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Climate change | first co dissolves surface water.afterwards oceans overturning circulation distributes deep oceans interior accumulates time part carbon cycle.last two decades worlds oceans absorbed emitted co. aerosols clouds air pollution form aerosols puts large burden human health also affects climate large scale.gradual reduction amount sunlight reaching earths surface observed phenomenon popularly known global dimming typically attributed aerosols biofuel fossil fuel burning.globally aerosols declining since meaning longer mask greenhouse gas warming much.aerosols scatter absorb solar radiation. |
Climate change | also indirect effects earths radiation budget.sulfate aerosols act cloud condensation nuclei lead clouds smaller cloud droplets.clouds reflect solar radiation efficiently clouds fewer larger droplets.also reduce growth raindrops makes clouds reflective incoming sunlight.indirect effects aerosols largest uncertainty radiative forcing.while aerosols typically limit global warming reflecting sunlight black carbon soot falls snow ice contribute global warming. |
Climate change | increase absorption sunlight also increases melting sealevel rise.limiting new black carbon deposits arctic could reduce global warming .°c .changes land surface humans change earths surface mainly create agricultural land.today agriculture takes earths land area forests uninhabitable glaciers deserts etc.. amount forested land continues decrease largely due conversion cropland tropics. |
Climate change | deforestation significant aspect land surface change affecting global warming.main causes deforestation permanent landuse change forest agricultural land producing products beef palm oil logging produce forestryforest products short term shifting cultivation wildfires .land use changes affect greenhouse gas emissions.type vegetation region affects local temperature.impacts much sunlight gets reflected back space albedo much heat lost evaporation.instance change dark forest grassland makes surface lighter causing reflect sunlight. |
Climate change | deforestation also affect temperatures modifying release chemical compounds influence clouds changing wind patterns.tropic temperate areas net effect produce significant warming latitudes closer poles gain albedo forest replaced snow cover leads cooling effect.globally effects estimated led slight cooling dominated increase surface albedo.solar volcanic activity physical climate models unable reproduce rapid warming observed recent decades taking account variations solar output volcanic activity.sun earths primary energy source changes incoming sunlight directly affect climate system. |
Climate change | solar irradiance measured directly satellites indirect measurements available early onwards.upward trend amount suns energy reaching earth.evidence greenhouse gases causing global warming comes measurements show warming lower atmosphere troposphere coupled cooling upper atmosphere stratosphere.solar variations responsible observed warming troposphere stratosphere would warm.explosive volcanic eruptions represent largest natural forcing industrial era.eruption sufficiently strong sulfur dioxide reaching stratosphere sunlight partially blocked couple years. |
Climate change | temperature signal lasts twice long.industrial era volcanic activity negligible impacts global temperature trends.presentday volcanic co emissions equivalent less current anthropogenic co emissions.climate change feedback response climate system initial forcing modified feedbacks increased selfreinforcing feedbacks reduced balancing feedbacks.main reinforcing feedbacks watervapour feedback ice–albedo feedback net effect clouds. |
Climate change | primary balancing mechanism radiative cooling earths surface gives heat space response rising temperature.addition temperature feedbacks feedbacks carbon cycle fertilizing effect co plant growth.uncertainty feedbacks major reason different climate models project different magnitudes warming given amount emissions.as air warmed greenhouse gases hold moisture.water vapour potent greenhouse gas heats atmosphere.cloud cover increases sunlight reflected back space cooling planet. |
Climate change | clouds become higher thinner act insulator reflecting heat back downwards warming planet.effect clouds largest source feedback uncertainty.another major feedback reduction snow cover sea ice arctic reduces reflectivity earths surface.suns energy absorbed regions contributing amplification arctic temperature changes.arctic amplification also melting permafrost releases methane co atmosphere.climate change also cause methane releases wetlands marine systems freshwater systems. |
Climate change | overall climate feedbacks expected become increasingly positive.around half humancaused co emissions absorbed land plants oceans.land elevated co extended growing season stimulated plant growth.climate change increases droughts heat waves inhibit plant growth makes uncertain whether carbon sink continue grow future.soils contain large quantities carbon may release heat up.co heat absorbed ocean acidifies circulation changes phytoplankton takes less carbon decreasing rate ocean absorbs atmospheric carbon. |
Climate change | overall higher co concentrations earth absorb reduced fraction emissions.future warming carbon budget climate model representation physical chemical biological processes affect climate system.models used calculate degree warming future emissions cause accounting strength climate feedbacks.models also include natural processes like changes earths orbit historical changes suns activity volcanic forcing.addition estimating future temperatures reproduce predict circulation oceans annual cycle seasons flows carbon land surface atmosphere.the physical realism models tested examining ability simulate contemporary past climates. |
Climate change | past models underestimated rate arctic shrinkage underestimated rate precipitation increase.sea level rise since underestimated older models recent models agree well observations.united statespublished national climate assessment notes climate models may still underestimating missing relevant feedback processes.a subset climate models add societal factors simple physical climate model.models simulate population economic growth energy use affect – interact – physical climate.information models produce scenarios future greenhouse gas emissions. |
Climate change | used input physical climate models generate climate change projections.scenarios emissions continue rise century others reduced emissions.emissions scenarios combined modelling carbon cycle predict atmospheric concentrations greenhouse gases might change future.according combined models atmospheric concentration co could low high ppm depending socioeconomic scenario mitigation scenario.the ipcc sixth assessment report projects global warming likely reach .°c . |
Climate change | °c late st century low ghg emissions scenario.intermediate scenario global warming would reach .°c .°c .°c . |
Climate change | °c high ghg emissions scenario.projections based climate models combination observations.the remaining carbon budget determined modelling carbon cycle climate sensitivity greenhouse gases.according ipcc global warming kept .°c twothirds chance emissions exceed gigatonnes co. corresponds years current emissions.high uncertainties budget. |
Climate change | instance may gigatonnes co smaller due methane release permafrost wetlands.however clear fossil fuel resources abundant shortages relied limit carbon emissions st century.impacts physical environment environmental effects climate change broad farreaching affecting oceans ice weather.changes may occur gradually rapidly.evidence effects comes studying climate change past modelling modern observations. |
Climate change | since droughts heat waves appeared simultaneously increasing frequency.extremely wet dry events within monsoon period increased india east asia.rainfall rate intensity hurricanes typhoons likely increasing.frequency tropical cyclones increased result climate change.however study review article published nature geoscience concluded geographic range tropical cyclones probably expand poleward response climate warming hadley circulation.global sea level rising consequence glacial melt melt ice sheets greenland antarctica thermal expansion. |
Climate change | rise increased time averaging .± .mm per year.st century ipcc projects high emissions scenario sea level could rise – cm.increased ocean warmth undermining threatening unplug antarctic glacier outlets risking large melt ice sheet possibility meter sea level rise high emissions.climate change led decades shrinking thinning arctic sea ice. |
