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Cryptocurrency | new cryptocurrency units created system defines circumstances origin determine ownership new units.ownership cryptocurrency units proved exclusively cryptographically.the system allows transactions performed ownership cryptographic units changed.transaction statement issued entity proving current ownership units.if two different instructions changing ownership cryptographic units simultaneously entered system performs one them.in march word cryptocurrency added merriamwebster dictionary.altcoins tokens cryptocurrencies types digital assets bitcoin collectively known alternative cryptocurrencies typically shortened altcoins alt coins disparagingly known shitcoins.paul vigna wall street journal also described altcoins alternative versions bitcoin given role model protocol altcoin designers.term commonly used describe coins tokens created bitcoin.altcoins often underlying differences bitcoin. |
Cryptocurrency | example litecoin aims process block every .minutes rather bitcoins minutes allows litecoin confirm transactions faster bitcoin.another example ethereum smart contract functionality allows decentralized applications run blockchain.ethereum used blockchain according bloomberg news.largest following altcoin according new york times.significant rallies across altcoin markets often referred altseason. |
Cryptocurrency | stablecoins stablecoins altcoins designed maintain stable level purchasing power.architecture decentralized cryptocurrency produced entire cryptocurrency system collectively rate defined system created publicly known.centralized banking economic systems us federal reserve system corporate boards governments control supply currency.case decentralized cryptocurrency companies governments cannot produce new units far provided backing firms banks corporate entities hold asset value measured it.underlying technical system upon decentralized cryptocurrencies based created group individual known satoshi nakamoto.as may cryptocurrency specifications existed. |
Cryptocurrency | within proofofwork cryptocurrency system bitcoin safety integrity balance ledgers maintained community mutually distrustful parties referred miners use computers help validate timestamp transactions adding ledger accordance particular timestamping scheme.proofofstake pos blockchain transactions validated holders associated cryptocurrency sometimes grouped together stake pools.most cryptocurrencies designed gradually decrease production currency placing cap total amount currency ever circulation.compared ordinary currencies held financial institutions kept cash hand cryptocurrencies difficult seizure law enforcement.blockchain validity cryptocurrencys coins provided blockchain.blockchain continuously growing list records called blocks linked secured using cryptography. |
Cryptocurrency | block typically contains hash pointer link previous block timestamp transaction data.design blockchains inherently resistant modification data.open distributed ledger record transactions two parties efficiently verifiable permanent way.use distributed ledger blockchain typically managed peertopeer network collectively adhering protocol validating new blocks.recorded data given block cannot altered retroactively without alteration subsequent blocks requires collusion network majority.blockchains secure design example distributed computing system high byzantine fault tolerance. |
Cryptocurrency | decentralized consensus therefore achieved blockchain.nodes world cryptocurrency node computer connects cryptocurrency network.node supports relevant cryptocurrencys network either relaying transactions validation hosting copy blockchain.terms relaying transactions network computer node copy blockchain cryptocurrency supports transaction made node creating transaction broadcasts details transaction using encryption nodes throughout node network transaction every transaction known.node owners either volunteers hosted organisation body responsible developing cryptocurrency blockchain network technology enticed host node receive rewards hosting node network.timestamping cryptocurrencies use various timestamping schemes prove validity transactions added blockchain ledger without need trusted third party.the first timestamping scheme invented proofofwork scheme. |
Cryptocurrency | widely used proofofwork schemes based sha scrypt.some hashing algorithms used proofofwork include cryptonight blake sha x.the proofofstake method securing cryptocurrency network achieving distributed consensus requesting users show ownership certain amount currency.different proofofwork systems run difficult hashing algorithms validate electronic transactions.scheme largely dependent coin theres currently standard form it.cryptocurrencies use combined proofofwork proofofstake scheme.mining cryptocurrency networks mining validation transactions. |
Cryptocurrency | effort successful miners obtain new cryptocurrency reward.reward decreases transaction fees creating complementary incentive contribute processing power network.rate generating hashes validate transaction increased use specialized machines fpgas asics running complex hashing algorithms like sha scrypt.arms race cheaperyetefficient machines existed since first cryptocurrency bitcoin introduced .with people venturing world virtual currency generating hashes validation become complex time forcing miners invest increasingly large sums money improve computing performance.consequently reward finding hash diminished often justify investment equipment cooling facilities mitigate heat equipment produces electricity required run them. |
Cryptocurrency | popular regions mining include inexpensive electricity cold climate jurisdictions clear conducive regulations.july bitcoins electricity consumption estimated gigawatts .global total equivalent switzerland.some miners pool resources sharing processing power network split reward equally according amount work contributed probability finding block.share awarded members mining pool present valid partial proofofwork.as february chinese government halted trading virtual currency banned initial coin offerings shut mining.many chinese miners since relocated canada texas. |
Cryptocurrency | one company operating data centers mining operations canadian oil gas field sites due low gas prices.june hydro quebec proposed provincial government allocate mw crypto companies mining.according february report fortune iceland become cryptocurrency miners part cheap electricity.in march city plattsburgh upstate new york put month moratorium cryptocurrency mining effort preserve natural resources character direction city.gpu price rise increase cryptocurrency mining increased demand graphics cards gpu .computing power gpus makes wellsuited generating hashes. |
Cryptocurrency | popular favorites cryptocurrency miners nvidias gtx gtx graphics cards well amds rx rx gpus doubled tripled price – stock.gtx ti released price sold much .another popular card gtx gb model released msrp sold almost .rx rx cards amd stock almost year.miners regularly buy entire stock new gpus soon available.nvidia asked retailers comes selling gpus gamers instead miners. |
Cryptocurrency | gamers come first nvidia said boris böhles pr manager nvidia german region.wallets cryptocurrency wallet stores public private keys address seed used receive spend cryptocurrency.private key possible write public ledger effectively spending associated cryptocurrency.public key possible others send currency wallet.there exist multiple methods storing keys seed wallet using paper wallets traditional public private seed keys written paper using hardware wallets dedicated hardware securely store wallet information using digital wallet computer software hosting wallet information hosting wallet using exchange cryptocurrency traded.storing wallet information digital medium plaintext. |
Cryptocurrency | anonymity bitcoin pseudonymous rather anonymous cryptocurrency within wallet tied people rather one specific keys addresses.thereby bitcoin owners identifiable transactions publicly available blockchain.still cryptocurrency exchanges often required law collect personal information users.additions monero zerocoin zerocash cryptonote suggested would allow additional anonymity fungibility.economics cryptocurrencies used primarily outside existing banking governmental institutions exchanged internet.block rewards proofofwork cryptocurrencies bitcoin offer block rewards incentives miners. |
