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Global catastrophic risk	climate emergency plans club rome called greater climate change action published climate emergency plan proposes ten action points limit global average temperature increase .degrees celsius.club published comprehensive planetary emergency plan.there evidence suggest collectively engaging emotional experiences emerge contemplating vulnerability human species within context climate change allows experiences adaptive.collective engaging processing emotional experiences supportive lead growth resilience psychological flexibility tolerance emotional experiences community engagement.moving earth billion years sun expand red giant swallowing earth.
Global catastrophic risk	avoided moving earth farther sun keeping temperature roughly constant.accomplished tweaking orbits comets asteroids pass close earth way add energy earths orbit.since suns expansion slow roughly one encounter every years would suffice.skeptics opponents psychologist steven pinker calls existential risk useless category distract real threats climate change nuclear war.at least one organization professes express purpose hasten complete human extinction end world centre applied eschatology.organizations bulletin atomic scientists est.
Global catastrophic risk	one oldest global risk organizations founded public became alarmed potential atomic warfare aftermath wwii.studies risks associated nuclear war energy famously maintains doomsday clock established .foresight institute est.examines risks nanotechnology benefits.one earliest organizations study unintended consequences otherwise harmless technology gone haywire global scale.
Global catastrophic risk	founded k. eric drexler postulated grey goo.beginning growing number scientists philosophers tech billionaires created organizations devoted studying global risks inside outside academia.independent nongovernmental organizations ngos include machine intelligence research institute est.aims reduce risk catastrophe caused artificial intelligence donors including peter thiel jed mccaleb.nuclear threat initiative est.seeks reduce global threats nuclear biological chemical threats containment damage event.maintains nuclear material security index.
Global catastrophic risk	lifeboat foundation est.funds research preventing technological catastrophe.research money funds projects universities.global catastrophic risk institute est.think tank catastrophic risk.
Global catastrophic risk	funded ngo social environmental entrepreneurs.global challenges foundation est.based stockholm founded laszlo szombatfalvy releases yearly report state global risks.future life institute est.works reduce extreme largescale risks transformative technologies well steer development use technologies benefit life grantmaking policy advocacy united states european union united nations educational outreach.
Global catastrophic risk	elon musk vitalik buterin jaan tallinn biggest donors.center longterm risk est.formerly known foundational research institute british organization focused reducing risks astronomical suffering srisks emerging technologies.universitybased organizations include future humanity institute est.researches questions humanitys longterm future particularly existential risk.founded nick bostrom based oxford university.
Global catastrophic risk	centre study existential risk est.cambridge universitybased organization studies four major technological risks artificial intelligence biotechnology global warming warfare.manmade risks huw price explained afp news agency seems reasonable prediction time next century intelligence escape constraints biology.added happens longer smartest things around risk mercy machines malicious machines whose interests dont include us.stephen hawking acting adviser.
Global catastrophic risk	millennium alliance humanity biosphere stanford universitybased organization focusing many issues related global catastrophe bringing together members academia humanities.founded paul ehrlich among others.stanford university also center international security cooperation focusing political cooperation reduce global catastrophic risk.center security emerging technology established january georgetowns walsh school foreign service focus policy research emerging technologies initial emphasis artificial intelligence.received grant usd good ventures suggested open philanthropy.other risk assessment groups based part governmental organizations.
Global catastrophic risk	world health organization includes division called global alert response gar monitors responds global epidemic crisis.gar helps member states training coordination response epidemics.united states agency international development usaid emerging pandemic threats program aims prevent contain naturally generated pandemics source.lawrence livermore national laboratory division called global security principal directorate researches behalf government issues biosecurity counterterrorism.see also notes reading avin shahar wintle bonnie c. weitzdörfer julius ó héigeartaigh seán s. sutherland william j. rees martin j. .
Global catastrophic risk	classifying global catastrophic risks.futures.–.doi.j.futures....corey s. powell .twenty ways world could end suddenly discover magazinederrick jensen endgame isbn x.donella meadows .
Global catastrophic risk	limits growth isbn .edward o. wilson .future life.isbn holt jim power catastrophic thinking review toby ord precipice existential risk future humanity hachette pp.new york review books vol.lxviii no.
Global catastrophic risk	february pp.–.jim holt writes p. whether searching cure cancer pursuing scholarly artistic career engaged establishing institutions threat future humanity also threat significance do.huesemann michael h. joyce a. huesemann .technofix technology wont save us environment chapter sustainability collapse new society publishers gabriola island british columbia canada pages isbn .jared diamond collapse societies choose fail succeed penguin books isbn .jeanfrancois rischard .high noon global problems years solve them.
Global catastrophic risk	isbn joel garreau radical evolution isbn .john a. leslie .end world isbn .joseph tainter .collapse complex societies cambridge university press cambridge uk isbn .martin rees .final hour scientists warning terror error environmental disaster threaten humankinds future century—on earth beyond.isbn rogermaurice bonnet lodewijk woltjer surviving centuries springerpraxis books.toby ord .
Global catastrophic risk	precipice existential risk future humanity.bloomsbury publishing.isbn external links road civilisation collapse.bbc.february .top ways destroy earth.
Global catastrophic risk	livescience.com.livescience.archived original january .what way go guardian.ten scientists name biggest dangers earth assess chances happen.april .annual reports global risk global challenges foundationcenter longterm riskglobal catastrophic risk policyhumanity threat perfect storm crises – study.
Natural disaster	guardian.february .stephen petranek ways world could end ted talknatural disaster cause loss life damage property typically leaves economic damage wake severity depends affected populations resilience infrastructure available.in modern times divide natural manmade manaccelerated quite difficult draw human choices like architecture fire resource management even climate change potentially playing role.adverse event rise level disaster occurs area without vulnerable population.vulnerable area however nepal earthquake adverse event disastrous consequences leave lasting damage take years repair.disastrous consequences also impact mental health affected communities often leading posttraumatic symptoms.increased emotional experiences supported collective processing leading resilience increased community engagement.
Natural disaster	geological disasters avalanches landslides landslide described outward downward slope movement abundance slopeforming materials including rock soil artificial materials combination these.during world war estimated soldiers died result avalanches mountain campaign alps austrianitalian front.many avalanches caused artillery fire.earthquakes earthquake result sudden release energy earths crust creates seismic waves.earths surface earthquakes manifest vibration shaking sometimes displacement ground.earthquakes caused slippage within geological faults.