Climate change | icefree summers expected rare .°c degrees warming set occur every three ten years warming level °c.higher atmospheric co concentrations led changes ocean chemistry.increase dissolved co causing oceans acidify.addition oxygen levels decreasing oxygen less soluble warmer water. |
Climate change | dead zones ocean regions little oxygen expanding too.tipping points longterm impacts greater amount global warming greater risk passing ‘tipping points’ thresholds beyond certain impacts longer avoided even temperatures reduced.example collapse west antarctic greenland ice sheets temperature rise .°c may commit ice sheets melt although time scale melt uncertain depends future warming.largescale changes could occur short time period collapse certain ocean currents. |
Climate change | particular concern shutdown atlantic meridional overturning circulation would trigger major climate changes north atlantic europe north america.the longterm effects climate change include ice melt ocean warming sea level rise ocean acidification.timescale centuries millennia magnitude climate change determined primarily anthropogenic co emissions.due cos long atmospheric lifetime.oceanic co uptake slow enough ocean acidification continue hundreds thousands years.emissions estimated prolonged current interglacial period least years. |
Climate change | sea level rise continue many centuries estimated rise .metres per degree celsius .ft°f years.nature wildlife recent warming driven many terrestrial freshwater species poleward towards higher altitudes.higher atmospheric co levels extended growing season resulted global greening. |
Climate change | however heatwaves drought reduced ecosystem productivity regions.future balance opposing effects unclear.climate change contributed expansion drier climate zones expansion deserts subtropics.size speed global warming making abrupt changes ecosystems likely.overall expected climate change result extinction many species.the oceans heated slowly land plants animals ocean migrated towards colder poles faster species land. |
Climate change | land heat waves ocean occur frequently due climate change harming wide range organisms corals kelp seabirds.ocean acidification makes harder organisms mussels barnacles corals produce shells skeletons heatwaves bleached coral reefs.harmful algal blooms enhanced climate change eutrophication lower oxygen levels disrupt food webs cause great loss marine life.coastal ecosystems particular stress.almost half global wetlands disappeared due climate change human impacts. |
Climate change | humans effects climate change humans detected worldwide.mostly due warming shifts precipitation.impacts observed continents ocean regions lowlatitude less developed areas facing greatest risk.continued warming potentially “severe pervasive irreversible impacts” people ecosystems.risks unevenly distributed generally greater disadvantaged people developing developed countries. |
Climate change | food health classified climate change greatest threat global health st century.extreme weather leads injury loss life crop failures undernutrition.various infectious diseases easily transmitted warmer climate dengue fever malaria.young children vulnerable food shortages.children older people vulnerable extreme heat. |
Climate change | world health organization estimated climate change would cause around additional deaths per year.assessed deaths heat exposure elderly people increases diarrhea malaria dengue coastal flooding childhood undernutrition.adult deaths projected yearly due reductions food availability quality.climate change affecting food security.caused reduction global yields maize wheat soybeans .future warming could reduce global yields major crops. |
Climate change | crop production probably negatively affected lowlatitude countries effects northern latitudes may positive negative.additional million people worldwide particularly lower incomes risk hunger consequence impacts.climate change also impacts fish populations.globally less available fished.regions dependent glacier water regions already dry small islands higher risk water stress due climate change. |
Climate change | livelihoods economic damages due climate change may severe chance disastrous tailrisk events.climate change likely already increased global economic inequality trend projected continue.severe impacts expected subsaharan africa southeast asia.world bank estimates climate change could drive million people poverty .current inequalities men women rich poor different ethnicities worsened due climate variability climate change. |
Climate change | expert elicitation concluded role climate change armed conflict small compared factors socioeconomic inequality state capabilities future warming bring increasing risks.lowlying islands coastal communities threatened sea level rise makes flooding common.sometimes land permanently lost sea.could lead statelessness people island nations maldives tuvalu.regions rise temperature humidity may severe humans adapt to.worstcase climate change models project almost onethird humanity might live extremely hot uninhabitable climates similar current climate found sahara. |
Climate change | factors drive environmental migration within countries.people expected displaced sea level rise extreme weather conflict increased competition natural resources.climate change may also increase vulnerability leading trapped populations able move due lack resources.responses mitigation climate change mitigated reducing greenhouse gas emissions enhancing sinks absorb greenhouse gases atmosphere.order limit global warming less . |
Climate change | °c high likelihood success global greenhouse gas emissions needs netzero °c target.requires farreaching systemic changes unprecedented scale energy land cities transport buildings industry.united nations environment programme estimates countries need triple pledges paris agreement within next decade limit global warming °c.even greater level reduction required meet .°c goal. |
Climate change | pledges made agreement october global warming would still chance reaching .°c range .–.°c end century.although single pathway limit global warming .°c scenarios strategies see major increase use renewable energy combination increased energy efficiency measures generate needed greenhouse gas reductions.reduce pressures ecosystems enhance carbon sequestration capabilities changes would also necessary agriculture forestry preventing deforestation restoring natural ecosystems reforestation.other approaches mitigating climate change higher level risk. |
Climate change | scenarios limit global warming .°c typically project largescale use carbon dioxide removal methods st century.concerns though overreliance technologies environmental impacts.solar radiation management srm also possible supplement deep reductions emissions.however srm would raise significant ethical legal issues risks poorly understood. |
Climate change | clean energy renewable energy key limiting climate change.fossil fuels accounted worlds energy .remaining share split nuclear power renewables including solar wind power bioenergy geothermal energy hydropower.mix projected change significantly next years.solar wind seen substantial growth progress last years. |
Climate change | solar panels onshore wind cheapest forms adding new power generation capacity countries.renewables represented new electricity generation installed nearly solar wind.meanwhile nuclear power share remains costs increasing.nuclear power generation several times expensive per megawatthour wind solar.to achieve carbon neutrality renewable energy would become dominant form electricity generation rising scenarios.use electricity heating transport would rise point electricity becomes largest form energy. |
Climate change | investment coal would eliminated coal use nearly phased .in transport emissions reduced fast switch electric vehicles.public transport active transport cycling walking also produce less co. shipping flying lowcarbon fuels used reduce emissions.heating would increasingly decarbonised technologies like heat pumps.there obstacles continued rapid growth renewables.solar wind power key challenge intermittency seasonal variability.traditionally hydro dams reservoirs conventional power plants used variable energy production low. |
