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Vivek Murthy	million dollars consulting netflix airbnb carnival cruise line estee lauder .also disclosed hundreds thousands dollars speaking fees dozens organizations example duke university kenan institute ethics speech gave january .in july murthy publicly stated value incarcerating people cannabis use.awards decorations murthys awards include personal life murthy married alice chen internist trained yale cornell ucla executive director doctors america.two children.on february murthy revealed twitter wife fiveyearold son infected covid.earlier week murthy revealed fouryearold daughter infected.
Vivek Murthy	mild symptoms breathing issues.previously publicly talked impact pandemic family july ten relatives united states india died covid.references external links official biography surgeon general vice admiral vivek h. murthy.office surgeon general.united states department health human services.
Windows Vista	archived original april .appearances cspandirect successor windows xp released five years prior time longest time span successive releases microsoft windows desktop operating systems.development completed november following three months released stages computer hardware software manufacturers business customers retail channels.january released internationally made available purchase download windows marketplace first release windows made available digital distribution platform.new features windows vista include updated graphical user interface visual style dubbed aero new search component called windows search redesigned networking audio print display subsystems new multimedia tools windows dvd maker.vista aimed increase level communication machines home network using peertopeer technology simplify sharing files media computers devices.windows vista included version .
Windows Vista	.net framework allowing software developers write applications without traditional windows apis.while new features security improvements garnered positive reviews vista also target much criticism negative press.criticism windows vista includes high system requirements restrictive licensing terms lack compatibility longer boot time excessive authorization prompts user account control.result issues windows vista saw initial adoption satisfaction rates lower windows xp.however vista usage surpassed microsofts prelaunch twoyearout expectations achieving million users estimated million internet users january .october microsoft ceased sales retail copies windows vista original equipment manufacturer sales vista ceased year later.official mainstream support vista ended april extended support ended april windows server mainstream support ended january extended support ended january .
Windows Vista	versions succeeded windows windows server r respectively.june vistas market share declined .windows total market share.server equivalent received security updates january unofficial methods apply updates retail windows vista.development microsoft began work windows vista known time codename longhorn may five months release windows xp.
Windows Vista	originally expected ship late minor step windows xp blackcomb planned companys next major operating system release.gradually longhorn assimilated many important new features technologies slated blackcomb resulting release date pushed back several times three years.builds longhorn license agreement said microsoft product codenamed whistler.many microsofts developers also retasked build updates windows xp windows server strengthen security.faced ongoing delays concerns feature creep microsoft announced august revised plans.
Windows Vista	reason longhorn reset start work componentizing windows server service pack codebase time reincorporating features would intended actual operating system release.however previously announced features winfs dropped postponed new software development methodology called security development lifecycle incorporated address concerns security windows codebase programmed c c assembly.longhorn became known vista .longhorn early development stages longhorn generally characterized incremental improvements updates windows xp.period microsoft fairly quiet worked marketing public relations efforts strongly focused windows xp windows server released april .
Windows Vista	occasional builds longhorn leaked onto popular file sharing networks irc bittorrent edonkey various newsgroups known builds first sanctioned development release longhorn may derived builds.after several months relatively little news activity microsoft longhorn microsoft released build made appearance internet around february .also privately handed select group software developers.evolutionary release build contained several small improvements including modified blue plex theme new simplified windows imagebased installer operates graphical mode outset completed install operating system approximately one third time windows xp hardware.optional new taskbar introduced thinner previous build displayed time differently.the notable visual functional difference however came windows explorer.incorporation plex theme made blue dominant color entire application.
Windows Vista	windows xpstyle task pane almost completely replaced large horizontal pane appeared toolbars.new search interface allowed filtering results searching windows help naturallanguage queries would used integrate winfs.animated search characters also removed.view modes also replaced single slider would resize icons realtime list thumbnail details mode depending slider was.file metadata also made visible easily editable active encouragement fill missing pieces information.
Windows Vista	also note conversion windows explorer .net application.most builds longhorn vista identified label always displayed bottomright corner desktop.typical build label would look like longhorn build .labn.. higher build numbers automatically mean latest features every development team microsoft included.typically team working certain feature subsystem would generate working builds developers would test code deemed stable changes would incorporated back main development tree once.microsoft several build labs exist compilation entirety windows performed team.name lab given build originated shown part build label date time build follow that.
Windows Vista	builds beta beta display build label version information dialog winver.icons used builds windows xp.at windows hardware engineering conference winhec may microsoft gave first public demonstrations new desktop window manager aero.demonstrations done revised build never released.several sessions developers hardware engineers conference focused new features well nextgeneration secure computing base previously known palladium time microsofts proposed solution creating secure computing environment whereby given component system could deemed trusted.also conference microsoft reiterated roadmap delivering longhorn pointing early release date.
Windows Vista	development reset become obvious windows team microsoft losing sight needed done complete next version windows ship customers.internally microsoft employees describing longhorn project another cairo cairo.net referring cairo development project company embarked first half never resulted shipping operating system though nearly technologies developed time end windows windows nt.microsoft shocked apples release mac os x tiger.offered limited subset features planned longhorn particular fast file searching integrated graphics sound processing appeared impressive reliability performance compared contemporary longhorn builds.longhorn builds major windows explorer system leaks prevented os performing well added confusion development teams later builds code developed failed reach stability.in september frontpage article wall street journal microsoft copresident jim allchin overall responsibility development delivery windows explained development longhorn crashing ground due large part haphazard methods features introduced integrated core operating system without clear focus endproduct.
Windows Vista	allchin went explain december enlisted help two senior executives brian valentine amitabh srivastava former experienced shipping software microsoft notably windows server latter spent career microsoft researching developing methods producing highquality testing systems.srivastava employed team core architects visually map entirety windows operating system proactively work towards development process would enforce high levels code quality reduce interdependencies components general make things worse vista.since microsoft decided longhorn needed componentized work started builds known omega builds would componentize existing windows server source code time add back functionality development progressed.future longhorn builds would start windows server service pack continue there.this change announced internally microsoft employees august began earnest september though would take several months new development process build methodology would used development teams.number complaints came individual developers bill gates new development process going prohibitively difficult work within.
