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Telegram (software) | project announced middecember page technical paper became available january .codebase behind ton developed pavel durovs brother nikolai durov core developer telegrams mtproto protocol.january page white paper detailed page technical paper ton blockchain became available.durov planned power ton existing telegram user base turn largest blockchain platform apps services akin decentralized wechat google play app store.besides ton potential become decentralized alternative visa mastercard due ability scale support millions transactions per second.january february company ran private sale futures contracts grams raising around . |
Telegram (software) | billion.public offering took place.the development ton took place completely isolated manner release postponed several times.test network launched january .launch ton main network scheduled october .yet october u.s. securities exchange commission obtained temporary restrictive order prevent distribution grams initial purchasers regulator considered legal scheme employed telegram unregistered securities offering initial buyers acting underwriters.the judge hearing telegram v. sec case p. kevin castel agreed secs vision kept restrictions gram distribution force. |
Telegram (software) | ban applied nonu.s.based purchasers well telegram couldnt prevent resale grams u.s. citizens secondary market anonymity users one key features ton.following durov announced end telegrams active involvement ton.june judge approved settlement telegram sec.company agreed pay .million penalty return . |
Telegram (software) | billion gram purchasers.march telegram launched bonds offering cover debt fund growth app.use fringe groups telegram used illegal activities spreading hate messages illegal pornography contact criminals trading illegal goods services drugs contraband stolen personal data.jihadists september response question use telegram islamic state iraq levant isis pavel durov stated think privacy ultimately right privacy important fear bad things happening like terrorism.durov sarcastically suggested ban words terrorists use communication. |
Telegram (software) | isis recommended telegram supporters members october able double number followers official channel .november telegram announced blocked public channels operated isis spreading propaganda mass communication.telegram stated would block public channels bots related terrorism would honor politicallymotivated censorship based local restrictions freedom speech allowed peaceful expression alternative opinions.isiss usage telegram reignited encryption debate encrypted messaging applications faced new scrutiny.in august french antiterrorism investigators asserted two isisdirected terrorists murdered priest saintétiennedurouvray normandy france videoed murder communicated via telegram used app coordinate plans attack.isiss media wing subsequently posted video telegram showing pair pledging allegiance. |
Telegram (software) | cnn news report stated telegram become known preferred means communication terror group isis used isis cell plotted paris terror attacks november attacks.daily mirror called telegram jihadi messaging app.in june russian communications regulator roskomnadzor hinted possibility blocking telegram russia due usage terrorists.in july director general application informatics indonesian ministry communication informatics semuel abrijani pangerapan said eleven telegram dns servers blocked many channels service promoted radicalism terrorism hatred bomb assembly civil attack disturbing images propaganda contrary indonesian laws regulations.august indonesia lifted block countermeasures negative content deployed association telegram llp.in november telegram participated europols internet referral action day.result telegram expanded strengthened terrorist content detection removal efforts.terroristrelated bots channels removed telegram. |
Telegram (software) | according u.s. officials crackdown telegram especially effective seems lasting impact.according europol telegram put forth considerable effort removing abusers platform.farright groups mother jones magazine reported neonazi fascist hate groups used telegram app organize gun rally richmond virginia us antidefamation league called telegram white supremacist safe valuable tool rightwing extremists.neonazi white separatist paramilitary hate group base switched telegram blocked social media platforms including twitter youtube gab.number arrests base members january note appeared official telegram account warning people stop posting. |
Telegram (software) | august white supremacist christopher cantwell posted antisemitic comments telegram.the antidefamation league notes telegram founded two russian brothers founded vkontakte vk known lack moderation comes white supremacy.telegrams terms service prohibit promotion violence allowed violent videos posted mass shooters brenton tarrant christchurch new zealand stephan balliet halle germany although social media platforms removed them.league also points rapewaffen division channel openly advocates rape murder part race war.telegram also used altright organization proud boys coordinate throughout united states.united kingdom telegram one main platforms farright publication tr.news maintained tommy robinson britain first whose pages blocked major social media platforms.weblinks related channels received views telegram wellknown mainstream news outlets including guardian daily mail. |
Telegram (software) | however relatively small user base algorithmic timeline groups struggle build larger audience telegram.in january telegram confirmed blocked hundreds neonazi white supremacist channels tens thousands followers inciting violence.institute strategic dialogue report farright ireland found messages irish farright groups app increased total .on august u.s. house representatives select committee investigating united states capitol attack demanded records telegram alongside social media companies going back spring .child teenage pornography app used distribution pornographic material including child teenage pornography.telegrams internal reporting system option report content contains child abuse including specific messages groups channels.company verified channel called stop child abuse daily statistics number groups channels banned sharing illegal materials posted. |
Telegram (software) | also provides email address dedicated reports content related child abuse.in january north macedonian media outlets reported nowbanned telegram group members titled public room јавна соба used share nude photos women often young teenage girls.along shared photographs anonymous accounts shared private information women including phone numbers social media profiles encouraging members group contact women ask sexual favours.done without prior agreement knowledge women causing intense public backlash demand group shut down.president north macedonia stevo pendarovski along prime minister north macedonia zoran zaev demanded immediate reaction telegram threatened completely restrict access app country actions taken.group banned reports users media although public statement made. |
Telegram (software) | bot abuse bot found selling leaked phone numbers facebook.the chairman public organization electronic democracy volodymyr flents may announced telegram bot appeared web sold personal data ukrainian citizens.estimated bot contains data million ukrainians registered dіia application.however subsequently deputy prime minister minister digital transformation mikhail fedorov denied data app leaked.the criminal activity people already confirmed copies databases seized.a telegram bot blocked apple posting deepfake pornography.telegram reportedly banned bots channels including contained child abuse terrorismrelated content.reception censorship telegram blocked temporarily permanently governments including iran china pakistan.russian government blocked telegram several years lifting ban . |
Telegram (software) | companys founder said wants app anticensorship tool iran china similar apps role fighting censorship russia.shutdown russian political bots september prior regional elections russia telegram suspended several bots spreading information election including bot run opposition party critics incumbent president vladimir putins government citing election silence reason though blog post companys ceo implied company following apple google dictate rules game developers.block main smart voting bot criticized allies alexei navalny kremlin critic former opposition leader.navalnys spokeswoman kira yarmysh called block deletion tactical voting app app stores censorship ... imposed private companies.later blog post durov directly stated block result pressure google apple refusal comply policies would result immediate shutdown telegram millions users. |
