title stringlengths 1 105 | content stringlengths 5 58.1k |
|---|---|
Yathong Nature Reserve | extent intact mallee within reserve highlights importance conservation activities distinctive plant communities inhabiting fauna.fauna reserve hosts diverse range animal species recorded total protected status new south wales.examples mammal species include shortbeaked echidna tachyglossus aculeatus brushtailed rockwallaby petrogale penicillata yellowbellied sheathtailbat saccolaimus flaviventris.three nationally important kangaroo species present within reserve eastern grey macropus giganteus western grey macropus fuliginosus red kangaroo macropus rufus.reptile species also represented well within reserve include species marblefaced delma delma australis western bluetongued lizard tiliqua occipitalis mallee military dragon ctenophorus fordi. |
Yathong Nature Reserve | reptiles within region preference mallee habitat much like malleefowl.the area rich bird species confirmed concentration species within mallee habitat.current records raise total number bird species present area .recorded bird species listed protected nsw protected endangered recognised nationally.notable species include malleefowl leipoa ocellata redlored whistler pachycephala rufogularis grey falcon falco hypoleucos pink cockatoo lophochroa leadbeateri striated grass wren amytornis striatus.the malleefowl gained considerable attention conservation status within outside reserve.result combination encroachment human activities specificity habitat requirements malleefowl. |
Yathong Nature Reserve | management strategies time npws reserve plan included breeding programs alongside activities reduce threatening processes predatory species.national recovery plan targeting range endangered species specific reserve includes actions protect promote malleefowl population.actions undertaken nsw comprise variety conservation management activities.introduced animal species data collection monitoring main approaches taken nsw effort preserve malleefowl.many introduces species occur within area cause alterations native species inhabit reserve.major introduced species european red fox vulpes vulpes feral cats felis catus feral dogs canis lupus familiaris feral pigs sus scrofa goat capra hircus rabbit oryctolagos cuniculus. |
Yathong Nature Reserve | environmental hazards threats occurrence bushfire primary environmental hazard poses direct threat biodiversity reserve.threat fire listed key threatening process ktp nsw government would drastic effect loss vegetation structure composition.fire management plan one considers biodiversity cultural heritage approach managing fires.size age reserve allows greater capacity drought fire resistance part due age classes existing vegetation.the second concern regarding threats comes predation encroachment introduced species.predation threats native species result feeding habits introduce feral animals. |
Yathong Nature Reserve | feral dogs cats instance pose threats animal species within reserve.feral cat fox predation bird species particular concern ground dwelling nesting birds.examples bird species vulnerable include redlored whistler pachycephala rufogularis malleefowl leipoa ocellata striated grass wren amytornis striatus.goats rabbit species pose risk plant animal communities overgrazing species competition.raised concern native animals may rely specific habitat malleefowl. |
Yathong Nature Reserve | competition overgrazing habitat destruction also comes three kangaroo species present within reserve.introduced invasive plant species also pose threats structure range plant communities.species lantana lantana camara l. sens.lat bitou bush chrysanthemoides monilifera perennial grasses source competition native plant species.subsequent effects habit dependent native animal species raises concern spread invasive species.reserve management yathong nature reserve managed nsw national parks wildlife service npws agency government new south wales. |
Yathong Nature Reserve | management goals reserve plan protection floral faunal communities wider consideration natural cultural heritage public uses.key areas management focus native introduced flora fauna alongside considerations fire management.second area concern regards recognition cultural historic properties park.ngiyam wiradjuripaa people traditional land owners involved works activities concern cultural values heritage important sites.development information knowledge reserve draw knowledge traditional land owners possess.the importance reserve drawn interest groups concerned flora fauna communities area. |
Yathong Nature Reserve | foundation national parks wildlife fnpw involved creation reserve subsequent conservation activities particularly malleefowl.reserve also listed important bird area database contributes monitoring populations numbers therefore aiding future protection conservation efforts.management activities regarding threats mainly focus controlling effect encroachment predation introduced species.actions undertaken npws include targeted control plans endangered vulnerable native species.baiting programs exist target pest species foxes feral dogs cats.see also protected areas new south waleslist biosphere reserves australia references external links yathong nature reserve nombinnie nature reserve round hill nature reserve plan management pdf. |
Biological warfare | nsw national parks wildlife service pdf.government new south wales.november .isbn .biological weapons often termed bioweapons biological threat agents bioagents living organisms replicating entities i.e.viruses universally considered alive.entomological insect warfare subtype biological warfare.offensive biological warfare prohibited customary international humanitarian law several international treaties.particular biological weapons convention bwc bans development production acquisition transfer stockpiling use biological weapons.therefore use biological agents armed conflict war crime. |
Biological warfare | contrast defensive biological research prophylactic protective peaceful purposes prohibited bwc.biological warfare distinct warfare involving types weapons mass destruction wmd including nuclear warfare chemical warfare radiological warfare.none considered conventional weapons deployed primarily explosive kinetic incendiary potential.biological weapons may employed various ways gain strategic tactical advantage enemy either threats actual deployments.like chemical weapons biological weapons may also useful area denial weapons.agents may lethal nonlethal may targeted single individual group people even entire population.may developed acquired stockpiled deployed nation states nonnational groups. |
Biological warfare | latter case nationstate uses clandestinely may also considered bioterrorism.biological warfare chemical warfare overlap extent use toxins produced living organisms considered provisions bwc chemical weapons convention.toxins psychochemical weapons often referred midspectrum agents.unlike bioweapons midspectrum agents reproduce host typically characterized shorter incubation periods.overview biological attack could conceivably result large numbers civilian casualties cause severe disruption economic societal infrastructure.a nation group pose credible threat mass casualty ability alter terms nations groups interact it.indexed weapon mass cost development storage biological weapons possess destructive potential loss life far excess nuclear chemical conventional weapons. |