Windows Vista	windows vista approximately november company considered several names final release ranging simple fanciful inventive.end microsoft chose windows vista confirmed july believing wonderful intersection product really windows stands resonates customers needs.group project manager greg sullivan told paul thurrott want pc adapt help cut clutter focus whats important you.thats windows vista bringing clarity world reference three marketing points vista—clear connected confident focus matters you.microsoft copresident jim allchin also loved name saying vista creates right imagery new product capabilities inspires imagination possibilities done windows—making peoples passions come alive.after longhorn named windows vista july unprecedented betatest program started involving hundreds thousands volunteers companies.
Windows Vista	september year microsoft started releasing regular community technology previews ctp beta testers july february .first distributed microsoft professional developers conference subsequently released beta testers microsoft developer network subscribers.builds followed incorporated planned features final product well number changes user interface based largely feedback beta testers.windows vista deemed featurecomplete release february ctp released february much remainder work build final release product focused stability performance application driver compatibility documentation.beta released late may first build made available general public microsofts customer preview program.
Windows Vista	downloaded million times.two release candidates followed september october made available large number users.at intel developer forum march microsoft announced change plans support efi windows vista.uefi .specification replaced efi .completed early time microsofts announcement firmware manufacturers completed production implementation could used testing.
Windows Vista	result decision made postpone introduction uefi support windows support uefi bit platforms postponed vista service pack windows server bit uefi would supported microsoft expect many systems built market quickly moving bit processors.while microsoft originally hoped consumer versions operating system available worldwide time holiday shopping season announced march release date would pushed back january order give company—and hardware software companies microsoft depends providing device drivers—additional time prepare.release manufacturing rtm build final version code shipped retailers distributors purpose prertm build eliminate last showstopper bugs may prevent code responsibly shipped customers well anything else consumers may find annoying.thus unlikely major new features would introduced instead work would focus vistas fit finish.days developers managed drop vistas bug count september time rc shipped early october.however still way go vista ready rtm.
Windows Vista	microsofts internal processes required vistas bug count drop fewer product could go escrow rtm.prertm builds bit editions released.on june windows developer philip su posted blog entry decried development process windows vista stating code way complicated pace coding tremendously slowed overbearing process.post also described windows vista approximately million lines code developers working product.demonstration speech recognition feature new windows vista microsofts financial analyst meeting july software recognized phrase dear mom dear aunt.several failed attempts correct error sentence eventually became dear aunt lets set double killer delete select all.
Windows Vista	developer vistas speech recognition team later explained bug build vista causing microphone gain level set high resulting audio received speech recognition software incredibly distorted.windows vista build october supposed rtm release bug destroyed system upgraded windows xp prevented damaging development lowering chance would hit january deadline.development windows vista came end microsoft announced finalized november concluded copresident windows development jim allchin.rtms build number also jumped reflect vistas internal version number nt .. jumping rtm build numbers common practice among consumeroriented windows versions like windows build windows se build windows build windows xp build compared businessoriented versions like windows build server build .november microsoft made final build available msdn technet plus subscribers.businessoriented enterprise edition made available volume license customers november .windows vista launched general customer availability january .
Windows Vista	two years release windows vista followed windows october .new changed features windows vista introduced several features functionality present predecessors.enduser windows aero new graphical user interface named windows aero jim allchin stated acronym authentic energetic reflective open.microsoft intended new interface cleaner aesthetically pleasing previous windows versions featuring new transparencies live thumbnails live icons animations thus providing new level eye candy.laptop users report however enabling aero shortens battery life reduces performance.windows shell new windows shell offers new range organization navigation search capabilities task panes windows explorer removed integrating relevant task options toolbar.
Windows Vista	favorite links pane added enabling oneclick access common directories.search box appears every explorer window.address bar replaced breadcrumb navigation bar.icons certain file types windows explorer live scaled size × pixels.preview pane allows users see thumbnails various files view contents documents.
Windows Vista	details pane shows information file size type allows viewing editing embedded tags supported file formats.start menu changed well incorporating instant search box programs list uses horizontal scroll bar instead cascading flyout menu seen windows xp.word start removed favor blue orb bears windows logo.windows search new search component windows vista features instant search also known search type provides instant search results thus finding files quickly search features found previous versions windows search contents recognized file types.users search certain metadata name extension size date attributes.windows sidebar transparent panel anchored right side screen wherein user place desktop gadgets small applets designed specialized purpose displaying weather sports scores.gadgets also placed desktop.windows internet explorer new user interface tabbed browsing rss search box improved printing page zoom quick tabs thumbnails open tabs antiphishing filter several new security protection features internationalized domain name support idn improved web standards support.
Windows Vista	ie windows vista runs isolation applications operating system protected mode exploits malicious software restricted writing location beyond temporary internet files without explicit user consent.windows media player major revamp microsofts program playing organizing music video.new features version include word wheeling incremental search search type new gui media library photo display organization ability share music libraries network windows vista machines xbox integration support media center extenders.windows defender antispyware program several realtime protection agents.includes software explorer feature provides access startup programs allows one view currently running software networkconnected applications winsock providers winsock lsps.backup restore center includes backup restore application gives users ability schedule periodic backups files computer well recovery previous backups.backups incremental storing changes made time minimizing disk usage.also features complete pc backup available ultimate business enterprise editions backs entire computer image onto hard disk dvd.
Windows Vista	complete pc backup automatically recreate machine setup onto new hardware hard disk case hardware failures.complete pc restore initiated within windows vista windows vista installation cd pc corrupt cannot start normally hard disk.windows mail replacement outlook express includes new mail store improves stability features integrated instant search.phishing filter like internet explorer junk mail filtering enhanced regular updates via windows update.windows calendar new calendar task application integrates windows contacts windows mail.compatible various calendar file types popular icalendar.windows photo gallery photo movie library management application.import digital cameras tag rate individual items adjust colors exposure create display slideshows pan fade effects directd burn slideshows dvd.windows dvd maker companion program windows movie maker provides ability create video dvds based users content.