Telegram (software) | post included screenshot showing internal email sent app store developers demanding takedown content related navalny.security telegrams security model received notable criticism cryptography experts.criticized general security model permanently stores contacts messages media together decryption keys servers default enable endtoend encryption messages default.pavel durov argued helps avoid thirdparty unsecured backups allow users access messages files device.cryptography experts furthermore criticized telegrams use customdesigned encryption protocol proven reliable secure. |
Telegram (software) | however december study titled automated symbolic verification telegram’s mtproto .published confirming security updated mtproto .reviewing it.paper provides fully automated proof soundness mtproto .’s authentication normal chat endtoend encrypted chat rekeying mechanisms respect several security properties including authentication integrity confidentiality perfect forward secrecy proves formal correctness mtproto .. partially addresses concern lack scrutiny confirming security protocols latest version.the desktop clients excluding macos client feature options endtoend encrypted messages.user assigns local password desktop application data locally encrypted also. |
Telegram (software) | telegram defended lack ubiquitous endtoend encryption claiming onlinebackups use clientside encryption secure solution currently possible.critics also disputed claims telegram secure mass market messengers like whatsapp line whatsapp applies endtoend encryption traffic default uses signal protocol reviewed endorsed leading security experts telegram neither stores messages media contacts cloud.since july line also applied endtoend encryption messages default though also criticized susceptible replay attacks lack forward secrecy clients.in author russian programming website habr discovered weakness first version mtproto would allow attacker mount maninthemiddle attack prevent victim alerted changed key fingerprint.bug fixed day publication payout author statement official blog.on february german consumer organization stiftung warentest evaluated several dataprotection aspects telegram along popular instantmessaging clients.among aspects considered security data transmission services terms use accessibility source code distribution app.telegram rated problematic kritisch overall. |
Telegram (software) | organization favorable telegrams secure chats partially free code criticized mandatory transfer contact data telegrams servers lack imprint address services website.noted message data encrypted device could analyse transmission due lack source code.the electronic frontier foundation eff listed telegram secure messaging scorecard february .telegrams default chat function received score points scorecard.received points communications encrypted transit code open independent review security design properly documented completed recent independent security audit.telegrams default chat function missed points communications encrypted keys provider didnt access users could verify contacts identities past messages secure encryption keys stolen. |
Telegram (software) | telegrams optional secret chat function provides endtoend encryption received score points scorecard.eff said results read endorsements individual tools guarantees security merely indications projects right track.in december two researchers aarhus university published report demonstrated mtproto .achieve indistinguishability chosenciphertext attack indcca authenticated encryption.researchers stressed attack theoretical nature see way turning attack full plaintextrecovery attack.nevertheless said saw reason telegram use less secure encryption scheme secure least efficient solutions exist. |
Telegram (software) | telegram team responded flaw affect message security future patch would address concern.telegram .released december supports mtproto .satisfied conditions indcca.mtproto . |
Telegram (software) | seen qualified cryptographers vast improvement telegrams security.in april accounts several russian opposition members hijacked intercepting sms messages used login authorization.response telegram recommended using optional twofactor authentication feature.may committee protect journalists nate cardozo senior staff attorney electronic frontier foundation recommended using telegram lack endtoend encryption default use nonstandard mtproto encryption protocol publicly criticized cryptography researchers including matthew green.on august reuters reported iranian hackers compromised dozen telegram accounts identified phone numbers million iranian users well associated user ids.researchers said hackers belonged group known rocket kitten.rocket kittens attacks similar ones attributed irans islamic revolutionary guards corps. |
Telegram (software) | attackers took advantage programming interface built telegram.according telegram mass checks longer possible limitations introduced api earlier .login sms messages known intercepted iran russia germany possibly coordination phone companies.pavel durov said telegram users troubled countries enable twofactor authentication creating passwords order prevent this.in june pavel durov interview claimed u.s. intelligence agencies tried bribe companys developers weaken telegrams encryption install backdoor visit u.s. .in telegram sent message iranian users stating telegram talai hotgram unofficial clients secure.telegram promised since least march code released eventually including various client applications android ios desktop etc.serverside code.may telegram still hasnt published serverside source code. |
Telegram (software) | january durov explained rationale releasing serverside code citing reasons inability endusers verify released code code run servers government wanted acquire server code make messaging app would end competitors.on june intercept released leaked telegram messages exchanged current brazilian minister justice former judge sérgio moro federal prosecutors.hypothesis either mobile devices hacked sim swap targets’ computers compromised.telegram team tweeted either user malware using step verification.on june telegram confirmed suffered denialofservice attack disrupted normal app functionality approximately one hour.pavel durov tweeted ip addresses used attack mostly came china.in december multiple russian businessmen suffered account takeovers involved bypassing sms singlefactor authentication.security company groupib suggested ss mobile signalling protocol weaknesses illegal usage surveillance equipment telecom insider attacks.on march elasticsearch database holding million records containing user ids phone numbers iranian users exposed online without password. |
Telegram (software) | accounts extracted unofficial governmentsanctioned version telegram.took days database taken researchers say data accessed parties including hacker reported information specialized forum.in september reported irans rampantkitten ran phishing surveillance campaign dissidents telegram.attack relied people downloading malwareinfected file source point would replace telegram files device clone session data.david wolpoff former department defense contractor stated weak link attack device affected apps there’s way secure communication app keep user safe end devices compromised.in july researchers royal holloway university london eth zurich published analysis mtproto protocol concluding protocol could provide confidential integrityprotected channel communication.also found attackers theoretical ability reorder messages coming client server though attacker would able see content messages. |
Telegram (software) | several theoretical vulnerabilities reported well response telegram released document stating mitm attack key exchange impossible well detailing changes made protocol protect future.issues patched papers publication security bounty paid researchers.in september russian researcher published details bug selfdestruct feature allowed user recover deleted photos device.bug patched prior publication telegram representatives offered € bug bounty.researcher sign nda came offer receive award opting disclose bug.cryptography contests telegram organized two cryptography contests challenge security. |
Telegram (software) | third parties asked break services cryptography disclose information contained within secret chat two computercontrolled users.reward respectively us us offered.contests expired winners.security researcher moxie marlinspike founder competing signal messenger commenters hacker news criticized first contest rigged framed telegrams favor said telegrams statements value contests proof cryptographys quality misleading.cryptography contest could even completely broken algorithms md hash function used key stream extractor primitives dual ec drbg known backdoored. |
