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Communication privacy management theory	petronio asserts situation come set rules managing privacy learned time.development privacy rule characteristics criteria implemented decide information shared.communication privacy management theory general lists criteria followingwith five criteria personal group privacy rules developed disclosure private information necessitates inclusion others within boundary knowledge demands understanding parties coordinate ownership knowledge.management dialectics petronios understanding argument privacy management rests idea dialectic exists wherever decision made disclose conceal private information.thus costs benefits must weighed consideration must given information owned used spread.
Communication privacy management theory	definition dialectic petronio borrows found leslie baxter barbara montgomerys theory relational dialectics wherein various approaches contradictory impulses relational life discussed.theory focuses idea two contradictory stances within relationship weighed using multiple viewpoints.theory applications communication privacy management applied across different contexts primarily include family communication particular focus parental privacy invasions online social media health relational issues work environments.family communication specific applications cpm highlight family privacy management.research focused secrets topic avoidance questions concealment stepfamily members feeling caught parentsadolescent conversations sex.
Communication privacy management theory	family privacy research decades also inspired specifically chapter parental privacy invasion.example work hawk colleagues explore perceived parental invasions view adolescents reaction issues control attempts solicitation information conflict outcomes.another way family communication uses cpm child bearing lack thereof childlesscouples choose disclose voluntarily want children another way cpm explored.pregnancy loss due miscarriage could unique cpm case family setting couples often manage information jointly decide whether share miscarriage people outside dyad.research found couples frame miscarriage shared distinct experience members exert rights ownership information.couples privacy rules centered issues social support others need know loss.
Communication privacy management theory	even though couples described privacy rules implicitly understood also recalled explicit conversations develop rules.discuss management coowned information improve communication maintain relationships.online social media recent researchers apply cpm investigate privacy management online blogging facebook usage online dating.investigations parental behavior enacted online social media specifically parents friend children management privacy ensues that.privacy practices social network sites often appear paradoxical contentsharing behavior stands conflict need reduce disclosurerelated harms.
Communication privacy management theory	study explore privacy social network sites contextual information practice managed process boundary regulation.disclosing private information online functions differently disclosing private information face face instances.mediated nature social media means harder control sees information information spread.thus harder control boundaries linkage.trust risk management become important factors sharing information online.
Communication privacy management theory	social media continues develop become essential part everyday life younger audiences attuned much information surveillance.surveillance family schools potential employers means individuals cant fully control boundaries coowners private information implications shared individuals present online.blogging jeffrey t. child judy c. pearson sandra petronio used cpm develop blogging privacy management measure bppm model researchers look privacy management blogging specifically.blogging mediated activity bppm used look implications online blog disclosures privacy boundaries misinterpreted readers.study using bppm found young bloggers likely reveal private information online rather person medium gives control.
Communication privacy management theory	bloggers higher selfmonitoring skills tended private careful disclosures.bloggers high concern appropriateness tended curate perfect desired image wanted online disclosed private information fit image.similar research done perceptions teachers disclosures facebook impact credibility.relevance valence disclosures compared disclosures made classroom made facebook found significantly different.students perceptions teacher credibility shown decrease relevance disclosures increased negativity increased.
Communication privacy management theory	twitter another popular sns twitter examined well.research twitter regarded onion multiple privacy layers.research found significant differences descriptive inferential levels among multiple dimensions private information including daily lives social identity competence socioeconomic status health.private information regarding daily lives entertainment disclosed easily located outermost layer disclosure onion.contrast healthrelated private information concealed located within innermost layer disclosure onion.
Communication privacy management theory	whats significant differences among current twitter users nonusers dropouts regard personality traits privacy concerns twitter.young people especially high school college students important part sns users.recent study examined college students privacy concerns impacts twitter usage behaviors.regression analyses concluded control boundary rules private information twitter significantly predict daily minutes spent twitter accounts.however cpm variables predict college students twitter usage behaviors e.g.weekly inquiries total months using twitter.
Communication privacy management theory	shows intricate connection students privacy concern usage behavior.health communication informed principles cpm health communication research using cpm explore health privacy issues become growth area.earlier study investigated physician disclosure medical mistakes.recently number studies focused ways privacy issues influence patient care confidentiality control ownership choices disclosure instance stigmatized healthrelated illness hivaids ehealth information reproductive information digitization healthcare.one recent study overweight obese individuals handle personal history become normal weight.result shows vast majority participants perceived benefits disclosing larger identity risks regardless weightloss method.trust health care providers important factor determining whether patient comfortable disclosing private health information.
Communication privacy management theory	health context race may core factor whether patient trusts medical professionals race impact privacy rules individual doctor develop.using cpm celebrity health narratives public health offers first extensive look celebrity health sagas book examines ways stories become stories influencing public perception framing dialog wellness disease death.privateyetpublic narratives drive fundraising reduce stigma influence policy.celebrities mary tyler moore robin roberts michael j. fox christopher reeve—as well others included study—have left lasting legacy.health related situations include forced disclosure incident young adults still parents health insurance plans full control private health information shared.parents support child financially paying insurance individuals feel parents right information.
Communication privacy management theory	feel health information solely ownership individual boundary turbulence occur.relationship issues many studies emphasize use cpm relationships concepts disclosure boundaries.romantic relationships also friendships factor thinking cpm.disclosures friendships studied important friendships ones identity especially young age.person unable disclose information friends loved ones exacerbate issues feel supported.
Communication privacy management theory	thus researchers use cpm understand private disclosures happen friendships.briefly work conflict topic avoidance considering relational impact privacy turbulence students faculty relationships workplace relationships produced useful information opens new doors regarding cpmbased research.the mobile phone impact romantic relationships good example.investigating mobile phone usage rules negotiated adolescents young adults romantic relationships findings negotiation rules crucial part young adult relationships enhancing trust fostering harmony important factors rule development process.cpm also appears friendship.study intended addresses issue whether personal traits predispositions predict tendencies either reveal conceal secrets shared confidence best friend suggested combination several traits could successfully distinguish revealed secrets not.significant discriminators included tendency gossip depth disclosure.
Communication privacy management theory	implications study suggestions future research discussed.although privacy violations uncomfortable disruptive potential positive outcomes relationships addressed.using cpm theory framework study surveyed community sample adults examine retrospective accounts privacy violations personal relationships.results showed less half sample offered explicit rules information management majority participants blamed confidant privacy turbulence.findings indicated people often share similar information violator future less half offer explicit privacy rules privacy recalibration process.confrontation efficacy positively associated initiating conversation privacy turbulence people engaged privacy recalibration likely report forgiveness relational improvement less likely report relational damage individuals not.