Climate change | intermittency countered expanding battery storage matching energy demand supply.longdistance transmission smooth variability renewable output across wider geographic areas.environmental land use concerns large solar wind projects bioenergy often carbonneutral may negative consequences food security.hydropower growth slowing set decline due concerns social environmental impacts.lowcarbon energy improves human health minimising climate change.also nearterm benefit reducing air pollution deaths estimated million annually . |
Climate change | meeting paris agreement goals limit warming °c increase could save million lives per year whereas limiting global warming .°c could save millions simultaneously increase energy security reduce poverty.energy efficiency reducing energy demand another major aspect reducing emissions.less energy needed flexibility clean energy development.also makes easier manage electricity grid minimises carbonintensive infrastructure development. |
Climate change | major increases energy efficiency investment required achieve climate goals comparable level investment renewable energy.several covid related changes energy use patterns energy efficiency investments funding made forecasts decade difficult uncertain.strategies reduce energy demand vary sector.transport passengers freight switch efficient travel modes buses trains use electric vehicles.industrial strategies reduce energy demand include improving heating systems motors designing less energyintensive products increasing product lifetimes.building sector focus better design new buildings higher levels energy efficiency retrofitting. |
Climate change | use technologies like heat pumps also increase building energy efficiency.agriculture industry agriculture forestry face triple challenge limiting greenhouse gas emissions preventing conversion forests agricultural land meeting increases world food demand.set actions could reduce agriculture forestrybased emissions two thirds levels.include reducing growth demand food agricultural products increasing land productivity protecting restoring forests reducing greenhouse gas emissions agricultural production.steel cement production responsible industrial co emissions present particular challenges.industries carbonintensive materials coke lime play integral role production reducing co emissions requires research alternative chemistries. |
Climate change | carbon sequestration natural carbon sinks enhanced sequester significantly larger amounts co beyond naturally occurring levels.reforestation tree planting nonforest lands among mature sequestration techniques although latter raises food security concerns.soil carbon sequestration coastal carbon sequestration less understood options.feasibility landbased negative emissions methods mitigation uncertain ipcc described mitigation strategies based risky.where energy production cointensive heavy industries continue produce waste co gas captured stored instead released atmosphere.although current use limited scale expensive carbon capture storage ccs may able play significant role limiting co emissions midcentury. |
Climate change | technique combination bioenergy beccs result net negative emissions co drawn atmosphere.remains highly uncertain whether carbon dioxide removal techniques beccs able play large role limiting warming .°c.policy decisions rely carbon dioxide removal increase risk global warming rising beyond international goals.adaptation adaptation process adjustment current expected changes climate effects. |
Climate change | without additional mitigation adaptation cannot avert risk severe widespread irreversible impacts.severe climate change requires transformative adaptation prohibitively expensive.capacity potential humans adapt unevenly distributed across different regions populations developing countries generally less.first two decades st century saw increase adaptive capacity low middleincome countries improved access basic sanitation electricity progress slow.many countries implemented adaptation policies. |
Climate change | however considerable gap necessary available finance.adaptation sea level rise consists avoiding atrisk areas learning live increased flooding protection.fails managed retreat may needed.economic barriers tackling dangerous heat impact.avoiding strenuous work air conditioning possible everybody.agriculture adaptation options include switch sustainable diets diversification erosion control genetic improvements increased tolerance changing climate. |
Climate change | insurance allows risksharing often difficult get people lower incomes.education migration early warning systems reduce climate vulnerability.ecosystems adapt climate change process supported human intervention.increasing connectivity ecosystems species migrate favourable climate conditions.species also introduced areas acquiring favorable climate.protection restoration natural seminatural areas helps build resilience making easier ecosystems adapt. |
Climate change | many actions promote adaptation ecosystems also help humans adapt via ecosystembased adaptation.instance restoration natural fire regimes makes catastrophic fires less likely reduces human exposure.giving rivers space allows water storage natural system reducing flood risk.restored forest acts carbon sink planting trees unsuitable regions exacerbate climate impacts.there synergies tradeoffs adaptation mitigation.adaptation often offer shortterm benefits whereas mitigation longerterm benefits. |
Climate change | increased use air conditioning allows people better cope heat increases energy demand.compact urban development may lead reduced emissions transport construction.time may increase urban heat island effect leading higher temperatures increased exposure.increased food productivity large benefits adaptation mitigation.policies politics countries vulnerable climate change typically responsible small share global emissions. |
Climate change | raises questions justice fairness.climate change strongly linked sustainable development.limiting global warming makes easier achieve sustainable development goals eradicating poverty reducing inequalities.connection recognised sustainable development goal take urgent action combat climate change impacts.goals food clean water ecosystem protection synergies climate mitigation.the geopolitics climate change complex. |
Climate change | often framed freerider problem countries benefit mitigation done countries individual countries would lose switching lowcarbon economy themselves.framing challenged.instance benefits coal phaseout public health local environments exceed costs almost regions.furthermore net importers fossil fuels win economically switching clean energy causing net exporters face stranded assets fossil fuels cannot sell.policy options wide range policies regulations laws used reduce emissions. |
Climate change | carbon pricing covers global greenhouse gas emissions.carbon priced carbon taxes emissions trading systems.direct global fossil fuel subsidies reached billion .trillion indirect costs air pollution priced in.ending cause reduction global carbon emissions reduction air pollution deaths. |
Climate change | subsidies could used support transition clean energy instead.direct methods reduce greenhouse gases include vehicle efficiency standards renewable fuel standards air pollution regulations heavy industry.several countries require utilities increase share renewables power production.policy designed lens climate justice tries address human rights issues social inequality.instance wealthy nations responsible largest share emissions would pay poorer countries adapt.use fossil fuels reduced jobs sector lost. |
Climate change | achieve transition people would need retrained jobs.communities many fossil fuel workers would need additional investments.international climate agreements nearly countries world parties united nations framework convention climate change unfccc.goal unfccc prevent dangerous human interference climate system.stated convention requires greenhouse gas concentrations stabilised atmosphere level ecosystems adapt naturally climate change food production threatened economic development sustained. |
Climate change | unfccc restrict emissions rather provides framework protocols do.global emissions risen since unfccc signed.yearly conferences stage global negotiations.the kyoto protocol extended unfccc included legally binding commitments developed countries limit emissions.negotiations g representing developing countries pushed mandate requiring developed countries take lead reducing emissions since developed countries contributed accumulation greenhouse gases atmosphere.percapita emissions also still relatively low developing countries developing countries would need emit meet development needs.the copenhagen accord widely portrayed disappointing low goals rejected poorer nations including g. associated parties aimed limit global temperature rise °c. |