Drought | puerto rico telegramgate telegram main subject surrounding puerto rico riots ended resignation thengovernor ricardo rosselló.hundreds pages group chat rosselló members staff leaked.messages considered vulgar racist homophobic toward several individuals groups discussed would use media target potential political opponents.see also comparison instant messaging clientsinternet privacysecure instant messaging references reading external links official websitedrought last months years may declared days.substantial impact ecosystem agriculture affected region harm local economy.annual dry seasons tropics significantly increase chances drought developing subsequent bush fires.periods heat significantly worsen drought conditions hastening evaporation water vapour.drought recurring feature climate parts world.however regular droughts become extreme unpredictable due climate change. |
Drought | fact studies based dendrochronology tree rings dating confirm drought affected global warming goes back .many plant species family cactaceae cacti drought tolerance adaptations like reduced leaf area waxy cuticles enhance ability tolerate drought.others survive dry periods buried seeds.semipermanent drought produces arid biomes deserts grasslands.prolonged droughts caused mass migrations humanitarian crisis.arid ecosystems inherently low productivity. |
Drought | prolonged drought ever world recorded history occurred atacama desert chile years.throughout history humans usually viewed droughts disasters due impact food availability rest society.humans often tried explain droughts either natural disaster caused humans result supernatural forces.among earliest documented climatic events present epic gilgamesh tied biblical story josephs arrival later exodus ancient egypt.huntergatherer migrations bc chile linked phenomenon exodus early humans africa rest world around years ago.rituals exist prevent avert drought rainmaking could go dances scapegoating human sacrifices. |
Drought | nowadays ancient practices part relegated folklore replaced rational water management.types people tend define droughts three main waysmeteorological drought occurs prolonged time less average precipitation.meteorological drought usually precedes kinds drought.agricultural droughts affect crop production ecology range.condition also arise independently change precipitation levels either increased irrigation soil conditions erosion triggered poorly planned agricultural endeavors cause shortfall water available crops.however traditional drought caused extended period average precipitation.hydrological drought brought water reserves available sources aquifers lakes reservoirs fall locally significant threshold. |
Drought | hydrological drought tends show slowly involves stored water used replenished.like agricultural drought triggered loss rainfall.instance around kazakhstan awarded large amount money world bank restore water diverted nations aral sea soviet rule.similar circumstances also place largest lake balkhash risk completely drying out.as drought persists conditions surrounding gradually worsen impact local population gradually increases.causes precipitation deficiency mechanisms producing precipitation include convective stratiform orographic rainfall. |
Drought | convective processes involve strong vertical motions cause overturning atmosphere location within hour cause heavy precipitation stratiform processes involve weaker upward motions less intense precipitation longer duration.precipitation divided three categories based whether falls liquid water liquid water freezes contact surface ice.droughts occur mainly areas normal levels rainfall low.factors support precipitation volumes sufficiently reach surface sufficient time result drought.drought triggered high level reflected sunlight average prevalence high pressure systems winds carrying continental rather oceanic air masses ridges high pressure areas aloft prevent restrict developing thunderstorm activity rainfall one certain region. |
Drought | region within drought feedback mechanisms local arid air hot conditions promote warm core ridging minimal evapotranspiration worsen drought conditions.dry season within tropics distinct wet dry seasons emerge due movement intertropical convergence zone monsoon trough.dry season greatly increases drought occurrence characterized low humidity watering holes rivers drying up.lack watering holes many grazing animals forced migrate due lack water search fertile lands.examples animals zebras elephants wildebeest. |
Drought | lack water plants bushfires common.since water vapor becomes energetic increasing temperature water vapor required increase relative humidity values higher temperatures get temperature fall dew point.periods warmth quicken pace fruit vegetable production increase evaporation transpiration plants worsen drought conditions.el niño drier hotter weather occurs parts amazon river basin colombia central america el niño events.winters el niño warmer drier average conditions northwest northern midwest northern mideast united states regions experience reduced snowfalls. |
Drought | conditions also drier normal december february southcentral africa mainly zambia zimbabwe mozambique botswana.direct effects el niño resulting drier conditions occur parts southeast asia northern australia increasing bush fires worsening haze decreasing air quality dramatically.drierthannormal conditions also general observed queensland inland victoria inland new south wales eastern tasmania june august.warm water spreads west pacific indian ocean east pacific causes extensive drought western pacific.singapore experienced driest february since records began . |
Drought | mm rain falling month temperatures hitting high °c february.years next driest februaries .mm rain fell.erosion human activities human activity directly trigger exacerbating factors farming excessive irrigation deforestation erosion adversely impact ability land capture hold water.arid climates main source erosion wind. |
Drought | erosion result material movement wind.wind cause small particles lifted therefore moved another region deflation.suspended particles within wind may impact solid objects causing erosion abrasion ecological succession.wind erosion generally occurs areas little vegetation often areas insufficient rainfall support vegetation.loess homogeneous typically nonstratified porous friable slightly coherent often calcareous finegrained silty pale yellow buff windblown aeolian sediment.generally occurs widespread blanket deposit covers areas hundreds square kilometers tens meters thick. |
Drought | loess often stands either steep vertical faces.loess tends develop highly rich soils.appropriate climatic conditions areas loess among agriculturally productive world.loess deposits geologically unstable nature erode readily.therefore windbreaks big trees bushes often planted farmers reduce wind erosion loess. |
Drought | wind erosion much severe arid areas times drought.example great plains estimated soil loss due wind erosion much times greater drought years wet years.climate change global climate change expected trigger droughts substantial impact agriculture throughout world especially developing nations.along drought areas flooding erosion could increase others.proposed solutions global warming focus active techniques solar radiation management use space sunshade one may also carry increased chances drought. |
Drought | consequences one divide effects droughts water shortages three groups environmental economic social.in case environmental effects lower surface subterranean waterlevels lower flowlevels decrease minimum leading direct danger amphibian life increased pollution surface water drying wetlands larger fires higher deflation intensity loss biodiversity worse health trees appearance pests dendroid diseases.economic losses include lower agricultural forests game fishing output higher foodproduction costs lower energyproduction levels hydro plants losses caused depleted water tourism transport revenue problems water supply energy sector technological processes metallurgy mining chemical paper wood foodstuff industries etc.disruption water supplies municipal economies.social costs include negative effect health people directly exposed phenomenon excessive heat waves possible limitation water supplies increased pollution levels high foodcosts stress caused failed harvests etc.explains droughts fresh water shortages operate factor increases gap developed developing countries.effects vary according vulnerability.example subsistence farmers likely migrate drought alternative foodsources.areas populations depend water sources major foodsource vulnerable famine.drought also reduce water quality lower waterflows reduce dilution pollutants increase contamination remaining watersources. |
