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Natural hazard | eruptions form pyroclastic flows hightemperature clouds ash steam travel mountainsides speed exceeding airliner.meteorological climate hazards blizzard blizzard severe winter storm icy windy conditions characterized low temperature strong wind heavy snow.drought drought period belowaverage precipitation given region resulting prolonged shortages water supply whether atmospheric surface water ground water.scientists warn global warming climate change may result extensive droughts coming years.extensive droughts likely occur within african continent due low precipitation levels high temperatures. |
Natural hazard | hailstorm hailstorm natural hazard thunderstorm produces numerous hailstones damage location fall.hailstorms especially devastating farm fields ruining crops damaging equipment.heat wave heat wave hazard characterized heat considered extreme unusual area occurs.heat waves rare require specific combinations weather events take place may include temperature inversions katabatic winds phenomena.potential longerterm events causing global warming including stadial events opposite glacial ice age events humaninduced climatic warming. |
Natural hazard | cyclonic storm cyclone large scale air mass rotates around strong center low atmospheric pressure.hurricane tropical cyclone typhoon different names cyclonic storm system forms oceans.caused evaporated water comes ocean becomes storm.coriolis effect causes storms spin.mph kmh.hurricane used phenomena atlantic eastern pacific oceans tropical cyclone indian typhoon western pacific. |
Natural hazard | ice storm ice storm particular weather event precipitation falls ice due atmosphere conditions.causes damage.tornado tornado natural disaster resulting thunderstorm.tornadoes violent rotating columns air blow speeds mph kmh mph kmh possibly higher.tornadoes occur one time occur large tornado outbreaks associated supercells large areas thunderstorm development. |
Natural hazard | waterspouts tornadoes occurring tropical waters light rain conditions.climate change climate change increase decrease weather hazards also directly endanger property due sea level rise biological organisms due habitat destruction.geomagnetic storm geomagnetic storms disrupt damage technological infrastructure disorient species magnetoception.wildfire wildfire fire burns uncontrolled unplanned manner.wildfires result natural occurrences lightning strikes human activity. |
Natural hazard | occur without warning.hydrological hazards floods flood results overflow water beyond normal confines body water lake accumulation water land areas.biological hazards disease disease natural hazard enhanced human factors urbanization poor sanitation.disease affecting multiple people termed outbreak epidemic.multihazard analysis natural hazard types outlined different characteristics terms spatial temporal scales influence hazard frequency return period measures intensity impact. |
Natural hazard | complexities result singlehazard assessments commonplace hazard potential one particular hazard type constrained.examples hazards often treated isolated independent.alternative multihazard approach seeks identify possible natural hazards interactions interrelationships.many examples exist one natural hazard triggering increasing probability one natural hazards.example earthquake may trigger landslides whereas wildfire may increase probability landslides generated future.detailed review interactions across natural hazards identified possible interactions varying likelihood spatial importance. |
Natural hazard | may also interactions natural hazards anthropic processes.example groundwater abstraction may trigger groundwaterrelated subsidence.effective hazard analysis given area e.g.purposes disaster risk reduction ideally include examination relevant hazards interactions.use risk reduction hazard analysis extended risk assessment wherein vulnerability built environment hazards taken account.step well developed seismic risk possible effect future earthquakes structures infrastructure assessed well risk extreme wind lesser extent flood risk. |
Natural hazard | types natural hazard calculation risk challenging principally lack functions linking intensity hazard probability different levels damage fragility curves.thinkhazard online tool provides overview hazards eight natural hazards river floods earthquakes water scarcity cyclones coastal floods tsunamis volcanoes landslides developed global facility disaster reduction recovery partnership institutions.international campaigns united nations launched international early warning programme address underlying causes vulnerability build disasterresilient communities promoting increased awareness importance disaster risk reduction integral component sustainable development goal reducing human economic environmental losses due hazards kinds unisdr .united nations international disaster reduction day theme “disaster reduction education begins school”.foundation public safety professionals launched international campaign international open essay documentary competition. |
Borderline personality disorder | see also act godcivil defensedisaster reliefdisaster risk reductionemergency managementglobal catastrophic risklist environmental disasterssocial vulnerabilitystandardized natural hazards disclosure statementten threats identified united nations references external links natural hazard research bushfire natural hazards crcnatural hazards u.s. geological surveyaffected often engage selfharm dangerous behaviors often due difficulty returning emotional level healthy normal baseline.may also struggle feeling emptiness fear abandonment detachment reality.symptoms bpd may triggered events considered normal others.bpd typically begins early adulthood occurs across variety situations.substance use disorders depression eating disorders commonly associated bpd. |
Borderline personality disorder | people affected disorder may die suicide.disorder often stigmatized media psychiatric field result often underdiagnosed.the causes bpd unclear seem involve genetic neurological environmental social factors.occurs five times often person affected close relative.adverse life events appear also play role.underlying mechanism appears involve frontolimbic network neurons. |