Natural disaster	underground point origin earthquake called seismic focus.point directly focus surface called epicenter.earthquakes rarely kill people wildlife — usually secondary events trigger building collapse fires tsunamis volcanic eruptions cause death.many possibly avoided better construction safety systems early warning planning.sinkholes natural erosion human mining underground excavation makes ground weak support structures built ground collapse produce sinkhole.
Natural disaster	example guatemala city sinkhole killed fifteen people caused heavy rain tropical storm agatha diverted leaking pipes pumice bedrock led sudden collapse ground beneath factory building.volcanic eruptions volcanoes cause widespread destruction consequent disaster several ways.one hazard volcanic eruption force explosion falling rocks able cause harm.lava may also released eruption volcano leaves volcano destroy buildings plants animals due extreme heat.addition volcanic ash may form cloud generally cooling settle thickly nearby locations.
Natural disaster	mixed water forms concretelike material.sufficient quantities ash may cause roofs collapse weight.even small quantities harm humans inhaled — consistency ground glass therefore causes laceration throat lungs.volcanic ash also cause abrasion damage moving machinery engines.main killer humans immediate surroundings volcanic eruption pyroclastic flows consisting cloud hot ash builds air volcano rushes slopes eruption longer supports lifting gases.
Natural disaster	believed pompeii destroyed pyroclastic flow.lahar volcanic mudflow landslide.tangiwai disaster caused lahar armero tragedy town armero buried estimated people killed.volcanoes rated highest level volcanic explosivity index known supervolcanoes.according toba catastrophe theory years ago supervolcanic eruption lake toba sumatra reduced human population even breeding pairs creating bottleneck human evolution killed threequarters plant life northern hemisphere.however considerable debate regarding veracity theory.
Natural disaster	main danger supervolcano immense cloud ash disastrous global effect climate temperature many years.duststorms duststorm spread dust arid areas.hydrological disasters hydrological disaster violent sudden destructive change either quality earths water distribution movement water land surface atmosphere.floods flood overflow water submerges land.eu floods directive defines flood temporary covering land usually dry water.
Natural disaster	sense flowing water word may also applied inflow tides.flooding may result volume body water river lake becoming higher usual causing water escape usual boundaries.size lake body water vary seasonal changes precipitation snow melt flood considered significant unless water covers land used humans village city inhabited area roads expanses farmland.tsunami tsunami plural tsunamis tsunami japanese 津波 lit.harbour wave english pronunciation tsuːˈnɑːmi also known seismic sea wave tidal wave series waves water body caused displacement large volume water generally ocean large lake.
Natural disaster	tsunamis caused undersea earthquakes boxing day tsunami landslides one lituya bay alaska volcanic eruptions ancient eruption santorini.march tsunami occurred near fukushima japan spread pacific ocean.limnic eruptions limnic eruption also known lake overturn occurs gas usually co suddenly erupts deep lake water posing threat suffocating wildlife livestock humans.eruption may also cause tsunamis lake rising gas displaces water.scientists believe landslides explosions volcanic activity trigger eruption.
Natural disaster	date two limnic eruptions observed recorded.cameroon limnic eruption lake monoun caused deaths nearby residents nearby lake nyos much larger eruption killed people asphyxiation.meteorological disasters tropical cyclone typhoon cyclone cyclonic storm hurricane different names phenomenon tropical storm forms ocean.characterized strong winds heavy rainfall thunderstorms.determining factor term used based storm originates.
Natural disaster	atlantic northeast pacific term hurricane used northwest pacific referred typhoon cyclone occurs south pacific indian ocean.the deadliest hurricane ever bhola cyclone deadliest atlantic hurricane great hurricane devastated martinique st. eustatius barbados.another notable hurricane hurricane katrina devastated gulf coast united states .hurricanes may become intense produce heavy rainfall consequence humaninduced climate change.blizzards blizzards severe winter storms characterized heavy snow strong winds.high winds stir snow already fallen known ground blizzard.
Natural disaster	blizzards impact local economic activities especially regions snowfall rare.great blizzard affected united states many tons wheat crops destroyed.asia iran blizzard afghanistan blizzard deadliest blizzards history former area size wisconsin entirely buried snow.superstorm originated gulf mexico traveled north causing damage american states well canada leading deaths.hailstorms hailstorms precipitation form ice melt hits ground.
Natural disaster	hailstones usually measure mm ⁄ diameter.particularly damaging hailstorm hit munich germany july causing billion insurance claims.ice storms ice storm type winter storm characterized freezing rain.u.s. national weather service defines ice storm storm results accumulation least ⁄ inch .mm ice exposed surfaces.
Natural disaster	cold waves cold wave known regions cold snap cold spell weather phenomenon distinguished cooling air.specifically used u.s. national weather service cold wave rapid fall temperature within hour period requiring substantially increased protection agriculture industry commerce social activities.precise criterion cold wave determined rate temperature falls minimum falls.minimum temperature dependent geographical region time year.heat waves heat wave period unusually excessively hot weather.
Natural disaster	worst heat wave recent history european heat wave .summer heat wave victoria australia created conditions fuelled massive bushfires .melbourne experienced three days row temperatures exceeding °c °f regional areas sweltering much higher temperatures.bushfires collectively known black saturday partly act arsonists.northern hemisphere summer resulted severe heat waves killed people.
Natural disaster	heat caused hundreds wildfires led widespread air pollution burned thousands square kilometers forest.droughts drought unusual dryness soil caused levels rainfall significantly average prolonged period.hot dry winds shortage water high temperatures consequent evaporation moisture ground also contribute conditions drought.droughts result crop failure shortages water.wellknown historical droughts include – millennium drought australia led water supply crisis across much country.result many desalination plants built first time see list.
Natural disaster	state texas lived drought emergency declaration entire calendar year suffered severe economic losses.drought caused bastrop fires.thunderstorms severe storms dust clouds volcanic eruptions generate lightning.apart damage typically associated storms winds hail flooding lightning damage buildings ignite fires kill direct contact.especially deadly lightning incidents include strike ushari dara remote mountain village northwestern pakistan killed people crash lansa flight killed people fuel explosion dronka egypt caused lightning killed people.