Drought | common consequences drought includediminished crop growth yield productions carrying capacity livestockdust bowls sign erosion erode landscapedust storms drought hits area suffering desertification erosionfaminehabitat damage affecting terrestrial aquatic wildlifehunger – drought provides little water support food crops.malnutrition dehydration related diseasesmass migration resulting internal displacement international refugeesreduced electricity production due reduced waterflow hydroelectric damsshortages water industrial userssnake migration results snakebitessocial unrestwar natural resources including water foodwildfires australian bushfires become common times drought may cause human deaths.exposure oxidation acid sulfate soils due falling surface groundwater levels.cyanotoxin accumulation within food chains water supply among potent toxins known science cause cancer low exposure long term.high levels microcystin appeared san francisco bay area saltwater shellfish freshwater supplies throughout state california .protection mitigation relief agriculturally people effectively mitigate much impact drought irrigation crop rotation.failure develop adequate drought mitigation strategies carries grave human cost modern era exacerbated everincreasing population densities.president roosevelt april signed documents creating soil conservation service scs—now natural resources conservation service nrcs. |
Drought | models law sent state enacted.first enduring practical programs curtail future susceptibility drought creating agencies first began stress soil conservation measures protect farm lands today.importance placed water conservation put existing laws nrcs .strategies drought protection mitigation relief includedams – many dams associated reservoirs supply additional water times drought.cloud seeding – form intentional weather modification induce rainfall.remains hotly debated topic united states national research council released report stating date still convincing scientific proof efficacy intentional weather modification.desalination – use sea water irrigation consumption.drought monitoring – continuous observation rainfall levels comparisons current usage levels help prevent manmade drought.instance analysis water usage yemen revealed water table underground water level put grave risk overuse fertilize khat crop. |
Drought | careful monitoring moisture levels also help predict increased risk wildfires using metrics keetchbyram drought index palmer drought index.land use – carefully planned crop rotation help minimize erosion allow farmers plant less waterdependent crops drier years.outdoor wateruse restriction – regulating use sprinklers hoses buckets outdoor plants filling pools waterintensive home maintenance tasks.xeriscaping yards significantly reduce unnecessary water use residents towns cities.rainwater harvesting – collection storage rainwater roofs suitable catchments.recycled water – former wastewater sewage treated purified reuse.transvasement – building canals redirecting rivers massive attempts irrigation droughtprone areas.history wellknown historical droughts include central europe said “worst drought millennium” eleven months without rain temperatures – °c average th century india killing .million.– soviet union million perished starvation due drought.– northwest china resulting million deaths famine.sichuan province china resulting million . |
Drought | million deaths respectively.the – millennium drought australia led water supply crisis across much country.result many desalination plants built first time see list.in sichuan province china experienced worst drought modern times nearly million people million cattle facing water shortages.year drought devastating southwest western australia southeast south australia victoria northern tasmania severe without historical precedent.– cape town water crisis.likelihood tripled climate change.the darfur conflict sudan also affecting chad fueled decades drought combination drought desertification overpopulation among causes darfur conflict arab baggara nomads searching water take livestock south land mainly occupied nonarab farming people.approximately .billion people live drainage basin himalayan rivers.india china pakistan bangladesh nepal myanmar could experience floods followed droughts coming decades. |
Drought | drought india affecting ganges particular concern provides drinking water agricultural irrigation million people.west coast north america gets much water glaciers mountain ranges rocky mountains sierra nevada also would affected.in parts amazon basin experienced worst drought years.july article reported woods hole research center results showing forest present form could survive three years drought.scientists brazilian national institute amazonian research argue article drought response coupled effects deforestation regional climate pushing rainforest towards tipping point would irreversibly start die.concludes rainforest brink turned savanna desert catastrophic consequences worlds climate. |
Drought | according wwf combination climate change deforestation increases drying effect dead trees fuels forest fires.by far largest part australia desert semiarid lands commonly known outback.study australian american researchers investigated desertification interior suggested one explanation related human settlers arrived years ago.regular burning settlers could prevented monsoons reaching interior australia.june became known expert panel warned long term maybe irreversible severe ecological damage whole murraydarling basin receive sufficient water october .australia could experience severe droughts could become frequent future governmentcommissioned report said july . |
Drought | australian environmentalist tim flannery predicted unless made drastic changes perth western australia could become worlds first ghost metropolis abandoned city water sustain population.long australian millennial drought broke .recurring droughts leading desertification east africa created grave ecological catastrophes prompting food shortages – .drought estimated people reported died though figures extent crisis disputed.february un announced crisis due scaling relief efforts bumper harvest.aid agencies subsequently shifted emphasis recovery efforts including digging irrigation canals distributing plant seeds.in severe drought struck western sahel. |
RSA Security | methodist relief development fund mrdf reported million people region risk famine due monthlong heat wave hovering niger mali mauritania burkina faso.fund £ distributed droughthit countries.a study found rise compound warmseason droughts europe dynamic developing phenomenon.see also references external links media related drought wikimedia commons dictionary definition drought wiktionary drought wikibooksgidmaps global integrated drought monitoring prediction system university california irvinewater scarcity fao water food agriculture organization united nationsglobal realtime drought media monitoringrsa named initials cofounders ron rivest adi shamir leonard adleman rsa public key cryptography algorithm also named.among products securid authentication token.bsafe cryptography libraries also initially owned rsa.rsa known incorporating backdoors developed nsa products.also organizes annual rsa conference information security conference.founded independent company rsa security acquired emc corporation us. |
RSA Security | billion operated division within emc.emc acquired dell technologies rsa became part dell technologies family brands.march dell technologies announced selling rsa security consortium led symphony technology group stg ontario teachers’ pension plan board ontario teachers’ alpinvest partners alpinvest us.billion price bought emc back .rsa based bedford massachusetts regional headquarters bracknell uk singapore numerous international offices.history ron rivest adi shamir leonard adleman developed rsa encryption algorithm founded rsa data security .in rsa clipper chip crypto war.in rsa sent handful people across hall found digital certificates international better known verisign.the company called security dynamics acquired rsa data security july dynasoft ab .in january proposed first des challenges led first public breaking message based data encryption standard.in february acquired xcert international inc. privately held company developed delivered digital certificatebased products securing ebusiness transactions.in may acquired g international inc. privately held company developed delivered smart card biometric authentication products.in august acquired securant technologies inc. privately held company produced cleartrust identity management product.in december acquired cyota privately held israeli company specializing online security antifraud solutions financial institutions.in april acquired passmark security.on september rsa stockholders approved acquisition company emc corporation . |