Borderline personality disorder | bpd recognized diagnostic statistical manual mental disorders dsm personality disorder along nine disorders.condition must differentiated identity problem substance use disorders among possibilities.bpd typically treated psychotherapy cognitive behavioral therapy cbt dialectical behavior therapy dbt.dbt may reduce risk suicide disorder.therapy bpd occur oneonone group.medications cannot cure bpd may used help associated symptoms. |
Borderline personality disorder | despite evidence effectiveness ssri antidepressants quetiapine remain widely prescribed condition.severe cases disorder may require hospital care.about .people bpd given year estimates high .women diagnosed three times often men.disorder appears become less common among older people. |
Borderline personality disorder | half bpd improve tenyear period.affected typically use high amount healthcare resources.ongoing debate naming disorder especially suitability word borderline.signs symptoms bpd characterized nine signs symptoms.diagnosed person must meet least five followingfrantic efforts avoid real imagined abandonmentunstable chaotic interpersonal relationships often characterized alternating extremes idealization devaluation also known splittingmarkedly disturbed sense identity distorted selfimageimpulsive reckless behaviors e.g. |
Borderline personality disorder | impulsive uncontrollable spending unsafe sex substance use disorders reckless driving binge eatingrecurrent suicidal gestures self harmintense uncontrollable emotional reactions rapidly shifting different emotional stateschronic feelings emptinessinappropriate intense anger difficulty controlling angertransient stressrelated paranoid ideation severe dissociative symptomsoverall distinguishing symptoms bpd pervasive patterns instability interpersonal relationships selfimage alternating extremes idealization devaluation others along varying moods difficulty regulating strong emotional reactions.dangerous impulsive behavior also correlated disorder.other symptoms may include feeling unsure ones identity morals values paranoid thoughts feeling stressed depersonalization moderate severe cases stressinduced breaks reality psychotic episodes.individuals bpd often comorbid conditions depressive bipolar disorders substance use disorders eating disorders posttraumatic stress disorder attentiondeficithyperactivity disorder.emotions people bpd may feel emotions greater ease depth longer time others do.core characteristic bpd affective instability generally manifests unusually intense emotional responses environmental triggers slower return baseline emotional state. |
Borderline personality disorder | according marsha linehan sensitivity intensity duration people bpd feel emotions positive negative effects.people bpd often exceptionally enthusiastic idealistic joyful loving may feel overwhelmed negative emotions anxiety depression guiltshame worry anger etc.experiencing intense grief instead sadness shame humiliation instead mild embarrassment rage instead annoyance panic instead nervousness.bpd believed one psychiatric disorder produces intense psychological pain distress suffer condition.studies shown borderline patients experience chronic significant emotional suffering mental agony.people bpd also especially sensitive feelings rejection criticism isolation perceived failure. |
Borderline personality disorder | learning coping mechanisms efforts manage escape negative emotions may lead emotional isolation selfinjury suicidal behavior.often aware intensity negative emotional reactions since cannot regulate shut entirely since awareness would cause distress.harmful since negative emotions alert people presence problematic situation move address it.while people bpd feel euphoria ephemeral occasional intense joy especially prone dysphoria profound state unease dissatisfaction depression andor feelings mental emotional distress.zanarini et al.recognized four categories dysphoria typical condition extreme emotions destructiveness selfdestructiveness feeling fragmented lacking identity feelings victimization. |
Borderline personality disorder | within categories bpd diagnosis strongly associated combination three specific states feeling betrayed feeling control feeling like hurting myself.since great variety types dysphoria people bpd experience amplitude distress helpful indicator.in addition intense emotions people bpd experience emotional lability changeability fluctuation.although term suggests rapid changes depression elation mood swings people bpd frequently involve anxiety fluctuations anger anxiety depression anxiety.interpersonal relationships people bpd sensitive way others treat feeling intense joy gratitude perceived expressions kindness intense sadness anger perceived criticism hurtfulness.people bpd often engage idealization devaluation others alternating high positive regard people great disappointment them. |
Borderline personality disorder | feelings others often shift admiration love anger dislike disappointment threat losing someone perceived loss esteem eyes someone value.phenomenon sometimes called splitting.combined mood disturbances idealization devaluation undermine relationships family friends coworkers.while strongly desiring intimacy people bpd tend toward insecure avoidant ambivalent fearfully preoccupied attachment patterns relationships often view world dangerous malevolent.like personality disorders bpd linked increased levels chronic stress conflict romantic relationships decreased satisfaction romantic partners abuse unwanted pregnancy.behavior impulsive behavior common including substance use disorders e.g.alcohol use disorder eating excess unprotected sex indiscriminate sex multiple partners reckless spending reckless driving. |
Borderline personality disorder | impulsive behavior may also include leaving jobs relationships running away selfinjury.people bpd might gives feeling immediate relief emotional pain long term may feel shame guilt consequences behavior.cycle often begins people bpd feel emotional pain engage impulsive behavior relieve pain feel shame guilt actions feel emotional pain shame guilt experience stronger urges engage impulsive behavior relieve new pain.time goes impulsive behavior may become automatic response emotional pain.selfharm suicide selfharming suicidal behavior one core diagnostic criteria dsm. |