Natural disaster	deaths lightning occur poorer countries americas asia lightning common adobe mud brick housing provides little protection.tornadoes tornado violent dangerous rotating column air contact surface earth cumulonimbus cloud rare cases base cumulus cloud.also referred twister cyclone although word cyclone used meteorology wider sense refer closed low pressure circulation.tornadoes come many shapes sizes typically take form visible condensation funnel narrow end touches earth often encircled cloud debris dust.tornadoes wind speeds less kmh mph approximately ft across travel kilometers dissipating.
Natural disaster	extreme tornadoes attain wind speeds kmh mph stretch km mi across stay ground perhaps km mi.firestorms firestorms produced events associated extreme heat intense forest fires volcanic eruptions.local weather conditions may also cause local wind vortices creating phenomenon known fire tornado.wildfires wildfires large fires often start wildland areas.common causes include lightning drought wildfires may also started human negligence arson.
Natural disaster	spread populated areas thus threat humans property well wildlife.notable wildfires include peshtigo fire united states killed least people victorian bushfires australia.space disasters impact events airburst asteroids impact earth led several major extinction events including one created chicxulub crater .million years ago associated extinction dinosaurs.scientists estimate likelihood death human global impact event comparable probability death airliner crash.no human death definitively attributed impact event chingyang event people may died linked meteor shower.
Natural disaster	even asteroids comets burn atmosphere cause significant destruction ground due air burst explosion notable air bursts include tunguska event june devastated km sq mi siberian countryside chelyabinsk meteor february caused widespread property damage city chelyabinsk injured people.solar flare solar flare phenomenon sun suddenly releases much larger amount solar radiation normal.solar flares unlikely cause direct human injury destroy electrical equipment.potential solar storms cause disaster seen carrington event disrupted telegraph network march geomagnetic storm blacked quebec.major known solar flares include x event august similar flare april .
Natural disaster	powerful flare ever recorded occurred november estimated x x. protection international law united nations office coordination humanitarian affairs formed general assembly resolution .under convention rights persons disabilities states parties shall take accordance obligations international law including international humanitarian law international human rights law necessary measures ensure protection safety persons disabilities situations risk including situations armed conflict humanitarian emergencies occurrence natural disasters.un guiding principles internal displacement kampala convention also protect people displaced due natural disasters.location according un asiapacific worlds disaster prone region.according reliefweb person asiapacific five times likely hit natural disaster someone living regions.impacts vulnerable groups women social political cultural context many places throughout world women often disproportionately affected disaster.
Natural disaster	indian ocean tsunami women died men partly due fact fewer women knew swim.natural disaster women increased risk affected gender based violence increasingly vulnerable sexual violence.disrupted police enforcement lax regulations displacement contribute increased risk gender based violence sexual assault.women affected sexual violence significantly increased risk sexually transmitted infections unique physical injuries long term psychological consequences.longterm health outcomes prevent successful reintegration society disaster recovery period.in addition lgbt people immigrants women also disproportionately victimised religionbased scapegoating natural disasters fanatical religious leaders adherents may claim god gods angry womens independent freethinking behaviour dressing immodestly sex abortions.
Natural disaster	example hindutva party hindu makkal katchi others blamed womens struggle right enter sabarimala temple august kerala floods purportedly inflicted angry god ayyappan.earthquake struck september near istanbul turkey islamists blamed disaster women harassed random women streets similar islamist backlash women occurred i̇zmit earthquake.response iranian islamic cleric kazem seddiqis accusation women dressing immodestly spreading promiscuity cause earthquakes american student jennifer mccreight organised boobquake event april encouraged women around world participate dressing immodestly time performing regular seismographic checks prove behaviour women causes significant increase earthquake activity.during natural disasters routine health behaviors become interrupted.addition health care systems may broken result disaster reducing access contraceptives.unprotected intercourse time lead increased rates childbirth unintended pregnancies sexually transmitted infections stis.
Natural disaster	methods used prevent stis condom use often forgotten accessible times surrounding disaster.lack health care infrastructure medical shortages hinder ability treat individuals acquire sti.addition health efforts prevent monitor treat hivaids often disrupted leading increased rates hiv complications increased transmission virus population.pregnant women one groups disproportionately affected natural disasters.inadequate nutrition little access clean water lack healthcare services psychological stress aftermath disaster lead significant increase maternal morbidity mortality.furthermore shortage healthcare resources time convert even routine obstetric complications emergencies.
Natural disaster	disaster womens prenatal perinatal postpartum care become disrupted.among women affected natural disaster significantly higher rates low birth weight infants preterm infants infants low head circumference.political consequences disasters stress government capacity government tries conduct routine well emergency operations.theorists voting behavior propose citizens update information government effectiveness based response disasters affects vote choice next election.indeed evidence based data usa reveals incumbent parties lose votes citizens perceives responsible poor disaster response gain votes based perceptions wellexecuted relief work.
Natural disaster	latter study also finds however voters reward incumbent parties disaster preparedness may end affecting government incentives invest preparedness.evidence however also based usa finds citizens simply backlash blame incumbent hardship following natural disaster causing incumbent party lose votes.one study india finds incumbent parties extend relief following disasters areas higher newspaper coverage electoral turnout literacy authors reason results indicate incumbent parties responsive relief areas politicallyinformed citizens would likely punish poor relief efforts.violent conflicts within states exacerbate impact natural disasters weakening ability states communities individuals provide disaster relief.natural disasters also worsen ongoing conflicts within states weakening capacity states fight rebels.in chinese japanese history routine era names capital cities palaces emperors changed major natural disaster chiefly political reasons association hardships populace fear upheaval i.e.east asian government chronicles fears recorded low profile way unlucky name place requiring change.
Natural disaster	statistics according uns disastermonitoring system greatest number natural disasters occurred america china india.in natural disasters worldwide weatherrelated disasters.overall costs us billion insured losses billion.moderate year.meteorological storms hydrological floods climatological heat waves cold waves droughts wildfires geophysical events earthquakes volcanic eruptions.geophysical events accounted natural catastrophes.according report countries highest share disabilityadjusted life years daly lost due natural disasters bahamas haiti zimbabwe armenia probably mainly due spitak earthquake.
Natural disaster	see also references external links world banks hazard risk management.world bank.archived original .retrieved .billiondollar weather climate disasters.ncdc.disaster news network.
Natural disaster	archived original .retrieved .us news site focused disasterrelated news.emdat international disaster database.archived original .retrieved .