Biological warfare | accordingly biological agents potentially useful strategic deterrents addition utility offensive weapons battlefield.as tactical weapon military use significant problem biological warfare would take days effective therefore might immediately stop opposing force.biological agents smallpox pneumonic plague capability persontoperson transmission via aerosolized respiratory droplets.feature undesirable agents may transmitted mechanism unintended populations including neutral even friendly forces.worse still weapon could escape laboratory developed even intent use – example infecting researcher transmits outside world realizing infected.several cases known researchers becoming infected dying ebola working lab though nobody else infected cases – evidence work directed towards biological warfare demonstrates potential accidental infection even careful researchers fully aware dangers. |
Biological warfare | containment biological warfare less concern certain criminal terrorist organizations remains significant concern military civilian populations virtually nations.history antiquity middle ages rudimentary forms biological warfare practiced since antiquity.earliest documented incident intention use biological weapons recorded hittite texts – bce victims tularemia driven enemy lands causing epidemic.assyrians poisoned enemy wells fungus ergot though unknown results.scythian archers dipped arrows roman soldiers swords excrements cadavers – victims commonly infected tetanus result. |
Biological warfare | bodies mongol warriors golden horde died plague thrown walls besieged crimean city kaffa.specialists disagree whether operation responsible spread black death europe near east north africa resulting deaths approximately million europeans.biological agents extensively used many parts africa sixteenth century ad time form poisoned arrows powder spread war front well poisoning horses water supply enemy forces.borgu specific mixtures kill hypnotize make enemy bold act antidote poison enemy well.creation biologicals reserved specific professional class medicinemen.present british army attempted use smallpox native americans siege fort pitt june . |
Biological warfare | reported outbreak began spring left many one hundred native americans dead ohio country .clear whether smallpox result fort pitt incident virus already present among delaware people outbreaks happened every dozen years delegates met later seemingly contracted smallpox.american revolutionary war general george washington heard report british general william howe going send people inoculated smallpox boston order infect americans.washington reported congress said could hardly give credit it.washington inoculated soldiers diminishing effect ongoing smallpox epidemic. |
Biological warfare | historians believe british marines deliberately used smallpox new south wales australia .dr seth carus states ultimately strong circumstantial case supporting theory someone deliberately introduced smallpox aboriginal population.by germ theory advances bacteriology brought new level sophistication techniques possible use bioagents war.biological sabotage form anthrax glanders undertaken behalf imperial german government world war – indifferent results.geneva protocol prohibited use chemical biological weapons.with onset world war ii ministry supply united kingdom established biological warfare program porton headed microbiologist paul fildes.research championed winston churchill soon tularemia anthrax brucellosis botulism toxins effectively weaponized. |
Biological warfare | particular gruinard island scotland contaminated anthrax series extensive tests next years.although uk never offensively used biological weapons developed program first successfully weaponize variety deadly pathogens bring industrial production.nations notably france japan begun biological weapons programs.when united states entered war allied resources pooled request british.u.s. established large research program industrial complex fort detrick maryland direction george w. merck.biological chemical weapons developed period tested dugway proving grounds utah. |
Biological warfare | soon facilities mass production anthrax spores brucellosis botulism toxins although war weapons could much operational use.the notorious program period run secret imperial japanese army unit war based pingfan manchuria commanded lieutenant general shirō ishii.unit biological warfare conducted often fatal human experiments prisoners produced biological weapons combat use.although japanese effort lacked technological sophistication american british programs far outstripped widespread application indiscriminate brutality.biological weapons used chinese soldiers civilians several military campaigns.japanese army air force bombed ningbo ceramic bombs full fleas carrying bubonic plague. |
Biological warfare | many operations ineffective due inefficient delivery systems although people may died.zhejiangjiangxi campaign around japanese troops died total japanese soldiers fell ill disease biological weapons attack rebounded forces.during final months world war ii japan planned use plague biological weapon u.s. civilians san diego california operation cherry blossoms night.plan set launch september executed japans surrender august .in britain saw weaponization plague brucellosis tularemia later equine encephalomyelitis vaccinia viruses programme unilaterally cancelled .united states army biological warfare laboratories weaponized anthrax tularemia brucellosis qfever others.in us president richard nixon decided unilaterally terminate offensive biological weapons program us allowing scientific research defensive measures.decision increased momentum negotiations ban biological warfare took place united nations conference committee disarmament geneva. |
Biological warfare | negotiations resulted biological weapons convention opened signature april entered force march ratification states.despite party depositary bwc soviet union continued expanded massive offensive biological weapons program leadership allegedly civilian institution biopreparat.soviet union attracted international suspicion sverdlovsk anthrax leak killed approximately people.international law international restrictions biological warfare began geneva protocol prohibits use possession development biological chemical weapons.upon ratification geneva protocol several countries made reservations regarding applicability use retaliation.due reservations practice nofirstuse agreement only.the biological weapons convention bwc supplements geneva protocol prohibiting development production acquisition transfer stockpiling use biological weapons. |
Biological warfare | entered force march bwc first multilateral disarmament treaty ban production entire category weapons mass destruction.march states become party treaty.bwc considered established strong global norm biological weapons reflected treatys preamble stating use biological weapons would repugnant conscience mankind.bwcs effectiveness limited due insufficient institutional support absence formal verification regime monitor compliance.in australia group established multilateral export control regime countries aiming prevent proliferation chemical biological weapons.in united nations security council passed resolution obligates un member states develop enforce appropriate legal regulatory measures proliferation chemical biological radiological nuclear weapons means delivery particular prevent spread weapons mass destruction nonstate actors.bioterrorism biological weapons difficult detect economical easy use making appealing terrorists. |