Windows Vista	users design dvd title menus video soundtrack pan zoom motion effects pictures slides.windows media center previously exclusively bundled separate edition windows xp known windows xp media center edition incorporated home premium ultimate editions windows vista.games standard computer games included previous versions windows redesigned showcase vistas new graphical capabilities.new games available windows vista chess titans chess game mahjong titans mahjong game purble place small collection games oriented towards younger children including matching game cakecreator game dressup puzzle game.purble place one new games available windows vista home basic edition.inkball available home premium better users.games explorer new special folder called games exposes installed video games information them.metadata may updated internet.windows mobility center control panel centralizes relevant information related mobile computing brightness sound battery levelpower scheme selection wireless network screen orientation presentation settings etc..windows fax scan allows computers fax modems send receive fax documents well scan documents.
Windows Vista	available home editions windows vista available business enterprise ultimate editions.windows meeting space replaces netmeeting.users share applications entire desktop users local network internet using peertopeer technology higher editions starter home basic take advantage hosting capabilities starter home basic editions limited join mode onlywindows hotstart enables compatible computers start applications directly operating system startup resume press button—this enables microsoft described appliancelike availability allows computers function manner similar consumer electronics device dvd player feature also designed provide instanton feature availability traditionally associated mobile devices.microsoft emphasized multimedia scenarios windows hotstart user configure feature button launches preferred application.shadow copy automatically creates daily backup copies files folders.users also create shadow copies setting system protection point using system protection tab system control panel.user view multiple versions file throughout limited history allowed restore delete copy versions.
Windows Vista	feature available business enterprise ultimate editions windows vista inherited windows server .windows update software security updates simplified operating solely via control panel instead web application.windows mails spam filter windows defenders definitions updated automatically via windows update.users choose recommended setting automatic updates latest drivers installed available add new device.parental controls allows administrators monitor restrict user activity well control websites programs games standard user use install.feature included business enterprise editions vista.windows sideshow enables auxiliary displays newer laptops supported windows mobile devices.meant used display device gadgets computer off.speech recognition integrated vista.
Windows Vista	features redesigned user interface configurable commandandcontrol commands.unlike office version works office wordpad speech recognition windows vista works accessible application.addition currently supports several languages british american english spanish french german chinese traditional simplified japanese.new fonts including several designed screen reading improved chinese yahei jhenghei japanese meiryo korean mulgan fonts.cleartype also enhanced enabled default.improved audio controls allow systemwide volume volume individual audio devices even individual applications controlled separately.new audio functionalities room correction bass management speaker fill headphone virtualization also incorporated.problem reports solutions feature allows users check solutions problems view previously sent problems solutions additional information available.windows system assessment tool tool used benchmark system performance.
Windows Vista	software games retrieve rating modify behavior runtime improve performance.benchmark tests cpu ram graphics acceleration graphics memory hard disk space.windows ultimate extras ultimate edition windows vista provides via windows update access additional features.collection additional mui language packs texas hold em poker game microsoft tinker strategy game character robot bitlocker efs enhancements allow users back encryption key online digital locker windows dreamscene enables use videos mpeg wmv formats desktop background.april microsoft launched two ultimate extras three new windows sound schemes content pack dreamscene.various dreamscene content packs released since final version dreamscene released.reliability performance monitor includes various tools tuning monitoring system performance resources activities cpu disks network memory resources.
Windows Vista	shows operations files opened connections etc.disk management logical disk manager windows vista supports shrinking expanding volumes onthefly.windows anytime upgrade program allows user upgrade computer running vista higher edition.example computer running windows vista home basic upgraded home premium better.anytime upgrade permits users upgrade without programs data erased cheaper replacing existing installation windows.anytime upgrade longer available vista.digital locker assistant program facilitated access downloads purchases windows marketplace distribution platform.apps purchased windows marketplace managed microsoft account credentials used access users digital locker stores app associated information e.g.
Windows Vista	licenses offsite.core vista includes technologies readyboost readydrive employ fast flash memory located usb flash drives hybrid hard disk drives improve system performance caching commonly used programs data.manifests improved battery life notebook computers well since hybrid drive spun use.another new technology called superfetch utilizes machine learning techniques analyze usage patterns allow windows vista make intelligent decisions content present system memory given time.uses almost extra ram disk cache.
Windows Vista	conjunction superfetch automatic builtin windows disk defragmenter makes sure applications strategically positioned hard disk loaded memory quickly least physical movement hard disks readwrite heads.as part redesign networking architecture ipv fully incorporated operating system number performance improvements introduced tcp window scaling.earlier versions windows typically needed thirdparty wireless networking software work properly case vista includes comprehensive wireless networking support.for graphics vista introduces new windows display driver model major revision directd.new driver model facilitates new desktop window manager provides tearingfree desktop special effects cornerstones windows aero.directd developed conjunction major graphics card manufacturers new architecture advanced shader support allows graphics processing unit render complex scenes without assistance cpu.features improved load balancing cpu gpu also optimizes data transfer them.
Windows Vista	wddm also provides video content playback rivals typical consumer electronics devices.making easy connect external monitors providing protected hd video playback increasing overall video playback quality.first time windows graphics processing unit gpu multitasking possible enabling users run one gpuintensive application simultaneously.at core operating system many improvements made memory manager process scheduler io scheduler.heap manager implements additional features integrity checking order improve robustness defend buffer overflow security exploits although comes price breaking backward compatibility legacy applications.kernel transaction manager implemented enables applications work file system registry using atomic transaction operations.
Windows Vista	securityrelated improved security primary design goal vista.microsofts trustworthy computing initiative aims improve public trust products direct effect development.effort resulted number new security safety features evaluation assurance level rating .user account control uac perhaps significant visible changes.uac security technology makes possible users use computer fewer privileges default stop malware making unauthorized changes system.often difficult previous versions windows previous limited user accounts proved restrictive incompatible large proportion application software even prevented basic operations looking calendar notification tray.
Windows Vista	windows vista action performed requires administrative rights installinguninstalling software making systemwide configuration changes user first prompted administrator name password cases user already administrator user still prompted confirm pending privileged action.regular use computer running programs printing surfing internet trigger uac prompts.user account control asks credentials secure desktop mode entire screen dimmed authorization window active highlighted.intent stop malicious program misleading user interfering authorization window hint user importance prompt.testing symantec corporation proven effectiveness uac.symantec used active malware samples consisting backdoors keyloggers rootkits mass mailers trojan horses spyware adware various samples.