White Sands Test Center	includes country profiles disaster profiles disaster list.global disaster alert coordination system.european commission united nations website initiative.natural disaster extreme weather.searchable information center.ebrary.natural hazard research bushfire natural hazards crcwstc reports united states army test evaluation command atec.wsmr designated activity within department defense dod major range test facility base mrtfb core set dod test evaluation te infrastructure workforce preserved national asset support dod acquisition system.range possesses capabilities infrastructure utilized us army navy air force government agencies well universities private industry foreign militaries.triservice facility army navy air force wstc supports army providing data collection analysis instrumentation development modeling simulation research assessment technical services.the us army white sands test center overseen colonel level reports commanding general white sands missile range.operations wstc divided six directorates army air operations range operations directorate materiel testing directorate survivability vulnerability assessment directorate information management directorate systems engineering directorate.
White Sands Test Center	army air operations army air operations fleet used search recovery.aircraft instrumented sensors payloads cameras support data collection.range operations range operations directorate establishes implements policies programs procedures coordinates range operations data measurements complete flight safety control missiles rockets munitions devices launched wsmr pass wsmr airspace.material test operations material test directorate provides evaluation systems materiel equipment field laboratory testing sponsors testing department defense dod foreign space industry customers.systems tested include stinger terminal high altitude area defense thaad patriot multiple launch rocket system mlrs high mobility artillery rocket system himars army tactical missile system atacms variety unmanned aerial systems uas.
White Sands Test Center	addition tested future combat system fcs highly integrated structure manned unmanned air ground assets connected distributed network allows act unified combat force.survivability vulnerability assessment operations survivability vulnerability assessment directorate svad performs nuclear weapons effects testing evaluation.simulate thermal radiation nuclear weapon detonations provide highenergy pulsed fieldemission electron beams simulate high intensity gamma spikes along total gamma dose residual gamma dose environments.addition employ fast burst reactor simulate neutron radiation environment like fission weapon.also house largest pulsed co laser united states used providing tactical threat environments weapons systems.
White Sands Test Center	facilities produce electromagnetic environmental effects lightning strike characteristics semiconductor characterizations.svad also operates high energy laser system test facility helstf designed support high energy laser technology programs.information management operations information management directorate manages operates information communications resources white sands missile range.responsible processing raw mission data collected providing distributed test network support overseeing offrange safari instrumentation providing imaging media production services .addition manage telecommunication tasks implement army assurance programs.
DMA attack	systems engineering operations systems engineering directorate develops data collection instrumentation associated technology.conduct planning concept formulation research development systems engineering development integration acquisition along field testing life cycle support used testing evaluation weapons systems.instrumentation developed used support many functional areas including radar telemetry optical support graphical displays directed energy data processing storage transmission networks control systems counter improvised explosive devices ied.referenceslegitimate uses devices led wide adoption dma accessories connections attacker equally use facility create accessory connect using port potentially gain direct access part physical memory address space computer bypassing os security mechanisms lock screen read computer steal data cryptographic keys install run spyware exploits modify system allow backdoors malware.preventing physical connections ports prevent dma attacks.many computers connections implementing dma also disabled within bios uefi unused depending device nullify reduce potential type exploit.examples connections may allow dma exploitable form include firewire cardbus expresscard thunderbolt usb .pci pcix pci express.description modern operating systems nonsystem i.e.usermode applications prevented accessing memory locations explicitly authorized virtual memory controller called memory management unit mmu.
DMA attack	addition containing damage may caused software flaws allowing efficient use physical memory architecture forms integral part security operating system.however kernelmode drivers many hardware devices usermode vulnerabilities allow direct unimpeded access physical memory address space.physical address space includes main system memory well memorymapped buses hardware devices controlled operating system reads writes ordinary ram.the ohci specification allows devices performance reasons bypass operating system access physical memory directly without security restrictions.sbp devices easily spoofed making possible trick operating system allowing attacker read write physical memory thereby gain unauthorised access sensitive cryptographic material memory.systems may still vulnerable dma attack external device firewire expresscard thunderbolt expansion port like pci pci express general connects attached devices directly physical rather virtual memory address space.therefore systems firewire port may still vulnerable pcmciacardbuspc card expresscard port would allow expansion card firewire installed.
DMA attack	uses attacker could example use social engineering attack send lucky winner rogue thunderbolt device.upon connecting computer device direct unimpeded access physical address space would able bypass almost security measures os ability read encryption keys install malware control system devices.attack also easily executed attacker physical access target computer.in addition abovementioned nefarious uses beneficial uses dma features used kernel debugging purposes.there tool called inception attack requiring machine expansion port susceptible attack.another application known exploit vulnerability gain unauthorized access running windows mac os linux computers spyware finfirewire.mitigations dma attacks prevented physical security potentially malicious devices.kernelmode drivers many powers compromise security system care must taken load trusted bugfree drivers.
DMA attack	example recent bit versions microsoft windows require drivers tested digitally signed microsoft prevent nonsigned drivers installed.an iommu technology applies concept virtual memory system busses used close security vulnerability well increase system stability.intel brands iommu vtd.amd brands iommu amdvi.linux windows supports iommus use block io transactions allowed.newer operating systems may take steps prevent dma attacks.recent linux kernels include option disable dma firewire devices allowing functions.
DMA attack	windows .prevent access dma ports unattended machine console locked.major os vendors taken account variety ways malicious device could take advantage complex interactions multiple emulated peripherals exposing subtle bugs vulnerabilities.never allowing sensitive data stored ram unencrypted another mitigation venue dma attacks.however protection reading rams content enough writing ram via dma may compromise seemingly secure storage outside ram code injection.example latter kind attack tresorhunt exposes cryptographic keys never stored ram certain cpu registers tresorhunt achieves overwriting parts operating system.microsoft recommends changes default windows configuration prevent concern.
Invasive species in Australia	see also firewire security issuecold boot attackpin control attack references external links wned ipod hacking firewire presentation maximillian dornseif pacseccore conference japan physical memory attacks via firewiredma part overview mitigation updatenumerous species arrived european maritime exploration colonisation australia steadily since then.management prevention introduction new invasive species key environmental agricultural policy issues australian federal state governments.management weeds costs a. billion weed control .billion yearly lost agricultural production.causes geologic climatic events helped make australias fauna unique.australia part southern supercontinent gondwana also included south america africa india antarctica.