Borderline personality disorder | selfharm occurs people bpd.frequent method selfharm cutting.bruising burning head banging biting also common bpd.people bpd may feel emotional relief engaging selfharm.the estimation lifetime risk suicide among people bpd varied – depending method investigation – .evidence men diagnosed bpd approximately twice likely die suicide women diagnosed bpd. |
Borderline personality disorder | also evidence considerable percentage men die suicide may undiagnosed bpd.the reported reasons selfharm differ reasons suicide attempts.nearly people bpd selfharm without trying end lives.reasons selfharm include expressing anger selfpunishment generating normal feelings often response dissociation distracting oneself emotional pain difficult circumstances.contrast suicide attempts typically reflect belief others better following suicide.suicide selfharm responses feeling negative emotions. |
Borderline personality disorder | sexual abuse particular trigger suicidal behavior adolescents bpd tendencies.sense self people bpd tend trouble seeing identity clearly.particular tend difficulty knowing value believe prefer enjoy.often unsure longterm goals relationships jobs.cause people bpd feel empty lost. |
Borderline personality disorder | selfimage also change rapidly healthy unhealthy.people bpd may base identity others leading chameleonlike changes identity.cognitions often intense emotions people bpd experience may make difficult concentrate.may also tend dissociate thought intense form zoning out.others sometimes tell someone bpd dissociating facial vocal expressions may become flat expressionless may appear distracted.dissociation often occurs response painful event something triggers memory painful event. |
Borderline personality disorder | involves mind automatically redirecting attention away event—presumably protect intense emotion unwanted behavioral impulses emotion might trigger.minds habit blocking intense painful emotions may provide temporary relief also side effect blocking blunting ordinary emotions reducing access people bpd information emotions provide information helps guide effective decisionmaking daily life.psychotic symptoms though bpd primarily seen disorder emotional regulation psychotic symptoms fairly common estimated – prevalence clinical bpd populations.symptoms sometimes referred pseudopsychotic psychoticlike terms suggest distinction seen primary psychotic disorders.recent research however indicated similarity pseudopsychotic symptoms bpd true psychosis originally thought. |
Borderline personality disorder | researchers critique concept pseudopsychosis top weak construct validity implication true less severe could trivialize distress serve barrier diagnosis treatment.researchers suggested classifying bpd symptoms true psychosis even eliminating distinction pseudopsychosis true psychosis altogether.the dsm recognizes transient paranoia worsens response stress symptom bpd.studies documented hallucinations delusions bpd patients lack another diagnosis would better account symptoms.phenomenologically research suggests auditory verbal hallucinations found patients bpd cannot reliably distinguished seen schizophrenia.researchers suggest may common etiology underlying hallucinations bpd conditions like psychotic affective disorders. |
Borderline personality disorder | disability many people bpd able work find appropriate jobs condition severe.people bpd may found disability workplace condition severe enough behaviors sabotaging relationships engaging risky behaviors intense anger prevent person functioning job role.causes case mental disorders causes bpd complex fully agreed upon.evidence suggests bpd posttraumatic stress disorder ptsd may related way.researchers agree history childhood trauma contributing factor less attention historically paid investigating causal roles played congenital brain abnormalities genetics neurobiological factors environmental factors trauma.social factors include people interact early development family friends children. |
Borderline personality disorder | psychological factors include individuals personality temperament shaped environment learned coping skills deal stress.different factors together suggest multiple factors may contribute disorder.genetics heritability bpd estimated .variability liability underlying bpd population explained genetic differences.twin studies may overestimate effect genes variability personality disorders due complicating factor shared family environment. |
Borderline personality disorder | even researchers one study concluded personality disorders seem strongly influenced genetic effects almost axis disorder e.g.depression eating disorders broad personality dimensions.moreover study found bpd estimated third mostheritable personality disorder personality disorders reviewed.twin sibling family studies indicate partial heritability impulsive aggression studies serotoninrelated genes suggested modest contributions behavior.families twins netherlands participants ongoing study trull colleagues pairs siblings parents examined identify location genetic traits influenced development bpd.research collaborators found genetic material chromosome linked bpd features. |
Borderline personality disorder | researchers concluded genetic factors play major role individual differences borderline personality disorder features.researchers earlier concluded previous study variation bpd features attributable genetic influences attributable environmental influences.genes investigation include repeat polymorphism dopamine receptor drd chromosome linked disorganized attachment whilst combined effect repeat polymorphism dopamine transporter dat genotype linked abnormalities inhibitory control noted features bpd.possible connection chromosome .brain abnormalities number neuroimaging studies bpd reported findings reductions regions brain involved regulation stress responses emotion affecting hippocampus orbitofrontal cortex amygdala amongst areas. |
Borderline personality disorder | smaller number studies used magnetic resonance spectroscopy explore changes concentrations neurometabolites certain brain regions bpd patients looking specifically neurometabolites nacetylaspartate creatine glutamaterelated compounds cholinecontaining compounds.some studies identified increased gray matter areas bilateral supplementary motor area dentate gyrus bilateral precuneus extends bilateral posterior cingulate cortex pcc.hippocampus tends smaller people bpd people posttraumatic stress disorder ptsd.however bpd unlike ptsd amygdala also tends smaller.unusually strong activity may explain unusual strength longevity fear sadness anger shame experienced people bpd well heightened sensitivity displays emotions others.given role regulating emotional arousal relative inactivity prefrontal cortex might explain difficulties people bpd experience regulating emotions responses stress. |