Cryptocurrency | implicit belief whether miners paid block rewards transaction fees affect security blockchain study suggests may case certain circumstances.the rewards paid miners increase supply cryptocurrency.making sure verifying transactions costly business integrity network preserved long benevolent nodes control majority computing power.verification algorithm requires lot processing power thus electricity order make verification costly enough accurately validate public blockchain.miners factor costs associated expensive equipment necessary stand chance solving hash problem must consider significant amount electrical power search solution.generally block rewards outweigh electricity equipment costs may always case.the current value longterm value cryptocurrency supports reward scheme incentivize miners engage costly mining activities. |
Cryptocurrency | sources claim current bitcoin design inefficient generating welfare loss .relative efficient cash system.main source inefficiency large mining cost estimated us million per year.translates users willing accept cash system inflation rate better using bitcoin means payment.however efficiency bitcoin system significantly improved optimizing rate coin creation minimizing transaction fees. |
Cryptocurrency | another potential improvement eliminate inefficient mining activities changing consensus protocol altogether.transaction fees transaction fees cryptocurrency depend mainly supply network capacity time versus demand currency holder faster transaction.currency holder choose specific transaction fee network entities process transactions order highest offered fee lowest.cryptocurrency exchanges simplify process currency holders offering priority alternatives thereby determine fee likely cause transaction processed requested time.for ether transaction fees differ computational complexity bandwidth use storage needs bitcoin transaction fees differ transaction size whether transaction uses segwit.september median transaction fee ether corresponded . |
Cryptocurrency | bitcoin corresponded ..some cryptocurrencies transaction fees instead rely clientside proofofwork transaction prioritization antispam mechanism.exchanges cryptocurrency exchanges allow customers trade cryptocurrencies assets conventional fiat money trade different digital currencies.atomic swaps atomic swaps mechanism one cryptocurrency exchanged directly another cryptocurrency without need trusted third party exchange.atms jordan kelley founder robocoin launched first bitcoin atm united states february .kiosk installed austin texas similar bank atms scanners read governmentissued identification drivers license passport confirm users identities. |
Cryptocurrency | initial coin offerings initial coin offering ico controversial means raising funds new cryptocurrency venture.ico may used startups intention avoiding regulation.however securities regulators many jurisdictions including u.s. canada indicated coin token investment contract e.g.howey test i.e.investment money reasonable expectation profit based significantly entrepreneurial managerial efforts others security subject securities regulation. |
Cryptocurrency | ico campaign percentage cryptocurrency usually form tokens sold early backers project exchange legal tender cryptocurrencies often bitcoin ether.according pricewaterhousecoopers four biggest proposed initial coin offerings used switzerland base frequently registered nonprofit foundations.swiss regulatory agency finma stated would take balanced approach ico projects would allow legitimate innovators navigate regulatory landscape launch projects way consistent national laws protecting investors integrity financial system.response numerous requests industry representatives legislative ico working group began issue legal guidelines intended remove uncertainty cryptocurrency offerings establish sustainable business practices.trends market cap coin calculated multiplying price number coins circulation.total cryptocurrency market cap historically dominated bitcoin accounting least market cap value altcoins increased decreased market cap value relation bitcoin. |
Cryptocurrency | bitcoins value largely determined speculation among technological limiting factors known block chain rewards coded architecture technology bitcoin itself.cryptocurrency market cap follows trend known halving block rewards received bitcoin halved due technological mandated limited factors instilled bitcoin turn limits supply bitcoin.date reaches near halving twice thus far historically cryptocurrency market cap increases followed downtrend.by midjune cryptocurrency admittedly extremely volatile asset class portfolio diversification begun offered wealth managers us ks.increasing regulation rise popularity cryptocurrencies adoption financial institutions led governments assess whether regulation needed protect users.financial action task force fatf defined cryptocurrencyrelated services virtual asset service providers vasps recommended regulated money laundering aml know customer kyc requirements financial institutions.in may joint working group intervasp messaging standards published ivms universal common language communication required originator beneficiary information vasps. |
Cryptocurrency | fatf financial regulators informed data model developed.in june fatf updated guidance include travel rule cryptocurrencies measure mandates vasps obtain hold exchange information originators beneficiaries virtual asset transfers.subsequent standardized protocol specifications recommended using json relaying data vasps identity services.december ivms data model yet finalized ratified three global standard setting bodies created it.the european commission published digital finance strategy september .included draft regulation markets cryptoassets mica aimed provide comprehensive regulatory framework digital assets eu.on june basel committee banking supervision proposed banks held cryptocurrency assets must set aside capital cover potential losses.instance bank hold bitcoin worth billion would required set aside enough capital cover entire billion. |
Cryptocurrency | extreme standard banks usually held comes assets.however proposal regulation.the imf seeking coordinated consistent comprehensive approach supervising cryptocurrencies.tobias adrian imfs financial counsellor head monetary capital markets department said january interview agreeing global regulations never quick.start achieve goal maintaining financial stability also enjoying benefits underlying technological innovations bring united states states passed laws resolutions concerning cryptocurrency regulation.u.s. securities exchange commission sec considering steps take. |
Cryptocurrency | july senator elizabeth warren part senate banking committee wrote chairman sec demanded provide answers cryptocurrency regulation july due increase cryptocurrency exchange use danger poses consumers.february justice department named eun young choi first director national cryptocurrency enforcement team aid identification dealing misuse cryptocurrencies digital assets.china may china banned financial institutions payment companies able provide cryptocurrency transaction related services.led sharp fall price biggest proof work cryptocurrencies.instance bitcoin fell ethereum fell binance coin fell dogecoin fell . |
Cryptocurrency | proof work mining next focus regulators popular mining regions citing use electricity generated highly polluting sources coal create bitcoin ethereum.in september chinese government declared cryptocurrency transactions kind illegal completing crackdown crytocurrency.united kingdom united kingdom january cryptocurrency firms exchanges advisors professionals either presence market product provide services within uk market must register financial conduct authority.additionally june financial watchdog demanded binance worlds largest cryptocurrency exchange cease regulated activities uk.commentators believe sign come terms stringent regulation uk cryptocurrency market.south africa south africa seen large amount scams related cryptocurrency said putting regulatory timeline place produce regulatory framework. |
Cryptocurrency | largest scam occurred april two founders africanbased cryptocurrency exchange called africrypt raees cajee ameer cajee disappeared .billion worth bitcoin.additionally mirror trading international disappeared million worth cryptocurrency january .south korea march south korea implemented new legislation strengthen oversight digital assets.legislation requires digital asset managers providers exchanges registered korea financial intelligence unit order operate south korea. |
Cryptocurrency | registering unit requires exchanges certified information security management system ensure customers real name bank accounts ceo board members exchanges convicted crimes exchange holds sufficient levels deposit insurance cover losses arising hacks.turkey turkeys central bank central bank republic turkey banned use cryptocurrencies crypto assets making purchases april ground use cryptocurrencies payments poses significant transaction risks.el salvador june el salvador announced adopt bitcoin legal tender first country so.india present india neither prohibits allows investment cryptocurrency market.supreme court india specifically lifted ban cryptocurrency imposed reserve bank india. |