Communication privacy management theory	work environments cpm become applicable workplace personal mobile devices increasingly allowed brought work.concept bring device byod stirred conversation concept privacy security boundaries employee employer.companies take measures secure network even decide whether want employee access personal accounts i.e.email devices job.token employees argue companies able track done personal devices even company computers even work place.even stepping foot workplace much said cpm interviewing.
Communication privacy management theory	much decide reveal within interview boundaries situation directly related cpm.even interviewing within job cop example requires certain sensitivity peoples boundaries much private information willing reveal.intercultural communication several studies tested cpm within intercultural contexts.instance study examined intercultural privacy management foreign english teachers japanese coworkers uncovered cultural premises.study highlights four cultural premises garner intercultural privacy management foreign english language teachers elts japanese coworkers jcws japan.
Communication privacy management theory	analysis revealed elts expected free space privacy inquisition jcws b expected voluntary reciprocity egalitarian workplace relationships.jcws viewed privacy inquisitions acts kindnesscaring b soliciting help supervisor providing opportunities better care.study calls attention intercultural privacy management enhances cpms cultural criteria.within context foreign english teachers employed following management strategies withdrawal b cognitive restructuring c independent control lying e omission f avoidance g gaijin smashing.japanese coworkers defined privacy information hidden managed information drawing clear boundaries talking changing contexts b preemptive demarcating privacy boundaries early within relationship.cultural differences often tied relationships move beyond differences ethnicity gender.
Communication privacy management theory	study looked cpm functions mixed orientation marriages heterosexual presenting couple actually made one heterosexual partner one partner identify heterosexual.disclosure ones sexuality often identityaffirming action outsider would able tell otherwise partners sexualities were.disclosure couples found manage boundaries owned private information several ways inclusive intersected interrelated unified.dominic pecoraro also studied privacy management among members lgbt community included performative face theory facework paradigm queer individuals disclose sexual identities.public disclosure via coming normalizes different sexual identities providing resistance face threats due heteronormativity.
Communication privacy management theory	identity plays large part disclosure religion well.study employees disclose religious views part minority religion found employees felt like religion core part identity likely share part coworkers religion central identity.related theories communication theories worth noting understanding cpm depth.expectancy violations theory discusses importance personal space territoriality expectations individuals anothers non verbal communication.though dealing physical proximity see relation expectancy violations theory cpm pertains privacy close allow another come us.physical intimate proximity requires boundaries crossed permeated.social penetration theory explains two individuals grow intimacy move one level next relationships.
Communication privacy management theory	popular idea behind social penetration individual like onions layers go deeper intimate become.intimacy occur safely say private information needs shared exchanged.one boundaries permeated become coowned.finally coordinated management meaning explains people establish rules creating interpreting meaning.similar cpm coordinated management meaning stages coordination achieved achieved partially achieved.similarly boundary ownership boundary turbulence boundary linkage.
Communication privacy management theory	moreover order achieve meaning needs exchange information individuals decipher.exchange private information falls directly cpm.academic integration communication privacy management theory utilizes sociocultural communication tradition within interpersonal context employs positivistic interpretive approach knowing.critique values altman speaks values theory advances thinking incorporating different levels combinations participants communication processes altman .whereas earlier research theorizing privacydisclosure focused dyads individuals complicated set dynamics carefully enunciated petronio.
Communication privacy management theory	petronio also describes communication within families family members outsiders within outside work social groups many combinations individuals dyads others within across social boundaries.addition analysis privacydisclosure turbulence breaches desired communication patterns articulate systematic.criticism researchers questioned whether cpm theory truly dialectical nature.argued cpm takes dualistic approach treating privacy disclosure independent one another able coexist tandem rather dynamic interplay characteristic dialectics.accusation dualistic thinking might result theorys use terms balance equilibrium early versions cpm theory.
Communication privacy management theory	petronio argues cpm focused balance psychological sense.instead cpm argues coordination others advocate optimum balance disclosure privacy.alternative theory claims shifting forces range privacy disclosure people handle making judgments degrees emphasis original privacy publicness wish experience given interaction pp.–.thus petronio argues legitimate call cpm theory dialectical nature.
Shiva	see also privacyselfdisclosure referencesauspicious one ɕɪʋɐ also known mahadeva sanskrit महादेव romanized mahādevaḥ lit.great god mɐɦaːd̪eːʋɐ one principal deities hinduism.lord shiva said deity death time.sanskrit language kālá means time.supreme shaivism one major traditions within hinduism.shiva prevedic tribal roots figure shiva know today amalgamation various older nonvedic vedic deities including rigvedic storm god rudra may also nonvedic origins single major deity.shiva known destroyer within trimurti triple deity supreme divinity includes brahma vishnu.
Shiva	shaivite tradition shiva supreme lord creates protects transforms universe.shakta tradition goddess devi described one supreme yet shiva revered along vishnu brahma.goddess stated energy creative power shakti parvati sati equal complementary partner shiva.one five equivalent deities panchayatana puja smarta tradition hinduism.shiva primal atman self universe.many benevolent fearsome depictions shiva.
Shiva	benevolent aspects depicted omniscient yogi lives ascetic life mount kailash well householder wife parvati two children ganesha kartikeya.fierce aspects often depicted slaying demons.shiva also known adiyogi shiva regarded patron god yoga meditation arts.the iconographical attributes shiva serpent around neck adorning crescent moon holy river ganga flowing matted hair third eye forehead eye turns everything front ashes opened trishula trident weapon damaru drum.usually worshipped aniconic form lingam.shiva panhindu deity revered widely hindus india nepal sri lanka indonesia especially java bali.
Shiva	etymology names sanskrit word śiva devanagari शिव also transliterated shiva means states monier monierwilliams auspicious propitious gracious benign kind benevolent friendly.roots śiva folk etymology śī means things lie pervasiveness va means embodiment grace.the word shiva used adjective rig veda approximately – bc epithet several rigvedic deities including rudra.term shiva also connotes liberation final emancipation auspicious one adjective sense usage addressed many deities vedic layers literature.term evolved vedic rudrashiva noun shiva epics puranas auspicious deity creator reproducer dissolver.sharva sharabha presents another etymology sanskrit root śarv means injure kill interprets name connote one kill forces darkness.the sanskrit word śaiva means relating god shiva term sanskrit name one principal sects hinduism member sect.used adjective characterize certain beliefs practices shaivism.the vishnu sahasranama interprets shiva multiple meanings pure one one affected three guṇas prakṛti sattva rajas tamas.shiva known many names viswanatha lord universe mahadeva mahandeo mahasu mahesha maheshvara shankara shambhu rudra hara trilochana devendra chief gods neelakanta subhankara trilokinatha lord three realms ghrneshwar lord compassion.