Climate change | accord set goal sending billion per year developing countries mitigation adaptation proposed founding green climate fund.fund failed reach expected target risks shrinkage funding.in un countries negotiated paris agreement aims keep global warming well .°c contains aspirational goal keeping warming .°c.agreement replaced kyoto protocol. |
Climate change | unlike kyoto binding emission targets set paris agreement.instead set procedures made binding.countries regularly set ever ambitious goals reevaluate goals every five years.paris agreement restated developing countries must financially supported.october states european union signed treaty states eu ratified acceded agreement.the montreal protocol international agreement stop emitting ozonedepleting gases may effective curbing greenhouse gas emissions kyoto protocol specifically designed so. |
Climate change | kigali amendment montreal protocol aims reduce emissions hydrofluorocarbons group powerful greenhouse gases served replacement banned ozonedepleting gases.made montreal protocol stronger agreement climate change.national responses united kingdom parliament became first national government declare climate emergency.countries jurisdictions followed suit.year european parliament declared climate environmental emergency. |
Climate change | european commission presented european green deal goal making eu carbonneutral .major countries asia made similar pledges south korea japan committed become carbonneutral china .european commission released “fit ” legislation package contains guidelines car industry new cars european market must zeroemission vehicles .india strong incentives renewables also plans significant expansion coal country.as based information national climate plans represent parties paris agreement estimated total greenhouse gas emissions .lower compared levels reduction goals limit global warming . |
Climate change | °c °c respectively.scientific consensus society scientific consensus nearcomplete scientific consensus climate warming caused human activities.agreement recent literature reached .scientific body national international standing disagrees view.consensus developed form action taken protect people impacts climate change. |
Climate change | national science academies called world leaders cut global emissions.scientific discussion takes place journal articles peerreviewed.scientists assess every years intergovernmental panel climate change reports.ipcc assessment report stated unequivocal climate change caused humans.denial misinformation public debate climate change strongly affected climate change denial misinformation originated united states since spread countries particularly canada australia.actors behind climate change denial form wellfunded relatively coordinated coalition fossil fuel companies industry groups conservative think tanks contrarian scientists. |
Climate change | like tobacco industry main strategy groups manufacture doubt scientific data results.many deny dismiss hold unwarranted doubt scientific consensus anthropogenic climate change labelled climate change skeptics several scientists noted misnomer.there different variants climate denial deny warming takes place acknowledge warming attribute natural influences minimise negative impacts climate change.manufacturing uncertainty science later developed manufactured controversy creating belief significant uncertainty climate change within scientific community order delay policy changes.strategies promote ideas include criticism scientific institutions questioning motives individual scientists.echo chamber climatedenying blogs media fomented misunderstanding climate change. |
Climate change | public awareness opinion climate change came international public attention late s. due media coverage early people often confused climate change environmental issues like ozone depletion.popular culture climate fiction movie day tomorrow al gore documentary inconvenient truth focused climate change.significant regional gender age political differences exist public concern understanding climate change.highly educated people countries women younger people likely see climate change serious threat.partisan gaps also exist many countries countries high co emissions tend less concerned.views causes climate change vary widely countries. |
Climate change | concern increased time point majority citizens many countries express high level worry climate change view global emergency.higher levels worry associated stronger public support policies address climate change.protests lawsuits climate protests risen popularity s. protests demand political leaders take action prevent climate change.take form public demonstrations fossil fuel divestment lawsuits activities.prominent demonstrations include school strike climate. |
Climate change | initiative young people across globe protesting since skipping school fridays inspired swedish teenager greta thunberg.mass civil disobedience actions groups like extinction rebellion protested disrupting roads public transport.litigation increasingly used tool strengthen climate action public institutions companies.activists also initiate lawsuits target governments demand take ambitious action enforce existing laws climate change.lawsuits fossilfuel companies generally seek compensation loss damage. |
Climate change | discovery joseph fourier proposed greenhouse effect explain earths temperature higher suns energy alone could explain.earths atmosphere transparent sunlight sunlight reaches surface converted heat.however atmosphere transparent heat radiating surface captures heat warms planet.eunice newton foote demonstrated warming effect sun greater air water vapour dry air effect even greater carbon dioxide.concluded atmosphere gas would give earth high temperature... starting john tyndall established nitrogen oxygen—together totalling dry air—are transparent radiated heat. |
Climate change | however water vapour gases particular methane carbon dioxide absorb radiated heat reradiate heat within atmosphere.tyndall proposed changes concentrations gases may caused climatic changes past including ice ages.svante arrhenius noted water vapour air continuously varied co concentration air influenced longterm geological processes.end ice age warming increased co levels would increase amount water vapour amplifying warming feedback loop.published first climate model kind showing halving co levels could produced drop temperature initiating ice age.arrhenius calculated temperature increase expected doubling co around – °c. |
Climate change | scientists initially sceptical believed greenhouse effect saturated adding co would make difference.thought climate would selfregulating.onwards guy stewart callendar published evidence climate warming co levels rising calculations met objections.in gilbert plass created detailed computer model included different atmospheric layers infrared spectrum.model predicted increasing co levels would cause warming.around time hans suess found evidence co levels rising roger revelle showed oceans would absorb increase. |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | two scientists subsequently helped charles keeling begin record continued increase termed keeling curve.scientists alerted public dangers highlighted james hansens congressional testimony.intergovernmental panel climate change set provide formal advice worlds governments spurred interdisciplinary research.see also environmental historyanthropocene – proposed new geological time interval humans significant geological impactglobal cooling – minority view held scientists imminent cooling earth would take place references explanatory notes notes sources ipcc reports peerreviewed sources books reports legal documents nontechnical sources external links met office climate guide – uk national weather serviceglobal climate change indicators – noaaresult total melting polar regions world – national geographicuptothesecond assessment humaninduced global warming since second half th century – oxford university°c sr published intergovernmental panel climate change ipcc october .report approved incheon south korea includes scientific references prepared authors countries.december united nations climate change conference called report.report delivered united nations th session ipcc deliver authoritative scientific guide governments deal climate change.its key finding meeting .