Biological warfare | cost biological weapon estimated .percent cost conventional weapon order produce similar numbers mass casualties per kilometer square.moreover production easy common technology used produce biological warfare like used production vaccines foods spray devices beverages antibiotics.major factor biological warfare attracts terrorists easily escape government agencies secret agencies even started investigation.potential organism incubation period days results begin appear thereby giving terrorists lead.a technique called clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat crisprcas cheap widely available scientists fear amateurs start experimenting them. |
Biological warfare | technique dna sequence cut replaced new sequence code codes particular protein characteristic could potentially show required organism.though technique breakthrough commendable cause serious issues potential danger used people wrong intentions.concerns emerged regarding doityourself biology research organizations due associated risk rogue amateur diy researcher could attempt develop dangerous bioweapons using genome editing technology.in cnn went alqaedas aqs experiments crude poisons found aq begun planning ricin cyanide attacks help loose association terrorist cells.associates infiltrated many countries like turkey italy spain france others.combat threat bioterrorism national blueprint biodefense issued blueribbon study panel biodefense. |
Biological warfare | also potential exposures select biological agents outside primary barriers biocontainment us described annual report federal select agent program.though verification system reduce bioterrorism employee lone terrorist adequate knowledge company facilities cause potential danger injecting deadly harmful substance facility.moreover found accidents occurred due low security done employees security clearance.entomology entomological warfare ew type biological warfare uses insects attack enemy.concept existed centuries research development continued modern era.ew used battle japan several nations developed accused using entomological warfare program. |
Biological warfare | ew may employ insects direct attack vectors deliver biological agent plague.essentially ew exists three varieties.one type ew involves infecting insects pathogen dispersing insects target areas.insects act vector infecting person animal might bite.another type ew direct insect attack crops insect may infected pathogen instead represents threat agriculture. |
Biological warfare | final method uses uninfected insects bees wasps directly attack enemy.genetics theoretically novel approaches biotechnology synthetic biology could used future design novel types biological warfare agents.would demonstrate render vaccine ineffectivewould confer resistance therapeutically useful antibiotics antiviral agentswould enhance virulence pathogen render nonpathogen virulentwould increase transmissibility pathogenwould alter host range pathogenwould enable evasion diagnosticdetection toolswould enable weaponization biological agent toxin.most biosecurity concerns synthetic biology focused role dna synthesis risk producing genetic material lethal viruses e.g.spanish flu polio lab.recently crisprcas system emerged promising technique gene editing.hailed washington post important innovation synthetic biology space nearly years. |
Biological warfare | methods take months years edit gene sequences crispr speeds time weeks.due ease use accessibility raised number ethical concerns especially surrounding use biohacking space.target antipersonnel ideal characteristics biological agent used weapon humans high infectivity high virulence nonavailability vaccines availability effective efficient delivery system.stability weaponized agent ability agent retain infectivity virulence prolonged period storage may also desirable particularly military applications ease creating one often considered.control spread agent may another desired characteristic.the primary difficulty production biological agent many biological agents used weapons manufactured relatively quickly cheaply easily. |
Biological warfare | rather weaponization storage delivery effective vehicle vulnerable target pose significant problems.for example bacillus anthracis considered effective agent several reasons.first forms hardy spores perfect dispersal aerosols.second organism considered transmissible person person thus rarely ever causes secondary infections.pulmonary anthrax infection starts ordinary influenzalike symptoms progresses lethal hemorrhagic mediastinitis within – days fatality rate higher untreated patients.finally friendly personnel civilians protected suitable antibiotics.agents considered weaponization known weaponized include bacteria bacillus anthracis brucella spp. |
Biological warfare | burkholderia mallei burkholderia pseudomallei chlamydophila psittaci coxiella burnetii francisella tularensis rickettsiaceae especially rickettsia prowazekii rickettsia rickettsii shigella spp.vibrio cholerae yersinia pestis.many viral agents studied andor weaponized including bunyaviridae especially rift valley fever virus ebolavirus many flaviviridae especially japanese encephalitis virus machupo virus coronaviruses especially sarscov causes covid marburg virus variola virus yellow fever virus.fungal agents studied include coccidioides spp.toxins used weapons include ricin staphylococcal enterotoxin b botulinum toxin saxitoxin many mycotoxins.toxins organisms produce sometimes referred select agents. |
Biological warfare | united states possession use transfer regulated centers disease control preventions select agent program.the former us biological warfare program categorized weaponized antipersonnel bioagents either lethal agents bacillus anthracis francisella tularensis botulinum toxin incapacitating agents brucella suis coxiella burnetii venezuelan equine encephalitis virus staphylococcal enterotoxin b. antiagriculture anticropantivegetationantifisheries united states developed anticrop capability cold war used plant diseases bioherbicides mycoherbicides destroying enemy agriculture.biological weapons also target fisheries well waterbased vegetation.believed destruction enemy agriculture strategic scale could thwart sinosoviet aggression general war.diseases wheat blast rice blast weaponized aerial spray tanks cluster bombs delivery enemy watersheds agricultural regions initiate epiphytotic epidemics among plants.hand sources report agents stockpiled never weaponized. |
Biological warfare | united states renounced offensive biological warfare program vast majority biological arsenal composed plant diseases.enterotoxins mycotoxins affected nixons order.though herbicides chemicals often grouped biological warfare chemical warfare may work similar manner biotoxins bioregulators.army biological laboratory tested agent armys technical escort unit responsible transport chemical biological radiological nuclear materials.biological warfare also specifically target plants destroy crops defoliate vegetation.united states britain discovered plant growth regulators i.e.herbicides second world war used uk counterinsurgency operations malayan emergency. |