Invasive species in Australia	gondwana began break million years ago mya mya australia separated antarctica relatively isolated collision indoaustralian plate asia miocene era .mya.australia drifted isolated evolutionary pressures rest world.examples island isolation include madagascar new zealand socotra galapagos mauritius.geographic isolation australia created sharp division australian fauna asian fauna wallace line.humans arrived australia years ago living alongside megafauna years megafaunal extinctions likely caused partly contributed late pleistocene climate change however full reason extinctions still unclear human hunting habitat changes firestick farming may also contributed extinctions.
Invasive species in Australia	left australia much keystone species extinct leaving ecosystems altered far vulnerable invasion.dingoes probably arrived australia years ago long first humans spread rapidly across continent probably contributed extinction even native species thylacine tasmanian devil tasmanian native hen.current period invasive species introduction began arrival first european settlers.population density australia beyond coastline major cities low since arrival european settlers large tracts land difficult people manage even large feral animals like camels horses donkeys water buffalos.invasive species fungi bacteria invasive fungi bacteria australia affect many native plants animals agricultural crops.recently citrus canker introduced australia many queensland citrus orchards burned remove disease.
Invasive species in Australia	fungus phytophthora cinnamomi commonly known wildflower dieback jarrah blight created massive problem types native vegetation – especially jarrah forest banksia woodland.animals australia host introduced invasive vertebrate animal species.categorised following waysinvasive – species tendency spread range new areas plague rangeferals – defined animals domestic purposes i.e.pets recreational use – hunting – beasts burden gone wild.pests – animals direct effect human standard living environmentecosystems areas present high rate reproduction difficult controlanimals causing public concern economic ecological damage include control various programs exist control invasive species australia.cane toad control program aims preventing spread species towards darwin western australia involves trapping.
Invasive species in Australia	foxes often baited although use sodium fluoroacetate also known affect native animals quoll tasmanian devil though common effective method shooting.ideal southwest australia native plant contains toxin – therefore native animals developed immunity it.species either open hunting sport deer subject government sponsored culling programs.camels buffalo often shot helicopters.bounties several bounty programs assisted eradication larger sized pests australia.ironically many early bounties paid extermination native species considered pest farmers.
Invasive species in Australia	tasmanian tiger thylacine one program caused extinction whilst tasmanian devil spotted quoll tasmanian wedgetailed eagle became seriously threatened bounties.at various times bounties place invasive species wildliving domestic dogs including dingo fox.beerfortoads bounty publicised cane toad control northern territory.in victorian fox bounty trial began test efficacy fox bounties place intermittently since years introduction.study showed reduction fox impacts project may even counterproductive.evaluation also found thata sustained annual reduction required achieve real declines red fox populations.feral cat bounties queensland also considered counter growing problem.dingo subject various controversial bounty systems australia.
Invasive species in Australia	australian dingo introduced european settlement yet considered native mainland cases considered pest livestock.invasive birds introduced birds considered pests include common myna common starling spotted dove rock pigeon common pigeon.initially introduced control locust plagues indian myna breeds prolifically urban environments eastern states.myna poses serious threat listed world conservation unions worlds worst invasive species.bird caused human health concerns due spread mites disease also known force native birds eggs nests.the rock pigeon particular acidic faeces damage human property including historic stone buildings.control historically control programs struggled curb expansion proliferation invasive bird populations australia.
Invasive species in Australia	new program canberra reversed trend regarding mynas.since canberra indian myna action group cimag implemented effective control scheme based upon largescale trapping conducted volunteers.june action group recorded myna captures canberra region since .reduced mynas prevalence canberra region ranking third prevalent bird species twentieth .correlated anecdotal evidence increased nesting activity prevalence native species canberra region.volunteer organisations australia begun adopt cimag model similar success.starlings sparrows currently closely monitored southeastern western australia.despite number rock pigeons many people continue feed birds bread crumbs assist breed great numbers.
Invasive species in Australia	illegal feed pigeons australia many local proposals cull pigeons rejected.programs promoting indigenous plantations attract native birds alternative method promoting native species rejuvenation.invasive freshwater fish species invasive freshwater fish species australia include carp brown trout rainbow trout redfin perch mosquitofish gambusia spp weather loach spotted tilapia among others.introduced freshwater fish species devastating impacts australias endemic freshwater fish species native aquatic life.example much south eastern australias freshwater systems introduced carp often incorrectly called european carp dominate lowland reaches introduced trout species almost completely dominate upland reaches.damaging impact carp well recognised little way control measures employed control spread.
Invasive species in Australia	ability colonise almost body water even previously considered beyond physical tolerances well established.insects invertebrates problem insects include red imported fire ants solenopsis invicta yellow crazy ants anoplolepis gracilipes black portuguese millipedes ommatoiulus moreletii western honey bees apis mellifera european wasps vespula germanica known elsewhere common name german wasps.the elm leaf beetle xanthogaleruca luteola discovered victoria devastates exotic elm trees imported parasite wasp species well beetles natural enemy parasitic fly erynniopsis antennata turn introduced effort control pest.control honey bee european wasp well established impossible eradicate australia.honey bees take potential nesting hollows native animals hard remove established.the fire ant particular venomous stings poses direct threat human lifestyle.although control extremely difficult spread quickly species currently effectively quarantined south east queensland.the yellow crazy ant currently quarantined christmas island significant environmental impact.
Invasive species in Australia	primary impact killing displacing crabs forest floor.invasive marine species number marine pests arrived australia ballast water cargo ships.marine pests include blackstriped mussel mytilopsis sallei asian mussel new zealand greenlipped mussel european shore crab.northern pacific seastar tasmania inverloch port phillip caused much localised environmental damage.invasive plant species weeds invade natural landscapes waterways agricultural land.
Invasive species in Australia	originally plants likely considered weeds direct economic impact especially agricultural production.however growing environmental consciousness since led recognition environmental weeds plants adverse effects natural ecosystem area.list weeds national significance wons created updated taxa.not prickly pear hudsons pears cylindropuntia tunicata c. rosea also cacti agricultural significance queensland.weed management costs australian economy billion yearly weeds considered second greatest threat biodiversity land clearing.almost half australias declared noxious weeds legislation introduced deliberately one third garden ornamentals.management invasive species management invasive species carried individuals conservation groups government agencies.the australian quarantine inspection service responsible ensuring new species potential become invasive species enter australia.