Shiva	highest reverence shiva shaivism reflected epithets mahādeva great god mahā great deva god maheśvara great lord mahā great īśvara lord parameśvara supreme lord.sahasranama medieval indian texts list thousand names derived aspects epithets deity.least eight different versions shiva sahasranama devotional hymns stotras listing many names shiva.version appearing book anuśāsanaparvan mahabharata provides one list.shiva also dashasahasranamas names found mahanyasa.shri rudram chamakam also known śatarudriya devotional hymn shiva hailing many names.
Shiva	historical development literature assimilation traditions shivarelated tradition major part hinduism found indian subcontinent india nepal sri lanka southeast asia bali indonesia.shiva prevedic tribal roots origins primitive tribes signs symbols.figure shiva know today amalgamation various older deities single figure due process sanskritization emergence hindu synthesis postvedic times.persona shiva converged composite deity well documented challenge trace attracted much speculation.according vijay nathvishnu siva ... began absorb countless local cults deities within folds.
Shiva	latter either taken represent multiple facets god else supposed denote different forms appellations god came known worshipped.... siva became identified countless local cults sheer suffixing isa isvara name local deity e.g.bhutesvara hatakesvara chandesvara.an example assimilation took place maharashtra regional deity named khandoba patron deity farming herding castes.foremost center worship khandoba maharashtra jejuri.khandoba assimilated form shiva case worshipped form lingam.
Shiva	khandobas varied associations also include identification surya karttikeya.prevedic elements prehistoric art scholars interpreted early prehistoric paintings bhimbetka rock shelters considered pre bce period shiva dancing shivas trident mount nandi.rock paintings bhimbetka depicting figure trident trishul described nataraja erwin neumayer dates mesolithic.indus valley pashupati seal several indus valley seals show animals one seal attracted attention shows large central figure either horned wearing horned headdress possibly ithyphallic seated posture reminiscent lotus position surrounded animals.figure named early excavators mohenjodaro pashupati lord animals sanskrit paśupati epithet later hindu deities shiva rudra.sir john marshall others suggested figure prototype shiva three faces seated yoga posture knees feet joined.
Shiva	semicircular shapes head interpreted two horns.scholars gavin flood john keay doris meth srinivasan expressed doubts suggestion.gavin flood states clear seal figure three faces seated yoga posture even shape intended represent human figure.characterizes views speculative adds nevertheless possible echoes shaiva iconographic themes halfmoon shapes resembling horns bull.john keay writes may indeed early manifestation lord shiva pashupati couple specialties figure match rudra.writing srinivasan interprets john marshall interpreted facial human bovine possibly divine buffaloman.the interpretation seal continues disputed.
Shiva	mcevilley example states possible account posture outside yogic account.asko parpola states archaeological finds early elamite seals dated bce show similar figures interpreted seated bull yogi bovine interpretation likely accurate.gregory l. possehl associated water buffalo concluded would appropriate recognize figure deity posture one ritual discipline regarding protoshiva would go far.vedic elements according anthony old indic religion probably emerged among indoeuropean immigrants contact zone zeravshan river presentday uzbekistan presentday iran.syncretic mixture old central asian new indoeuropean elements according beckwith borrowed distinctive religious beliefs practices bactria–margiana culture.
Shiva	least nonindoeuropean words borrowed culture including god indra ritual drink soma.protoindoeuropean elements vedic beliefs practices preclassical era closely related hypothesised protoindoeuropean religion preislamic indoiranian religion.similarities iconography theologies shiva greek european deities led proposals indoeuropean link shiva lateral exchanges ancient central asian cultures.contrasting aspects terrifying blissful depending situation similar greek god dionysus iconic associations bull snakes anger bravery dancing carefree life.ancient greek texts time alexander great call shiva indian dionysus alternatively call dionysus god orient.
Shiva	similarly use phallic symbol icon shiva also found irish nordic greek dionysus roman deities idea aniconic column linking heaven earth among early indoaryans states roger woodward.others contest proposals suggest shiva emerged indigenous prearyan tribal origins.rudra shiva know today shares many features vedic god rudra shiva rudra viewed personality hindu scriptures.two names used synonymously.rudra rigvedic deity fearsome powers god roaring storm.
Shiva	usually portrayed accordance element represents fierce destructive deity.rv .described father rudras group storm gods.flood notes rudra ambiguous god peripheral vedic pantheon possibly indicating nonvedic origins.nevertheless rudra shiva akin wodan germanic god rage wütte wild hunt.according sadasivan development hindu synthesis attributes buddha transferred brahmins shiva also linked rudra.rigveda hymns dedicated rudra finds occasional mention hymns text.
Shiva	hymn .rigveda states deity rudra two natures one wild cruel rudra another kind tranquil shiva.the term shiva also appears simply epithet means kind auspicious one adjectives used describe many different vedic deities.fierce ruthless natural phenomenon stormrelated rudra feared hymns rigveda beneficial rains brings welcomed shiva aspect him.healing nurturing lifeenabling aspect emerges vedas rudrashiva postvedic literature ultimately shiva combines destructive constructive powers terrific gentle ultimate recycler rejuvenator existence.the vedic texts mention bull animal transport vehicle vahana rudra deities.however postvedic texts mahabharata puranas state nandi bull indian zebu particular vehicle rudra shiva thereby unmistakably linking same.
Shiva	agni rudra agni close relationship.identification agni rudra vedic literature important factor process rudras gradual transformation rudrashiva.identification agni rudra explicitly noted nirukta important early text etymology says agni also called rudra.interconnections two deities complex according stella kramrischthe fire myth rudraśiva plays whole gamut fire valuing potentialities phases conflagration illumination.in śatarudrīya epithets rudra sasipañjara golden red hue flame tivaṣīmati flaming bright suggest fusing two deities.agni said bull lord shiva possesses bull vehicle nandi.
Shiva	horns agni sometimes characterized bull mentioned.medieval sculpture agni form shiva known bhairava flaming hair special feature.indra according wendy doniger saivite fertility myths phallic characteristics shiva inherited indra.doniger gives several reasons hypothesis.associated mountains rivers male fertility fierceness fearlessness warfare transgression established mores aum sound supreme self.