Borderline personality disorder | neurobiology borderline personality disorder previously strongly associated occurrence childhood trauma.many psychiatric diagnoses believed associated traumatic experiences occurring critical periods childhood specific neurobiological factors identified within patients diagnosed bpd.dysregulations hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal hpa axis cortisol levels intensively studied individuals experienced childhood traumas formally diagnosed bpd.hpa axis functions maintain homeostasis body exposed stressors found dysregulated among individuals history childhood abuse.body exposed stress hypothalamus specifically paraventricular nucleus pvn releases peptides arginine vasopressin avp corticotropinreleasing factor crf. |
Borderline personality disorder | peptides travel body stimulate corticotrophic cells resulting release adrenocorticotropic hormone acth.acth binds receptors adrenal cortex stimulates release cortisol.intracellular glucocorticoid receptor subtypes mineralocorticoid receptor mr lowaffinity type receptor gr found mediate effects cortisol different areas body.mrs high affinity cortisol highly saturated response stress grs low affinity cortisol bind cortisol high concentrations individual exposed stressor.also associations identified fkbp polymorphisms rs rs individuals bpd. |
Borderline personality disorder | bpd experienced childhood trauma rst rsa associated specifically individuals bpd diagnosis history childhood physical abuse emotional neglect.hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal axis hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal axis hpa axis regulates cortisol production released response stress.cortisol production tends elevated people bpd indicating hyperactive hpa axis individuals.causes experience greater biological stress response might explain greater vulnerability irritability.since traumatic events increase cortisol production hpa axis activity one possibility prevalence higher average activity hpa axis people bpd may simply reflection higher average prevalence traumatic childhood maturational events among people bpd. |
Borderline personality disorder | estrogen individual differences womens estrogen cycles may related expression bpd symptoms female patients.study found womens bpd symptoms predicted changes estrogen levels throughout menstrual cycles effect remained significant results controlled general increase negative affect.developmental factors childhood trauma strong correlation child abuse especially child sexual abuse development bpd.many individuals bpd report history abuse neglect young children causation still debated.patients bpd found significantly likely report verbally emotionally physically sexually abused caregivers either sex. |
Borderline personality disorder | also report high incidence incest loss caregivers early childhood.individuals bpd also likely report caregivers sexes deny validity thoughts feelings.caregivers also reported failed provide needed protection neglected childs physical care.parents sexes typically reported withdrawn child emotionally treated child inconsistently.additionally women bpd reported previous history neglect female caregiver abuse male caregiver significantly likely experienced sexual abuse noncaregiver.it suggested children experience chronic early maltreatment attachment difficulties may go develop borderline personality disorder. |
Borderline personality disorder | writing psychoanalytic tradition otto kernberg argues childs failure achieve developmental task psychic clarification self failure overcome splitting might increase risk developing borderline personality.neurological patterns intensity reactivity persons negative affectivity tendency feel negative emotions predicts bpd symptoms strongly childhood sexual abuse.finding differences brain structure see brain abnormalities fact patients bpd report traumatic history suggest bpd distinct posttraumatic stress disorder frequently accompanies it.thus researchers examine developmental causes addition childhood trauma.research published january anthony ruocco university toronto highlighted two patterns brain activity may underlie dysregulation emotion indicated disorder increased activity brain circuits responsible experience heightened emotional pain coupled reduced activation brain circuits normally regulate suppress generated painful emotions.two neural networks seen dysfunctionally operative limbic system specific regions vary widely individuals calls analysis neuroimaging studies.also contrary results earlier studies sufferers bpd showed less activation amygdala situations increased negative emotionality control group. |
Borderline personality disorder | john krystal editor journal biological psychiatry wrote results added impression people borderline personality disorder setup brains stormy emotional lives although necessarily unhappy unproductive lives.emotional instability found correlate differences several brain regions.mediating moderating factors executive function high rejection sensitivity associated stronger symptoms borderline personality disorder executive function appears mediate relationship rejection sensitivity bpd symptoms.group cognitive processes include planning working memory attention problemsolving might mechanism rejection sensitivity impacts bpd symptoms.study found relationship persons rejection sensitivity bpd symptoms stronger executive function lower relationship weaker executive function higher. |
Borderline personality disorder | suggests high executive function might help protect people high rejection sensitivity symptoms bpd.study found problems working memory might contribute greater impulsivity people bpd.family environment family environment mediates effect child sexual abuse development bpd.unstable family environment predicts development disorder stable family environment predicts lower risk.one possible explanation stable environment buffers development. |