Invasive species in Australia	raise public awareness australian quarantine featured australian celebrity nature lover steve irwin series television commercials message quarantine – dont mess it.several scientific bodies involved research control invasive species.csiro released several successful biological pest control agents developed chemical agents pest weed control.example csiro released myxoma virus control wild rabbits australia.rabbit haemorrhagic disease escaped containment australian government research facility spread across australia.rabbit hemorrhagic disease subsequently legalised control wild rabbits.moth cactoblastis cactorum introduced control prickly pear salvinia weevil cyrtobagous salviniae control aquatic weed salvinia.
Invasive species in Australia	doubtful biological controls cane toad introduced control sugar cane destroying cane beetle instead cane toad ate anything everything else—the beetle preferred food source given choice.cane toad australia become biological control infamous complete failure well becoming environmental nightmare.walter froggatt economic entomologist warned likelihood time.also led much public concern caution considering introduction new biological controls.another example poorly researched introduced biological control sap sucking lantana bug aconophora compressa also south america introduced australia eat lantana.unfortunately lantana bug also attacks trees including fiddlewood trees caused distress gardeners.
Invasive species in Australia	lantana bug tested six years different plants.aconophora compressa th insect introduced control lantana years.more successfully australian dung beetle project – led dr. george bornemissza csiros division entomology introduced species dung beetle australia order biologically control pestilent population bush flies.flies along species fly parasitic worm use dung breeding feeding ground.rolling burying activity dung beetles means dung removed pasture land effect reducing bush fly population well increasing soil fertility quality recycling dung back soil.cooperative research centres weed management pest animal control established federal government.coordinate research funding number university government labs research control invasive species.non government organisations also established fight invasive species example invasive species council isc.
Invasive species in Australia	isc policy advocacy lobbying research outreach group matters related invasive species.volunteer groups sprats also made significant contributions fighting invasive species case removing sea spurge large areas tasmanian coastline.claimed ecological benefits negative impacts introduced flora fauna often featured researchers argue could positive aspects introduced species provide ecological benefits native ecosystem australia.herbivores general may benefit local biodiversity creating mosaics vegetation helping native plants expand ranges may contribute decline wildfires megaherbivores notably camels may fill lost niches extinct australian megafauna including diprotodon palorchestes may also apply others cattles horses donkeys deers would also drop fire risk smaller herbivores hog deer feral goats may also suppress introduced grasses wildfires.carnivores red fox cats may control number rats rabbits eradication carnivores may damage native ecosystem indirectly.economic impact study looking economic impact invasive species estimated invasive species cost australian farmers billion past years.
Invasive species in Australia	feral cats way ahead pack nearly billion.rabbits next around billion followed fire ants annual ryegrass pigs parthenium foxes ragwort cucumis melons common heliotrope.world trade organisation australias quarantine regulations world trade organisation specified quarantine regulations weaker australias fairly stringent regulations controlling importing raw produce.following australias membership wto many forms raw produce banned commenced import potentially adverse effects controversy example regarding proposals import apples new zealand bananas philippines.australian quarantine regulations limiting banana imports developing economies recognised protectionist trade barriers economists including kevin fox head economics australian school business.the weakening restrictions importing raw produce australia mandated world trade organisation future may pose risks introducing exotic disease organisms.case examples include chytrid fungus threatening numerous australian frog species extinction mass pilchards deaths southern ocean onwards suspected caused virus may brought imported pilchards.
Intel vPro	see also invasive species new zealandenvironmental issues australiafauna australia references external links invasive species councilfull list noxious weeds australia pdfcsiro cane toad research pagecsiro research introduced marine peststhe cooperative research centre australian weed managementcsiro marine pest fact sheetsthe department environment heritage invasive speciesweeds national significancethe cooperative research centre pest animal controlferal.org.aurabbit information servicefisheries western australia – introduced marine species fact sheetdistribution maps vertebrate pests.nsw department primary industries.retrieved november .vpro brand launched circa identified primarily amt thus journalists still consider amt essence vpro.vpro features intel vpro brand name set pc hardware features.pcs support vpro vproenabled processor vproenabled chipset vproenabled bios main elements.a vpro pc includesmulticore multithreaded xeon core processors.intel active management technology intel amt set hardwarebased features targeted businesses allow remote access pc management security tasks os pc power off.note amt intel vpro amt one element vpro pc.remote configuration technology amt certificatebased security.remote configuration performed barebones systems os andor software management agents installed.wired wireless laptop network connection.intel trusted execution technology intel txt verifies launch environment establishes root trust turn allows software build chain trust virtualized environments.
Intel vPro	intel txt also protects secrets power transitions orderly disorderly shutdowns traditionally vulnerable period security credentials.support ieee .x cisco self defending network sdn microsoft network access protection nap laptops support .x cisco sdn desktop pcs.support security technologies allows intel vpro store security posture pc network authenticate system os applications load pc allowed access network.intel virtualization technology including intel vtx cpu memory intel vtd io support virtualized environments.intel vtx accelerates hardware virtualization enables isolated memory regions created running critical applications hardware virtual machines order enhance integrity running application confidentiality sensitive data.intel vtd exposes protected virtual memory address spaces dma peripherals attached computer via dma buses mitigating threat posed malicious peripherals.execute disable bit supported os help prevent types buffer overflow attacks.remote management intel amt set management security features built vpro pcs makes easier sysadmin monitor maintain secure service pcs.
Intel vPro	intel amt management technology sometimes mistaken intel vpro pc platform amt one visible technologies intel vprobased pc.intel amt includesencrypted remote power updownreset via wakeonlan wolremoteredirected boot via integrated device electronics redirect iderconsole redirection via serial lan solpreboot access bios settingsprogrammable filtering inbound outbound network trafficagent presence checkingoutofband policybased alertingaccess system information pcs universally unique identifier uuid hardware asset information persistent event logs information stored dedicated memory hard drive accessible even os pc powered off.hardwarebased management available past limited autoconfiguration computers request using dhcp bootp dynamic ip address allocation diskless workstations well wakeonlan remotely powering systems.vncbased kvm remote control starting vpro amt .pcs processors embedded intel graphics contains intel proprietary embedded vnc server.connect outofband using dedicated vnccompatible viewer technology full kvm keyboard video mouse capability throughout power cycle—including uninterrupted control desktop operating system loads.clients vnc viewer plus realvnc also provide additional functionality might make easier perform watch certain intel amt operations powering computer configuring bios mounting remote image ider.not processors vpro may support kvm capability.