Shiva	rig veda term śiva used refer indra... .. ... indra like shiva likened bull.rig veda rudra father maruts never associated warlike exploits indra.indra adopted vedic aryans bactria–margiana culture.according anthonymany qualities indoiranian god mightvictory verethraghna transferred adopted god indra became central deity developing old indic culture.indra subject hymns quarter rig veda.
Shiva	associated deity soma stimulant drug perhaps derived ephedra probably borrowed bmac religion.rise prominence peculiar trait old indic speakers.the texts artwork jainism show indra dancer although identical generally resembling dancing shiva artwork found hinduism particularly respective mudras.example jain caves ellora extensive carvings show dancing indra next images tirthankaras manner similar shiva nataraja.similarities dance iconography suggests may link ancient indra shiva.development texts atharvashiras upanishad mention rudra assert gods rudra everyone everything rudra rudra principle found things highest goal innermost essence reality visible invisible.
Shiva	kaivalya upanishad similarly states paul deussen – german indologist professor philosophy describes selfrealized man feels one divine essence lives feels identity everyones consciousness shiva highest atman found highest atman within depths heart.rudras evolution minor vedic deity supreme first evidenced shvetashvatara upanishad – bc according gavin flood presenting earliest seeds theistic devotion rudrashiva.rudrashiva identified creator cosmos liberator selfs birthrebirth cycle.period bc ad also marks beginning shaiva tradition focused worship shiva evidenced literature period.scholars robert hume doris srinivasan state shvetashvatara upanishad presents pluralism pantheism henotheism rather text shiva theism.shaiva devotees ascetics mentioned patanjalis mahābhāṣya ndcentury bce mahabharata.the earliest iconic artworks shiva may gandhara northwest parts ancient india.uncertainty artwork survived damaged show overlap meditative buddharelated artwork presence shivas trident phallic symbolism art suggests likely shiva.
Shiva	numismatics research suggests numerous coins ancient kushan empire ce survived images god probably shiva.shiva kushan coins referred oesho unclear etymology origins simultaneous presence indra shiva kushan era artwork suggest revered deities start kushan empire.the shaiva upanishads group minor upanishads hinduism variously dated last centuries st millennium bce th century.extol shiva metaphysical unchanging reality brahman atman self include sections rites symbolisms related shiva.the shaiva puranas particularly shiva purana linga purana present various aspects shiva mythologies cosmology pilgrimage tirtha associated him.shivarelated tantra literature composed th th centuries regarded devotional dualistic shaivism sruti.dualistic shaiva agamas consider self within living shiva two separate realities dualism dvaita foundational texts shaiva siddhanta.
Shiva	shaiva agamas teach one reality monism advaita shiva self perfection truth within living being.shiva related subtraditions ten dualistic agama texts eighteen qualified monismcumdualism agama texts sixtyfour monism agama texts.shivarelated literature developed extensively across india st millennium ce th century particularly kashmir tamil shaiva traditions.monist shiva literature posit absolute oneness shiva within every man woman shiva within every living shiva present everywhere world including nonliving spiritual difference life matter man shiva.various dualistic monist shivarelated ideas welcomed medieval southeast asia inspiring numerous shivarelated temples artwork texts indonesia myanmar cambodia laos vietnam thailand malaysia syncretic integration local preexisting theologies.position within hinduism shaivism shaivism one four major sects hinduism others vaishnavism shaktism smarta tradition.
Shiva	followers shaivism called shaivas revere shiva supreme being.shaivas believe shiva creator preserver destroyer revealer concealer is.creator shaivism also creation results everything everywhere.shiva primal self pure consciousness absolute reality shaiva traditions.the shaivism theology broadly grouped two popular theology influenced shivarudra vedas epics puranas esoteric theology influenced shiva shaktirelated tantra texts.vedicbrahmanic shiva theology includes monist advaita devotional traditions dvaita tamil shaiva siddhanta lingayatism temples featuring items linga shivaparvati iconography bull nandi within premises relief artwork showing mythologies aspects shiva.the tantric shiva tradition ignored mythologies puranas related shiva depending subschool developed variety practices.
Shiva	example historical records suggest tantric kapalikas literally skullmen coexisted shared many vajrayana buddhist rituals engaged esoteric practices revered shiva shakti wearing skulls begged empty skulls used meat alcohol sexuality part ritual.contrast esoteric tradition within kashmir shaivism featured krama trika subtraditions.krama subtradition focussed esoteric rituals around shivakali pair.trika subtradition developed theology triads involving shiva combined ascetic lifestyle focusing personal shiva pursuit monistic selfliberation.vaishnavism vaishnava vishnuoriented literature acknowledges discusses shiva.
Shiva	like shaiva literature presents shiva supreme vaishnava literature presents vishnu supreme.however traditions pluralistic revere shiva vishnu along devi texts show exclusivism vaishnava texts bhagavata purana praising krishna ultimate reality also present shiva shakti personalized form equivalent ultimate reality.texts shaivism tradition similarly praise vishnu.skanda purana example statesvishnu one shiva called shiva identical vishnu.mythologies traditions include legends superior shiva paying homage vishnu vishnu paying homage shiva.however texts artwork either tradition mutual salutes symbolism complementarity.
Shiva	mahabharata declares unchanging ultimate reality brahman identical shiva vishnu vishnu highest manifestation shiva shiva highest manifestation vishnu.shaktism goddessoriented shakti tradition hinduism based premise supreme principle ultimate reality called brahman female devi treats male equal complementary partner.partner shiva.the earliest evidence tradition reverence feminine rudrashiva context found hindu scripture rigveda hymn called devi suktathe devi upanishad explanation theology shaktism mentions praises shiva verse .shiva along vishnu revered god devi mahatmya text shaktism considered tradition important bhagavad gita.ardhanarisvara concept comingles god shiva goddess shakti presenting icon halfman half woman representation theme union found many hindu texts temples.
Shiva	smarta tradition smarta tradition hinduism shiva part panchayatana puja.practice consists use icons anicons five deities considered equivalent set quincunx pattern.shiva one five deities others vishnu devi parvati surya ganesha skanda personal god devotees preference ishta devata.philosophically smarta tradition emphasizes idols murti icons help focus visualize aspects brahman rather distinct beings.ultimate goal practice transition past use icons recognize absolute symbolized icons path realizing nondual identity ones atman self brahman.popularized adi shankara many panchayatana mandalas temples uncovered gupta empire period one panchayatana set village nand kilometers ajmer dated belong kushan empire era pre ce.