Biological warfare | inspired use malaysia us military effort vietnam war included mass dispersal variety herbicides famously agent orange aim destroying farmland defoliating forests used cover viet cong.sri lanka deployed military defoliants prosecution eelam war tamil insurgents.antilivestock world war german saboteurs used anthrax glanders sicken cavalry horses u.s. france sheep romania livestock argentina intended entente forces.one german saboteurs anton dilger.also germany became victim similar attacks – horses bound germany infected burkholderia french operatives switzerland.during world war ii u.s. canada secretly investigated use rinderpest highly lethal disease cattle bioweapon.in soviet ministry agriculture successfully developed variants footandmouth disease rinderpest cows african swine fever pigs psittacosis kill chicken. |
Biological warfare | agents prepared spray tanks attached airplanes hundreds miles.secret program codenamed ecology.during mau mau uprising poisonous latex african milk bush used kill cattle.defensive operations medical countermeasures meeting states parties convention prohibition development production stockpiling bacteriological biological toxin weapons destruction genevathe sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance suggested welltested means enhancing monitoring infections parasitic agents practical implementation international health regulations .aim prevent minimize consequences natural outbreaks dangerous infectious diseases well threat alleged use biological weapons btwc states parties.public health disease surveillance important note classical modern biological weapons pathogens obtained plant animal naturally infected.in largest biological weapons accident known—the anthrax outbreak sverdlovsk yekaterinburg soviet union —sheep became ill anthrax far kilometers release point organism military facility southeastern portion city still offlimits visitors today see sverdlovsk anthrax leak.thus robust surveillance system involving human clinicians veterinarians may identify bioweapons attack early course epidemic permitting prophylaxis disease vast majority people andor animals exposed yet ill.for example case anthrax likely – hours attack small percentage individuals compromised immune system received large dose organism due proximity release point become ill classical symptoms signs including virtually unique chest xray finding often recognized public health officials receive timely reports. |
Biological warfare | incubation period humans estimated .days .days.suggested period first model independently consistent data largest known human outbreak.projections refine previous estimates distribution earlyonset cases release support recommended day course prophylactic antibiotic treatment individuals exposed low doses anthrax. |
Biological warfare | making data available local public health officials real time models anthrax epidemics indicate exposed population receive antibiotic treatment becoming symptomatic thus avoid moderately high mortality disease.common epidemiological warnings specific least specificsingle cause certain disease caused uncommon agent lack epidemiological explanation.unusual rare genetically engineered strain agent.high morbidity mortality rates regards patients similar symptoms.unusual presentation disease.unusual geographic seasonal distribution.stable endemic disease unexplained increase relevance.rare transmission aerosols food water.no illness presented people wereare exposed common ventilation systems separate closed ventilation systems illness seen persons close proximity common ventilation system.different unexplained diseases coexisting patient without explanation.rare illness affects large disparate population respiratory disease might suggest pathogen agent inhaled.illness unusual certain population agegroup takes presence.unusual trends death andor illness animal populations previous accompanying illness humans.many affected reaching treatment time.similar genetic makeup agents affected individuals.simultaneous collections similar illness noncontiguous areas domestic foreign.an abundance cases unexplained diseases deaths.bioweapon identification goal biodefense integrate sustained efforts national homeland security medical public health intelligence diplomatic law enforcement communities.health care providers public health officers among first lines defense.countries private local provincial state capabilities augmented coordinated federal assets provide layered defenses biological weapon attacks. |
Biological warfare | first gulf war united nations activated biological chemical response team task force scorpio respond potential use weapons mass destruction civilians.the traditional approach toward protecting agriculture food water focusing natural unintentional introduction disease strengthened focused efforts address current anticipated future biological weapons threats may deliberate multiple repetitive.the growing threat biowarfare agents bioterrorism led development specific field tools perform onthespot analysis identification encountered suspect materials.one technology developed researchers lawrence livermore national laboratory llnl employs sandwich immunoassay fluorescent dyelabeled antibodies aimed specific pathogens attached silver gold nanowires.in netherlands company tno designed bioaerosol single particle recognition equipment biosparq.system would implemented national response plan bioweapon attacks netherlands.researchers ben gurion university israel developing different device called biopen essentially labinapen detect known biological agents minutes using adaptation elisa similar widely employed immunological technique case incorporates fiber optics.list programs projects sites country united states fort detrick marylandu.s.army biological warfare laboratories –building onemillionliter test sphereoperation seasprayoperation whitecoat –u.s. |
Biological warfare | entomological warfare programoperation big itchoperation big buzzoperation drop kickoperation may dayproject bacchusproject clear visionproject shadproject horn island testing stationfort terrygranite peak installationvigo ordnance plant united kingdom porton downgruinard islandnancekukeoperation vegetarian –openair field testsoperation harness antigua –.operation cauldron stornoway .operation hesperus stornoway .operation ozone nassau .operation negation nassau –.soviet union russia biopreparat labs production centersstepnogorsk scientific technical institute microbiology stepnogorsk northern kazakhstaninstitute ultra pure biochemical preparations leningrad weaponized plague centervector state research center virology biotechnology vector weaponized smallpox centerinstitute applied biochemistry omutninskkirov bioweapons production facility kirov kirov oblastzagorsk smallpox production facility zagorskberdsk bioweapons production facility berdskbioweapons research facility obolensksverdlovsk bioweapons production facility military compound sverdlovsk weaponized anthrax centerinstitute virus preparationspoison laboratory soviet secret servicesvozrozhdeniyaproject bonfireproject factor japan unit zhongma fortresskaimingjie germ weapon attackkhabarovsk war crime trialsepidemic prevention water purification department iraq al hakumsalman pak facilityal manal facility south africa project coastdelta g scientific companyroodeplaat research laboratoriesprotechnik rhodesia canada grosse isle quebec site – research anthrax agentsexperimental station suffield suffield alberta list associated people bioweaponeersincludes scientists administratorswriters activists popular culture see also references reading external links wheelis mark september .biological warfare siege caffa.emerging infectious diseases.–. |