Cryptocurrency | since investment cryptocurrency considered legitimate though still ambiguity issues regarding extent payment tax income accrued thereupon also regulatory regime.contemplated indian parliament soon pass specific law either ban regulate cryptocurrency market india.expressing public policy opinion indian cryptocurrency market wellknown online publication leading public policy lawyer vice president saarclaw south asian association regional cooperation law hemant batra said cryptocurrency market become big involvement billions dollars market hence unattainable irreconcilable government completely ban sorts cryptocurrency trading investment.mooted regulating cryptocurrency market rather completely banning it.favoured following imf fatf guidelines regard. |
Cryptocurrency | legality legal status cryptocurrencies varies substantially country country still undefined changing many them.least one study shown broad generalizations use bitcoin illicit finance significantly overstated blockchain analysis effective crime fighting intelligence gathering tool.countries explicitly allowed use trade others banned restricted it.according library congress absolute ban trading using cryptocurrencies applies eight countries algeria bolivia egypt iraq morocco nepal pakistan united arab emirates.implicit ban applies another countries include bahrain bangladesh china colombia dominican republic indonesia iran kuwait lesotho lithuania macau oman qatar saudi arabia taiwan. |
Cryptocurrency | united states canada state provincial securities regulators coordinated north american securities administrators association investigating bitcoin scams icos jurisdictions.various government agencies departments courts classified bitcoin differently.china central bank banned handling bitcoins financial institutions china early .in russia though owning cryptocurrency legal residents allowed purchase goods residents using russian ruble nonresidents allowed use foreign currency.regulations bans apply bitcoin probably extend similar cryptocurrency systems.in august bank thailand announced plans create cryptocurrency central bank digital currency cbdc.advertising bans cryptocurrency advertisements temporarily banned facebook google twitter bing snapchat linkedin mailchimp.chinese internet platforms baidu tencent weibo also prohibited bitcoin advertisements. |
Cryptocurrency | japanese platform line russian platform yandex similar prohibitions.u.s. tax status march united states internal revenue service irs ruled bitcoin treated property tax purposes.bitcoin therefore subject capital gains tax.july irs issued letters cryptocurrency owners instructing amend returns pay taxes.legal concern unregulated global economy popularity demand online currencies increased since inception bitcoin concerns unregulated person person global economy cryptocurrencies offer may become threat society. |
Cryptocurrency | concerns abound altcoins may become tools anonymous web criminals.cryptocurrency networks display lack regulation criticized enabling criminals seek evade taxes launder money.money laundering issues also present regular bank transfers however banktobank wire transfers instance account holder must least provide proven identity.transactions occur use exchange altcoins independent formal banking systems therefore make tax evasion simpler individuals.since charting taxable income based upon recipient reports revenue service becomes extremely difficult account transactions made using existing cryptocurrencies mode exchange complex difficult track.systems anonymity cryptocurrencies offer also serve simpler means launder money.rather laundering money intricate net financial actors offshore bank accounts laundering money altcoins achieved anonymous transactions.loss theft fraud february worlds largest bitcoin exchange mt. |
Cryptocurrency | gox declared bankruptcy.company stated lost nearly million customers bitcoins likely due theft mt.gox blamed hackers exploited transaction malleability problems network.equivalent approximately bitcoins bitcoins existence.price bitcoin fell high december february.two members silk road task force—a multiagency federal task force carried u.s. investigation silk road—seized bitcoins use course investigation. |
Cryptocurrency | dea agent carl mark force iv attempted extort silk road founder ross ulbricht dread pirate roberts pleaded guilty money laundering obstruction justice extortion color official right sentenced .years federal prison.u.s. secret service agent shaun bridges pleaded guilty crimes relating diversion worth bitcoins personal account investigation also separately pleaded guilty money laundering connection another cryptocurrency theft sentenced nearly eight years federal prison.homero josh garza founded cryptocurrency startups gaw miners zenminer acknowledged plea agreement companies part pyramid scheme pleaded guilty wire fraud .u.s. securities exchange commission separately brought civil enforcement action garza eventually ordered pay judgment .million plus interest. |
Cryptocurrency | secs complaint stated garza companies fraudulently sold investment contracts representing shares profits claimed would generated mining.on november tether cryptocurrency announced hacked losing million usdt primary wallet.company tagged stolen currency hoping lock hackers wallet making unspendable.tether indicates building new core primary wallet response attack order prevent stolen coins used.in may bitcoin gold two cryptocurrencies hit successful hashing attack unknown actor exchanges lost estimated m. june korean exchange coinrail hacked losing us million worth altcoin.fear surrounding hack blamed billion cryptocurrency market selloff.july exchange bancor . |
Cryptocurrency | million cryptocurrency stolen.the french regulator autorité des marchés financiers amf lists websites companies solicit investment cryptocurrency without authorised france.a eu report found users lost cryptoassets worth hundreds millions us dollars security breaches exchanges storage providers.four breaches identified year.thefts reported exceeded value billion.stolen assets typically find way illegal markets used fund criminal activity.according report produced united states attorney generals cyberdigital task force illicit uses cryptocurrency typically fall three categories financial transactions associated commission crimes money laundering shielding legitimate activity tax reporting legal requirements crimes theft directly implicating cryptocurrency marketplace itself.report concludes cryptocurrency realize truly transformative potential imperative risks addressed government legal regulatory tools available disposal confront threats posed cryptocurrencys illicit uses.according uk national risk assessment—a comprehensive assessment money laundering terrorist financing risk uk—the risk using cryptoassets bitcoin money laundering terrorism financing assessed medium low previous report. |
Cryptocurrency | legal scholars suggested money laundering opportunities may perceived real.blockchain analysis company chainalysis concluded illicit activities like cybercrime money laundering terrorism financing made .crypto transactions conducted representing total billion.darknet markets properties cryptocurrencies gave popularity applications safe banking crises means payment also led cryptocurrency use controversial settings form online black markets silk road.original silk road shut october two versions use since then. |
Cryptocurrency | year following initial shutdown silk road number prominent dark markets increased four twelve amount drug listings increased .darknet markets present challenges regard legality.cryptocurrency used dark markets clearly legally classified almost parts world.u.s. bitcoins labelled virtual assets.type ambiguous classification puts pressure law enforcement agencies around world adapt shifting drug trade dark markets.impacts analysis bank international settlements summarized several criticisms cryptocurrencies chapter v annual report. |
Cryptocurrency | criticisms include lack stability price high energy consumption high variable transactions costs poor security fraud cryptocurrency exchanges vulnerability debasement forking influence miners.speculation fraud adoption cryptocurrencies compared ponzi schemes pyramid schemes economic bubbles housing market bubbles.howard marks oaktree capital management stated digital currencies nothing unfounded fad perhaps even pyramid scheme based willingness ascribe value something little none beyond people pay compared tulip mania south sea bubble dotcom bubble .new yorker explained debate based interviews blockchain founders article argument whether bitcoin ethereum blockchain transforming world.while cryptocurrencies digital currencies managed advanced encryption techniques many governments taken cautious approach toward fearing lack central control effects could financial security.regulators several countries warned cryptocurrency taken measures dissuade users. |