RSA Security | billion.in rsa acquired valyd software hyderabadbased indian company specializing file data security .in rsa launched rsa share project.part project rsa bsafe libraries made available free.promote launch rsa ran programming competition us first prize.in rsa introduced new cybercrime intelligence service designed help organizations identify computers information assets identities compromised trojans online attacks.in july rsa acquired aveksa leader identity access governance sectoron september rsa acquired became subsidiary dell emc infrastructure solutions group acquisition emc corporation dell technologies cash stock deal led michael dell.on february dell technologies announced intention sell rsa .billion symphony technology group.in anticipation sale rsa symphony technology group dell technologies made strategic decision retain bsafe product line.end rsa transferred bsafe products including data protection manager product customer agreements including maintenance support dell technologies july .on september symphony technology group stg completed acquisition rsa dell technologies. |
RSA Security | rsa became independent company one world’s largest cybersecurity risk management organizations.controversy securid security breach march rsa disclosed attack twofactor authentication products.attack similar sykipot attacks july sk communications hack nightdragon series attacks.rsa called advanced persistent threat.today securid commonly used software token rather older physical tokens. |
RSA Security | relationship nsa rsas relationship nsa changed years.reuters joseph menn cybersecurity analyst jeffrey carr noted two adversarial relationship.early years rsa leaders prominent advocates strong cryptography public use nsa bush clinton administrations sought prevent proliferation.for almost years ive going toe toe people fort meade.success company rsa worst thing happen them.real enemy real target. |
RSA Security | system theyre afraid of.u.s. adopted rsa standard would truly international interoperable unbreakable easytouse encryption technology.things together synergistically threatening n.s.a.s interests driving frenzy.in mids rsa bidzos led fierce public campaign clipper chip encryption chip backdoor would allow u.s. government decrypt communications.clinton administration pressed telecommunications companies use chip devices relaxed export restrictions products used it.restrictions prevented rsa security selling software abroad. |
RSA Security | rsa joined civil libertarians others opposing clipper chip among things distributing posters foundering sailing ship words sink clipper rsa security also created des challenges show widely used des encryption breakable wellfunded entities like nsa.the relationship shifted adversarial cooperative bidzos stepped ceo according victor chan led rsas department engineering joined people labs fighting nsa.became different company later on.example rsa reported accepted million nsa deal use nsadesigned dual ec drbg random number generator bsafe library despite many indications dualecdrbg poor quality possibly backdoored.rsa security later released statement dualecdrbg kleptographic backdoorwe made decision use dual ec drbg default bsafe toolkits context industrywide effort develop newer stronger methods encryption.time nsa trusted role communitywide effort strengthen weaken encryption. |
RSA Security | algorithm one multiple choices available within bsafe toolkits users always free choose whichever one best suits needs.continued using algorithm option within bsafe toolkits gained acceptance nist standard value fips compliance.concern surfaced around algorithm continued rely upon nist arbiter discussion.nist issued new guidance recommending use algorithm september adhered guidance communicated recommendation customers discussed change openly media.in march reported reuters rsa also adapted extended random standard championed nsa.later cryptanalysis showed extended random add security rejected prominent standards group internet engineering task force. |
RSA Security | extended random however make nsas backdoor dualecdrbg tens thousands times faster use attackers key dualecdrbg backdoor presumably nsa extended nonces extended random made part internal state dualecdrbg easier guess.rsa securitys java version hard crack without extended random since caching dualecdrbg output e.g.rsa securitys c programming language version already made internal state fast enough determine.indeed rsa security implemented extended random java implementation dualecdrbg.nsa dualecdrbg backdoor rsa shipped security software—bsafe toolkit data protection manager—that included default cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator dual ec drbg later suspected contain secret national security agency kleptographic backdoor. |
RSA Security | backdoor could made data encrypted tools much easier break nsa would secret private key backdoor.scientifically speaking backdoor employs kleptography essentially instance diffie hellman kleptographic attack published adam young moti yung.rsa security employees aware least dualecdrbg might contain backdoor.three employees members ansi xf tool standards guidelines group dualecdrbg submitted consideration early s. possibility random number generator could contain backdoor first raised ansi x meeting according john kelsey coauthor nist sp standard contains dualecdrbg.january two employees cryptography company certicom—who also members xf group—wrote patent application described backdoor dualecdrbg identical nsa one.patent application also described three ways neutralize backdoor. |
RSA Security | two these—ensuring two arbitrary elliptic curve points p q used dualecdrbg independently chosen smaller output length—were added standard option though nsas backdoored version p q large output length remained standards default option.kelsey said knew implementers actually generated nonbackdoored p q reports implementations using smaller outlet.nevertheless nist included dualecdrbg nist sp standard default settings enabling backdoor largely behest nsa officials cited rsa securitys early use random number generator argument inclusion.standard also fix unrelated backdoor problem csprng predictable gjøsteen pointed earlier led gjøsteen call dualecdrbg cryptographically sound.ansi standard group members microsoft employees dan shumow niels ferguson made public presentation backdoor .commenting shumow fergusons presentation prominent security researcher cryptographer bruce schneier called possible nsa backdoor rather obvious wondered nsa bothered pushing dualecdrbg included general poor quality possible backdoor would ensure nobody would ever use it.seem general awareness rsa security made default products snowden leak.in september new york times drawing snowden leaks revealed nsa worked insert vulnerabilities commercial encryption systems systems networks endpoint communications devices used targets part bullrun program. |
RSA Security | one vulnerabilities times reported dualecdrbg backdoor.renewed focus dualecdrbg noted rsa securitys bsafe used dualecdrbg default previously widely known.after new york times published article rsa security recommended users switch away dualecdrbg denied deliberately inserted backdoor.rsa security officials largely declined explain remove dubious random number generator flaws became known implement simple mitigation nist added standard neutralize suggested later verified backdoor.on december reuters joseph menn reported nsa secretly paid rsa security million set dualecdrbg default csprng bsafe.story quoted former rsa security employees saying alarms raised deal handled business leaders rather pure technologists.interviewed cnet schneier called million deal bribe. |
RSA Security | rsa officials responded entered contract engaged project intention weakening rsa’s products.menn stood story media analysis noted rsas reply nondenial denial denied company officials knew backdoor agreed deal assertion menns story make.in wake reports several industry experts cancelled planned talks rsas rsa conference.among mikko hyppönen finnish researcher fsecure cited rsas denial alleged million payment nsa suspicious.hyppönen announced intention give talk governments malware authors conference quickly set reaction reports trustycon held day one block away rsa conference.at rsa conference former rsa security executive chairman art coviello defended rsa securitys choice keep using dualecdrbg saying became possible concerns raised might merit nist acknowledged problems .products rsa known securid product provides twofactor authentication hundreds technologies utilizing hardware tokens rotate keys timed intervals software tokens one time codes. |