Biological warfare | doi.eid.. pmc .pmid .biological weapons international humanitarian law icrcwho health aspects biological chemical weaponsbiological warfare.national library medicine.retrieved may .usamriid archived june wayback machine u.s. army medical research institute infectious diseasesjoel o. almosara june .biotechnology genetically engineered pathogens. |
Biological warfare | retrieved december .counterproliferation paper no.usaf counterproliferation center air university maxwell air force base alabama usa.chaturvedi alok.live computational experimentation bioterror response pdf.misrc.umn.edu purdue homeland security institute. |
Bangkok | retrieved february .city occupies .square kilometres .sq mi chao phraya river delta central thailand estimated population .million .percent countrys population. |
Bangkok | million people .percent lived within surrounding bangkok metropolitan region census making bangkok extreme primate city dwarfing thailands urban centres size importance national economy.bangkok traces roots small trading post ayutthaya kingdom th century eventually grew became site two capital cities thonburi rattanakosin .bangkok heart modernization siam later renamed thailand lateth century country faced pressures west.city centre thailands political struggles throughout th century country abolished absolute monarchy adopted constitutional rule underwent numerous coups several uprisings.city incorporated special administrative area bangkok metropolitan administration grew rapidly exerts significant impact thailands politics economy education media modern society.the asian investment boom led many multinational corporations locate regional headquarters bangkok. |
Bangkok | city regional force finance business.international hub transport health care emerged centre arts fashion entertainment.city known street life cultural landmarks well redlight districts.grand palace buddhist temples including wat arun wat pho stand contrast tourist attractions nightlife scenes khaosan road patpong.bangkok among worlds top tourist destinations named worlds visited city consistently several international rankings.bangkoks rapid growth coupled little urban planning resulted haphazard cityscape inadequate infrastructure. |
Bangkok | despite extensive expressway network inadequate road network substantial private car usage led chronic crippling traffic congestion caused severe air pollution s. city since turned public transport attempt solve problem operating five rapid transit lines building public transit congestion still remains prevalent issue.city faces longterm environmental threats sea level rise due climate change.history history bangkok dates least back early th century village west bank chao phraya river rule ayutthaya.strategic location near mouth river town gradually increased importance.bangkok initially served customs outpost forts sides river site siege french expelled siam. |
Bangkok | fall ayutthaya burmese newly crowned king taksin established capital town became base thonburi kingdom.king phutthayotfa chulalok rama succeeded taksin moved capital eastern banks rattanakosin island thus founding rattanakosin kingdom.city pillar erected april regarded date foundation bangkok capital .bangkoks economy gradually expanded international trade first china western merchants returning earlytomid th century.capital bangkok centre siams modernization faced pressure western powers lateth century.reigns kings mongkut rama iv r. – chulalongkorn rama v r. – saw introduction steam engine printing press rail transport utilities infrastructure city well formal education healthcare. |
Bangkok | bangkok became centre stage power struggles military political elite country abolished absolute monarchy .as thailand allied japan world war ii bangkok subjected allied bombing rapidly grew postwar period result us aid governmentsponsored investment.bangkoks role us military rr destination boosted tourism industry well firmly establishing sex tourism destination.disproportionate urban development led increasing income inequalities migration rural areas bangkok population surged .million million s.following us withdrawal vietnam japanese businesses took leaders investment expansion exportoriented manufacturing led growth financial market bangkok.rapid growth city continued early stalled asian financial crisis. |
Bangkok | many public social issues emerged among strain infrastructure reflected citys notorious traffic jams.bangkoks role nations political stage continues seen strings popular protests student uprisings antimilitary demonstrations frequent street protests since including groups opposing supporting former prime minister thaksin shinawatra renewed studentled movement .administration city first formalized king chulalongkorn establishment monthon krung thep phra maha nakhon มณฑลกรุงเทพพระมหานคร national subdivision.monthon split several provinces administrative boundaries since changed.city current form created formation bangkok metropolitan administration bma following merger phra nakhon province eastern bank chao phraya thonburi province west previous year.name origin name bangkok บางกอก pronounced thai bāːŋ kɔ̀ːk listen unclear. |
Bangkok | bang บาง thai word meaning village stream name might derived bang ko บางเกาะ ko เกาะ meaning island stemming citys watery landscape.another theory suggests shortened bang makok บางมะกอก makok มะกอก name elaeocarpus hygrophilus plant bearing olivelike fruit.supported former name wat arun historic temple area used called wat makok.officially town known thonburi si mahasamut ธนบุรีศรีมหาสมุทร pali sanskrit literally city treasures gracing ocean thonburi according ayutthaya chronicles.bangkok likely colloquial name albeit one widely adopted foreign visitors continued use refer city even new capitals establishment.when king rama established new capital rivers eastern bank city inherited ayutthayas ceremonial name many variants including krung thep thawarawadi si ayutthaya กรุงเทพทวารวดีศรีอยุธยา krung thep maha nakhon si ayutthaya กรุงเทพมหานครศรีอยุธยา.edmund roberts visiting city envoy united states noted city since becoming capital known siayuthia name used international treaties period.today city known thai krung thep maha nakhon กรุงเทพมหานคร simply krung thep กรุงเทพฯ shortening ceremonial name came use reign king mongkut. |
Bangkok | full name reads followskrungthepmahanakhon amonrattanakosin mahintharayutthaya mahadilokphop noppharatratchathaniburirom udomratchaniwetmahasathan amonphimanawatansathit sakkathattiyawitsanukamprasitกรุงเทพมหานคร อมรรัตนโกสินทร์ มหินทรายุธยา มหาดิลกภพ นพรัตนราชธานีบูรีรมย์ อุดมราชนิเวศน์มหาสถาน อมรพิมานอวตารสถิต สักกะทัตติยวิษณุกรรมประสิทธิ์the name composed pali sanskrit root words translates ascity angels great city immortals magnificent city nine gems seat king city royal palaces home gods incarnate erected vishvakarman indras behest.the name listed guinness world records worlds longest place name letters.many thais recall full name use song krung thep maha nakhon thai rock band asanee–wasan lyrics consist entirely citys full name repeated throughout song.the city officially known thai shortened form full ceremonial name krung thep maha nakhon colloquially shortened krung thep.krung กรุง thai word khmer origin meaning capital thep เทพ palisanskrit meaning deity god corresponding deva thus name means city gods.. government city bangkok locally governed bangkok metropolitan administration bma.although boundaries provincial changwat level unlike provinces bangkok special administrative area whose governor directly elected serve fouryear term.governor together four appointed deputies form executive body implement policies bma civil service headed permanent secretary bma. |