Shiva	kushan period set includes shiva vishnu surya brahma one deity whose identity unclear.yoga shiva considered great yogi totally absorbed – transcendental reality.lord yogis teacher yoga sages.shiva dakshinamurthi states stella kramrisch supreme guru teaches silence oneness ones innermost self atman ultimate reality brahman.shiva also archetype samhara sanskrit संहार dissolution includes transcendence human misery dissolution maya shiva associated yoga.the theory practice yoga different styles part major traditions hinduism shiva patron spokesperson numerous hindu yoga texts.
Shiva	contain philosophy techniques yoga.ideas estimated late centuries st millennium ce survived yoga texts isvara gita literally shivas song andrew nicholson – professor hinduism indian intellectual history – states profound lasting influence development hinduism.other famed shivarelated texts influenced hatha yoga integrated monistic advaita vedanta ideas yoga philosophy inspired theoretical development indian classical dance.include shiva sutras shiva samhita scholars kashmir shaivism thcentury scholar abhinavagupta.abhinavagupta writes notes relevance ideas related shiva yoga stating people occupied affairs normally nothing others shiva yoga spirituality helps one look beyond understand interconnectedness thus benefit individual world towards blissful state existence.trimurti trimurti concept hinduism cosmic functions creation maintenance destruction personified forms brahma creator vishnu maintainer preserver shiva destroyer transformer.
Shiva	three deities called hindu triad great trinity.however ancient medieval texts hinduism feature many triads gods goddesses include shiva.attributes third eye shiva often depicted third eye burned desire kāma ashes called tryambakam sanskrit त्र्यम्बकम् occurs many scriptural sources.classical sanskrit word ambaka denotes eye mahabharata shiva depicted threeeyed name sometimes translated three eyes.however vedic sanskrit word ambā ambikā means mother early meaning word basis translation three mothers.
Shiva	three mothergoddesses collectively called ambikās.related translations based idea name actually refers oblations given rudra according traditions shared goddess ambikā.crescent moon shiva bears head crescent moon.epithet candraśekhara sanskrit चन्द्रशेखर moon crest – candra moon śekhara crest crown refers feature.placement moon head standard iconographic feature dates period rudra rose prominence became major deity rudrashiva.origin linkage may due identification moon soma hymn rig veda soma rudra jointly implored later literature soma rudra came identified one another soma moon.ashes shiva iconography shows body covered ashes bhasma vibhuti.
Shiva	ashes represent reminder material existence impermanent comes end becoming ash pursuit eternal self spiritual liberation important.matted hair shivas distinctive hair style noted epithets jaṭin one matted hair kapardin endowed matted hair wearing hair wound braid shelllike kaparda fashion.kaparda cowrie shell braid hair form shell generally hair shaggy curly.blue throat epithet nīlakaṇtha sanskrit नीलकण्ठ nīla blue kaṇtha throat.since shiva drank halahala poison churned samudra manthan eliminate destructive capacity.shocked act parvati squeezed neck stopped neck prevent spreading universe supposed shivas stomach.however poison potent changed color neck blue.
Shiva	attribute indicates one become lord shiva swallowing worldly poisons terms abuses insults equanimity blessing give them.meditating yogi iconography often shows yoga pose meditating sometimes symbolic himalayan mount kailasha lord yoga.sacred ganga epithet gangadhara bearer river ganga ganges.ganga flows matted hair shiva.gaṅgā ganga one major rivers country said made abode shivas hair.tiger skin shiva often shown seated upon tiger skin.serpents shiva often shown garlanded snake.trident shiva typically carries trident called trishula.trident weapon symbol different hindu texts.symbol trishul represents shivas three aspects creator preserver destroyer alternatively represents equilibrium three gunas sattva rajas tamas.drum small drum shaped like hourglass known damaru.
Shiva	one attributes shiva famous dancing representation known nataraja.specific hand gesture mudra called ḍamaruhasta sanskrit ḍamaruhand used hold drum.drum particularly used emblem members kāpālika sect.axe parashu deer held shivas hands odisha south indian icons.rosary beads garlanded carries string rosary beads right hand typically made rudraksha.symbolises grace mendicant life meditation.nandī nandī sanskrit नन्दिन् nandin name bull serves shivas mount.shivas association cattle reflected name paśupati pashupati sanskrit पशुपति translated sharma lord cattle kramrisch lord animals notes particularly used epithet rudra.mount kailāsa mount kailash himalayas traditional abode.
Shiva	hindu mythology mount kailāsa conceived resembling linga representing center universe.gaṇa gaṇas attendants shiva live kailash.often referred bhutaganas ghostly hosts account nature.generally benign except lord transgressed often invoked intercede lord behalf devotee.son ganesha chosen leader shiva hence ganeshas title gaṇaīśa gaṇapati lord gaṇas.varanasi varanasi benares considered city specially loved shiva one holiest places pilgrimage india.referred religious contexts kashi.
Shiva	forms depictions according gavin flood shiva god ambiguity paradox whose attributes include opposing themes.ambivalent nature deity apparent names stories told him.destroyer benefactor yajurveda two contrary sets attributes malignant terrifying sanskrit rudra benign auspicious sanskrit śiva forms found leading chakravarti conclude basic elements created complex rudraśiva sect later ages found here.mahabharata shiva depicted standard invincibility might terror well figure honor delight brilliance.the duality shivas fearful auspicious attributes appears contrasted names.name rudra reflects shivas fearsome aspects.
Shiva	according traditional etymologies sanskrit name rudra derived root rud means cry howl.stella kramrisch notes different etymology connected adjectival form raudra means wild rudra nature translates name rudra wild one fierce god.r. k. sharma follows alternate etymology translates name terrible.hara important name occurs three times anushasanaparvan version shiva sahasranama translated different ways time occurs following commentorial tradition repeating interpretation.sharma translates three one captivates one consolidates one destroys.
Shiva	kramrisch translates ravisher.another shivas fearsome forms kāla time mahākāla great time ultimately destroys things.name kāla appears shiva sahasranama translated ram karan sharma supreme lord time.bhairava terrible frightful fierce form associated annihilation.contrast name śaṇkara beneficent conferring happiness reflects benign form.
Shiva	name adopted great vedanta philosopher adi shankara c. – also known shankaracharya.name śambhu sanskrit शम्भु swamon bhuburnshine selfshining shining also reflects benign aspect.ascetic householder shiva depicted ascetic yogi householder grihasta roles traditionally mutually exclusive hindu society.depicted yogi may shown sitting meditating.epithet mahāyogi great yogi mahā great yogi one practices yoga refers association yoga.
