also adding detection program see might used terrorist activity benefit organized crime.would like state record received queries regarding whether would guts detect something obviously made known violent mafia terrorist organization.yes would.
Software security assurance	see also internet securitycomparison antivirus softwarecomparison computer viruses references external links official websitesoftware resource thus must afforded appropriate security.since number threats specifically targeting software increasing security software produce procure must assured.dependence information technology makes software assurance key element businesscontinuity national security homeland security.software security assurance software security assurance ssa process ensuring software designed operate level security consistent potential harm could result loss inaccuracy alteration unavailability misuse data resources uses controls protects.the software security assurance process begins identifying categorizing information contained used software.information categorized according sensitivity.example lowest category impact security violation minimal i.e.
Software security assurance	impact software owners mission functions reputation negligible.top category however impact may pose threat human life may irreparable impact software owners missions functions image reputation may result loss significant assets resources.once information categorized security requirements developed.security requirements address access control including network access physical access data management data access environmental controls power air conditioning etc.offline storage human resource security audit trails usage records.causes software security problems security vulnerabilities software result security bugs defects within software.
Software security assurance	cases defects created two primary causes nonconformance failure satisfy requirements error omission software requirements.nonconformance failure satisfy requirements nonconformance may simple–the common coding error defect–or complex i.e.subtle timing error input validation error.important point nonconformance verification validation techniques designed detect security assurance techniques designed prevent them.improvements methods software security assurance program improve security software.
Software security assurance	errors omissions software requirements serious security problems softwarebased systems develop software requirements incorrect inappropriate incomplete system situation.unfortunately errors omissions requirements difficult identify.example software may perform exactly required normal use requirements may correctly deal system state.system enters problem state unexpected undesirable behavior may result.type problem cannot handled within software discipline results failure system software engineering processes developed allocated system requirements software.
Software security assurance	software security assurance activities two basic types software security assurance activities.some focus ensuring information processed information system assigned proper sensitivity category appropriate protection requirements developed met system.others focus ensuring control protection software well software support tools data.at minimum software security assurance program ensure thata security evaluation performed software.security requirements established software.security requirements established software development andor operations maintenance om processes.each software review audit includes evaluation security requirements.a configuration management corrective action process place provide security existing software ensure proposed changes inadvertently create security violations vulnerabilities.physical security software adequate.building security improving software development process building better software ways improve software security producing software fewer defects vulnerabilities.firstorder approach identify critical software components control securityrelated functions pay special attention throughout development testing process.approach helps focus scarce security resources critical areas.tools techniques many commercial offtheshelf cots software packages available support software security assurance activities.
Software security assurance	however used tools must carefully evaluated effectiveness must assured.common weaknesses enumeration one way improve software security gain better understanding common weaknesses affect software security.mind current communitybased program called common weaknesses enumeration project sponsored mitre corporation identify describe weaknesses.list currently preliminary form contains descriptions common software weaknesses faults flaws.security architecturedesign analysis security architecturedesign analysis verifies software design correctly implements security requirements.
Software security assurance	generally speaking four basic techniques used security architecturedesign analysis.logic analysis logic analysis evaluates equations algorithms control logic software design.data analysis data analysis evaluates description intended usage data item used design software component.use interrupts effect data receive special attention ensure interrupt handling routines alter critical data used routines.interface analysis interface analysis verifies proper design software components interfaces components system including computer hardware software endusers.
Software security assurance	constraint analysis constraint analysis evaluates design software component restrictions imposed requirements realworld limitations.design must responsive known anticipated restrictions software component.restrictions may include timing sizing throughput constraints input output data limitations equation algorithm limitations design limitations.secure code reviews inspections walkthroughs code analysis verifies software source code written correctly implements desired design violate security requirements.generally speaking techniques used performance code analysis mirror used design analysis.secure code reviews conducted end development phase determine whether established security requirements security design concepts securityrelated specifications satisfied.
Software security assurance	reviews typically consist presentation material review group.secure code reviews effective conducted personnel directly involved development software reviewed.informal reviews informal secure code reviews conducted asneeded basis.conduct informal review developer simply selects one reviewers provides andor presents material reviewed.material may informal pseudocode handwritten documentation.
Software security assurance	formal reviews formal secure code reviews conducted end development phase software component.client software appoints formal review group may make affect gonogo decision proceed next step software development life cycle.inspections walkthroughs secure code inspection walkthrough detailed examination product stepbystep linebyline source code basis.purpose conducting secure code inspections walkthroughs find errors.typically group inspection walkthrough composed peers development security engineering quality assurance.