RSA Security | rsa rebranded securid platform rsa securid access.release added singlesignon capabilities cloud authentication resources using saml .types federation.the rsa securid suite also contains rsa identity governance lifecycle software formally aveksa.software provides visibility access within organization manages access various capabilities access review request andprovisioning.rsa envision security information event management siem platform centralised logmanagement service claims enable organisations simplify compliance process well optimise securityincident management occur.april emc purchased netwitness added rsa group products. |
Old World vulture | netwitness packet capture tool aimed gaining full network visibility detect security incidents.tool rebranded rsa security analytics combination rsa envision netwitness siem tool log packet capture.the rsa archer grc platform software supports businesslevel management governance risk management compliance grc.product originally developed archer technologies emc acquired .see also hardware tokenrsa factoring challengersa secretkey challengebsafersa securidsoftware token referencescontinents europe asia africa belong family accipitridae also includes eagles buzzards kites hawks.old world vultures closely related superficially similar new world vultures condors share groups good sense smell.similarities two groups vultures due convergent evolution rather close relationship.widespread old world north america neogene.old world vultures probably polyphyletic group within accipitridae palmnut vulture egyptian vulture bearded vulture separate others.authorities refer two major clades gypaetinae gypinae aegypius gyps sarcogyps torgos trigonoceps possibly necrosyrtes.former seem nested perninae hawks latter closely related possibly even synonymous aquilinae. |
Old World vulture | within aegypiinae torgos aegypius sarcogyps trigonoceps particularly closely related possibly within genus.both old world new world vultures scavenging birds feeding mostly carcasses dead animals.old world vultures find carcasses exclusively sight.particular characteristic many vultures semibald head sometimes without feathers simple down.historically thought due feeding habits feathers would glued decaying flesh blood.however recent studies shown actually thermoregulatory adaptation avoid facial overheating presence absence complex feathers seems matter little feeding habits vultures quite raptorial. |
Old World vulture | species † extinct population declines threats implications population declines half old world vulture species listed vulnerable endangered critically endangered iucn red list.population declines caused variety threats vary species region notable declines asia due diclofenac use.vultures play important role ecosystems population decline cultural public health economic implications communities.within africa combination poisonings vulture trade including use bushmeat traditional medicine account roughly population declines.threats diclofenac diclofenac poisoning caused vulture population india pakistan decline two three species vulture south asia nearing extinction. |
Old World vulture | caused practice medicating working farm animals diclofenac nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug nsaid antiinflammatory painkilling actions.diclofenac administration keeps animals ill pain working land longer ill animals die carcasses contain diclofenac.farmers leave dead animals open relying vultures tidy up.diclofenac present carcass flesh eaten vultures sensitive diclofenac suffer kidney failure visceral gout death result diclofenac poisoning.meloxicam another nsaid found harmless vultures prove acceptable alternative diclofenac.government india banned diclofenac year later continued sold remains problem parts world. |
Old World vulture | poisonings poisoning accounts majority vulture deaths africa.ivory poachers poison carcasses intent killing vultures since vultures circling carcass alert authorities kill.vultures also unintentionally poisoned consume carcasses predators poisoned livestock farmers.traditional medicine belief use vultures africa killed use traditional medicine part african vulture trade.vulture heads believed provide clairvoyance. |
Old World vulture | bushmeat consumption another part african vulture trade use bushmeat consumption.electrical infrastructure collisions electrical infrastructure account roughly vulture deaths africa.organizations south africa working power companies mitigate threat.implications vultures play important role ecosystems population decline cultural public health economic implications communities.the decline vultures led hygiene problems india carcasses dead animals tend rot eaten rats feral dogs rather consumed vultures.rabies among scavengers major health threat. |
Old World vulture | india one worlds highest incidences rabies.for communities parsi practice sky burials human corpses put top tower silence vulture population declines serious cultural implications.conservation efforts project named vulture restaurant underway nepal effort conserve dwindling number vultures.restaurant open grassy area naturally dying sick old cows fed vultures.organizations across africa working reduce threats vulture species efforts change create policies protect species national international scale.references di quinzio m. mccarthy a. .rabies risk among travellers. |
Old World vulture | cmaj..doi.cmaj.. pmc .pmid .fergusonlees james christie david a. .raptors world. |
Old World vulture | illustrated kim franklin david mead philip burton.houghton mifflin.isbn .retrieved .grimmett richard inskipp carol inskipp tim .birds india pakistan nepal bangladesh bhutan sri lanka maldives. |
Old World vulture | illustrated clive byers et al.princeton university press.isbn .oclc .lerner heather r. l. mindell david p. november .phylogeny eagles old world vultures accipitridae based nuclear mitochondrial dna pdf. |
Old World vulture | molecular phylogenetics evolution.–.doi.j.ympev.... issn .pmid .retrieved may .sinclair ian hockey phil tarboton warwick . |
Old World vulture | sasol birds southern africa.illustrated peter hayman norman arlott rd ed.. cape town struik.isbn .bird groups hopeful vultures.bbc news.london. |
Old World vulture | .retrieved .gentleman amelia .indias vultures fall prey drug cattle feed on.new york times.issn . |
Old World vulture | retrieved .nair preetu .rare breed vulture spotted goa eight years.times india.archived original .retrieved . |
Disaster recovery and business continuity auditing | external links internet bird collection.com vulture videosindian birds.com videos photographs resourcespublico.pt griffon vulture nestoverview often used together terms business continuity disaster recovery different.business continuity refers ability business continue critical functions business processes occurrence disaster whereas disaster recovery refers specifically information technology datacentric functions business subset business continuity.metrics primary objective protect organization event part operations andor computer services rendered partially completely unusable.minimizing downtime data loss disaster recovery measured terms two concepts recovery time objective rto time system completely runningrecovery point objective rpo measure ability recover files specifying point time restore backup copy.auditors role auditor examines assesses procedures stated bcp dr plan actually consistent real practicea specific individual within organization may referred disaster recovery officer disaster recovery liaison dr coordinator similar title technical skills training experience abilities analyze capabilities team members complete assigned tasksmore one individual trained capable particular function disaster recovery exercise. |
Disaster recovery and business continuity auditing | tests inquiries personnel help achieve objective.documentation maximize effectiveness disaster recovery plans effective updated frequently shouldbe integral part business analysis processesbe revisited every major corporate acquisition every new product launch every new system development milestone.adequate records need retained organization.auditor examines records billings contracts verify records kept.one record current list organizations hardware software vendors.list made periodically updated reflect changing business practice. |
Disaster recovery and business continuity auditing | copies stored site made available accessible require them.auditor tests procedures used meet objective determine effectiveness.disaster recovery plan disaster recovery plan drp documented process set procedures execute organizations disaster recovery processes recover protect business infrastructure event disaster.comprehensive statement consistent actions taken disaster.disaster could natural environmental manmade. |