Shiva	vedic religion conceived mainly terms sacrifice epic period concepts tapas yoga asceticism became important depiction shiva ascetic sitting philosophical isolation reflects later concepts.as family man householder wife parvati two sons ganesha kartikeya.epithet umāpati husband umā refers idea sharma notes two variants name mean thing umākānta umādhava also appear sahasranama.umā epic literature known many names including benign pārvatī.identified devi divine mother shakti divine energy well goddesses like tripura sundari durga kali kamakshi minakshi.consorts shiva source creative energy.
Shiva	represent dynamic extension shiva onto universe.son ganesha worshipped throughout india nepal remover obstacles lord beginnings lord obstacles.kartikeya worshipped south india especially tamil nadu kerala karnataka names subrahmanya subrahmanyan shanmughan swaminathan murugan northern india names skanda kumara karttikeya.some regional deities also identified shivas children.one story goes shiva enticed beauty charm mohini vishnus female avatar procreates her.result union shasta – identified regional deities ayyappan aiyanar – born.
Shiva	outskirts ernakulam kerala deity named vishnumaya stated offspring shiva invoked local exorcism rites deity traceable hindu pantheon possibly local tradition vaguely chinese style rituals states saletore.traditions shiva daughters like serpentgoddess manasa ashokasundari.according doniger two regional stories depict demons andhaka jalandhara children shiva war later destroyed shiva.iconographic forms depiction shiva nataraja sanskrit naṭarāja lord dance popular.names nartaka dancer nityanarta eternal dancer appear shiva sahasranama.
Shiva	association dance also music prominent puranic period.addition specific iconographic form known nataraja various types dancing forms sanskrit nṛtyamūrti found parts india many welldefined varieties tamil nadu particular.two common forms dance tandava later came denote powerful masculine dance kalamahakala associated destruction world.requires world universe destroyed shiva tandava lasya graceful delicate expresses emotions gentle level considered feminine dance attributed goddess parvati.lasya regarded female counterpart tandava.
Shiva	tandavalasya dances associated destructioncreation world.dakshinamurthy dakṣiṇāmūrti literally describes form mūrti shiva facing south dakṣiṇa.form represents shiva aspect teacher yoga music wisdom giving exposition shastras.iconographic form depicting shiva indian art mostly tamil nadu.elements motif include shiva seated upon deerthrone surrounded sages receiving instruction.in hymn manikkavacakars thiruvasagam testifies nataraja temple chidambaram prechola period abstract cosmic symbolism linked five elements pancha bhoota including ether.nataraja significant visual interpretation brahman dance posture shiva.
Shiva	sharada srinivasan notes nataraja described satcitananda consciousness bliss shaiva siddhanta text kunchitangrim bhaje resembling advaita doctrine abstract monism adi shankara holds individual self jīvātman supream self paramātmā one earlier hymn nataraja manikkavachakar identifies unitary supreme consciousness using tamil word unarve rather sanskrit chit.may point osmosis ideas medieval india states srinivasan.an iconographic representation shiva called ardhanarishvara ardhanārīśvara shows one half body male half female.ardhanarishvara represents synthesis masculine feminine energies universe purusha prakriti illustrates shakti female principle god inseparable according interpretations shiva male principle god vice versa.according ellen goldberg traditional sanskrit name form best translated lord half woman halfman halfwoman.shiva often depicted archer act destroying triple fortresses tripura asuras.shivas name tripurantaka tripurāntaka ender tripura refers important story.
Shiva	lingam linga purana states shiva signless without color taste smell beyond word touch without quality motionless changeless.source universe signless universe manifested linga union unchanging principles ever changing nature.linga purana siva gita texts builds foundation.linga states alain daniélou means sign.important concept hindu texts wherein linga manifested sign nature someone something.
Shiva	accompanies concept brahman invisible signless existent principle formless lingaless.shvetashvatara upanishad states one three significations primary one lingam imperishable purusha absolute reality says linga sign mark provides existence brahman thus original meaning sign.furthermore says shiva supreme lord liūga liuga sanskrit लिऊग iast liūga meaning shiva transcendent beyond characteristic specifically sign gender.apart anthropomorphic images shiva also represented aniconic form lingam.depicted various designs.one common form shape vertical rounded column centre lipped diskshaped object yoni symbolism goddess shakti.shiva temples linga typically present sanctum sanctorum focus votary offerings milk water flower petals fruit fresh leaves rice.
Shiva	according monier williams yudit greenberg linga literally means mark sign emblem also refers mark sign existence something else reliably inferred.implies regenerative divine energy innate nature symbolized shiva.according sivananda saraswati siva lingam speaks unmistakable language silence one without second formless.siva lingam outward symbol formless lord siva eternal everpure immortal essence vast universe innermost self atman identical supreme brahman states sivananda saraswati.some scholars wendy doniger rohit dasgupta view linga merely phallic symbol although interpretation criticized others including swami vivekananda sivananda saraswati stella kramrisch swami agehananda bharati s. n. balagangadhara others.according moriz winternitz linga shiva tradition symbol productive creative principle nature embodied shiva historical trace obscene phallic cult.according sivananda saraswati westerners curiously passionate impure understanding intelligence incorrectly assume siva linga phallus sex organ.later sivananda saraswati mentions serious mistake also grave blunder.the worship lingam originated famous hymn atharvaveda samhitâ sung praise yupastambha sacrificial post.
Shiva	hymn description found beginningless endless stambha skambha shown said skambha put place eternal brahman.yajna sacrificial fire smoke ashes flames soma plant ox used carry back wood vedic sacrifice gave place conceptions brightness shivas body tawny matted hair blue throat riding bull shiva yupaskambha gave place time shivalinga.text linga purana hymn expanded shape stories meant establish glory great stambha superiority shiva mahadeva.the oldest known archaeological linga icon shiva gudimallam lingam rdcentury bce.shaivism pilgrimage tradition twelve major temples shiva called jyotirlinga means linga light located across india.five faces five sacred number shiva.
Shiva	one important mantras five syllables namaḥ śivāya.shivas body said consist five mantras called pañcabrahman.forms god names distinct iconographythese represented five faces shiva associated various texts five elements five senses five organs perception five organs action.doctrinal differences possibly errors transmission resulted differences texts details five forms linked various attributes.overall meaning associations summarized stella kramrischthrough transcendent categories śiva ultimate reality becomes efficient material cause exists.according pañcabrahma upanishadone know things phenomenal world fivefold character reason eternal verity śiva character fivefold brahman.pañcabrahma upanishad avatars puranic scriptures contain occasional references ansh – literally portion avatars shiva idea shiva avatars universally accepted saivism.