Borderline personality disorder | selfcomplexity selfcomplexity considering ones self many different characteristics may lessen apparent discrepancy actual self desired selfimage.higher selfcomplexity may lead person desire characteristics instead better characteristics belief characteristics acquired may likely experienced examples rather considered abstract qualities.concept norm necessarily involve description attributes represent norm cognition norm may involve understanding like concrete relation attribute.thought suppression study found thought suppression conscious attempts avoid thinking certain thoughts mediates relationship emotional vulnerability bpd symptoms.later study found relationship emotional vulnerability bpd symptoms necessarily mediated thought suppression. |
Borderline personality disorder | however study find thought suppression mediates relationship invalidating environment bpd symptoms.developmental theories marsha linehans biosocial developmental theory borderline personality disorder suggests bpd emerges combination emotionally vulnerable child invalidating environment.emotional vulnerability may consist biological inherited factors affect childs temperament.invalidating environments may include contexts childs emotions needs neglected ridiculed dismissed discouraged may include contexts trauma abuse.linehans theory modified sheila crowell proposed impulsivity also plays important role development bpd.crowell found children emotionally vulnerable exposed invalidating environments much likely develop bpd also highly impulsive. |
Borderline personality disorder | theories describe interplay childs inherited personality traits environment.example emotionally sensitive impulsive child may difficult parent exacerbating invalidating environment conversely invalidation make emotionally sensitive child reactive distressed.diagnosis diagnosis borderline personality disorder based clinical assessment mental health professional.best method present criteria disorder person ask feel characteristics accurately describe them.actively involving people bpd determining diagnosis help become willing accept it. |
Borderline personality disorder | clinicians prefer tell people bpd diagnosis either concern stigma attached condition bpd used considered untreatable usually helpful person bpd know diagnosis.helps know others similar experiences point toward effective treatments.in general psychological evaluation includes asking patient beginning severity symptoms well questions symptoms impact patients quality life.issues particular note suicidal ideations experiences selfharm thoughts harming others.diagnosis based persons report symptoms clinicians observations.additional tests bpd include physical exam laboratory tests rule possible triggers symptoms thyroid conditions substance use disorder. |
Borderline personality disorder | icd manual refers disorder emotionally unstable personality disorder similar diagnostic criteria.dsm name disorder remains previous editions.diagnostic statistical manual diagnostic statistical manual mental disorders fifth edition dsm removed multiaxial system.consequently disorders including personality disorders listed section ii manual.person must meet five nine criteria receive diagnosis borderline personality disorder. |
Borderline personality disorder | dsm defines main features condition pervasive pattern instability interpersonal relationships selfimage affect well markedly impulsive behavior.addition dsm proposes alternative diagnostic criteria bpd section iii alternative dsm model personality disorders.alternative criteria based trait research include specifying least four seven maladaptive traits.according marsha linehan many mental health professionals find challenging diagnose bpd using dsm criteria since criteria describe wide variety behaviors.address issue linehan grouped symptoms bpd five main areas dysregulation emotions behavior interpersonal relationships sense self cognition. |
Borderline personality disorder | international classification disease world health organizations icd defines disorder conceptually similar bpd called f. emotionally unstable personality disorder.two subtypes described below.f. impulsive type least three following must present one must marked tendency act unexpectedly without consideration consequencesmarked tendency engage quarrelsome behavior conflicts others especially impulsive acts thwarted criticizedliability outbursts anger violence inability control resulting behavioral explosionsdifficulty maintaining course action offers immediate rewardunstable capricious impulsive whimsical mood.f. borderline type least three symptoms mentioned f. impulsive type must present see least two following additiondisturbances uncertainty selfimage aims internal preferencesliable become involved intense unstable relationships often leading emotional crisisexcessive efforts avoid abandonmentrecurrent threats acts selfharmchronic feelings emptinessdemonstrates impulsive behavior e.g.speeding car substance use.the icd also describes general criteria define considered personality disorder. |
Borderline personality disorder | millons subtypes american psychologist theodore millon proposed four subtypes bpd.suggests individual diagnosed bpd may exhibit none one multiple following misdiagnosis people bpd may misdiagnosed variety reasons.one reason misdiagnosis bpd symptoms coexist comorbidity disorders depression posttraumatic stress disorder ptsd bipolar disorder.family members people bpd prone feeling angry members family alienated them.part family members often feel angry helpless bpd family members relate them. |
Borderline personality disorder | parents adults bpd often overinvolved underinvolved family interactions.romantic relationships bpd linked increased levels chronic stress conflict decreased satisfaction romantic partners domestic abuse unwanted pregnancy.however links may apply personality disorders general.adolescence onset symptoms typically occurs adolescence young adulthood although symptoms suggestive disorder sometimes observed children.symptoms among adolescents predict development bpd adulthood may include problems bodyimage extreme sensitivity rejection behavioral problems nonsuicidal selfinjury attempts find exclusive relationships severe shame. |