Software security assurance	security testing software security testing includes penetration testing confirms results design code analysis investigates software behaviour verifies software complies security requirements.special security testing conducted accordance security test plan procedures establishes compliance software security requirements.security testing focuses locating software weaknesses identifying extreme unexpected situations could cause software fail ways would cause violation security requirements.security testing efforts often limited software requirements classified critical security items.see also secure designcomputer securitysecurity engineeringsoftware protection references
Global catastrophic risk	event could cause human extinction permanently drastically curtail humanitys potential known existential risk.over last two decades number academic nonprofit organizations established research global catastrophic existential risks formulate potential mitigation measures either advocate implement measures.definition classification defining global catastrophic risks term global catastrophic risk lacks sharp definition generally refers loosely risk could inflict serious damage human wellbeing global scale.humanity suffered large catastrophes before.caused serious damage local scope—e.g.black death may resulted deaths third europes population global population time.global severe—e.g.
Global catastrophic risk	influenza pandemic killed estimated worlds population.global catastrophic risks would intense kill majority life earth even one ecosystem humanity would eventually recover contrast existential risks.similarly catastrophe risk response richard posner singles groups together events bring utter overthrow ruin global rather local regional scale.posner highlights events worthy special attention cost–benefit grounds could directly indirectly jeopardize survival human race whole.defining existential risks existential risks defined risks threaten destruction humanitys longterm potential.
Global catastrophic risk	instantiation existential risk existential catastrophe would either cause outright human extinction irreversibly lock drastically inferior state affairs.existential risks subclass global catastrophic risks damage global also terminal permanent preventing recovery thereby affecting current future generations.nonextinction risks extinction obvious way humanitys longterm potential could destroyed others including unrecoverable collapse unrecoverable dystopia.disaster severe enough cause permanent irreversible collapse human civilisation would constitute existential catastrophe even fell short extinction.similarly humanity fell totalitarian regime chance recovery dystopia would also existential catastrophe.
Global catastrophic risk	bryan caplan writes perhaps eternity totalitarianism would worse extinction.george orwells novel nineteen eightyfour suggests example.dystopian scenario shares key features extinction unrecoverable collapse civilisation—before catastrophe humanity faced vast range bright futures choose catastrophe humanity locked forever terrible state.potential sources risk potential global catastrophic risks include anthropogenic risks caused humans technology governance climate change nonanthropogenic natural risks.technological risks include creation destructive artificial intelligence biotechnology nanotechnology.
Global catastrophic risk	insufficient malign global governance creates risks social political domain global war including nuclear holocaust bioterrorism using genetically modified organisms cyberterrorism destroying critical infrastructure like electrical grid failure manage natural pandemic.problems risks domain earth system governance include global warming environmental degradation including extinction species famine result nonequitable resource distribution human overpopulation crop failures nonsustainable agriculture.examples nonanthropogenic risks asteroid impact event supervolcanic eruption lethal gammaray burst geomagnetic storm destroying electronic equipment natural longterm climate change hostile extraterrestrial life predictable sun transforming red giant star engulfing earth.methodological challenges research nature mitigation global catastrophic risks existential risks subject unique set challenges result easily subjected usual standards scientific rigour.instance neither feasible ethical study risks experimentally.carl sagan expressed regards nuclear war understanding longterm consequences nuclear war problem amenable experimental verification.
Global catastrophic risk	moreover many catastrophic risks change rapidly technology advances background conditions geopolitical conditions change.another challenge general difficulty accurately predicting future long timescales especially anthropogenic risks depend complex human political economic social systems.addition known tangible risks unforeseeable black swan extinction events may occur presenting additional methodological problem.lack historical precedent humanity never suffered existential catastrophe one occur would necessarily unprecedented.therefore existential risks pose unique challenges prediction even longterm events observation selection effects.
Global catastrophic risk	unlike events failure complete extinction event occur past evidence likelihood future every world experienced extinction event observers regardless frequency civilization observes existential risks history.anthropic issues may partly avoided looking evidence selection effects asteroid impact craters moon directly evaluating likely impact new technology.to understand dynamics unprecedented unrecoverable global civilizational collapse type existential risk may instructive study various local civilizational collapses occurred throughout human history.instance civilizations roman empire ended loss centralized governance major civilizationwide loss infrastructure advanced technology.however examples demonstrate societies appear fairly resilient catastrophe example medieval europe survived black death without suffering anything resembling civilization collapse despite losing percent population.incentives coordination economic reasons explain little effort going existential risk reduction.