Shiva	linga purana mentions twentyeight forms shiva sometimes seen avatars however mention unusual avatars shiva relatively rare shaivism compared well emphasized concept vishnu avatars vaishnavism.some vaishnava literature reverentially link shiva characters mythologies.example hanuman chalisa hanuman identified eleventh avatar shiva.bhagavata purana vishnu purana claim sage durvasa portion shiva.medieval era writers called advaita vedanta philosopher adi shankara incarnation shiva.temple festivals shivaratri every lunar month th nightth day year late winter februarymarch arrival spring marks maha shivaratri means great night shiva.maha shivaratri major hindu festival one solemn theologically marks remembrance overcoming darkness ignorance life world meditation polarities existence shiva devotion humankind.
Shiva	observed reciting shivarelated poems chanting prayers remembering shiva fasting yoga meditating ethics virtues selfrestraint honesty noninjury others forgiveness introspection selfrepentance discovery shiva.ardent devotees keep awake night.others visit one shiva temples go pilgrimage jyotirlingam shrines.visit temples offer milk fruits flowers fresh leaves sweets lingam.communities organize special dance events mark shiva lord dance individual group performances.
Shiva	according jones ryan maha sivaratri ancient hindu festival probably originated around thcentury.another major festival involving shiva worship kartik purnima commemorating shivas victory demons tripurasura.across india various shiva temples illuminated throughout night.shiva icons carried procession places.thiruvathira festival observed kerala dedicated shiva.believed day parvati met shiva long penance shiva took wife.day hindu women performs thiruvathirakali accompanied thiruvathira paattu folk songs parvati longing penance shivas affection.regional festivals dedicated shiva include chittirai festival madurai around aprilmay one largest festivals south india celebrating wedding minakshi parvati shiva.
Shiva	festival one vaishnava shaiva communities join celebrations vishnu gives away sister minakshi marriage shiva.some shaktismrelated festivals revere shiva along goddess considered primary supreme.include festivals dedicated annapurna annakuta related durga.himalayan regions nepal well northern central western india festival teej celebrated girls women monsoon season honor goddess parvati group singing dancing offering prayers parvatishiva temples.the ascetic vedic tantric subtraditions related shiva became ascetic warriors islamic rule period india celebrate kumbha mela festival.festival cycles every years four pilgrimage sites within india event moving next site gap three years.biggest prayaga renamed allahabad mughal rule era millions hindus different traditions gather confluence rivers ganges yamuna.
Shiva	hindu tradition shivalinked ascetic warriors nagas get honor starting event entering sangam first bathing prayers.in pakistan major shivaratri celebration occurs umarkot shiv mandir umarkot.threeday shivarathri celebration temple attended around people.beyond indian subcontinent hinduism indonesia indonesian shaivism popular name shiva batara guru derived sanskrit bhattāraka means noble lord.conceptualized kind spiritual teacher first gurus indonesian hindu texts mirroring dakshinamurti aspect shiva indian subcontinent.however batara guru aspects indian shiva indonesian hindus blended spirits heroes him.
Shiva	batara gurus wife southeast asia hindu deity durga popular since ancient times complex character benevolent fierce manifestations visualized different names uma sri kali others.contrast hindu religious texts whether vedas puranas javanese puppetry wayang books batara guru king gods regulates creates world system.classic book used reference puppeteers said sanghyang manikmaya batara guru created sparkling light sang hyang tunggal along blackish light origin ismaya.shiva called sadāśiva paramasiva mahādeva benevolent forms kāla bhairava mahākāla fierce forms.the indonesian hindu texts present philosophical diversity shaivite traditions found indian subcontinent.however among texts survived contemporary era common shaiva siddhanta locally also called siwa siddhanta sridanta.during preislamic period island java shaivism buddhism considered close allied religions though identical religions.
Shiva	medievalera indonesian literature equates buddha siwa shiva janardana vishnu.tradition continues predominantly hindu bali indonesia modern era buddha considered younger brother shiva.central asia worship shiva became popular central asia influence hephthalite empire kushan empire.shaivism also popular sogdia kingdom yutian found wall painting penjikent river zervashan.depiction shiva portrayed sacred halo sacred thread yajnopavita.
Shiva	clad tiger skin attendants wearing sogdian dress.panel dandan oilik shows shiva trimurti form shakti kneeling right thigh.another site taklamakan desert depicts four legs seated crosslegged cushioned seat supported two bulls.also noted zoroastrian wind god vayuvata took iconographic appearance shiva.sikhism japuji sahib guru granth sahib says guru shiva guru vishnu brahma guru paarvati lakhshmi.
Shiva	chapter also says shiva speaks siddhas listen.dasam granth guru gobind singh mentioned two avatars rudra dattatreya avatar parasnath avatar.buddhism tantric buddhism shiva mentioned buddhist tantras worshipped fierce deity mahākāla vajrayana chinese esoteric tibetan buddhism.cosmologies buddhist tantras shiva depicted passive shakti active counterpart shiva prajña shakti upāya.chinese buddhism china taiwan shiva better known maheśvara chinese 大自在天 pinyin dàzìzàitiān chinese 摩醯首羅天 pinyin móxīshǒuluótiān considered one twenty devas chinese 二十諸天 pinyin èrshí zhūtiān twentyfour devas chinese 二十四諸天 pinyin èrshísì zhūtiān group dharmapalas manifest protect buddhist dharma.
Shiva	statues often enshrined mahavira halls chinese buddhist temples along devas.addition also regarded one thirtythree manifestations avalokitesvara lotus sutra.mahayana buddhist cosmology maheśvara resides akaniṣṭha highest śuddhāvāsa pure abodes wherein anāgāmi nonreturners already path arhathood attain enlightenment born.japanese buddhism daikokuten one seven lucky gods japan considered evolved shiva.god enjoys exalted position household deity japan worshipped god wealth fortune.
Shiva	name japanese equivalent mahākāla buddhist name shiva.contemporary culture contemporary culture shiva depicted art films books tattoos etc.referred god cool things bonafide rock hero.popular films include gujarati language movie har har mahadev kannada movie gange gowri wellknown books include amish tripathis shiva trilogy sold million copies.television devon ke dev...mahadev television serial lord shiva life ok channel among watched shows peak popularity.television series dd national titled om namah shivay also based legends shiva.popular video games featuring shiva include shin megami tensei series especially smite.