Windows Vista	executed default windows vista installation within standard user account.uac effectively blocked percent threat excluding rootkits.percent less malware evaded uac survived reboot.internet explorer new security safety features include phishing filter idn antispoofing capabilities integration systemwide parental controls.added security activex controls disabled default.also internet explorer operates protected mode operates lower permissions user runs isolation applications operating system preventing accessing modifying anything besides temporary internet files directory.
Windows Vista	microsofts antispyware product windows defender incorporated windows protecting malware threats.changes various system configuration settings new autostarting applications blocked unless user gives consent.whereas prior releases windows supported perfile encryption using encrypting file system enterprise ultimate editions vista include bitlocker drive encryption protect entire volumes notably operating system volume.however bitlocker requires approximately .gigabyte partition permanently encrypted contain system files windows boot.normal circumstances time partition accessed computer booting windows update changes files area legitimate reason access section drive.area potential security issue hexadecimal editor dskprobe.exe malicious software running administrator andor kernel level privileges would able write ghost partition allow piece malicious software compromise system disable encryption.
Windows Vista	bitlocker work conjunction trusted platform module tpm cryptoprocessor version .embedded computers motherboard usb key.however full disk encryption technologies bitlocker vulnerable cold boot attack especially tpm used key protector without boot pin required too.a variety privilegerestriction techniques also built vista.example concept integrity levels user processes whereby process lower integrity level cannot interact processes higher integrity level cannot perform dll–injection processes higher integrity level.security restrictions windows services finegrained services especially listening network cannot interact parts operating system need to.
Windows Vista	obfuscation techniques address space layout randomization used increase amount effort required malware successful infiltration system.code integrity verifies system binaries tampered malicious code.as part redesign network stack windows firewall upgraded new support filtering incoming outgoing traffic.advanced packet filter rules created grant deny communications specific services.the bit versions vista require device drivers digitally signed creator driver identified.system management much focus vistas new capabilities highlighted new user interface security technologies improvements core operating system microsoft also adding new deployment maintenance featuresthe windows imaging format wim provides cornerstone microsofts new deployment packaging system.wim files contain halindependent image windows vista maintained patched without rebuild new images.
Windows Vista	windows images delivered via systems management server business desktop deployment technologies.images customized configured applications deployed corporate client personal computers using little touch system administrator.imagex microsoft tool used create customize images.windows deployment services replaces remote installation services deploying vista prior versions windows.approximately new group policy settings added covering aspects new features operating system well significantly expanding configurability wireless networks removable storage devices user desktop experience.vista also introduced xmlbased format admx display registrybased policy settings making easier manage networks span geographic locations different languages.services unix renamed subsystem unixbased applications comes enterprise ultimate editions vista.network file system nfs client support also included.multilingual user interface–unlike previous versions windows required loading language packs provide locallanguage support windows vista ultimate enterprise editions support ability dynamically change languages based loggedon users preference.wireless projector support developer windows vista includes large number new application programming interfaces.
Windows Vista	chief among inclusion version ..net framework consists class library common language runtime.version .includes four new major componentswindows presentation foundation user interface subsystem framework based vector graphics makes use computer graphics hardware directd technologies.provides foundation building applications blending application ui documents media content.
Windows Vista	successor windows forms.windows communication foundation serviceoriented messaging subsystem enables applications systems interoperate locally remotely using web services.windows workflow foundation provides task automation integrated transactions using workflows.programming model engine tools building workflowenabled applications windows.windows cardspace component securely stores digital identities person provides unified interface choosing identity particular transaction logging website.these technologies also available windows xp windows server facilitate introduction usage developers endusers.there also significant new development apis core operating system notably completely redesigned audio networking print video interfaces major changes security infrastructure improvements deployment installation applications clickonce windows installer .new device driver development model windows driver foundation transactional ntfs mobile computing api advancements power management tablet pc ink support sideshow major updates complete replacements many core subsystems winlogon capi.there issues software developers using graphics apis vista.games programs built solely windows vistaexclusive version directx version cannot work prior versions windows directx available previous windows versions.also games require features ddex updated implementation directx windows vista also incompatible previous windows versions.
Windows Vista	according microsoft blog three choices opengl implementation vista.application use default implementation translates opengl calls directd api frozen opengl version .application use installable client driver icd comes two flavors legacy vistacompatible.legacy icd disables desktop window manager vistacompatible icd takes advantage new api fully compatible desktop window manager.least two primary vendors ati nvidia provided full vistacompatible icds.
Windows Vista	however hardware overlay supported considered obsolete feature vista.ati nvidia strongly recommend using compositing desktopframebuffer objects functionality.installation windows vista first microsoft operating systemto use dvdrom media installationthat installed partition formatted ntfs file systemthat provides support loading drivers scsi sata raid controllers source addition floppy disks prior installationthat installed booted systems gpt disks uefi firmware unification oem retail installation windows vista unifies previously separate oem retail distributions microsoft windows license edition purchased determines version windows vista eligible installation regardless originating source.oem retail versions windows windows vista maintained separately optical media—users manufacturersupplied disc could use retail license installation users retail disc could use oem license installation.removed features notable windows xp features components replaced removed windows vista including several shell windows explorer features multimedia features networking related functionality windows messenger ntbackup network windows messenger service hyperterminal msn explorer active desktop replacement netmeeting windows meeting space.
Windows Vista	windows vista also include windows xp luna visual theme classic color schemes part windows since windows .x era.hardware profiles startup feature also removed along support older motherboard technologies like eisa bus apm game port support though bit version game port support enabled applying older driver.ip firewire tcpip ieee removed well.ipxspx protocol also removed although enabled thirdparty plugin.support lifecycle support original release windows vista without service pack ended april .
Windows Vista	windows xp sp retired july service pack reached end support july three years general availability.support windows xp predecessor windows vista ended april years launch.mainstream support windows vista officially ended april .extended support phase would last next years april .microsoft longer offering nocharge incident support warranty claims design fixes operating system.pros users needed make specific fixes commercial windows code microsoft required extended hotfix agreement provided additional days april .as part extended support phase vista users still able get security updates could still pay support per incident perhour ways.
Windows Vista	microsoft also made windows vista product information available online knowledge base.april microsoft required windows vista users upgrade windows order continue receiving microsoft support.editions windows vista shipped six different editions.roughly divided two target markets consumer business editions varying cater specific submarkets.consumers three editions two available economically developed countries.