Bangkok | separate elections district elects one city councillors form bangkok metropolitan council.council bmas legislative body power municipal ordinances citys budget.however coup local elections cancelled council appointed government september .current bangkok governor police general aswin kwanmuang appointed military government october following suspension last elected governor m.r.sukhumbhand paribatra. |
Bangkok | four deputy governors kriangyos sudlabha sakol pattayakul sukdeechai boonma police lieutenant general sopan putiwong.silipasuay raveesangsoon permanent secretary bangkok since october .bangkok divided fifty districts khet equivalent amphoe provinces subdivided subdistricts khwaeng equivalent tambon.district managed district director appointed governor.district councils elected fouryear terms serve advisory bodies respective district directors.the bma divided sixteen departments overseeing different aspects administrations responsibilities.responsibilities concern citys infrastructure include city planning building control transportation drainage waste management city beautification well education medical rescue services. |
Bangkok | many services provided jointly agencies.bma authority implement local ordinances although civil law enforcement falls jurisdiction metropolitan police bureau.the seal city shows hindu god indra riding clouds airavata divine white elephant known thai erawan.hand indra holds weapon vajra.seal based painting done prince naris.tree symbol bangkok ficus benjamina. |
Bangkok | official city slogan adopted reads built deities administrative centre dazzling palaces temples capital thailand กรุงเทพฯ ดุจเทพสร้าง เมืองศูนย์กลางการปกครอง วัดวังงามเรืองรอง เมืองหลวงของประเทศไทยas capital thailand bangkok seat branches national government.government house parliament house supreme administrative constitutional courts city.bangkok site grand palace dusit palace respectively official de facto residence king.government ministries also headquarters offices capital.geography bangkok covers area . |
Bangkok | square kilometres .sq mi ranking th among provinces thailand.square kilometres sq mi form builtup urban area.ranked rd world terms land area.citys urban sprawl reaches parts six provinces borders namely clockwise order northwest nonthaburi pathum thani chachoengsao samut prakan samut sakhon nakhon pathom. |
Bangkok | exception chachoengsao provinces together bangkok form greater bangkok metropolitan region.topography bangkok chao phraya river delta thailands central plain.river meanders city southerly direction emptying gulf thailand approximately kilometres mi south city centre.area flat lowlying average elevation .metres ft sea level. |
Bangkok | area originally swampland gradually drained irrigated agriculture construction canals khlong took place th th centuries.course river flows bangkok modified construction several shortcut canals.the citys waterway network served primary means transport late th century modern roads began built.people lived near water leading city known th century venice east.many canals since filled paved others still crisscross city serving major drainage channels transport routes.canals badly polluted although bma committed treatment cleaning several canals.the geology bangkok area characterized top layer soft marine clay known bangkok clay averaging metres ft thickness overlies aquifer system consisting eight known units. |
Bangkok | feature contributed effects subsidence caused extensive ground water pumping.first recognized subsidence soon became critical issue reaching rate millimetres .per year .ground water management mitigation measures since lessened severity situation rate subsidence decreased millimetres .. |
Bangkok | per year early though parts city metre ft sea level.subsidence resulted increased flood risk bangkok already prone flooding due low elevation inadequate drainage infrastructure often compounded blockage rubbish pollution especially plastic waste.city relies flood barriers augmenting drainage canals pumping building drain tunnels parts bangkok suburbs still regularly inundated.heavy downpours resulting urban runoff overwhelming drainage systems runoff discharge upstream areas major triggering factors.severe flooding affecting much city occurred .bangkoks northern eastern western districts flooded places two months.bangkoks coastal location makes particularly vulnerable rising sea levels due global warming climate change. |
Bangkok | study oecd estimated .million people bangkok may exposed coastal flooding seventh highest figure among worlds port cities.fears city may submerged .study published october nature communications corrected earlier models coastal elevations concluded million thais—mostly greater bangkok metropolitan area—face prospect annual flooding events.compounded coastal erosion issue gulf coastal area small length lies within bangkoks bang khun thian district. |
Bangkok | tidal flat ecosystems existed coast however many reclaimed agriculture aquaculture salt works.there mountains bangkok.closest mountain range khao khiao massif km mi southeast city.phu khao thong hill metropolitan area originated large chedi king rama iii – built wat saket.chedi collapsed construction soft soil could support weight.next decades abandoned mudandbrick structure acquired shape natural hill became overgrown weeds. |
Bangkok | locals called phu khao ภูเขา natural feature.enclosing concrete walls added stop hill eroding.climate like thailand bangkok tropical savanna climate aw köppen climate classification influence south asian monsoon system.experiences three seasons hot rainy cool although temperatures fairly hot yearround ranging average low .°c . |
Bangkok | °f december average high .°c .°f april.rainy season begins arrival southwest monsoon around midmay.september wettest month average rainfall . |
Bangkok | millimetres .in.rainy season lasts october dry cool northeast monsoon takes february.hot season generally dry also sees occasional summer storms.surface magnitude bangkoks urban heat island measured . |
Bangkok | °c .°f day .°c °f night.highest recorded temperature bangkok metropolis .°c . |
Bangkok | °f march lowest recorded temperature .°c .°f january .the climate impact group nasas goddard institute space studies projected severe weather impacts bangkok caused climate change.found bangkok days °c.bangkok expect days °c. |
Bangkok | group forecasts rise average days °c.districts bangkoks fifty districts serve administrative subdivisions authority bma.thirtyfive districts lie east chao phraya fifteen western bank known thonburi side city.fifty districts arranged district code cityscape bangkoks districts often accurately represent functional divisions neighbourhoods land usage.although urban planning policies date back commission litchfield plan set strategies land use transportation general infrastructure improvements zoning regulations fully implemented . |
Bangkok | result city grew organically throughout period rapid expansion horizontally ribbon developments extended along newly built roads vertically increasing numbers high rises skyscrapers built commercial areas.the city grown original centre along river sprawling metropolis surrounded swaths suburban residential development extending north south neighbouring provinces.highly populated growing cities nonthaburi pak kret rangsit samut prakan effectively suburbs bangkok.nevertheless large agricultural areas remain within city proper eastern western fringes small number forest area found within city limits rai .km .sq mi amounting . |