Cryptocurrency | however research uks financial regulator suggested warnings went unheard ignored.fewer one potential cryptocurrency buyers aware consumer warnings fca website crypto users aware holdings protected statutory compensation.additionally many banks offer services cryptocurrencies refuse offer services virtualcurrency companies.gareth murphy senior central banking officer stated widespread use cryptocurrency would also make difficult statistical agencies gather data economic activity used governments steer economy.cautioned virtual currencies pose new challenge central banks control important functions monetary exchange rate policy.traditional financial products strong consumer protections place intermediary power limit consumer losses bitcoins lost stolen. |
Cryptocurrency | one features cryptocurrency lacks comparison credit cards example consumer protection fraud chargebacks.the cryptocurrency community refers premining hidden launches ico extreme rewards altcoin founders deceptive practice.also used inherent part cryptocurrencys design.premining means currency generated currencys founders prior released public.paul krugman winner nobel memorial prize economic sciences repeated numerous times bubble last links tulip mania.american business magnate warren buffett thinks cryptocurrency come bad ending.october blackrock ceo laurence d. fink called bitcoin index money laundering. |
Cryptocurrency | bitcoin shows much demand money laundering world said.banks first big wall street bank embrace cryptocurrencies morgan stanley announced march offering access bitcoin funds wealthy clients three funds enable bitcoin ownership investors aggressive risk tolerance.bny mellon february announced would begin offering cryptocurrency services clients.on april venmo added support platform enable customers buy hold sell cryptocurrencies.in october financial services company mastercard announced working digital asset manager bakkt platform would allow bank merchant mastercard network offer cryptocurrency services.environmental impact mining proofofwork cryptocurrencies consumes significant quantities electricity large associated carbon footprint.proofofwork blockchains bitcoin ethereum litecoin monero estimated added million tonnes carbon dioxide emissions atmosphere period january june . |
Cryptocurrency | november bitcoin estimated annual energy consumption .twh generating ..million tonnes carbon dioxide rivalling nations like jordan sri lanka.critics also identified large electronic waste problem disposing mining rigs.mining hardware improving fast rate quickly resulting older generations hardware.bitcoin least energyefficient cryptocurrency using .kilowatthours electricity per transaction. |
Cryptocurrency | comparison worlds secondlargest cryptocurrency ethereum uses .kilowatthours electricity per transaction.ripple xrp worlds energy efficient cryptocurrency using .kilowatthours electricity per transaction.a papers concluded variable renewable energy power stations could invest bitcoin mining reduce curtailment hedge electricity price risk stabilize grid increase profitability renewable energy power stations therefore accelerate transition sustainable energy.technological limitations also purely technical elements consider. |
Cryptocurrency | example technological advancement cryptocurrencies bitcoin result high upfront costs miners form specialized hardware software.cryptocurrency transactions normally irreversible number blocks confirm transaction.additionally cryptocurrency private keys permanently lost local storage due malware data loss destruction physical media.precludes cryptocurrency spent resulting effective removal markets.academic studies september establishment peerreviewed academic journal ledger issn announced. |
Cryptocurrency | covers studies cryptocurrencies related technologies published university pittsburgh.the journal encourages authors digitally sign file hash submitted papers timestamped bitcoin blockchain.authors also asked include personal bitcoin address first page papers.aid agencies number aid agencies started accepting donations cryptocurrencies including american red cross unicef un world food program.cryptocurrencies make tracking donations easier potential allow donors see money used financial transparency.christopher fabian principal adviser unicef innovation said unicef would uphold existing donor protocols meaning making donations online would pass rigorous checks allowed deposit funds unicef.see also references reading chayka kyle july .comes bitcoin. |
Cryptocurrency | pacific standard.retrieved january .guadamuz andres marsden chris .blockchains bitcoin regulatory responses cryptocurrencies pdf.first monday.. |
Reputation | doi.fm.vi.. scid .external links media related cryptocurrency wikimedia commonssubject study social management technological sciences.influence ranges competitive settings like markets cooperative ones like firms organizations institutions communities.furthermore reputation acts different levels agency individual supraindividual.supraindividual level concerns groups communities collectives abstract social entities firms corporations organizations countries cultures even civilizations.affects phenomena different scales everyday life relationships nations. |
Reputation | reputation fundamental instrument social order based upon distributed spontaneous social control.the concept reputation considered important business politics education online communities many fields may considered reflection social entitys identity.corporate reputation reputation concept companies academic literature since study corporate reputation attracted growing scholarly attention economics sociology management.concept reputation undergone substantial evolution academic literature past several decades.terminology reputation branding image identity often used interchangeably popular press and—until recently—in academic literature well.the academic literature generally settled small cluster perspectives reputation company context.economists use gametheory describe corporate reputations strategic signals companies use convey markets qualities abilities.sociologists view corporate reputation descriptions relative status companies occupy institutional field rivals stakeholders. |
Reputation | management scholars describe corporate reputations one two main ways includingthe broad view aggregation perceptions form audiences judge behaviors companies.this often evaluated broad ranking measures company whole fortune admired companies rankingsthe specific view assessment specific audience companys ability perform behave certain way.split two broad categories outcomecapability reputation b behaviorcharacter reputation intended capture economic sociological forms reputation.a outcomecapability reputation reputation type involves assessment well company performs certain dimension.common examples performing well financially providing high quality products services.dimensions objectively ordered betterworse financial performance evaluated objective marketbased measures financial performance betterworse product quality evaluated collection users.b behaviorcharacter reputation reputation type said arise company recognized consistently behaving certain way manner relatively devoid objectively identifiable performance.instance company might prioritize investment innovation improvement operational efficiency sourcing local suppliers. |
Reputation | practical measurement reputation practice corporate reputations revealed relative rankings companies created propagated information intermediaries.example business magazines newspapers fortune forbes business week financial times wall street journal regularly publish lists best places work best business schools innovative companies.rankings explicit orderings corporate reputations relative positions companies rankings reflection relative performance companies different cognitive attributes.corporate reputations found influence attractiveness ranked companies suppliers products prospective employers investments.reasons companies become increasingly involved practice reputation management. |
Reputation | connections related companylevel concepts like social construct reputation similar i.e.convergent certain concepts different i.e.discriminant others.reputation compared social evaluation social judgment constructs.instance reputation said convergent adjacent concepts like corporate image identity celebrity status legitimacy social approval likability visibility prominence discriminant related constructs like stigma infamy. |