Global catastrophic risk	global public good expect undersupplied markets.even large nation invests risk mitigation measures nation enjoy small fraction benefit so.furthermore existential risk reduction intergenerational global public good since benefits existential risk reduction would enjoyed future generations though future people would theory perhaps willing pay substantial sums existential risk reduction mechanism transaction exists.cognitive biases numerous cognitive biases influence peoples judgment importance existential risks including scope insensitivity hyperbolic discounting availability heuristic conjunction fallacy affect heuristic overconfidence effect.scope insensitivity influences bad people consider extinction human race be.example people motivated donate money altruistic causes quantity willing give increase linearly magnitude issue people roughly willing prevent deaths birds.
Global catastrophic risk	similarly people often concerned threats individuals larger groups.eliezer yudkowsky theorizes scope neglect plays role public perception existential riskssubstantially larger numbers million deaths especially qualitatively different scenarios extinction entire human species seem trigger different mode thinking... people would never dream hurting child hear existential risk say well maybe human species doesnt really deserve survive.all past predictions human extinction proven false.makes future warnings seem less credible.nick bostrom argues absence human extinction past weak evidence human extinction future due survivor bias anthropic effects.sociobiologist e. o. wilson argued reason myopic fog evolutionary biologists contend actually advantageous last millennia two million years existence genus homo... premium placed close attention near future early reproduction little else.disasters magnitude occur every centuries forgotten transmuted myth.proposed mitigation multilayer defense defense depth useful framework categorizing risk mitigation measures three layers defenseprevention reducing probability catastrophe occurring first place.
Global catastrophic risk	example measures prevent outbreaks new highly infectious diseases.response preventing scaling catastrophe global level.example measures prevent escalation smallscale nuclear exchange allout nuclear war.resilience increasing humanitys resilience extinction faced global catastrophes.example measures increase food security nuclear winter.human extinction likely three defenses weak risks unlikely prevent unlikely successfully respond unlikely resilient against.the unprecedented nature existential risks poses special challenge designing risk mitigation measures since humanity able learn track record previous events.funding researchers argue research initiatives relating existential risk underfunded.nick bostrom states research done star trek snowboarding dung beetles existential risks.
Global catastrophic risk	bostroms comparisons criticized highhanded.biological weapons convention organization annual budget us.million.ecological management planetary management respecting planetary boundaries proposed approaches preventing ecological catastrophes.within scope approaches field geoengineering encompasses deliberate largescale engineering manipulation planetary environment combat counteract anthropogenic changes atmospheric chemistry.
Global catastrophic risk	countries made ecocide crime.space colonization space colonization proposed alternative improve odds surviving extinction scenario.solutions scope may require megascale engineering.astrophysicist stephen hawking advocated colonizing planets within solar system technology progresses sufficiently order improve chance human survival planetwide events global thermonuclear war.billionaire elon musk writes humanity must become multiplanetary species order avoid extinction.musk using company spacex develop technology hopes used colonization mars.survival planning scholars propose establishment earth one selfsufficient remote permanently occupied settlements specifically created purpose surviving global disaster.
Global catastrophic risk	economist robin hanson argues refuge permanently housing people would significantly improve chances human survival range global catastrophes.food storage proposed globally monetary cost would high.furthermore would likely contribute current millions deaths per year due malnutrition.some survivalists stock survival retreats multipleyear food supplies.the svalbard global seed vault buried feet inside mountain island arctic.designed hold .billion seeds countries precaution preserve worlds crops.surrounding rock − °c °f vault kept − °c °f refrigerators powered locally sourced coal.more speculatively society continues function biosphere remains habitable calorie needs present human population might theory met extended absence sunlight given sufficient advance planning.
Global catastrophic risk	conjectured solutions include growing mushrooms dead plant biomass left wake catastrophe converting cellulose sugar feeding natural gas methanedigesting bacteria.global catastrophic risks global governance insufficient global governance creates risks social political domain governance mechanisms develop slowly technological social change.concerns governments private sector well general public lack governance mechanisms efficiently deal risks negotiate adjudicate diverse conflicting interests.underlined understanding interconnectedness global systemic risks.absence anticipation global governance national governments act individually better understand mitigate prepare global catastrophes.

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