Windows Vista	windows vista starter edition aimed lowpowered computers availability emerging markets.windows vista home basic intended budget users.windows vista home premium covers majority consumer market contains applications creating using multimedia.home editions cannot join windows server domain.businesses three editions well.
Windows Vista	windows vista business specifically designed small mediumsized enterprises windows vista enterprise available customers participating microsofts software assurance program.windows vista ultimate contains complete featureset home business combination home premium enterprise editions well set windows ultimate extras aimed enthusiasts.all editions except windows vista starter support bit x bit x processor architectures.in european union home basic n business n variants also available.come without windows media player due eu sanctions brought microsoft violating antitrust laws.similar sanctions exist south korea.visual styles windows vista four distinct visual styles.windows aerovistas default visual style windows aero built desktop composition engine called desktop window manager.
Windows Vista	windows aero introduces support translucency effects glass window thumbnails taskbar window animations visual effects example windows flip intended mainstream highend video cards.enable features contents every open window stored video memory facilitate tearingfree movement windows.windows aero significantly higher hardware requirements predecessors systems running vista must video card drivers compatible windows display driver model wddm minimum graphics memory required mb depending resolution used.windows aero included starter home basic editions.variant windows aero dubbed windows vista standard lacking glass effects window animations advanced graphical effects included home basic.windows vista basicthis visual style employ desktop window manager feature transparency translucency window animation windows flip functions provided dwm.default visual style windows vista starter systems without wddmcompatible display drivers similar video card requirements windows xp.
Windows Vista	service pack machine failed windows genuine advantage validation would also default visual style.windows standardthe windows standard windows classic visual styles reprise user interface windows x windows microsofts windows server line operating systems.previous versions windows visual style supports custom color schemes collections color settings.windows vista includes four highcontrast color schemes default color schemes windows titled windows classic windows windows titled windows standard.hardware requirements computers capable running windows vista classified vista capable vista premium ready.vista capable equivalent pc capable running editions windows vista although special features highend graphics options may require additional advanced hardware.
Windows Vista	vista premium ready pc take advantage vistas highend features.windows vistas basic classic interfaces work virtually graphics hardware supports windows xp accordingly discussion around vistas graphics requirements centers windows aero interface.windows vista beta nvidia geforce series later ati radeon later intels gma later integrated graphics handful via chipsets graphics discrete chips supported.although originally supported geforce fx series dropped newer drivers nvidia.last driver nvidia support geforce fx series vista .. microsoft offered tool called windows vista upgrade advisor assist windows xp vista users determining versions windows machine capable running.required server connections utility longer available.
Windows Vista	although installation media included retail packages bit dvd customers needing cdrom customers wish bit install media acquire media windows vista alternate media program.ultimate edition includes bit bit media.digitally downloaded version ultimate includes one version either bit bit windows marketplace.physical memory limits maximum amount ram windows vista support varies depending edition processor architecture shown table.processor limits maximum number logical processors pc windows vista supports bit bit.the maximum number physical processors pc windows vista supports business enterprise ultimate starter home basic home premium.
Windows Vista	updates microsoft occasionally releases updates service packs windows operating systems fix bugs improve performance add new features.service pack windows vista service pack sp released february alongside windows server oem partners fivemonth beta test period.initial deployment service pack caused number machines continually reboot rendering machines unusable.temporarily caused microsoft suspend automatic deployment service pack problem resolved.synchronized release date two operating systems reflected merging workstation server kernels back single code base first time since windows .
Windows Vista	msdn subscribers able download sp february .sp became available current windows vista users windows update download center march .initially service pack supported five languages – english french spanish german japanese.support remaining languages released april .a white paper published microsoft august outlined scope intent service pack identifying three major areas improvement reliability performance administration experience support newer hardware standards.one area particular note performance.areas improvement include file copy operations hibernation logging domainjoined machines javascript parsing internet explorer network file share browsing windows explorer zip file handling windows disk defragmenter.
Windows Vista	ability choose individual drives defragment reintroduced well.service pack introduced support new hardware software standards notably exfat file system .n wireless networking ipv vpn connections secure socket tunneling protocol.booting system using extensible firmware interface x systems also introduced feature originally slated initial release vista delayed due lack compatible hardware time.booting guid partition table–based hard drive greater .tb supported x only.two areas seen changes sp come result concerns software vendors.one desktop search users able change default desktop search program one provided third party instead microsoft desktop search program comes windows vista desktop search programs able seamlessly tie services operating system.changes come part due complaints google whose google desktop search application hindered presence vistas builtin desktop search.
Windows Vista	june google claimed changes introduced sp step right direction improved give consumers greater access alternate desktop search providers.area note set new security apis introduced benefit antivirus software currently relies unsupported practice patching kernel see kernel patch protection.an update directx named directx .marked mandatory several features previously optional directd hardware.graphics cards required support directx .. sp includes kernel .matches version shipped windows server .the group policy management console gpmc replaced group policy object editor.
Windows Vista	updated downloadable version group policy management console released soon service pack.sp enables support hotpatching rebootreduction servicing technology designed maximize uptime.works allowing windows components updated patched still use running process.hotpatchenabled update packages installed via methods traditional update packages trigger system reboot.service pack service pack windows vista released manufacturing april released microsoft download center windows update may one year release windows vista sp five months release windows .addition number security fixes number new features added.
Windows Vista	however include internet explorer instead included windows released five months vista sp.windows search available sp systems standalone updatefeature pack wireless adds support bluetooth .windows feature pack storage enables data recording onto bluray mediawindows connect wcn simplify wifi configurationimproved support resuming active wifi connectionsimproved support esata drivesthe limit halfopen outgoing tcp connections introduced windows xp sp removedenables exfat file system support utc timestamps allows correct file synchronization across time zonessupport iccdccid smart cardssupport via bit cpusimproved performance responsiveness rss feeds sidebarimproves audio video performance streaming highdefinition contentimproves windows media center wmc content protection tvprovides improved power management policy approximately efficient original default policieswindows vista windows server share single service pack binary reflecting fact code bases joined release server .service pack cumulative update meaning service pack must installed first.platform update platform update windows vista released october .includes major new components shipped windows well updated runtime libraries.requires service pack windows vista windows server listed windows update recommended download.the platform update allows application developers target windows vista windows .