Reputation | reputation often considered pragmatic evaluation actors determine whether target evaluation seen useful them.until recently relationships adjacent constructs merely theoretical formally tested empirically validated nomological relationships related constructs.conceptual relationships oxford handbook corporate reputation released provide clarity increasingly fragmented field social evaluation constructs referred either implicitly explicitly umbrella reputation concepts.introductory part power divisive understanding negative evaluations develops framework disentangle variety concepts field social evaluations particular making point negative positive evaluations different continua social actors positively negatively evaluated time.opus oxford handbook scholars made incremental efforts distinguish handfuls constructs asreputation vs. celebrity reputation vs. status reputation vs. legitimacy vs. status reputation vs. social approval reputation vs. stigma reputation vs. status vs. celebrity vs. stigma empirical relationships bitektine colleagues conducted first major construct validation study create scales constructs reputation cognitive legitimacy sociopolitical legitimacy status b empirically distinguish undertaking multiple studies involving several confirmatory factor analyses.this construct validation effort addressed broad view reputation companylevel evaluation evaluation specific attributes.scale items reputation resulted effort evaluated audience respondents representing general public included reputation company excellent reputable company dependable company.there still exists construct validation effort specific view reputation i.e.reputation best understood specific audiences view company respect specific attribute . |
Reputation | consequences reputation performance outcomes myriad reputation studies demonstrated companys reputation positively related various performance measures financial success profitability.however recent work demonstrated reputation benefit burden suggesting bigger harder might fall respect reputation.decision outcomes relatedly researchers theorized andor demonstrated companys reputation could also influence decisions perceptions managers cases reputation promote use riskreduction strategies managers seek preserve reputation cultivated.cases researchers argue reputation embolden managers take risks areas unrelated reputation since stakeholders may focused reputation inattentive areas company.topics relating reputation reputation management many organizations create public relations corporate communication departments dedicated assisting companies reputation management. |
Reputation | addition many public relations consulting firms claim expertise reputation management.growth public relations industry largely due rising demand companies establish credibility reputation.incidents damage companys reputation honesty safety may cause serious damage finances.example cocacola lost million estimate schoolchildren reported suffering symptoms like headaches nausea shivering drinking products.although companies see reputation management central part ceos role managing reputation involves set ongoing activities best managed delegated specific individual organization.companies created position chief reputation officer cro. |
Reputation | growing number people business world word reputation titles –including dow chemical sabmiller cocacola allstate repsol ypf weber shandwick glaxosmithkline although longer.hoovers shows list officers.social media like twitter linked facebook made increasingly important companies monitor online reputations order anticipate respond criticisms actions.two main routes customers take complaining companies individualdirect response broadcastbased response.company takes lot time effort address individualdirect responses.one study showed ... customers expect reply within one hour. |
Reputation | order best recover negative complaints social media important company prove authenticity providing specific answers directly critics.reputation capital corporate reputation managed accumulated traded trust legitimization position power social recognition people prepared pay premium price goods services offered turn generates higher customer loyalty stronger willingness shareholders hold shares times crisis greater likelihood invest companys stock.therefore reputation one valuable forms capital company.delivering functional social expectations public one hand manage build unique identity hand creates trust trust builds informal framework company.framework provides return cooperation produces reputation capital. |
Reputation | positive reputation secure company organisation longterm competitive advantages.higher companys reputation capital lower costs supervising exercising control.building reputation stakeholder management according stakeholder theory corporations managed benefit stakeholders shareholders.stakeholders company include individual group influence influenced companys practices.stakeholders company suppliers consumers employees shareholders financial community government media. |
Reputation | companies must properly manage relationships stakeholder groups must consider interests stakeholder group carefully.therefore becomes essential integrate public relations corporate governance manage relationships stakeholders enhance organizations reputation.corporations institutions behave ethically govern good manner build reputational capital competitive advantage.good reputation enhances profitability attracts customers products investors securities employees jobs.companys reputation intangible asset source competitive advantage rivals company viewed reliable credible trustworthy responsible employees customers shareholders financial markets.in addition according moris survey managers private sector responded management corporate reputation fairly important. |
Reputation | reputation reflection companies’ culture identity.also outcome managers efforts prove success excellence.sustained acting reliably credibly trustworthily responsibly market.sustained consistent communication activities internally externally key stakeholder groups.directly influences public companys stock prices financial market. |
Reputation | therefore reputation makes reputational capital becomes strategic asset advantage company.consequence public relations must used order establish long lasting relationships stakeholders enhance reputation company.causes consequences reputation models placed broader framework distinguishes reputation underlying causes consequences.approach important clarify meaning reputation.causes reputation seen reside stakeholder experiences. |
Reputation | stakeholder experiences relate companys daytoday business operations branding marketing noise system media word mouth.causes reputation may include perceived innovativeness company customers expectations perceived quality companys goods services subsequent customer satisfaction differ according respective customers cultural background.the consequences reputation reside behaviors supportive resistant stakeholders demonstrate towards company.behaviors advocacy commitment cooperation key positive outcomes good reputation.boycotts lawsuits key negative outcomes bad reputation.reputation recoveryrepair organizations frequently make missteps cause lose positive regard stakeholders. |
Reputation | wake studies addressing disproportionate penalties accrue high reputation firms make missteps reputation researchers proposed models account reputation damage reputation repair summarizing prior work disciplines including economics marketing accounting management.reputation transfer context brand extension strategies many companies rely reputation transfer means transferring good reputation company existing products new markets new products.consumers already familiar products established brand exhibiting customer satisfaction loyalty easily accept new products brand.contrast brand extension general concept reputation transfer also requires transfer companys values identity new products andor services related brands entering new markets.important however pay attention image fit preexisting new brands factor proven critical success brand extensions. |
Reputation | contrast special case brand extension general concept reputation transfer also requires transfer values identity company new products andor services related brands entering new markets.strong image might therefore even hamper introduction new product lines customers associate competences relevant new marketcategoryproduct line existing company brand.a companys reputation furthermore influenced culture nationalities differ regard valued specific aspects companys brand identity respective national culture e.g.environmental concerns work ethics well regard popular cultural dimensions e.g.hofstede.subsequently differences impact success reputation transfer significantly. |