°c . |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | °f target possible would require deep emissions reductions rapid farreaching unprecedented changes aspects society.furthermore report finds limiting global warming .°c compared °c would reduce challenging impacts ecosystems human health wellbeing °c temperature increase would exacerbate extreme weather rising sea levels diminishing arctic sea ice coral bleaching loss ecosystems among impacts.sr also modelling shows global warming limited .°c global net humancaused emissions carbon dioxide co would need fall percent levels reaching net zero around . |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | reduction emissions associated changes challenges including rapid decarbonisation key focus much reporting repeated world.main statements global warming likely rise .°c preindustrial levels warming continues increase current rate.sr provides summary one hand existing research impact warming .°c equivalent .°f would planet hand necessary steps limit global warming.even assuming full implementation conditional unconditional nationally determined contributions submitted nationsin paris agreement net emissions would increase compared leading warming °c afterwards.in contrast limiting warming close . |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | °c would require decrease net emissions around reach net zero i.e.keeping total cumulative emissions within carbon budget.even limiting global warming °c co emissions decline .pathways i.e.scenarios portfolios mitigation options would allow reduction describe rapid transition towards producing electricity loweremission methods increasing use electricity instead fuels sectors transportation.average pathways describing proportion primary energy produced renewables increasing proportion produced coal drops oil .pathways describe larger role nuclear energy carbon capture storage less usage natural gas. |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | also assume measures simultaneously undertaken e.g.nonco emissions methane black carbon nitrous oxide similarly reduced energy demand unchanged reduced even offsetted unprecedented scale carbon dioxide removal methods yet developed new policies research allows improve efficiency agriculture industry.impact .°c °c warming according report global warming .°c would increased risks health livelihoods food security water supply human security economic growth.impact vectors include reduction crop yields nutritional quality.livestock also affected rising temperatures changes feed quality spread diseases water resource availability.risks vectorborne diseases malaria dengue fever projected increase.limiting global warming .°c compared °c could reduce number people exposed climaterelated risks susceptible poverty several hundred million . |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | climaterelated risks associated increasing global warming depend geographic location levels development vulnerability speed reach climate mitigation climate adaptation practices.for example urban heat islands amplify impacts heatwaves cities.in general countries tropics southern hemisphere subtropics projected experience largest impacts economic growth.weather sea level ice many regions seasons experience warming greater global annual average e.g.– times higher arctic.warming generally higher overland ocean correlates temperature extremes projected warm twice land global mean surface temperature well precipitation extremes heavy rain droughts.the assessed levels risk generally increased compared previous ipcc report.the global mean sea level projected rise relative – .. |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | .°c global warming .°c.difference .may correspond million fewer people exposed related risks.sea level rise continue beyond even global warming limited . |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | °c.around .°c °c global warming irreversible instabilities could triggered antarctica greenland ice sheet resulting multimetre rise sea level.an icefree arctic summer projected per century per decade .°c respectively °c.limiting global warming .°c rather °c projected prevent thawing centuries permafrost area range .. |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | million km.ecosystems decrease global annual catch marine fisheries .million tonnes .°c °c global warming projected one global fishery model cited report.coral reefs projected decline – .°c even °c.of species studied insects plants vertebrates fare projected lose half climatically determined geographic range global warming °c.approximately global terrestrial land area projected undergo transformation ecosystems one type another °c °c respectively. |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | highlatitude tundra boreal forests particularly risk climate changeinduceddegradation loss woody shrubs already encroaching tundra andwill proceed warming.limiting temperature increase human activities anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions already contributed .–.°c .–.°f warming.nevertheless gases emitted far unlikely cause global temperature rise . |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | °c alone meaning global temperature rise .°c preindustrial levels avoidable assuming net zero emissions reached soon.carbon budget limiting global warming .°c requires staying within total carbon budget i.e.limiting total cumulative emissions co.in words net anthropogenic co emissions kept zero global warming . |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | °c eventually reached.the value total net anthropogenic co budget since preindustrial era assessed report.estimates – gtco gigatonnes co remaining budget given gtco gtco probability limiting warming .°c using global mean surface air temperature gsator gtco probabilities using global mean surface temperature gmst.this gtco compared previous ipcc report due updated understanding advances methods.emissions around time report depleting budget ± gtco per year.anthropogenic emissions preindustrial period end estimated reduced budget .°c approximately ± gtco.the estimates budget come significant uncertainties associated climate response co nonco emissions contribute ± gtco uncertaintythe level historic warming ± gtco potential additional carbon release future permafrost thawing methane release wetlands reducing budget gtco century level future nonco mitigation ± gtco.necessary emission reductions current nationally stated mitigation ambitions submitted paris agreement would lead global greenhouse gasemissions – gtcoeq per year . |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | pathways reflecting ambitions would limit global warming .°c even supplemented challengingincreases scale ambition emissions reductions .instead broadly consistent warming °c afterwards.limit global warming .°c limited overshoot would require reducing emissions gtcoeq per year regardless modelling pathway chosen.fall within – gtcoeq per year – reduction levels.the report says limiting warming .c global net humancaused emissions co would need fall levels reaching net zero around . |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | even limiting global warming °c co emissions decline .nonco emissions decline less similar ways.this involves deep reductions emissions methane black carbon least relative limit warming near .°c.such measures could undertaken energy sector reducing nitrous oxide methane agriculture methane waste sector sources black carbon hydrofluorocarbons.on timescales longer tens years may still necessary sustain net negative co emissions andor reduce nonco radiative forcing order prevent warming due earth system feedbacks reverse ocean acidification minimise sea level rise.nonco emissions included report anthropogenic emissions co result radiative forcing.include shortlived climate forcers methane fluorinated gases ozone precursors aerosols aerosol precursors black carbon sulphur dioxide respectively well longlived greenhouse gases nitrous oxide fluorinated gases.radiative forcing associated nonco emissions changes surface albedo referred nonco radiative forcing. |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | pathways .°c various pathways considered describing scenarios mitigation global warming including portfolios energy supply negative emission technologies like afforestation carbon dioxide removal.examples actions consistent .