Climate change	latter one last hindu gods added game via controversy.announced january shiva summoned ganesha son aid nonhindu gods bellona gilgamesh king arthur merlin others tiamat minions morgan le fay charybdis.note clíodhna atlas two released gods smite absent shivas reveal video.notes explanatory notes citations sources external links shaivism peter bisschop oxford bibliographiesprevious periods climate change current changes distinctly rapid due natural causes.instead caused emission greenhouse gases mostly carbon dioxide co methane.burning fossil fuels energy use creates emissions.agriculture steelmaking cement production forest loss additional sources.greenhouse gases transparent sunlight allowing heat earths surface.
Climate change	earth emits heat infrared radiation gases absorb trapping heat near earths surface.planet heats causes changes like loss sunlightreflecting snow cover amplifying global warming.on land temperatures risen twice fast global average.deserts expanding heat waves wildfires becoming common.increased warming arctic contributed melting permafrost glacial retreat sea ice loss.higher temperatures also causing intense storms weather extremes.
Climate change	rapid environmental change mountains coral reefs arctic forcing many species relocate become extinct.climate change threatens people food water scarcity increased flooding extreme heat disease economic loss.human migration conflict result.world health organization calls climate change greatest threat global health st century.even efforts minimise future warming successful effects continue centuries.
Climate change	include sea level rise warmer acidic oceans.many impacts already felt current level warming .°c.additional warming increase impacts may trigger tipping points melting greenland ice sheet.paris agreement nations collectively agreed keep warming well °c.however pledges made agreement global warming would still reach .
Climate change	°c end century.limiting warming .°c require halving emissions achieving netzero emissions .making deep cuts emissions require switching away burning fossil fuels towards using electricity generated lowcarbon sources.includes phasing coalfired power plants vastly increasing use wind solar power switching electric vehicles switching heat pumps buildings taking measures conserve energy.carbon also removed atmosphere instance increasing forest cover.
Climate change	communities may adapt climate change efforts like better coastline protection cannot avert risk severe widespread permanent impacts.terminology unclear whether warming increased greenhouse gases would dominate aerosolinduced cooling.scientists often used term inadvertent climate modification refer human impact climate.terms global warming climate change popularised.former refers increased surface warming latter describes full effect greenhouse gases climate.
Climate change	global warming became popular term nasa climate scientist james hansen used testimony u.s. senate.term climate change increased popularity.global warming usually refers humaninduced warming earth system whereas climate change refer natural anthropogenic change.two terms often used interchangeably.various scientists politicians media figures adopted terms climate crisis climate emergency talk climate change global heating instead global warming.policy editorinchief guardian said included language editorial guidelines ensure scientifically precise also communicating clearly readers important issue.
Climate change	oxford languages chose climate emergency word year defining situation urgent action required reduce halt climate change avoid potentially irreversible environmental damage resulting it.observed temperature rise multiple independent instrumental datasets show climate system warming.– decade warmed average .°c .–.°c compared preindustrial baseline –.
Climate change	surface temperatures rising .°c per decade reaching temperature .°c preindustrial era.since number cold days nights decreased number warm days nights increased.there little net warming th century midth century.climate information period comes climate proxies trees ice cores.
Climate change	thermometer records began provide global coverage around .historical patterns warming cooling like medieval climate anomaly little ice age occur time across different regions.temperatures may reached high lateth century limited set regions.prehistorical episodes global warming paleocene–eocene thermal maximum.however modern observed rise temperature co concentrations rapid even abrupt geophysical events earths history approach current rates.evidence warming air temperature measurements reinforced wide range observations.
Climate change	increase frequency intensity heavy precipitation melting snow land ice increased atmospheric humidity.flora fauna also behaving manner consistent warming instance plants flowering earlier spring.another key indicator cooling upper atmosphere demonstrates greenhouse gases trapping heat near earths surface preventing radiating space.regions world warm differing rates.pattern independent greenhouse gases emitted gases persist long enough diffuse across planet.since preindustrial period average surface temperature land regions increased almost twice fast globalaverage surface temperature.
Climate change	larger heat capacity oceans oceans lose heat evaporation.thermal energy global climate system grown brief pauses since least extra energy stored ocean.rest heated atmosphere melted ice warmed continents.the northern hemisphere north pole warmed much faster south pole southern hemisphere.northern hemisphere much land also seasonal snow cover sea ice.surfaces flip reflecting lot light dark ice melted start absorbing heat.
Climate change	local black carbon deposits snow ice also contribute arctic warming.arctic temperatures increasing twice rate rest world.melting glaciers ice sheets arctic disrupts ocean circulation including weakened gulf stream changing climate.drivers recent temperature rise climate system experiences various cycles last years el niño–southern oscillation decades even centuries.changes caused imbalance energy external climate system always external earth.
Climate change	examples external forcings include changes concentrations greenhouse gases solar luminosity volcanic eruptions variations earths orbit around sun.to determine human contribution climate change known internal climate variability natural external forcings need ruled out.key approach determine unique fingerprints potential causes compare fingerprints observed patterns climate change.example solar forcing ruled major cause.fingerprint would warming entire atmosphere.yet lower atmosphere warmed consistent greenhouse gas forcing.
Climate change	attribution recent climate change shows main driver elevated greenhouse gases aerosols dampening effect.greenhouse gases earth absorbs sunlight radiates heat.greenhouse gases atmosphere absorb reemit infrared radiation slowing rate pass atmosphere escape space.industrial revolution naturallyoccurring amounts greenhouse gases caused air near surface °c warmer would absence.water vapour clouds biggest contributors greenhouse effect increase function temperature therefore feedbacks.
Climate change	hand concentrations gases co tropospheric ozone cfcs nitrous oxide temperaturedependent therefore external forcings.human activity since industrial revolution mainly extracting burning fossil fuels coal oil natural gas increased amount greenhouse gases atmosphere resulting radiative imbalance.concentrations co methane increased respectively since .co levels higher time last million years.concentrations methane far higher last years.global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions excluding land use change equivalent billion tonnes co. emissions co methane nitrous oxide fluorinated gases.co emissions primarily come burning fossil fuels provide energy transport manufacturing heating electricity.
Climate change	additional co emissions come deforestation industrial processes include co released chemical reactions making cement steel aluminum fertiliser.methane emissions come livestock manure rice cultivation landfills wastewater coal mining well oil gas extraction.nitrous oxide emissions largely come microbial decomposition fertiliser.despite contribution deforestation greenhouse gas emissions earths land surface particularly forests remain significant carbon sink co. natural processes carbon fixation soil photosynthesis offset greenhouse gas contributions deforestation.landsurface sink estimated remove annual global co emissions.ocean also serves significant carbon sink via twostep process.

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