Borderline personality disorder | many adolescents experience symptoms without going develop bpd experience times likely peers develop bpd.also likely develop forms longterm social disabilities.bpd recognised valid stable diagnosis adolescence.diagnosis bpd also described personality disorder borderline pattern qualifier adolescents supported recent updates international diagnostic psychiatric classification tools including dsm icd.early diagnosis bpd recognised instrumental early intervention effective treatment bpd young people.accordingly national treatment guidelines recommend diagnosis treatment bpd among adolescents many countries including australia united kingdom spain switzerland.the diagnosis bpd adolescence controversial. |
Borderline personality disorder | early clinical guidelines encouraged caution diagnosing bpd adolescence.perceived barriers diagnosis bpd adolescence included concerns validity diagnosis young people misdiagnosis normal adolescent behaviour symptoms bpd stigmatising effect diagnosis adolescents whether personality adolescence sufficiently stable valid diagnosis bpd.psychiatric research since shown bpd valid stable clinically useful diagnosis adolescent populations.however ongoing misconceptions diagnosis bpd adolescence remain prevalent among mental health professionals.clinical reluctance diagnose bpd key barrier provision effective treatment adolescent populations.a bpd diagnosis adolescence might predict disorder continue adulthood. |
Borderline personality disorder | among individuals diagnosed bpd adolescence appears one group disorder remains stable time another group individuals move diagnosis.earlier diagnoses may helpful creating effective treatment plan adolescent.family therapy considered helpful component treatment adolescents bpd.differential diagnosis comorbidity lifetime comorbid cooccurring conditions common bpd.compared diagnosed personality disorders people bpd showed higher rate also meeting criteria formood disorders including major depression bipolar disorderanxiety disorders including panic disorder social anxiety disorder posttraumatic stress disorder ptsdother personality disorders including schizotypal antisocial dependent personality disordersubstance useeating disorders including anorexia nervosa bulimiaattention deficit hyperactivity disordersomatic symptom disorders formerly known somatoform disorders category mental disorders included number diagnostic schemes mental illnessdissociative disordersa diagnosis personality disorder made untreated mood episodedisorder unless lifetime history supports presence personality disorder. |
Borderline personality disorder | comorbid axis disorders study found point lives people bpd meet criteria mood disorders especially major depression bipolar nearly meet criteria anxiety disorder.nearly meet criteria substance use disorder ptsd.noteworthy less half participants bpd study presented ptsd prevalence similar reported earlier study.finding less half patients bpd experience ptsd lives challenges theory bpd ptsd disorder.there marked sex differences types comorbid conditions person bpd likely – higher percentage males bpd meet criteria substanceuse disorders higher percentage females bpd meet criteria ptsd eating disorders.one study participants bpd met criteria diagnosis adhd. |
Borderline personality disorder | another study participants met criteria autism spectrum disorder subgroup significantly frequent suicide attempts.regardless infradiagnosed disorder studies shown lower expressions might lead wrong diagnoses.many shifting axis disorders people bpd sometimes cause clinicians miss presence underlying personality disorder.however since complex pattern axis diagnoses found strongly predict presence bpd clinicians use feature complex pattern comorbidity clue bpd might present.mood disorders many people borderline personality disorder also mood disorders major depressive disorder bipolar disorder.characteristics bpd similar mood disorders complicate diagnosis. |
Borderline personality disorder | especially common people misdiagnosed bipolar disorder borderline personality disorder vice versa.someone bipolar disorder behavior suggestive bpd might appear experiencing episode major depression mania disappear mood stabilized.reason ideal wait mood stabilized attempting make diagnosis.at face value affective lability bpd rapid mood cycling bipolar disorders seem similar.difficult even experienced clinicians unfamiliar bpd differentiate mood swings two conditions.however clear differences.first mood swings bpd bipolar disorder tend different durations. |
Borderline personality disorder | people bipolar disorder episodes depression mania last least two weeks time much longer moods last people bpd.even among experience bipolar disorder rapid mood shifts moods usually last days moods people bpd change minutes hours.euphoria impulsivity someone bpd might resemble manic episode experience would brief qualify manic episode.second moods bipolar disorder respond changes environment moods bpd respond changes environment.positive event would lift depressed mood caused bipolar disorder positive event would potentially lift depressed mood someone bpd.similarly undesirable event would dampen euphoria caused bipolar disorder undesirable event would dampen euphoria someone borderline personality disorder.third people bpd experience euphoria usually without racing thoughts decreased need sleep typical hypomania though later study data collected found borderline personality disorder diagnosis symptoms associated chronic sleep disturbances including difficulty initiating sleep difficulty maintaining sleep waking earlier desired well consequences poor sleep noted studies examined experience chronic sleep disturbances borderline personality disorder.because two conditions number similar symptoms bpd considered mild form bipolar disorder exist bipolar spectrum. |
Borderline personality disorder | however would require underlying mechanism causing symptoms conditions.differences phenomenology family history longitudinal course responses treatment suggest case.researchers found modest association bipolar disorder borderline personality disorder strong spectrum relationship bpd bipolar disorder extremely unlikely.benazzi et al.suggest dsmiv bpd diagnosis combines two unrelated characteristics affective instability dimension related bipolar ii impulsivity dimension related bipolar ii. |