°c pathway include shifting low zeroemission power generation renewables changing food systems diet changes away landintensive animal products electrifying transport developing green infrastructure building green roofs improving energy efficiency smart urban planning change layout many cities.as another example increase forestation square kilometres sq mi relative would required.the pathways also assume increase annual investments lowcarbon energy technologies energy efficiency roughly factor four ten compared .carbon dioxide removal emission pathways reach .°c contained report assume use carbon dioxide removal cdr offset remainingemissions. |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | pathways overshoot goal rely cdr remove carbon dioxide rate exceeds remaining emissions order return .°c.however understanding still limited effectiveness net negative emissions reduce temperatures overshoot.reversing overshoot .°c might achievable given considerable implementation challenges.report highlights cdr technology called bioenergy carbon capture storage beccs. |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | report notes apart afforestationreforestation ecosystem restoration feasibility massivescale deployment many cdr technologies remains open question areas uncertainty regarding technology upscaling governance ethical issues policy carbon cycle.the report notes cdr technology infancy feasibility open question.estimates recent literature cited giving potential gtco per year beccs .gtco per year afforestation.solar radiation management report describes several proposals solar radiation management srm.concludes srms potential limit warming face large uncertainties knowledge gaps well substantial risks ... constraints impacts srm biophysical societal costs technical feasibility governance ethical issues associated need carefully considered. |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | analysis geoengineering proposals published nature communication confirmed findings sr stating early stages development involve substantial uncertainties risks raise ethical governance dilemmas.based present knowledge climate geoengineering techniques cannot relied significantly contribute meeting paris agreement temperature goals.process three ipcc working groups working group wg cochaired valerie massondelmotte panmao zhai covers physical science climate change.working group ii wg ii cochaired hansotto pörtner debra roberts examines impacts adaptation vulnerability.mitigation climate change dealt working group iii wg iii cochaired priyardarshi shukla jim skea. |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | task force national greenhouse gas inventories develops methodologies measuring emissions removals.also technical support units guide production ipcc assessment reports products.contributors researchers countries representing authors editors contributed report includes scientific references.reactions researchers october opening statement th session held incheon korea hoesung lee chair ipcc since october described ipcc meeting one important history.debra roberts ipcc contributor called largest clarion bell science community. |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | roberts hopes mobilises people dents mood complacency.in cbc interview paul romer asked nobel prize economic sciences william nordhaus received shortly sr released timed message.romer said optimistic measures taken time avert climate catastrophe.romer compared angst lack political imposing carbon tax initial angst surrounding chlorofluorocarbon cfc ban positive impact restoring depleted ozone layer.giving nobel nordhaus romer royal swedish academy sciences cited nordhaus saying efficient remedy problems caused greenhouse gases global scheme universally imposed carbon taxes.howard j. herzog senior research engineer massachusetts institute technology said carbon capture storage technologies except reforestation problematic impact environment health high cost.article link another article refers study published scientific journal nature energy. |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | study says limit warming .degrees without carbon capture storage technological innovation changing lifestyle.a study found degrowth scenarios economic output either declines declines terms contemporary economic metrics current gdp neglected considerations .°c scenarios report finding investigated degrowth scenarios minimize many key risks feasibility sustainability compared technologydriven pathways core problem feasibility context contemporary decisionmaking politics globalized rebound relocationeffects.politics australia prime minister scott morrison emphasised report specifically australia whole world.energy minister angus taylor said government would distracted ipcc report saying debate climate change generation technologies wont bring current power prices australian households small businesses. |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | environment minister melissa price said scientists drawing long bow say coal phased supported new coalfired power stations pledging legislate paris targets.australia track meet commitments paris agreement according modelling conducted climateworks australia.canada canadian environment minister catherine mckenna acknowledged sr report would say canada track .°c.canada implementing new plans continue move forward national price carbon eliminating coalfired power plants making homes businesses energyefficient investing clean technologies renewable energy. |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | response question sense urgency sr report october interview cbc newss power politics andrew scheer leader opposition promised putting forward comprehensive plan reduce co without imposing carbon tax scheer said raised costs without actually reducing emissions.european union according new york times european union indicated might add ambitious reform goals centered around reducing emissions.october council european union presented response sr position katowice climate change conference parties cop held poland december .environment ministers noted recent progress legislation reduce greenhouse gas emissions.india centre science environment said repercussions developing countries india would catastrophic °c warming impact even . |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | °c described sr much greater anticipated.crop yields would decline poverty would increase.new zealand minister climate change james shaw said report laid strong case countries make every effort limit temperature rise .° celsius preindustrial levels.... good news ipccs report broadly line governments direction climate change highly relevant work zero carbon bill.united states president donald trump said received report wanted learn drew offering conclusions. |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | interview abcs week director national economic council larry kudlow stated personally think un study way difficult authors overestimate likelihood environmental disasters.since publication trump stated interview minutes didnt know climate change manmade itll change back scientists say worse ever big political agenda scientists disagree manmade climate change.cop governments four countries gasoilproducers usa russia saudi arabia kuwait blocked proposal welcome intergovernmental panel climate changes ipcc special report global warming .°c united nations climate change conference cop.special report global warming . |
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C | °c sr cited greta thunberg speeches wherever go seem surrounded fairy tales united states congress washington dc september change change coming week future climate strike montreal september published second edition one small make difference.at world economic forum head international monetary fund kristalina georgieva said big eye opener climate change effects last year read sr ipcc report.tell could sleep night.... done.see also representative concentration pathway rcp notes references reading ipcc global warming .°c. |
Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections | ipcc special report impacts global warming .°c preindustrial levels related global greenhouse gas emission pathways context strengthening global response threat climate change sustainable development efforts eradicate poverty v. massondelmotte p. zhai h. o. pörtner d. roberts j. skea p. r. shukla a. pirani w. moufoumaokia c. péan r. pidcock s. connors j. b. r. matthews y. chen x. zhou m. i. gomis e. lonnoy t. maycock m. tignor t. waterfield eds..report website chapters i–vsummary policymakers pp.headline statements pp.technical summary pp.faq pp.glossary pp.external links climateclock time left reaching .°c thresholdevents investigations also occurred presidential transition november january continued first second halves first second halves largely parts crossfire hurricane fbi investigation special counsel investigation multiple ongoing criminal investigations several state attorneys general investigation resulting inspector general report fbi doj actions election.relevant individuals organizations list individuals organizations involved events related either election interference russia conducted u.s. elections andor resulting investigations suspected inappropriate links associates donald trump russian officials.seth abramson estimated people could listed here.a–e aras agalarov azerbaijanirussian billionaire oligarch president crocus group close trump vladimir putinemin agalarov russian pop singer son araszainab ahmad associate robert muellerrinat akhmetshin russianamerican lobbyist former soviet counterintelligence officer emigrated u.s. mohammed bin zayed al nahyan crown prince united arab emiratesjustin amash u.s. representative michigans rd congressional district first republican call donald trumps impeachment became independent july greg andres associate robert muellertevfik arif sovietborn turkish real estate developer investor founder bayrock groupandrii artemenko ukrainian member parliamentjulian assange founder wikileaksarron banks primary funder cofounder leave.eu campaignstephen k. bannon breitbart news chairman – trump campaign ceo august–november white house chief strategist january–august william barr united states attorney general – february – december head united states department justice dojjoe biden th president united states –present vice president united states –james e. boasberg district judge district court district columbiajohn r. bolton national security advisor april – september john o. brennan director central intelligence agency cia –richard burr north carolina senator r chairman senate intelligence committeemaria butina founder right bear arms associate alexander torshinsteve calk banker helped paul manafort rick gates steal launder moneycambridge analytica defunct political consulting data mining analysis firm worked trumps campaign parent company scl groupchristian cantor israeli diplomat londonmichael caputo former chief communications new york trump campaign contracted perform public relations work putin james clapper director national intelligence dni –kevin clinesmith fbi lawyerhillary clinton democratic presidential nominee secretary state – first lady united states –sam clovis former cochairman policy adviser trump campaigndan coats director national intelligence since march michael cohen donald trumps personal attorney –columbus nova american investment arm viktor vekselbergs business empirejames b. comey th director federal bureau investigation fbi –concord management consulting accused funding troll farm interfered electionrafael correa former ecuadorian presidentjerome corsi american political commentator associate roger stonegregory craig former obama white house counselrandy credico american perennial political candidaterick dearborn white house deputy chief staff january – march executive director trumps presidential transition teamoleg deripaska russian oligarch aluminum magnate close ties putinkirill dmitriev ceo russian direct investment fundannie donaldson former deputy white house counselalexander downer australian high commissioner united kingdommichael dreeben associate robert muellereric a. dubelier former federal prosecutor attorney concord management consultingyuri dubinin ambassador soviet union united states –electronic privacy information center dcbased nonprofit filed foia lawsuit release complete mueller reportt.s. ellis iii united states district judge eastern district virginia presiding paul manaforts trial virginia. |
Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections | appointed ronald reagan took senior status .paul erickson republican activist involved several republican presidential campaigns romantic partner maria butina f–m nigel farage leader ukip – – leader brexit party since founding member european parliament since dianne feinstein california senator member senate intelligence committee chairwoman – ranking member senate judiciary committeemichael t. flynn director defense intelligence agency – national security advisor january–february dabney l. friedrich district judge district court district columbiarick gates deputy manafort trump campaignrudy giuliani mayor new york city – personal attorney president trump since april john gleeson district judge district court eastern district new york – march advisor emmet g. sullivanandrew d. goldstein associate robert muellerrob goldstone british publicist russian singer emin agalarovj.d. gordon trump transition team member director national security trump campaign since march chuck grassley iowa senator r chairman senate judiciary committee – president pro tempore united states senate since guccifer .hacker alias used russian main intelligence directorate grustefan halper fbi informantalvin k. hellerstein district judge district court southern district new yorkhope hicks press secretary trump campaign white house communications director august – february beryl a. howell chief united states district judge district court district columbiainternet research agency ira russian entity charged coordinating online propaganda efforts finances managed khusyaynova funded prigozhinandrew intrater columbus nova ceo cousin viktor vekselbergfrederick intrater brother columbus nova ceo andrew intrater cousin viktor vekselberganton inyutsyn russian deputy minister energyamy berman jackson u.s. district court judge district columbia overseeing one muellers cases paul manafortboris johnson prime minister united kingdom since july jones day law firm worked trump campaignirakly ike kaveladze georgianamerican senior vice president crocus groupbijan kian also known bijan rafiekian business partner michael flynn part trump transitionkonstantin v. kilimnik paul manaforts righthand man kyiv ukraine alleged russian intelligence operativesergey kislyak russian ambassador united states –elena alekseevna khusyaynova russian accountant managed social media troll operation finances including ira interfere elections midterm elections called project lakhtasimon kukes russianamerican businessman associate vekselberg german khan len blavatnik mikhail fridman vyacheslav pavlovsky ties russian businesses russian governmentjared kushner real estate investor soninlaw senior advisor president trumpsergey lavrov foreign minister russiarichard j. leon district judge district court district columbiacorey lewandowski former manager trumps primary election campaign june jessie k. liu attorney involved roger stone casepaul manafort political consultant former lobbyist viktor yanukovych campaign manager chairman trump campaign june–august trump convention manager march simona mangiante italian lawyer wife george papadopoulos since march andrew mccabe deputy february – january acting director fbi may–august mitch mcconnell kentucky senator r senate majority leaderkayleigh mcenany white house press secretary since april k. t. mcfarland political commentator served deputy national security advisor michael flynn first four months trump administrationdonald mcgahn white house counsel president trump january – october amit mehta district judge district court district columbiajoseph mifsud maltese academic former diplomat maltese government connected russian politicians george papadopoulosandrew miller roger stones associateandrey molchanov member federation council russia since robert s. mueller iii th fbi director – appointed special counsel russian interference investigation n–r george nader businessman lobbyist acted trump campaigns liaison united arab emiratesjerrold nadler congressman dny chairman house judiciary committee since january paul m. nakasone commander united states cyber command since may national rifle association commonly known nrarichard neal congressman dma chairman house ways means committee since january kirstjen nielsen secretary homeland security december – april alexander nix former ceo cambridge analyticasam nunberg former political advisor trump campaigndevin nunes congressman rca ranking member since chairman house intelligence committee –barack obama th president united states –bruce ohr director organized crime drug enforcement task force – associate deputy attorney general carter page oil industry consultant former trump