Intel vPro	depends oems bios settings well discrete graphics card present.intel integrated hd graphics support kvm ability.wireless communication intel vpro supports encrypted wired wireless lan wireless communication remote management features pcs inside corporate firewall.intel vpro supports encrypted communication remote management features wired wireless lan pcs outside corporate firewall.vpro laptop wireless communication laptops vpro include gigabit network connection support ieee .
Intel vPro	agn wireless protocols.amt wireless communication intel vpro pcs support wireless communication amt features.for wireless laptops battery power communication amt features occur system awake connected corporate network.communication available os management agents missing.amt outofband communication amt features available wireless wired laptops connected corporate network host osbased virtual private network vpn laptops awake working properly.a wireless connection operates two levels wireless network interface wlan interface driver executing platform host.network interface manages rf communications connection.if user turns wireless transmitterreceiver using either hardware software switch intel amt cannot use wireless interface conditions user turns wireless transmitterreceiver.intel amt release .. send receive management traffic via wlan platform power state computer running.receive wireless traffic host asleep off.
Intel vPro	power state permits intel amt release .. continue send receive outofband traffic platform sx state via wired lan connection one exists.release .later releases support wireless outofband manageability sx states depending power setting configuration parameters.release .supports wireless manageability desktop platforms.when wireless connection established host platform based wireless profile sets names passwords security elements used authenticate platform wireless access point.user organization defines one profiles using tool intel prosetwireless software.release .
Intel vPro	intel amt must corresponding wireless profile receive outofband traffic wireless link.network interface api allows defining one wireless profiles using parameters intel prosetwireless software.see wireless profile parameters.powerup host intel amt communicates wireless lan driver host.driver intel amt find matching profiles driver routes traffic addressed intel amt device manageability processing.
Intel vPro	certain limitations intel amt release .send receive outofband traffic without intel amt configured wireless profile long host driver active platform inside enterprise.in release .release .wireless platforms wlan enabled default configuration.means possible configure intel amt wlan long host wlan driver active connection.
Intel vPro	intel amt synchronizes active host profile.assumes configuration server configures wireless profile intel amt uses power states s.when problem wireless driver host still powered power state intel amt continue receive outofband manageability traffic directly wireless network interface.for intel amt work wireless lan must share ip addresses host.requires presence dhcp server allocate ip addresses intel amt must configured use dhcp.encrypted communication roaming intel vpro pcs support encrypted communication roaming.vpro pcs version .higher support security mobile communications establishing secure tunnel encrypted amt communication managed service provider roaming operating open wired lan outside corporate firewall.
Intel vPro	secure communication amt established laptop powered os disabled.amt encrypted communication tunnel designed allow sysadmins access laptop desktop pc satellite offices onsite proxy server management server appliance.secure communications outside corporate firewall depend adding new element—a management presence server intel calls vproenabled gateway—to network infrastructure.requires integration network switch manufacturers firewall vendors vendors design management consoles create infrastructure supports encrypted roaming communication.although encrypted roaming communication enabled feature vpro pcs version .higher feature fully usable infrastructure place functional.
Intel vPro	vpro security vpro security technologies methodologies designed pcs chipset system hardware.deployment vpro pcs security credentials keys critical information stored protected memory hard disk drive erased longer needed.security privacy concerns according intel possible disable amt bios settings however apparently way users detect outside access pc via vpro hardwarebased technology.moreover sandy bridge future chips ...the ability remotely kill restore lost stolen pc via g ... laptop g connectionon may intel published security advisory regarding firmware vulnerability certain systems utilize intel active management technology intel amt intel standard manageability intel ism intel small business technology intel sbt.vulnerability potentially serious could enable network attacker remotely gain access businesses pcs workstations use technologies.
Intel vPro	urge people companies using business pcs devices incorporate intel amt intel ism intel sbt apply firmware update equipment manufacturer available follow steps detailed mitigation guide.many vpro features including amt implemented intel management engine distinct processor chipset running minix found numerous security vulnerabilities.unlike amt generally official documented way disable management engine always unless enabled oem.security features intel vpro supports industrystandard methodologies protocols well vendors security featuresintel trusted execution technology intel txtindustrystandard trusted platform module tpmintel platform trust technology intel ptt tpm .ftpm introduced skylakesupport ieee .x preboot execution environment pxe cisco self defending network sdn desktop pcs additionally microsoft network access protection nap laptopsexecute disable bitintel virtualization technology intel vtx vtdintel vmcsintel virtual machine control structure shadowingintel data protection technologyintel identity protection technologyintel secure key rdrandintel antitheft technologyintel boot guardintel os guardintel active management technology intel amtintel stable image platform program sippintel small business advantage intel sba intel boot guard intel boot guard processor feature prevents computer running firmware uefi images released system manufacturer oem odm.turned processors verifies digital signature contained firmware image executing using public key keypair oemodm public key fused systems platform controller hub pch system manufacturer intel.
Intel vPro	result intel boot guard activated makes impossible end users install replacement firmware coreboot modded bios.technologies methodologies intel vpro uses several industrystandard security technologies methodologies secure remote vpro communication channel.technologies methodologies also improve security accessing pcs critical system data bios settings intel amt management features sensitive features data protect security credentials critical information deployment setup configuration intel amt vpro use.transport layer security tls protocol including preshared key tls tlspsk secure communications outofband network interface.tls implementation uses aes bit encryption rsa keys modulus lengths bits.http digest authentication protocol defined rfc .management console authenticates administrators manage pcs intel amt.single signon intel amt microsoft windows domain authentication based microsoft active directory kerberos protocols.a pseudorandom number generator prng firmware amt pc generates highquality session keys secure communication.only digitally signed firmware images signed intel permitted load execute.tamperresistant accesscontrolled storage critical management data via protected persistent nonvolatile data store memory area hard drive intel amt hardware.access control lists intel amt realms management functions.
Intel vPro	vpro hardware requirements first release intel vpro built intel core duo processor.current versions intel vpro built systems nm intel th generation core processors.pcs intel vpro require specific chipsets.intel vpro releases usually identified amt version.laptop pc requirements laptops intel vpro requirefor intel amt release .th generation intel core core nm intel th generation core mobile processors nm intel th generation core mobile processorsmobile qm chipsetsfor intel amt release .