Disaster recovery and business continuity auditing | manmade disasters could intentional example act terrorist unintentional accidental breakage manmade dam.types plans although onesizefitsall plan three basic strategiesprevention including proper backups surge protectors generatorsdetection byproduct routine inspections may discover new potential threatscorrectionthe latter may include securing proper insurance policies holding lessons learned brainstorming session.relationship business continuity plan disaster recovery subset business continuity.drp encompasses policies tools procedures enable recovery data following catastrophic event business continuity planning bcp involves keeping aspects business functioning regardless potential disruptive events.business continuity plan comprehensive organizational strategy includes drp well threat prevention detection recovery resumption operations data breach disaster event occur. |
Disaster recovery and business continuity auditing | therefore bcp consists five component plansbusiness resumption planoccupant emergency plancontinuity operations planincident management plandisaster recovery planthe first three components business resumption occupant emergency continuity operations plans deal infrastructure.incident management plan imp deal infrastructure since establishes structure procedures address cyber attacks organization’s systems generally represent agent activating disaster recovery plan leaving disaster recovery plan bcp component interest it.benefits like every insurance plan benefits obtained proper planning includingminimizing risk delaysguaranteeing reliability standby systemsproviding standard testing planminimizing decisionmaking disasterreducing potential legal liabilitieslowering unnecessarily stressful work environment planning testing methodology according geoffrey h. wold disaster recovery journal entire process involved developing disaster recovery plan consists stepsperforming risk assessment planning committee prepares risk analysis business impact analysis bia includes range possible disasters.functional area organization analyzed determine potential consequences.traditionally fire posed greatest threat. |
Disaster recovery and business continuity auditing | thorough plan provides worst case situations destruction main building.establishing priorities processing operations critical needs department evaluated prioritized.written agreements alternatives selected prepared details specifying duration termination conditions system testing cost special security procedures procedure notification system changes hours operation specific hardware equipment required processing personnel requirements definition circumstances constituting emergency process negotiate service extensions guarantee compatibility availability nonmainframe resource requirements priorities contractual issues.collecting data includes various lists employee backup position listing critical telephone numbers list master call list master vendor list notification checklist inventories communications equipment documentation office equipment forms insurance policies workgroup data center computer hardware microcomputer hardware software office supply offsite storage location equipment telephones etc.distribution register software data files backupretention schedules temporary location specifications lists materials inventories documentation.preformatted forms often used facilitate data gathering process.organizing documenting written plandeveloping testing criteria procedures reasons testing includedetermining feasibility compatibility backup facilities procedures.identifying areas plan need modification.providing training team managers team members.demonstrating ability organization recover.providing motivation maintaining updating disaster recovery plan.testing plan initial dry run plan performed conducting structured walkthrough test.actual testrun must performed. |
Disaster recovery and business continuity auditing | problems corrected.initial testing plan done sections normal business hours minimize disruptions.subsequent tests occur normal business hours.types tests include checklist tests simulation tests parallel tests full interruption tests.caveatscontroversies due high cost various plans without critics.dell identified five common mistakes organizations often make related bcpdr planninglack buyin executive management sees dr planning another fake earthquake drill ceos fail make dr planning preparation priorityincomplete rtos rpos failure include every important business process block data.ripples extend disasters impact.payroll may initially missioncritical left alone several days become important initial problems.systems myopia third point failure involves focusing dr without considering larger business continuity needs. |
Disaster recovery and business continuity auditing | corporate office space lost disaster result instant pool teleworkers turn overload companys vpn overnight overwork support staff blink eye cause serious bottlenecks monopolies dialin pbx system.lax security disaster organizations data business processes become vulnerable.security important raw speed involved disaster recovery plans rto.critical consideration becomes securing new data pipelines new vpns connection offsite backup services.in disasters planning postmortem forensicslocking remotely wiping lost handheld devices decisions strategies site designation hot site vs. cold site.hot site fully equipped resume operations cold site capability.warm site capability resume operations.a costbenefit analysis needed.occasional tests trials verify viability effectiveness plan. |
Disaster recovery and business continuity auditing | auditor looks probability operations organization sustained level assumed plan ability entity actually establish operations site.the auditor verify paper paperless documentation actual physical observation.security storage site also confirmed.data backup audit backup processes determines effective b actually implemented involved personnel.the disaster recovery plan also includes information best recover data copied.controls protections put place ensure data damaged altered destroyed process.drills practice drills conducted periodically determine effective plan determine changes may necessary.auditor’s primary concern verifying drills conducted properly problems uncovered drills addressed.backup key personnel including periodic training crosstraining.considerations insurance issues auditor determines adequacy companys insurance coverage particularly property casualty insurance review companys insurance policies research. |
Disaster recovery and business continuity auditing | among items auditor needs verify scope policy including stated exclusions amount coverage sufficient cover organization’s needs policy current force.auditor also ascertains review ratings assigned independent rating agencies insurance company companies providing coverage financial viability cover losses event disaster.effective dr plans take account extent companys responsibilities entities ability fulfill commitments despite major disaster.good dr audit include review existing moa contracts ensure organizations legal liability lack performance event disaster unusual circumstance minimized.agreements pertaining establishing support assisting recovery entity also outlined.techniques used evaluating area include examination reasonableness plan determination whether plan takes factors account verification contracts agreements reasonableness documentation outside research. |
Disaster recovery and business continuity auditing | communication issues auditor must verify planning ensures management recovery team effective communication hardware contact information internal communication external issues business partners key customers.audit techniques include testing procedures interviewing employees making comparison plans company industry standardsexamining company manuals written procedures.direct observation emergency telephone numbers listed easily accessible event disaster.emergency procedures procedures sustain staff roundthe clock disaster recovery effort included good disaster recovery plan.procedures stocking food water capabilities administering cprfirst aid dealing family emergencies clearly written tested.generally accomplished company good training programs clear definition job responsibilities. |
Disaster recovery and business continuity auditing | review readiness capacity plan often includes tasks inquires personnel direct physical observation examination training records certifications.environmental issues auditor must review procedures take account possibility power failures situations nonit nature.flashlights candles may needed.safety procedures case gas leaks fires phenomena see also backup rotation schemeinformation technology auditcomparison backup softwarecomparison online backup servicesvulnerability computing references messier jr. w. f. .auditing assurance services systematic approach th ed.. new york mcgrawhillirwin.isbn .gallegos f. senft s. davis a. l. . |