campaign advisor foreign policysarah palin governor alaska –george papadopoulos former advisor trump campaign foreign policysean parnell governor alaska – lieutenant governor alaska –w.samuel patten lobbyist associate paul manafort senior consultant scl groupmike pence th vice president united states since january dmitry peskov putins press secretary diplomatmike pompeo secretary state since april cia director january – march reince priebus trumps first white house chief staff former chairman republican national committeeyevgeny prigozhin russian oligarch funded ira owns concord management consulting concord catering called putins cheferik prince chairman frontier services group brother trump administration education secretary betsy devos founder private military company academi formerly known blackwatervladimir putin nd th president russiajames l. quarles associate robert muelleredgardo ramos district judge district court southern district new yorkjohn ratcliffe director national intelligence may –present congressman rtx – may michele reagan arizona secretary state january – january jeannie rhee associate robert muellersusan rice national security advisor –michael s. rogers director national security agency nsa –dmitry rogozin deputy prime minister russia –dana rohrabacher congressman rca –rod rosenstein deputy attorney general acting attorney general russia–trump investigationswilbur ross th united states secretary commerce since february marco rubio member senate intelligence committee republican candidate president paul ryan speaker u.s. house representatives – s–z bernie sanders democratic primary presidential candidate vermont senator since sarah huckabee sanders white house press secretary july – june felix sater russianamerican former mobster real estate developer former managing director bayrock group llcadam b. schiff congressman dca chairman house intelligence committee since ranking member –keith schiller former deputy assistant concurrent director oval office operations longtime personal body guard trumpkaren schreier district judge district court district south dakotascl group parent company cambridge analyticajay sekulow chief counsel american center law justice former personal attorney donald trumpjeff sessions united states attorney general february – november alabama senator r – member center national interests advisory council cody shearer political activist former journalist author shearer memodossier steele passed fbibrad sherman congressman dca since dimitri simes publisher national interest ceo think tank center national interest cniglenn r. simpson cofounder fusion gps hired steele compile damaging information trump russiaskadden new york citybased international law firmpeter w. smith republican operative illinois financier ties michael flynn early gordon sondland united states ambassador european union since june sean spicer white house press secretary january–july white house director communications june–july christopher steele former british mi intelligence officer author dossier trump russiajill stein green party nominee united states presidential electionroger stone political consultant staffer president richard nixon – business partner manafort speter strzok fbi agent removed investigation august emmet g. sullivan district judge district court district columbiarex tillerson th united states secretary state february – march ceo exxonmobil –ivan timofeev program director kremlinsponsored valdai discussion cluberika thompson australian diplomat londonalexander torshin russian senator mari el republic – deputy governor central bank russia –anthony trenga district judge district court eastern district virginiadonald trump th president united states – real estate developer –donald trump jr. executive director trump organization son donald trumperic trump executive vice president trump organization son donald trumpivana trump first wife donald trumpivanka trump advisor president since march daughter donald trumpcyrus vance jr. new york county district attorney –presentalex van der zwaan dutch attorney guilty making false statements fbiviktor vekselberg russian oligarchnatalia veselnitskaya russian attorney best known lobbying magnitsky actkurt volker us special representative ukraine negotiations july – september reggie walton district judge district court district columbiajennifer williams advisor mike pence european russian affairsallen weisselberg chief financial officer trump organizationandrew weissmann associate robert muellermatthew whitaker acting us attorney general november – february andy wigmore director communications leave.eu close associate arron banksmichael wolff journalist author fire fury trump white housechristopher a. wray director fbi since august alexander yakovenko russian ambassador united kingdom since viktor yanukovych president ukraine –aaron zebley associate robert muellervolodymyr zelensky president ukraine since may donald trumps candidacy according former kgb major yuri shvets trump became target joint czech intelligence services kgb spying operation married czech model ivana zelnickova.soviet ambassador yuri dubinin invites trump allexpensespaid trip soviet union. |
Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections | konstantin kilimnik attends military institute ministry defense .july trump wife ivana speaks russian make first visit soviet union included russian soviet federative socialist republic rsfsr.scout potential construction sites trump tower moscow.december dissolution soviet union occurs wherein rsfsr becomes russian federation commonly known russia.trump returns russia visits moscow howard lorber bennett s. lebow scout potential properties skyscrapers hotels registers trademark makes connections development company bayrock group would result trump soho felix sater became crucial later trump moscow talks. |
Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections | trump subsequently announces plan invest million russia brand two luxury residential buildings moscow doesnt come fruition.people trip include leon black apollo global management ron bernstein theodore liebman matthew calamari.trip trump brings two women met night business meeting begins longterm relationship former miss moscow.– senate intelligence committee reports unable determine whether russia compromising material involving trump three women.february trump withdraws bid reform party nomination united states presidential election writes cannot rule another run president. |
Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections | roger stone chaired trumps exploratory committee.– patten kilimnik work together international republican institute iri.patten runs think tanks moscow office considers kilimnik key employee.manafort begins relationship patron deripaska.november orange revolution begins eventually resulting revote ordered supreme court ukraine.trump gives bayrock group exclusive deal build trumpbranded property moscow.kilimnik leaves iri work manafort ukraine.june paul manafort business partner rick davis propose plan oleg deripaska would influence news coverage business dealings politics former soviet union europe united states benefit president vladimir putins government. |
Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections | eventually sign million contract starts using loav ltd. instead davismanafort maintain business relationship least .donald trumps request sater accompanies ivanka trump donald trump jr. moscow trip arranges ivanka sit putins office chair tour kremlin.january davis introduces senators john mccain saxby chambliss john e. sununu deripaska world economic forum davos.meet private apartment dinner peter munks ski chalet.later month deripaska sends davis manafort letter thanking davis arranging meeting senators. |
Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections | manafort richard davis found pericles emerging markets investment fund solely backed deripaska.october trump praises putin interview cnn.– manafort receives .million undisclosed cash payments viktor yanukovychs prorussian ukrainian party regions.november trump attends millionaires fair moscow announces trump vodka expand distribution russia first foray russian market.november manafort receives first payment ukrainian party regions.december trump sends putin congratulatory letter named time magazines man year.writes probably heard big fan – around trump jr. travels russia halfdozen times months looking deals.deripaska transfers .million pericles emerging markets purchase black sea cable. |
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