Reputation | cognitive view reputation cognitive view reputation become increasingly prominent reputation research.led improved understanding role played reputation number practical domains scientific fields.study cooperation social dilemmas instance role reputation partner selection mechanism started appreciated early s.working toward definition reputation viewed socially transmitted metabelief i.e.belief belief property agent results attitudes actors socially desirable behaviour cooperation reciprocity normcompliance.reputation plays crucial role evolution behaviours reputation transmission allows socially desirable behaviour spread. |
Reputation | rather concentrating property cognitive model reputation accounts reputationformation also propagation reputation.to model aspect necessary specify develop refined classification reputation.recommendation extremely precise stock market example adviser discussing reputation bond supplement informed opinion historical series current events.informal settings gossip although vague may contain precious hints facts ive told physician shown questionable behavior conflicts taking place information level candidate role spreads defamatory information another candidate trust.moreover expression said john smith cheater intrinsically reputation spreading act one hand refers possibly false common opinion act saying said selfassessing since provides least one factual occasion something said person says gossiper appearing spread saying bit may actually phase initiating it.gossip also used identifier – gossiping unreachable icons like royalty showbiz celebrities – useful show gossiper belongs group informed ones.cases seem share characteristic primarily used predict future behavior example manipulative subgoals even important forecast.in case communication two parties one advisee requesting advice potential danger financial transaction another party potential partner target adviser evaluator giving advice.roughly speaking advice could fall one following three categories adviser declares believes potential partner good transaction objectthe adviser declares believes another named otherwise defined agent set agents believes potential partner good transaction objectthe adviser declares believes undefined set agents hence belief potential partner good transaction object.note care maintain possible levels truth adviser declares – could lying – believes – could wrong – etc... cases listed evident decreasing order responsibility. |
Reputation | one could feel actual examples fall first case two unnecessarily complicated actually infrequent.indeed common gossip falls third category except electronic interaction frequent form referral.examples concern evaluation given object target social agent may either individual supraindividual latter case either group collective held another social agent evaluator.the examples turned precise definitions using concept social evaluation.point propose coin new lexical item image whose character immediately evident clearly linked reputation.image image global averaged evaluation given target part agent. |
Reputation | consists set social evaluations characteristics target.image object communication exchanged examples above.second case call thirdparty image.may concern subset targets characteristics i.e.willingness comply socially accepted norms customs skills ways definition pertaining precise agent. |
Reputation | indeed define special cases image including thirdparty image evaluation agent believes third party target even shared image evaluation shared group.even last reputation since tries define precisely mental status group.reputation distinct image process effect transmitting target image.precise call reputation transmission communication evaluation without specification evaluator group attribution default sense discussed before.covers case example above.precisely reputation believed social metaevaluation built upon three distinct interrelated objects cognitive representation precisely believed evaluation – could somebodys image enough consist communicated evaluationa population object i.e. |
Reputation | propagating believed evaluation andan objective emergent property agent level i.e.agent believed be.in fact reputation highly dynamic phenomenon two distinct senses subject change especially effect corruption errors deception etc.emerges effect multilevel bidirectional process.reputation also others know perceive individual.while image moves transmitted accepted one individual cognition another anonymous character reputation makes complex phenomenon.reputation proceeds level individual cognition born possibly image always level social propagation level necessarily believed specific agent level back individual cognition accepted.moreover gets population level reputation gives rise property agent level. |
Reputation | people think targets targets eyes others.moment agent targeted community life change whether wants believes not.reputation become immaterial powerful equivalent scarlet letter sewed ones clothes.powerful may even perceived individual sticks consequently individuals power control manipulate.more simply speaking want working definition reputation reputation sum impressions held companys stakeholders.words reputation eyes beholder. |
Reputation | need companys reputation could reputation individual country brand political party industry.key point reputation leadership insists others perceive be.company reputation esteemed eyes employees customers investors talent prospective candidates competitors analysts alumni regulators list goes on.online online reputation factor online community trust important.examples include ebay auction service uses system customer feedback publicly rate members reputation amazon.com similar review system. |
Reputation | one study found good reputation added .price received.addition building maintaining good reputation significant motivation contributing online communities.individuals employ monitoring ensure keep online reputation.given number sites internet impossible manually monitor entire web pages may affect ones online reputation.free tools google alerts used keep track online reputations small scale larger businesses clients may use powerful analytics monitor online interactions mentions.paid tools online reputation management focus either brand protection online reputation. |
Reputation | tools track mentions brand product internet facebook twitter blogs social networking sites websites.online reputation evaluated well managed.form reputation usually called web digital reputation distinguish online reputation.indeed digital web reputation concern virtual online reputation whole real reputation person company affected internet.online reputation furthermore confused companys digital identity.an online reputation perception one generates internet based digital footprint.digital footprints accumulate content shared feedback provided information created online. |
Reputation | due fact someone bad online reputation easily change pseudonym new accounts sites ebay amazon usually distrusted.individual company wants manage online reputation face many difficulties.according one study responding business leaders saw greatest reputation threat online companies negative media coverage.next two greatest threats customer complaints media grievance sites online negative word mouth .negative word mouth could dissatisfied customers employees well.power business review websites customer forums companys online reputation damaged anonymously online.employers begun using online reputations job applicants help hiring choices. |
Reputation | checking candidates social networking profiles sites facebook twitter myspace employers gain insight candidates character suitability job.some individuals organizations hire reputation management companies attempt hide truthful unflattering information themselves.recent alleged example dr. anil potti resigned duke university discovered misrepresented resume became subject scientific misconduct investigation.see also references reading alsop r .immutable laws corporate reputation creating protecting repairing valuable asset isbn barnett m. et al.. |
Reputation | corporate reputation definitional landscape corporate reputation review bourne p. e. barbour v. .ten simple rules building maintaining scientific reputation.plos computational biology.e. bibcodeplscb...eb.doi.journal.pcbi.. pmc . |
Reputation | pmid .burkhardt r. .reputation management small mediumsized enterprises isbn fombrun c. .reputation.realizing value corporate image isbn greco m. branca a. m. morena g. .experimental study reputation mechanism business game simulation gaming sage. |