Borderline personality disorder | premenstrual dysphoric disorder premenstrual dysphoric disorder pmdd occurs – women.symptoms begin luteal phase menstrual cycle end menstruation.symptoms may include marked mood swings irritability depressed mood feeling hopeless suicidal subjective sense overwhelmed control anxiety binge eating difficulty concentrating substantial impairment interpersonal relationships.people pmdd typically begin experience symptoms early twenties although many seek treatment early thirties.although symptoms pmdd bpd similar different disorders.distinguishable timing duration symptoms markedly different symptoms pmdd occur luteal phase menstrual cycle whereas bpd symptoms occur persistently stages menstrual cycle. |
Borderline personality disorder | addition symptoms pmdd include impulsivity.comorbid axis ii disorders threefourths people diagnosed bpd also meet criteria another axis ii personality disorder point lives.major study – see adjacent table – rate .. cluster disorders paranoid schizoid schizotypal broadly common.cluster whole affects half schizotypal alone affecting one third.bpd cluster b disorder.cluster b disorders antisocial histrionic narcissistic similarly affect half bpd patients lifetime incidence narcissistic affecting one third more. |
Borderline personality disorder | cluster c avoidant dependent obsessivecompulsive showed least overlap slightly one third.management psychotherapy primary treatment borderline personality disorder.treatments based needs individual rather upon general diagnosis bpd.medications useful treating comorbid disorders depression anxiety.shortterm hospitalization found effective community care improving outcomes longterm prevention suicidal behavior bpd. |
Borderline personality disorder | psychotherapy longterm psychotherapy currently treatment choice bpd.psychotherapy particular dialectical behavior therapy dbt psychodynamic approaches effective effects slow many people put years work effective.more rigorous treatments substantially better less rigorous treatments.six treatments available dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy ddp mentalizationbased treatment mbt transferencefocused psychotherapy dialectical behavior therapy dbt general psychiatric management schemafocused therapy.longterm therapy kind better treatment especially reducing urges selfinjure.transferencefocused therapy aims break away absolute thinking.gets people articulate social interpretations emotions order turn views less rigid categories. |
Borderline personality disorder | therapist addresses individuals feelings goes situations real realistic could happen well approach them.dialectical behavior therapy dbt similar components cbt adding practices meditation.helps individual bpd gain skills manage symptoms.skills include emotion regulation mindfulness stress hardiness.since diagnosed bpd intense emotions learning regulate huge step therapeutic process.components dbt working longterm patients building skills understand regulate emotions homework assignments strong availability therapist client. |
Borderline personality disorder | patients borderline personality disorder also must take time dbt work therapist learn get situations surrounded intense emotions stress well learning better interpersonal relationships.cognitive behavioral therapy cbt also type psychotherapy used treatment bpd.type therapy relies changing peoples behaviors beliefs identifying problems disorder.cbt known reduce anxiety mood symptoms well reduce suicidal thoughts selfharming behaviors.mentalizationbased therapy transferencefocused psychotherapy based psychodynamic principles dialectical behavior therapy based cognitivebehavioral principles mindfulness.general psychiatric management combines core principles treatments considered easier learn less intensive. |
Borderline personality disorder | randomized controlled trials shown dbt mbt may effective two share many similarities.researchers interested developing shorter versions therapies increase accessibility relieve financial burden patients relieve resource burden treatment providers.some research indicates mindfulness meditation may bring favorable structural changes brain including changes brain structures associated bpd.mindfulnessbased interventions also appear bring improvement symptoms characteristic bpd clients underwent mindfulnessbased treatment longer met minimum five dsmivtr diagnostic criteria bpd.medications review cochrane collaboration found medications show promise core bpd symptoms chronic feelings emptiness identity disturbance abandonment.however authors found medications may impact isolated symptoms associated bpd symptoms comorbid conditions. |
Borderline personality disorder | review examined evidence published since cochrane review found evidence effectiveness medication bpd remains mixed still highly compromised suboptimal study design.review found research pharmacological treatments declined results confirming benefits.despite lack evidence benefit quetiapine ssri antidepressants continue widely prescribed people bpd.of typical antipsychotics studied relation bpd haloperidol may reduce anger flupenthixol may reduce likelihood suicidal behavior.among atypical antipsychotics one trial found aripiprazole may reduce interpersonal problems impulsivity.olanzapine well quetiapine may decrease affective instability anger psychotic paranoid symptoms anxiety placebo greater benefit suicidal ideation olanzapine did. |
Borderline personality disorder | effect ziprasidone significant.of mood stabilizers studied valproate semisodium may ameliorate depression impulsivity interpersonal problems anger.topiramate may ameliorate interpersonal problems impulsivity anxiety anger general psychiatric pathology.effect carbamazepine significant.antidepressants amitriptyline may reduce depression mianserin fluoxetine fluvoxamine phenelzine sulfate showed effect.omega fatty acid may ameliorate suicidality improve depression. |
Borderline personality disorder | trials medications replicated effect longterm use assessed.lamotrigine showed benefit large randomized clinical trial.because weak evidence potential serious side effects medications united kingdom uk national institute health clinical excellence nice clinical guideline treatment management bpd recommends drug treatment used specifically borderline personality disorder individual symptoms behavior associated disorder.however drug treatment may considered overall treatment comorbid conditions.suggest review treatment people borderline personality disorder diagnosed comorbid mental physical illness currently prescribed drugs aim reducing stopping unnecessary drug treatment.services significant difference number would benefit treatment number treated. |