Windows Vista	consists following componentswindows graphics runtime directd directwrite directd dxgi .warpupdates windows imaging componentupdates xps print api xps document api xps rasterization servicewindows automation api updates msaa ui automationwindows portable devices platform adds support mtp bluetooth mtp device serviceswindows ribbon apiwindows animation manager librarysome updates available separate releases windows xp windows vistawindows management framework windows powershell .windows remote management .bits .remote desktop connection .rdp clientalthough extensive platform update bring windows vista level features performance offered windows .
Windows Vista	example even though directd runtime able run ddclass hardware wddm drivers using feature levels first introduced directd .desktop window manager updated use directd ..in july microsoft released platform update supplement windows vista windows server contains several bug fixes performance improvements.outofband patches bluekeep patch microsoft released update windows vista sp resolve bluekeep security vulnerability cve affects remote desktop protocol older windows versions.subsequent related flaws cve cve cve cve collectively known dejablue affect windows vista earlier versions windows.installation patch changed build number windows vista .
Windows Vista	unofficial outofband patches windows vista support ended april support could unofficially extended installing windows server updates allowed windows vista users install security updates windows server end support date january .outofband updates released windows server newer installed windows vista.text services framework patch text services framework compromised privilege escalation vulnerability cve could allow attackers use framework perform privileged operations run software send messages privileged processes unprivileged processes—bypassing security features sandboxes user account control.microsoft remediated issues related vulnerability release patch august windows vista sp windows server sp later versions windows.malware protection engine patch vulnerability related windows defender affected way malware protection engine operates cve reported may .
Windows Vista	windows defender scanned specially crafted file would lead memory corruption potentially allowing attacker control affected machine perform arbitrary code execution context localsystem vulnerability exacerbated default realtime protection settings windows defender configured automatically initiate malware scans regular intervals.first version protection engine affected vulnerability version ...—subsequent versions engine unaffected.microsoft released patch address issue.termination update services windows vista support ended april updates released os apart rare outofband patches.windows update services os continued work install previously released updates july sha windows update endpoints discontinued.
Windows Vista	however may microsoft update catalog still hosting updates download windows vista.marketing campaign mojave experiment july microsoft introduced webbased advertising campaign called mojave experiment depicts group people asked evaluate newest operating system microsoft calling windows mojave.participants first asked vista used overall satisfaction vista scale .shown demo new operating systems features asked opinion satisfaction scale.respondents rate mojave told shown demo windows vista.
Windows Vista	object test theory people could see windows vista firsthand would like it.according microsoft initial sample respondents rated vista average .mojave received average .respondents rating mojave lower originally rated windows vista demo.experiment criticized deliberate selection positive statements addressing aspects vista.
Windows Vista	reception windows vista received mixed negative reviews time release throughout lifespan mainly much higher hardware requirements perceived slowness compared windows xp.it received generally positive reviews pc gamers praised advantages brought directx allowed better gaming performance realistic graphics well support many new capabilities featured new gpus.however many directx games initially ran lower frame rates compared run windows xp.mid benchmarks suggested sp update improved performance par better windows xp terms game performance.peter bright ars technica wrote despite delays feature cuts windows vista huge evolution history nt platform ... fundamental changes platform scale seen since release nt .first version.continuation previous assessment bright stated vista simply xp new skin core parts os radically overhauled virtually every area seen significant refinement.
Windows Vista	terms magnitude extent changes vista represents probably biggest leap nt platform ever seen.never significant subsystems gutted replaced way vista.many others tech industry echoed sentiments time directing praise towards massive amount technical features new windows vista.windows vista received best ces award consumer electronics show .in first year availability pc world rated biggest tech disappointment rated infoworld no.techs alltime flops.microsofts much smaller competitor apple noted despite vistas far greater sales operating system seem suffered release would later invest advertising mocking vistas unpopularity users.computer manufacturers dell lenovo hewlettpackard released newest computers windows vista preinstalled however negative reception operating system also began selling computers windows xp cds included drop sales.
Windows Vista	sales gartner research report predicted vista business adoption would overtake xp time frame .vs. .idc indicated launch windows server served catalyst stronger adoption rates.january forrester research indicated almost one third north american european corporations started deploying vista.may conference microsoft vice president said adoption deployment windows vista slightly ahead xp big businesses.within first month million copies vista sold double amount windows xp sales within first month october five years earlier.
Windows Vista	shortly however due vistas relatively low adoption rates continued demand windows xp microsoft decided sell windows xp june instead previously planned date january .reports vista users downgrading operating systems back xp well reports businesses planning skip vista.study conducted changewave march showed percentage corporate users satisfied vista dramatically lower operating systems vista compared said satisfied windows xp.the internetusage market share windows vista two years availability january .. figure combined world internet users population stats yielded user base roughly million exceeded microsofts twoyear post launch expectations million.internet user base reached release successor windows roughly million according statistical sources.criticism windows vista received several negative assessments.
Windows Vista	criticism targets include protracted development time – years restrictive licensing terms inclusion several technologies aimed restricting copying protected digital media usability new user account control security technology.moreover concerns raised many pcs meeting vista premium ready hardware requirements vistas pricing.hardware requirements microsoft claimed nearly pcs market today run windows vista higher requirements premium features aero interface affected many upgraders.according uk newspaper times may full set features would available less percent britains pc market however prediction made several months vista released.continuing lack clarity eventually led class action microsoft people found new computers unable use new software full potential despite assurance vista capable designations.
Windows Vista	court case made public internal microsoft communications indicate senior executives also difficulty issue.example mike nash corporate vice president windows product management commented email machine laptops lack appropriate graphics chip hobbled vista.licensing criticism upgrade licenses pertaining windows vista starter home premium expressed ars technicas ken fisher noted new requirement prior operating system already installed going irritate users reinstall windows regularly.it revealed upgrade copy windows vista installed clean without first installing previous version windows.first install windows refuse activate.user must reinstall copy vista.
Windows Vista	vista activate reinstall thus allowing user install upgrade windows vista without owning previous operating system.windows xp separate rules still apply oem versions vista installed new pcs microsoft asserts versions legally transferable although whether conflicts right first sale yet clearly decided legally.cost initially cost windows vista also source concern commentary.majority users poll said prices various windows vista editions posted microsoft canada website august make product expensive.bbc news report day vistas release suggested may backlash consumers pricing plans—with cost vista versions us roughly half price equivalent versions uk.since release vista microsoft reduced retail upgraded price point vista.