Reputation | full text.jackson k.t..building reputational capital strategies integrity fair play improve bottom line isbn jazaieri h. logli allison m. campos b. young r. c. keltner d. .content structure dynamics personal reputation role trust status potential within social networks.group processes intergroup relations. |
Reputation | klewes joachim wreschniok robert .reputation capital building maintaining trust st century.isbn .mcelreath r. .reputation evolution conflict.journal theoretical biology –. |
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense | full textwilkinson shannon m. .online reputation management frequently asked questions.online reputation frequently asked questions external links reputation roger dingledine michael j freedman david molnar david parkes paul syversonthaad developed experience iraqs scud missile attacks gulf war .thaad interceptor carries warhead relies kinetic energy impact destroy incoming missile.kinetic energy hit minimizes risk exploding conventionalwarhead ballistic missiles warhead nucleartipped ballistic missiles detonate upon kineticenergy hit.originally united states army program thaad come umbrella missile defense agency.navy similar program seabased aegis ballistic missile defense system also land component aegis ashore.thaad originally scheduled deployment initial deployment took place may . |
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense | thaad deployed guam united arab emirates israel romania south korea.on january thaad made first operational interception incoming mediumrange ballistic missile uae.development thaad missile defense concept proposed formal request proposals submitted industry .thaad program benefited results previous missile defense efforts like high endoatmospheric defense interceptor hedi kinetic kill vehicle integrated technology experiment kite.september us army selected lockheed lockheed martin prime contractor thaad development.prior development physical prototype aerooptical effect aoe software code developed validate intended operational profile lockheeds proposed design. |
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense | first thaad flight test occurred april flight tests demonstrationvalidation demval program phase occurring white sands missile range.first six intercept attempts missed target flights –.first successful intercepts conducted june august hera missiles.the vulnerability lethality analyses thaad conducted u.s. army research laboratory arl.vulnerability assessment thaad featured evaluation effects major electromagnetic elements.included em interference em radiation operations em radiation hazards em pulse electrostatic discharge lightning effects components thaad system.the arl assessments designed determine thaad systems growth potential given tactical design well provide survivability analysis threats conventional weapons chemical weapons electronic warfare countermeasures. |
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense | data collected analyses used develop trajectory models targets missile well target trajectories using infrared scene generation infrared countermeasures ircms.the thaad system designed built integrated lockheed martin missiles fire control acting prime contractor.key subcontractors include raytheon boeing aerojet rocketdyne honeywell bae systems oshkosh defense miltoncat.demonstration validation engineering manufacturing june lockheed engineering manufacturing development emd contract turn design mobile tactical army fire unit.flight tests system resumed missile characterization full system tests white sands missile range moved pacific missile range facility.interceptor led development initial production tory bruno later became ceo united launch alliance. |
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense | thaader lockheed pushing funding development extendedrange er version thaad counter maturing threats posed hypersonic glide vehicles adversaries may deploy namely chinese wu penetrate gap low highaltitude missile defenses.company performed static fire trials modified thaad booster continued fund project .current .cmdiameter singlestage booster design would expanded cm first stage greater range second kick stage close distance target provide improved velocity burnout lateral movement engagement.although kill vehicle would need redesign groundbased launcher would five missiles instead eight. |
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense | thaader industry concept lockheed believes missile defense agency show interest weapons development potential adversaries.funding thaader begins system could produced provide interim capability rudimentary hypersonic threat.pentagon researching whether technologies like directed energy weapons railguns better solutions missile defense expected become available mid late s. production sometimes called kinetic kill technology thaad missile destroys missiles colliding using hittokill technology like mim patriot pac although pac also contains small explosive warhead.unlike patriot pac carried explosive warhead detonated using proximity fuze.although actual figures classified thaad missiles estimated range miles km reach altitude miles km. |
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense | thaad battery consists least six launcher vehicles equipped eight missiles two mobile tactical operations centers tocs antpy groundbased radar gbr u.s. army plans field least six thaad batteries purchase cost us million per battery.september mda plans deliver interceptors army.june senate armed services committee draft fy dod budget allocated funding eighth thaad battery.the thaad missile manufactured lockheed martin facility near troy alabama.facility performs final integration assembly testing thaad missile.thaad radar xband active electronically scanned array radar developed built raytheon andover massachusetts integrated air defense facility. |
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense | thaad radar variant developed forward sensor icbm missile defense forwardbased xband – transportable fbxt radar assigned common designator antpy late early .thaad radar interoperate aegis patriot systems layer antimissile defense.first units equipped fue may u.s. army activated alpha battery th air defense artillery regiment th air defense artillery brigade fort bliss texas.battery part nd army air missile defense command.time battery thaad interceptors three thaad launchers based hemtt load handling system thaad fire control thaad radar. |
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense | full fielding began .october u.s. army missile defense agency activated second terminal high altitude area defense battery alpha battery nd air defense artillery regiment fort bliss.on august lockheed received million contract missile defense agency mda produce thaad weapon system launchers fire control communications equipment u.s. army.contract included launchers two fire control communications units support equipment.contract provided six launchers thaad battery additional three launchers batteries .deliveries bring batteries standard six launcher configuration. |
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense | general missile defense plans may pentagon proposed spending .billion fy budget missile defense includes thaad interceptors patriot interceptors along .billion groundbased midcourse defense gmd intercontinental ballistic missiles.deployments hawaii june united states deployed thaad unit hawaii along sbx seabased radar defend possible north korean launch targeting archipelago.guam april united states declared alpha battery th air defense artillery regiment would deployed guam defend possible north korean irbm attack targeting island. |
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense | march alpha battery nd ada rgt change responsibility took defense guam mission.successful month deployment delta took place month deployment.in echo battery rd ada regiment e deployed guam.uae united arab emirates signed deal purchase missile defense system december .united arab emirates uae graduated first two thaad unit classes fort bliss .first livefire exercises patriot missiles took place .on january thaad made first realworld intercept incoming houthi ballistic missile uae. |
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense | israel march bravo battery nd ada regiment b thaad th air defense artillery brigade deployed nevatim airbase joint usisraeli drill moved undisclosed location negev desert southern israel.xband radar system part thaad system deployed nevatim since .in u.s. antpy early missile warning radar station mt.keren negev desert active foreign military installation israel.turkey according u.s. officials antpy radar deployed turkeys kürecik air force base.radar activated january . |