Bangkok | percent city area.land use city consists percent residential use percent agriculture percent used commerce industry government.bmas city planning department cpd responsible planning shaping development.published master plan updates third revision undergoing public hearings .bangkoks historic centre remains rattanakosin island phra nakhon district.site grand palace city pillar shrine primary symbols citys founding well important buddhist temples. |
Bangkok | phra nakhon along neighbouring pom prap sattru phai samphanthawong districts formed city proper late th century.many traditional neighbourhoods markets found including chinese settlement sampheng.city expanded toward dusit district early th century following king chulalongkorns relocation royal household new dusit palace.buildings palace including neoclassical ananta samakhom throne hall well royal plaza ratchadamnoen avenue leads grand palace reflect heavy influence european architecture time.major government offices line avenue democracy monument. |
Bangkok | area site countrys seat power well citys popular tourist landmarks.in contrast lowrise historic areas business district si lom sathon roads bang rak sathon districts teems skyscrapers.site many countrys major corporate headquarters also citys redlight districts.siam ratchaprasong areas pathum wan home largest shopping malls southeast asia.numerous retail outlets hotels also stretch along sukhumvit road leading southeast watthana khlong toei districts.office towers line streets branching sukhumvit especially asok montri upmarket housing found many sois alley lane.bangkok lacks single distinct central business district. |
Bangkok | instead areas siam ratchaprasong serve central shopping district containing many bigger malls commercial areas city well siam station transfer point citys two elevated train lines.victory monument ratchathewi district among important road junctions serving bus lines well elevated train station.monument phahonyothin ratchawithi din daeng roads respectively run north east linking major residential areas.highdensity development areas within squarekilometre sq mi area encircled ratchadaphisek inner ring road.ratchadaphisek lined businesses retail outlets office buildings also cluster around ratchayothin intersection chatuchak district north. |
Bangkok | farther city centre areas primarily mid lowdensity residential.thonburi side city less developed fewer high rises.exception secondary urban centres thonburi manner outlying eastern districts consists mostly residential rural areas.while bangkoks streets fronted vernacular shophouses largely unrestricted building euphoria transformed city urban area skyscrapers high rises contrasting clashing styles.skyscrapers metres feet tall city.bangkok ranked worlds eighth tallest city . |
Bangkok | result persistent economic disparity many slums emerged city.one million people living informal settlements.settlements squatted large slums khlong toei district.total squatted areas.parks green zones bangkok several parks although amount per capita total park area . |
Bangkok | square metres .sq ft city proper.total green space entire city moderate .square metres sq ft per person.densely builtup areas city numbers low . |
Bangkok | .square metres ..sq ft per person.recent numbers claim . |
Bangkok | square metres sq ft green space per person compared average square metres sq ft cities across asia.europe london .green space per head.bangkokians thus times less green space standard regions urban areas.green belt areas include square kilometres sq mi rice paddies orchards eastern western edges city although primary purpose serve flood detention basins rather limit urban expansion. |
Bangkok | bang kachao squarekilometre .sq mi conservation area oxbow chao phraya lies across southern riverbank districts samut prakan province.master development plan proposed increase total park area square metres sq ft per person.bangkoks largest parks include centrally located lumphini park near si lom – sathon business district area .hectares acres hectare acre suanluang rama ix east city chatuchak–queen sirikit–wachirabenchathat park complex northern bangkok combined area hectares acres.parks expected created green bangkok project aims leave city square metres sq ft green space per person including city tree cover. |
Bangkok | demography city bangkok population according census .percent national population estimates place figure .million .percent.roughly half internal migrants thai provinces population registry statistics recorded residents belonging households . |
Bangkok | much bangkoks daytime population commutes surrounding provinces bangkok metropolitan region total population census.bangkok cosmopolitan city census showed home expatriates asian countries including chinese japanese nationals europe americas oceania africa.migrants neighbouring countries include burmese cambodians lao.numbers show international migrants registered department employment half migrants cambodia laos myanmar.following establishment capital city bangkok grew slightly throughout th early th centuries.british diplomat john crawfurd visiting estimated population . |
Bangkok | result western medicine brought missionaries well increased immigration within siam overseas bangkoks population gradually increased city modernized late th century.growth became even pronounced following discovery antibiotics.although family planning birth control introduced lowered birth rate offset increased migration provinces economic expansion accelerated.bangkoks population growth rates decreased following national rate.thailand long since become highly centralized around capital. |
Bangkok | bangkoks population fiftyone times hat yai songkhla secondlargest urban centre making worlds prominent primate city.the majority bangkoks population identify thai although details citys ethnic makeup unavailable national census document race.bangkoks cultural pluralism dates back early days founding several ethnic communities formed immigrants forced settlers including khmer northern thai lao vietnamese mon malay.prominent chinese played major roles citys trade became majority bangkoks population—estimates include threefourths almost half s. chinese immigration restricted effectively ceased chinese revolution .prominence subsequently declined younger generations thai chinese integrated adopted thai identity.bangkok still nevertheless home large chinese community greatest concentration yaowarat bangkoks chinatown.the majority percent citys population buddhist according census. |
Bangkok | religions include islam .percent christianity .percent hinduism .percent sikhism .percent confucianism . |
Bangkok | percent.apart yaowarat bangkok also several distinct ethnic neighbourhoods.indian community centred phahurat gurdwara siri guru singh sabha founded located.ban khrua saen saep canal home descendants cham settled late th century.although portuguese settled thonburi period ceased exist distinct community past reflected santa cruz church west bank river.likewise assumption cathedral charoen krung road among many europeanstyle buildings old farang quarter european diplomats merchants lived late th early th centuries. |
Bangkok | nearby haroon mosque centre muslim community.newer expatriate communities exist along sukhumvit road including japanese community near soi phrom phong soi thong lo arab north african neighbourhood along soi nana.sukhumvit plaza mall soi sukhumvit popularly known korea town.economy bangkok economic centre thailand heart countrys investment development.city economic output . |