Windows Vista	originally vista ultimate priced home premium vista .prices since reduced respectively.digital rights management windows vista supports additional forms drm restrictions.one aspect protected video path designed premium content hd dvd bluray discs may mandate connections pc components encrypted.depending content demands devices may pass premium content nonencrypted outputs must artificially degrade quality signal outputs display all.
Windows Vista	drivers hardware must approved microsoft revocation mechanism also included allows microsoft disable drivers devices enduser pcs internet.peter gutmann security researcher author open source cryptlib library claims mechanisms violate fundamental rights user fair use unnecessarily increase cost hardware make systems less reliable tilt bit particular worry triggered entire graphic subsystem performs reset vulnerable denialofservice attacks.however despite several requests evidence supporting claims peter gutmann never supported claims researched evidence.proponents claimed microsoft choice follow demands movie studios technology actually enabled microsoft also noted content protection mechanisms existed windows far back windows new protections apply existing content future content.user account control although user account control uac important part vistas security infrastructure blocks software silently gaining administrator privileges without users knowledge widely criticized generating many prompts.
Windows Vista	led many vista uac users consider troublesome consequently either turning feature windows vista enterprise windows vista ultimate users putting autoapproval mode.responding criticism microsoft altered implementation reduce number prompts sp.though changes resulted improvement alleviate concerns completely.downgrade rights endusers licenses windows acquired oem volume licensing may downgrade equivalent edition windows vista.downgrade rights offered starter home basic home premium editions windows .
Jawaharlal Nehru	windows licenses acquired oem user may also downgrade equivalent edition windows vista.customers licensed use windows enterprise generally licensed windows pro may downgraded windows vista business.see also bluekeep security vulnerabilitycomparison windows vista windows xpmicrosoft security essentials notes references external links windows vista end supportwindows vista service pack sp updatenehru principal leader indian nationalist movement s. upon indias independence served countrys prime minister years.nehru promoted parliamentary democracy secularism science technology powerfully influencing indias arc modern nation.international affairs steered india clear two blocs cold war.wellregarded author books written prison letters father daughter autobiography discovery india read around world.the son motilal nehru prominent lawyer indian nationalist jawaharlal nehru educated england—at harrow school trinity college cambridge trained law inner temple.became barrister returned india enrolled allahabad high court gradually began take interest national politics eventually became fulltime occupation.
Jawaharlal Nehru	joined indian national congress rose become leader progressive faction eventually congress receiving support mahatma gandhi designate nehru political heir.congress president nehru called complete independence british raj.nehru congress dominated indian politics s. nehru promoted idea secular nationstate indian provincial elections allowing congress sweep elections form governments several provinces.september congress ministries resigned protest viceroy lord linlithgows decision join war without consulting them.india congress committees quit india resolution august senior congress leaders imprisoned time organization crushed.nehru reluctantly heeded gandhis call immediate independence desired instead support allied war effort world war ii came lengthy prison term much altered political landscape.
Jawaharlal Nehru	muslim league muhammad ali jinnah come dominate muslim politics interim.provincial elections congress elections league seats reserved muslims british interpreted clear mandate pakistan form.nehru became interim prime minister india september league joining government hesitancy october .upon indias independence august nehru gave critically acclaimed speech tryst destiny sworn dominion indias prime minister raised indian flag red fort delhi.january india became republic within commonwealth nations nehru became republic indias first prime minister.embarked ambitious program economic social political reforms.
Jawaharlal Nehru	nehru promoted pluralistic multiparty democracy.foreign affairs played leading role establishing nonaligned movement group nations seek membership two main ideological blocs s.under nehrus leadership congress emerged catchall party dominating national statelevel politics winning elections .nehru remained popular indian people despite indias defeat sinoindian war widely blamed.premiership spanning years days—which date longest india—ended death may due heart attack.birthday celebrated childrens day india.
Jawaharlal Nehru	first also longest serving prime minister india nehru left behind long legacy.decades death hailed architect modern india.handthe indian rightwing always reviled nehru recent years narendra modi came power.early life career – birth family background jawaharlal nehru born november allahabad british india.father motilal nehru – selfmade wealthy barrister belonged kashmiri pandit community served twice president indian national congress .
Jawaharlal Nehru	mother swarup rani thussu – came wellknown kashmiri brahmin family settled lahore motilals second wife first died childbirth.jawaharlal eldest three children.elder sister vijaya lakshmi later became first female president united nations general assembly.youngest sister krishna hutheesing became noted writer authored several books brother.childhood nehru described childhood sheltered uneventful one.
Jawaharlal Nehru	grew atmosphere privilege wealthy homes including palatial estate called anand bhavan.father educated home private governesses tutors.influenced irish theosophist ferdinand t. brooks teaching nehru became interested science theosophy.family friend annie besant subsequently initiated theosophical society age thirteen.however interest theosophy prove enduring left society shortly brooks departed tutor.
Jawaharlal Nehru	wrote nearly three years brooks many ways influenced greatly.nehrus theosophical interests induced study buddhist hindu scriptures.according b. r. nanda scriptures nehrus first introduction religious cultural heritage india....they provided nehru initial impulse long intellectual quest culminated…in discovery india.youth nehru became ardent nationalist youth.second boer war russojapanese war intensified feelings.
Jawaharlal Nehru	latter wrote japanese victories stirred enthusiasm....nationalistic ideas filled mind.... mused indian freedom asiatic freedom thraldom europe.later begun institutional schooling harrow leading school england nicknamed joe g. m. trevelyans garibaldi books received prizes academic merit influenced greatly.viewed garibaldi revolutionary hero.
Jawaharlal Nehru	wrote visions similar deeds india came gallant fight indian freedom mind india italy got strangely mixed together.graduation nehru went trinity college cambridge october graduated honours degree natural science .period studied politics economics history literature interest.writings bernard shaw h. g. wells john maynard keynes bertrand russell lowes dickinson meredith townsend moulded much political economic thinking.after completing degree nehru moved london studied law inner temple inn.time continued study fabian society scholars including beatrice webb.