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense | romania aegis ashore nsf deveselu upgraded b battery nd air defense artillery regiment b thaad emplaced nsf deveselu romania interim.wake island november thaad system key component campaign fierce sentry flight test operational event fto e complex million missile defense system test event conducted wake island surrounding ocean areas.objective test ability aegis ballistic missile defense thaad weapon systems defeat raid three nearsimultaneous air missile targets consisting one mediumrange ballistic missile one shortrange ballistic missile one cruise missile target.test thaad system wake island detected destroyed shortrange target simulating shortrange ballistic missile intercepts launched parachute ejected c transport plane.time thaad system uss john paul jones guided missile destroyer launched missiles intercept mediumrange ballistic missile intercepts launched parachute second c. south korea october south korean military asked pentagon provide information thaad system concerning prices capabilities part efforts strengthen defenses north korean ballistic missiles. |
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense | however south korean park geunhye administration decided develop indigenous longrange surfacetoair missile instead buying thaad.south korean defense ministry officials previously requested information thaad well missile interceptors like israeli arrow intention researching systems domestic technology development rather purchase.officials however state american deployment thaad system would help countering north korean missile threats.later south korea announced would deploying thaad end .may pentagon revealed studying sites base thaad batteries south korea.in february chinese foreign minister wang yi expressed concerns deployment thaad south korea despite directed north korea could jeopardize chinas legitimate national security interests vice chairman chinas central military commission asserted chairman us joint chiefs staff deployment thaad around china one factors negative influence bilateral military ties mutual trust. |
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense | major controversy among chinese officials believe purpose thaad system detects intercepts incoming missiles high altitudes actually track missiles launched china north korea.chinese experts report china focused positioning another thaad radar system one korean peninsula gleaning details chinas nuclear weapons delivery systems thaads ability distinguish missiles might carrying decoy warheads.bruce w. bennett pointed china deployed missile system shandong peninsula pyongyang beijing appears defense north korean missiles.in july american south korean military officials agreed deploy thaad missile defense system country counter north koreas growing threats use ballistic missile nuclear tests thaad unit consists six truckmounted launchers interceptors fire control communications unit antpy radar.seongju county north gyeongsang province chosen thaad site partly range north korean rocket artillery along dmz.sparked protests seongju county residents feared radiation emitted antpy radar would impact health damage regions famed oriental melon crop. |
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense | september u.s. south korea announced thaad would relocated lotte skyhill seongju country club farther towns main residential areas higher elevation alleviate concerns.on march two thaad launcher trucks arrived air transport osan air base south korea deployment.earlier day north korea launched missiles.reuters article stated thaad defense system north korean missile barrage would still pose threat south korea article international journal space politics policy said south korean forces already possess patriot systems point defense aegis destroyers capable stopping ballistic missiles may come north threelayer antimissile defense south korea.march thaad radar arrived south korea.thaad system kept osan air base site system due deployed prepared expected ready date june . |
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense | osan air base blasthardened command posts levels blast doors.minute april six trailers carrying thaad radar interceptor launchers communications support equipment entered seongju site.april reported south korea would bear cost land facilities thaad us pay operating it.may moon sanggyun south korean defense ministry col. robert manning iii spokesman u.s. military announced thaad system seongju operational ability intercept north korean missiles defend south korea.reported system reach full operational potential later year additional elements system onsite. |
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense | june president moon jaein suspended thaad deployment pending review discovering four addition launchers entered south korea without defense ministry informing him.th air defense artillery brigade united states integrated thaad layered defense korean peninsula denoted combined task force defender composed us rok personnel.even face north korean icbm test july newly threatens alaska kodiak alaskabased thaad interceptor test ftt simulated attack intermediate range ballistic missile long planned.ftt successfully completed battery thaad battery nd air defense artillery regiment terminal high altitude area defense th air defense artillery brigade united states july .soldiers used procedures actual combat scenario aware irbms launch time.also another kodiak launch thaad interceptor scheduled pm saturday july sunday july monday july alternative times preparation possible icbm test north korea.july north korea launched test icbm capable reaching los angeles. |
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense | response president moon jaein called deployment four remaining thaad launchers put hold came power.lee jongkul south korean president moon jaeins democratic party korea states nuclear missile capabilities north korea…have upgraded pose serious threats international cooperation system keep north check nullified... citing tensions u.s. deployment terminal high altitude area defense antimissile system south korea.atlantic council june memorandum eliminating growing threat posed north korean nuclear weapons president trump recommends checklist actions including following declarations north korea.no use wmds result unified korea seoul norths assured destruction.no export nuclear equipment fissile material intercepted us respond.no missile missile test aimed rok south korea japan us shot preempted.on july kodiaksited thaad interceptor shot mrbm launched pacific ocean th successful test missile defense agency mda director emphasized data collection intercept enhances modelling scenario simulation capabilities mda.john schilling estimates current accuracy norths hwasong poor mooted ranges threaten us cities would require testing prove accuracy.on august new york times reviewed antimissile options available counter planned salvo four hwasong missiles launched midaugust north aimed land outside territorial waters guam distance miles flying altitudes exceeding miles flight seconds.options missile defense south korea include seabased patriots thaad according general john e. hyten commander u.s. strategic command.on september north korean news agency kcna released photograph elongated payload intended fit warhead one missiles. |
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense | september japans foreign ministry south korean joint chiefs announced detection magnitude .seismic event centered near punggyeri north koreas underground nuclear test site.japans foreign ministry concluded event norths sixth nuclear test.choe sanghun new york times reports test major embarrassment chinas paramount leader xi jinping hosting brics summit brazil russia india china south africa xiamen china.cheng xiaohe expert north korea chinas renmin university said timing test appears deliberate. |
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense | chinas foreign ministry urged north stop taking wrong actions agreed un actions needed resolve impending crisis.creating thermonuclearcapable payload least one missiles north created need thaad capable intercepting icbm threats lower altitudes ranges estimated hwasong icbm subjected load heavier warhead needed carry thermonuclear weapon.on september bbc analyst jonathan marcus predicted flood several million refugees border north korea china north destroyed.china positioned two brigades border.marcus points china russia proposed denuclearization korea replacement armistice peace treaty.on october battery nd air defense artillery regiment terminal high altitude area defense reflagged th air defense artillery brigade preparation permanent change station south korea.interim thaad ds permanent transfer south korea families thaad battery deploy south korea.on october south korea china agreed normalize relations rifted due thaad deployment. |
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