Communication privacy management theory | information technology control audit th ed.. boca raton fl auerbach publications.isbn .cpm theory suggests individuals maintain coordinate privacy boundaries limits willing share various communication partners depending perceived benefits costs information disclosure.first developed sandra petronio .petronio uses boundary metaphor explain privacy management process.privacy boundaries draw divisions private information public information.theory argues people disclose private information depend rulebased management system control level accessibility.individuals privacy boundary governs herselfdisclosures. |
Communication privacy management theory | disclosure made negotiation privacy rules two parties required.adistressing sense boundary turbulence arise whenclashing expectations privacy management identified.mental image protective boundaries central understanding five core principles petronios cpm people believe right control private information.people control private information use personal privacy rules.others told given access persons private information become coowners information. |
Communication privacy management theory | coowners private information need negotiate mutually agreeable privacy rules telling others.coowners private information dont effectively negotiate follow mutually held privacy rules boundary turbulence likely result.background petronios communication privacy management cpm theory built altmans dialecticalconception privacy process opening closing boundary others.altman taylors social penetration theory focused selfdisclosure primary way develop close relationships.however openness part story. |
Communication privacy management theory | also desire privacy.petronio first developed theory called communication boundary management.renamed communication privacy management underscoring private disclosure main thrust theory.theory elements private information content concealing revealing private information.petronio favored term private information term selfdisclosure many caveats inherent private information disclosure present selfdisclosure. |
Communication privacy management theory | firstly motivations behind sharing many including limited sharing burden righting wrong influencing others.since private information others decision private share plays part taking idea boundaries consideration.decision share ultimately left process privacy rule management system combines rules coordination information characteristics disclosure attributes nature boundaries.private boundaries understand cpm theory important follow metaphor boundary.private boundaries division private information public information. |
Communication privacy management theory | private information shared collective boundary.private information remains individual disclosed boundary called personal boundary.individuals private information protected boundaries.permeability boundaries everchanging.boundaries relatively permeable easy cross relatively impregnable rigid difficult cross. |
Communication privacy management theory | boundary coordination individuals private information protected individuals boundaries.permeability boundaries everchanging allow certain parts public access certain pieces information belonging individual.sharing private information risky decision puts owner information vulnerable position.therefore rules surrounding boundaries must negotiated protect shared information.private information shared coowners must coordinate boundaries privacy disclosure based boundary permeability boundary linkage boundary ownership. |
Communication privacy management theory | petronio describes mutual boundary coordination coowners drawing borders map around shared piece information.means easy process considering owner approach information distinct viewpoints referencing personal criteria privacy rule development.boundary permeability refers nature invisible divisions keep private information known outside individual particular group.private information kept one owner boundaries said thick less possibility information make way public sphere.information shared one persons boundaries private information expand become permeable considered thin.boundary linkage owners connected build associations boundary. |
Communication privacy management theory | example doctors patients linked way private information passed within boundaries constantly.linkages strong weak depending information shared whether coowner wanted know prepared learn new piece information.case point link organization spy meant infiltrate organization weak two coordinated information maintained private disclosed.boundary ownership refers responsibilities rights person control spread information own.working mutually create boundary privacy key parties clear understanding whether information shared shared shared.simple example planning surprise birthday party involved planning must agree information party spread ruin surprise. |
Communication privacy management theory | new guests invited become owner information bound rules privacy maintenance else surprise could ruined.boundary turbulence often boundaries coordinated well maintain level privacy exposure desired owners – leads problems known boundary turbulence.coordination shared boundaries key avoiding oversharing.boundaries unclear owners may come conflict one another.turbulence among coowners caused rules mutually understood coowners management private information comes conflict expectations owner happen number reasons.boundary turbulence caused mistakes uninvited party overhearing private information causing weak boundary linkage disclosure owner might make influence alcohol drugs. |
Communication privacy management theory | disclosure new party intent happens coowners feel expectations maintaining boundaries violated.in addition boundary turbulence occurs coowner intentionally breaks coordinated boundary privacy disclose private information.example intentional disclosure would daughter revealing doctor father indeed active smoker father told doctor longer smokes heart surgery.daughter case must weigh risks breaking family privacy boundary benefits doctor better informed fathers condition.lastly boundary turbulence also occur preexisting rules situation.example emergence social media particular facebook boundary rules established.parents began join facebook friend children children felt turbulence. |
Communication privacy management theory | perception privacy invasion parentchild relationship.in cases boundary turbulence coowners information feel expectations violated lose trust coowners.cases goal party reduce turbulence reestablishing coordinating boundaries.turbulence doesnt always negative outcome studies show turbulence within relationships lead stronger improved relationships.boundary violations boundary turbulence used learning opportunity individuals renegotiate existing boundaries better form new boundaries similar situations.boundary turbulence experienced differently individual reactions violations depend many new boundary linkages created many new people private information reaches. |
Communication privacy management theory | factors determine whether boundary turbulence cause distress relationship learning experience.control ownership communication privacy management theory understands information well boundaries something owned owner must decide whether willing confidant i.e.coowner malparida piroba information.cases preferable owner another person share private information though may case confidant.coownership information characterized two things heavy responsibility knowledge rules particular disclosure. |
Communication privacy management theory | however ownership felt different degrees understanding disclosure rules different owner owner.also act sharing coupled along realization boundaries expanded may never return original state.responsibility coowners decide make clear information shared others.rulebased management system petronio views boundary management rule based process individual decision.rulebased management system allows management individual collective levels. |
Communication privacy management theory | system depends three privacy rule management regulate process revealing concealing private information privacy rule characteristics boundary coordination boundary turbulence.privacy rule characteristics characteristics privacy rules divided two sections attributes development.privacy rule attributes refer people obtain rules privacy understand properties rules.normally done social interactions boundaries rules put test.rules set different social situations dictate type disclosure made example difference disclosure family members birthday party versus office event work. |
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