Bangkok | trillion baht us.billion contributing .percent gross domestic product gdp.amounted percapita gdp value baht almost three times national average baht .bangkok metropolitan region combined output . |
Bangkok | trillion baht .billion .percent gdp.bangkoks economy ranked sixth among asian cities terms percapita gdp singapore hong kong tokyo osaka–kobe seoul .wholesale retail trade largest sector citys economy contributing percent bangkoks gross provincial product.followed manufacturing . |
Bangkok | percent real estate renting business activities .percent transport communications .percent financial intermediation .percent.bangkok alone accounts . |
Bangkok | percent thailands service sector turn constitutes percent gdp.bangkok metropolitan region considered manufacturing significant contributor .percent gross regional product reflecting density industry bangkoks neighbouring provinces.automotive industry based around greater bangkok largest production hub southeast asia.tourism also significant contributor bangkoks economy generating . |
Bangkok | billion baht .billion revenue .the stock exchange thailand set ratchadaphisek road inner bangkok.set together market alternative investment mai listed companies end combined market capitalization .trillion baht .billion. |
Bangkok | due large amount foreign representation thailand several years mainstay southeast asian economy centre asian business.globalization world cities research network ranks bangkok alpha world city ranked th zyens global financial centres index .bangkok home headquarters thailands major commercial banks financial institutions well countrys largest companies.many multinational corporations base regional headquarters bangkok due lower cost labour operations relative major asian business centres.seventeen thai companies listed forbes based capital including ptt fortune global company thailand.income inequality major issue bangkok especially relatively unskilled lowerincome immigrants rural provinces neighbouring countries middleclass professionals business elites.although absolute poverty rates low—only . |
Bangkok | percent bangkoks registered residents living poverty line compared national average .percent—economic disparity still substantial.city gini coefficient .indicating high level inequality.tourism bangkok one worlds top tourist destinations. |
Bangkok | cities worldwide mastercard ranked bangkok top destination city international visitor arrivals global destination cities index ahead london million overnight visitors .repeat ranking .euromonitor international ranked bangkok fourth top city destinations ranking .bangkok also named worlds best city travel leisure magazines survey readers four consecutive years .as main gateway visitors arrive thailand bangkok visited majority international tourists country.domestic tourism also prominent. |
Bangkok | department tourism recorded thai foreign visitors bangkok .lodgings made guests occupied .percent citys hotel rooms.bangkok also topped list worlds popular tourist destinations rankings.bangkoks multifaceted sights attractions city life appeal diverse groups tourists.royal palaces temples well several museums constitute major historical cultural tourist attractions. |
Bangkok | shopping dining experiences offer wide range choices prices.city also famous dynamic nightlife.although bangkoks sex tourism scene well known foreigners usually openly acknowledged locals government.among bangkoks wellknown sights grand palace major buddhist temples including wat phra kaew wat pho wat arun.giant swing erawan shrine demonstrate hinduisms deeprooted influence thai culture.vimanmek mansion dusit palace famous worlds largest teak building jim thompson house provides example traditional thai architecture. |
Bangkok | major museums include bangkok national museum royal barge national museum.cruises boat trips chao phraya thonburis canals offer views citys traditional architecture ways life waterfront.shopping venues many popular tourists locals range shopping centres department stores concentrated siam ratchaprasong sprawling chatuchak weekend market.taling chan floating market among markets bangkok.yaowarat known shops well streetside food stalls restaurants also found throughout city.khao san road long famous destination backpacker tourism budget accommodation shops bars attracting visitors world.bangkok reputation overseas major destination sex industry. |
Bangkok | although prostitution technically illegal rarely openly discussed thailand commonly takes place among massage parlours saunas hourly hotels serving foreign tourists well locals.bangkok acquired nickname sin city asia level sex tourism.issues often encountered foreign tourists include scams overcharging dual pricing.survey tourists visiting thailand .percent reported encountering scam common gem scam tourists tricked buying overpriced jewellery.culture culture bangkok reflects position thailands centre wealth modernisation. |
Bangkok | city long portal entry western concepts material goods adopted blended thai values various degrees residents.evident lifestyles expanding middle class.conspicuous consumption serves display economic social status shopping centres popular weekend hangouts.ownership electronics consumer products mobile phones ubiquitous.accompanied degree secularism religions role everyday life rather diminished. |
Bangkok | although trends spread urban centres degree countryside bangkok remains forefront social change.a distinct feature bangkok ubiquity street vendors selling goods ranging food items clothing accessories.estimated city may hawkers.bma authorised practice sites majority activity another sites takes place illegally.although take pavement space block pedestrian traffic many citys residents depend vendors meals bmas efforts curb numbers largely unsuccessful.in however bma support national council peace order thailands ruling military junta began cracking street vendors bid reclaim public space.many famous market neighbourhoods affected including khlong thom saphan lek flower market pak khlong talat. |
Bangkok | nearly vendors evicted public areas .applauded efforts focus pedestrian rights others expressed concern gentrification would lead loss citys character adverse changes peoples way life.festivals events residents bangkok celebrate many thailands annual festivals.songkran – april traditional rituals well water fights take place throughout city.loi krathong usually november accompanied golden mount fair. |
Bangkok | new year celebrations take place many venues prominent plaza front centralworld.observances related royal family held primarily bangkok.wreaths laid king chulalongkorns equestrian statue royal plaza october king chulalongkorn memorial day.present kings queens birthdays respectively december august marked thailands national fathers day national mothers day.national holidays celebrated royal audiences days eve king queen gives speech public gatherings day observance. |
Bangkok | kings birthday also marked royal guards parade.sanam luang site thai kite sport music festival usually held march royal ploughing ceremony takes place may.red cross fair beginning april held suan amporn royal plaza features numerous booths offering goods games exhibits.chinese new year january–february vegetarian festival september–october celebrated widely chinese community especially yaowarat.media bangkok centre thailands media industry.national newspapers broadcast media major publishers based capital. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.