Jawaharlal Nehru	called bar .advocate practice returning india august nehru enrolled advocate allahabad high court tried settle barrister.unlike father little interest profession relished neither practice law company lawyers decidedly atmosphere intellectually stimulating sense utter insipidity life grew upon me.involvement nationalist politics gradually replace legal practice.nationalist movement – britain return india – nehru developed interest indian politics time britain student barrister.
Jawaharlal Nehru	within months return india nehru attended annual session indian national congress patna.congress party moderates elites disconcerted saw much englishknowing upperclass affair.nehru doubted effectiveness congress agreed work party support indian civil rights movement led mahatma gandhi south africa collecting funds movement .later campaigned indentured labour discrimination faced indians british colonies.world war – world war broke sympathy india divided.
Jawaharlal Nehru	although educated indians large took vicarious pleasure seeing british rulers humbled ruling upper classes sided allies.nehru confessed viewed war mixed feelings.frank moraes writes nehrus sympathy country france whose culture greatly admired.war nehru volunteered st. john ambulance worked one organisations provincial secretaries allahabad.also spoke censorship acts passed british government india.nehru emerged war years leader whose political views considered radical.
Jawaharlal Nehru	although political discourse time dominated moderate gopal krishna gokhale said madness think independence nehru spoken openly politics noncooperation need resigning honorary positions government continuing futile politics representation.ridiculed indian civil service supporting british policies.noted someone defined indian civil service unfortunately still afflicted country neither indian civil service.motilal nehru prominent moderate leader acknowledged limits constitutional agitation counselled son practical alternative it.nehru however dissatisfied pace national movement.
Jawaharlal Nehru	became involved aggressive nationalists leaders demanding home rule indians.the influence moderates congress politics waned gokhale died .antimoderate leaders like annie besant bal gangadhar tilak took opportunity call national movement home rule.however proposal rejected reluctance moderates commit radical course action.home rule movement – nehru married kamala kaul .daughter indira born year later .
Jawaharlal Nehru	kamala gave birth boy november lived week.nevertheless besant formed league advocating home rule .tilak releasing term prison formed league april .nehru joined leagues worked primarily former.remarked later besant powerful influence childhood ... even later entered political life influence continued.another development brought radical change indian politics espousal hindumuslim unity lucknow pact annual meeting congress december .
Jawaharlal Nehru	pact initiated earlier year allahabad meeting india congress committee held nehru residence anand bhawan.nehru welcomed encouraged rapprochement two indian communities.several nationalist leaders banded together leadership annie besant voice demand selfgovernance obtain status dominion within british empire enjoyed time australia canada south africa new zealand newfoundland.nehru joined movement rose become secretary besants home rule league.in june british government arrested interned besant.congress indian organisations threatened launch protests freed.subsequently british government forced release besant make significant concessions period intense protest.
Jawaharlal Nehru	noncooperation – nehrus first big national involvement came onset noncooperation movement .led movement united provinces uttar pradesh.nehru arrested charges antigovernmental activities released months later.rift formed within congress following gandhis sudden halting noncooperation movement chauri chaura incident nehru remained loyal join swaraj party formed father motilal nehru cr das.nehru imprisoned nabha princely state went see struggle waged sikhs corrupt mahants.
Jawaharlal Nehru	internationalising struggle indian independence nehru played leading role development internationalist outlook indian independence struggle.sought foreign allies india forged links movements independence democracy around world.efforts paid congress invited attend congress oppressed nationalities brussels belgium.meeting called coordinate plan common struggle imperialism.nehru represented india elected executive council league imperialism born meeting.increasingly nehru saw struggle independence british imperialism multinational effort various colonies dominions empire statements matter however interpreted complicity rise hitler espoused intentions.
Jawaharlal Nehru	faced allegations nehru respondedwe sympathy national movement arabs palestine directed british imperialism.sympathies cannot weakened fact national movement coincides hitlers interests.fundamental rights economic policy nehru drafted policies congress future indian nation .declared aims congress freedom religion right form associations freedom expression thought equality law every individual without distinction caste colour creed religion protection regional languages cultures safeguarding interests peasants labour abolition untouchability introduction adult franchise imposition prohibition nationalisation industries socialism establishment secular india.aims formed core fundamental rights economic policy resolution drafted nehru – ratified congress party session karachi chaired vallabhbhai patel.
Jawaharlal Nehru	declaration independence nehru one first leaders demand congress party resolve make complete explicit break ties british empire.madras session congress approved resolution independence despite gandhis criticism.time formed independence india league pressure group within congress.gandhi agreed nehrus demands proposed resolution called british grant dominion status india within two years.british failed meet deadline congress would call upon indians fight complete independence.
Jawaharlal Nehru	nehru one leaders objected time given british—he pressed gandhi demand immediate actions british.gandhi brokered compromise reducing time given two years one.the british rejected demands dominion status .nehru assumed presidency congress party lahore session december introduced successful resolution calling complete independence.nehru drafted indian declaration independence statedwe believe inalienable right indian people people freedom enjoy fruits toil necessities life may full opportunities growth.believe also government deprives people rights oppresses people right alter abolish it.
Jawaharlal Nehru	british government india deprived indian people freedom based exploitation masses ruined india economically politically culturally spiritually.believe therefore india must sever british connection attain purna swaraj complete independence.at midnight new years eve nehru hoisted tricolour flag india upon banks ravi lahore.pledge independence read included readiness withhold taxes.massive gathering public attending ceremony asked agreed majority people witnessed raising hands approval.indian members central provincial legislatures resigned support resolution accordance indian public sentiment.
Jawaharlal Nehru	congress asked people india observe january independence day.congress volunteers nationalists public hoisted flag india publicly across india.plans mass civil disobedience also underway.after lahore session congress nehru gradually emerged paramount leader indian independence movement.gandhi stepped back spiritual role.although gandhi explicitly designate nehru political heir early mids country saw nehru natural successor gandhi.
Jawaharlal Nehru	salt march nehru congress leaders ambivalent initially gandhis plan begin civil disobedience satyagraha aimed british salt tax.protest gathered steam realised power salt symbol.nehru remarked unprecedented popular response seemed though spring suddenly released.arrested april train allahabad raipur.earlier addressing huge meeting leading vast procession ceremoniously manufactured contraband salt.

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