Intel vPro	rd generation intel core core nm intel rd generation core mobile processors nm intel rd generation core mobile processorsmobile qm q chipsetsfor intel amt release .intel centrino vpro technology nm intel core duo processor p sequence small form factor p l u sequence quad processor qmobile nm intel gs gm gm pm express chipsets montevina intel antitheft technology fsb mb l cache ichmenhancedfor intel amt release .intel centrino vpro technology nm intel core duo processor p sequence small form factor p l u sequence quad processor qmobile nm intel gs gm gm pm express chipsets montevina fsb mb l cache ichmenhancedfor intel amt release ..intel centrino vpro technologyintel core duo processor l u sequence nm intel core duo processor tmobile intel broadwaterq express chipset ichmenhancednote amt release .
Intel vPro	wiredwireless laptops amt release .desktop pcs concurrent releases.desktop pc requirements desktop pcs vpro called intel core vpro technology requirefor amt release .intel core duo processor e e e nm intel core quad processor q q qintel q eaglelakeq express chipset ichdofor amt release ...intel core duo processor e e e nm intel core duo processor e e e e nm intel core quad processor q q qintel q bearlakeq express chipset ichdonote amt release .
Intel vPro	wiredwireless laptops amt release .desktop pcs concurrent releases.for amt release ...intel core duo processor e e e eintel q averill express chipset ichdo vpro amt core relationships numerous intel brands.however key differences vpro umbrella marketing term amt technology vpro brand intel core intel core branding package technologies core core processor followsthe core first model series launched lesspowerful models introduced respectively.
Intel vPro	microarchitecture core series codenamed nehalem second generation line codenamed sandy bridge.intel centrino branding package technologies included wifi originally intel core duo.intel centrino brand applied mobile pcs laptops small devices.core centrino evolved use intels latest nm manufacturing processes multicore processing designed multithreading.intel vpro brand name set intel technology features built hardware laptop desktop pc.set technologies targeted businesses consumers.pc vpro brand often includes intel amt intel virtualization technology intel vt intel trusted execution technology intel txt gigabit network connection on.
Intel vPro	may pc core processor without vpro features built in.however vpro features require pc least core processor.technologies current versions vpro built pcs versions core duo core quad processors nm recently versions core core processors.intel amt part intel management engine built pcs intel vpro brand.intel amt set remote management security hardware features let sysadmin amt security privileges access system information perform specific remote operations pc.operations include remote power updown via wake lan remote redirected boot via integrated device electronics redirect ider console redirection via serial lan remote management security features.
Lockpath	see also notes references external linkskeylight platform integrates business processes simplify risk management regulatory compliance challenges.common business areas lockpath target policy procedure management risk assessment incident management vulnerability management vendor management business continuity planning internal audit preparation.lockpath founded chris caldwell chris goodwin develop sell governance risk management compliance software.lockpath headquartered overland park kansas.lockpath purchased navex global .products keylight platform lockpath launched keylight platform first application compliance manager october .
Lockpath	initial launch consisted regulatory content controls library fully integrated unified compliance framework ucf workflow capabilities reporting engine.keylight .introduced threat manager vendor manager applications.keylight .launched dynamic content framework introduced two new applications incident manager risk manager.
Lockpath	se magazines peter stephenson described keylight ...family applications helps organizations manage enterprise risks demonstrate compliance providing visibility corporate risk security controls.readytouse toolset integrates applications single user interface unifies correlates amount security content exposes vulnerabilities throughout organization tracking recording key information secured assets creates ironclad audit history.keylight .introduced business continuity manager application gave users ability create business continuity plans conduct business impact analyses perform tabletop exercises test business continuity plans.keylight .
Lockpath	included integration health information trust alliance hitrust common security framework csf framework designed healthcare organizations.keylight .introduced audit manager application renamed threat manager security manager.keylight .included hybridcloud delivery method vendor manager anonymous incident portal.
Lockpath	keylight .added advanced analytics engine product portfolio.on october lockpath received u.s. patent number dynamic content framework dcf.keylight .introduced keylight ambassador.first grc platform allow saml ldap integration first perform bulk tasks data records including data edits workflow record deletion first create adhoc reports historical content.keylight .
Lockpath	also added support syslog data collection.blacklight platform lockpath launched blacklight blacklight brings automation configuration assessment servers corporate devices.platform utilizes agent technology continuously assesses devices systems center internet security cis configuration benchmarks well custom benchmarks detect misconfigurations put organizations risk breaches noncompliance.keylight ambassador launch keylight .november introduced keylight ambassador first hybrid connector market allow users securely automate data collection processes onpremise applications custom applications applications without apis applications adhoc data created.
Citroën Méhari	referencesbuilt frontwheel – fourwheel drive – variants features abs plastic bodywork optionalremovable doors foldable stowable fabric convertible top.the méhari weighed approximately kg lb featured fully independent suspension chassis citroën aseries vehicles using cc .cu variant flat twin petrol engine shared cv dyane citroën ami.car also uses dyanes headlights bezels wd units differ externally spare wheel hood molded recess.the car named fastrunning dromedary camel méhari used racing transport.citroën manufactured méharis cars french launch may end production .the méhari variants built many additional variants license host countries including versions fiberglass instead abs body wd version spare wheel hood.production history origin méhari designed french world war ii fighter ace count roland de la poype headed french company seab société detudes et dapplications des brevets.
Citroën Méhari	developed idea using plastic rather fiberglass body.de la poype evaluated fashionable mini moke noting low ground clearance hard suspension rustprone body.this company already supplier citroën seab developed working concept car presenting client.french military french army purchased méharis – modified v electric power operate two way radio.méhari x citroën launched méhari x drive four wheels.unlike citroën cv sahara x car one engine rather one engine per axle.the body distinguished spare wheel mounted specially designed bonnet additional bumpers front rear flared wheel arches big optional tyres tail lights similar citroën acadiane van.the x version gearbox four normal speeds threespeed transfer gearbox crossing slopes .
Citroën Méhari	time méhari x one xs fourwheel independent suspension.car wheel disc brakes.méhari x production stopped .cost twice much standard x car.limited editions two limited edition versions méhari sold azur initially planned limited edition copies mehari azur integrated normal range given great success achieved.azur distinguished méhari white body blue doors grille soft top.

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