Borderline personality disorder | socalled treatment gap function disinclination afflicted submit treatment underdiagnosing disorder healthcare providers limited availability access stateoftheart treatments.nonetheless individuals bpd accounted psychiatric hospitalizations one survey.majority individuals bpd treatment continue use outpatient treatment sustained manner several years number using restrictive costly forms treatment inpatient admission declines time.experience services varies.assessing suicide risk challenge clinicians patients tend underestimate lethality selfinjurious behaviors.people bpd typically chronically elevated risk suicide much general population history multiple attempts crisis. |
Borderline personality disorder | approximately half individuals commit suicide meet criteria personality disorder.borderline personality disorder remains commonly associated personality disorder suicide.after patient suffering bpd died national health service nhs england criticized coroner lack commissioned services support bpd.evidence given female patients bpd provision priority therapeutic psychological services.time total specialized inpatient beds england located london northeast region.prognosis treatment majority people bpd find relief distressing symptoms achieve remission defined consistent relief symptoms least two years. |
Borderline personality disorder | longitudinal study tracking symptoms people bpd found .achieved remission within two years beginning study.within four years .achieved remission within six years .achieved remission. |
Borderline personality disorder | end study .participants found remission.moreover achieved recovery symptoms .experienced recurrences.later study found ten years baseline hospitalization patients sustained stable recovery symptoms.patient personality play important role therapeutic process leading better clinical outcomes. |
Borderline personality disorder | recent research shown bpd patients undergoing dialectical behavior therapy dbt exhibit better clinical outcomes correlated higher levels trait agreeableness patient compared patients either low agreeableness treated dbt.association mediated strength working alliance patient therapist agreeable patients developed stronger working alliances therapists turn led better clinical outcomes.in addition recovering distressing symptoms people bpd also achieve high levels psychosocial functioning.longitudinal study tracking social work abilities participants bpd found six years diagnosis participants good function work social environments compared participants first diagnosed.vocational achievement generally limited even compared personality disorders.however whose symptoms remitted significantly likely good relationships romantic partner least one parent good performance work school sustained work school history good psychosocial functioning overall. |
Borderline personality disorder | epidemiology prevalence bpd estimated mids – general population occur three times often women men.however lifetime prevalence bpd defined dsmiv study found .american population occurring .men .women. |
Borderline personality disorder | difference rates men women study found statistically significant.borderline personality disorder estimated contribute psychiatric hospitalizations occur among outpatients.. new inmates u.s. state iowa fit diagnosis borderline personality disorder overall prevalence bpd u.s. prison population thought .high numbers may related high frequency substance use substance use disorders among people bpd estimated .history coexistence intense divergent moods within individual recognized homer hippocrates aretaeus latter describing vacillating presence impulsive anger melancholia mania within single person.concept revived swiss physician théophile bonet using term folie maniacomélancolique described phenomenon unstable moods followed unpredictable course.writers noted pattern including american psychiatrist charles h. hughes j. c. rosse called disorder borderline insanity. |
Borderline personality disorder | kraepelin identified excitable personality closely parallels borderline features outlined current concept bpd.the first significant psychoanalytic work use term borderline written adolf stern .described group patients suffering thought mild form schizophrenia borderline neurosis psychosis.the saw shift thinking condition borderline schizophrenia thinking borderline affective disorder mood disorder fringes bipolar disorder cyclothymia dysthymia.dsmii stressing intensity variability moods called cyclothymic personality affective personality.term borderline evolving refer distinct category disorder psychoanalysts otto kernberg using refer broad spectrum issues describing intermediate level personality organization neurosis psychosis.after standardized criteria developed distinguish mood disorders axis disorders bpd became personality disorder diagnosis publication dsmiii.diagnosis distinguished subsyndromal schizophrenia termed schizotypal personality disorder. |
Borderline personality disorder | dsmiv axis ii work group american psychiatric association finally decided name borderline personality disorder still use dsm today.however term borderline described uniquely inadequate describing symptoms characteristic disorder.etymology earlier versions dsm—before multiaxial diagnosis system—classified people mental health problems two categories psychotics neurotics.clinicians noted certain class neurotics crisis appeared straddle borderline psychosis.term borderline personality disorder coined american psychiatry s. became preferred term number competing names emotionally unstable character disorder borderline schizophrenia s. borderline personality disorder included dsmiii despite universally recognized valid diagnosis. |
Borderline personality disorder | controversies credibility validity testimony credibility individuals personality disorders questioned least since s. two concerns incidence dissociation episodes among people bpd belief lying key component condition.dissociation researchers disagree whether dissociation sense emotional detachment physical experiences impacts ability people bpd recall specifics past events.study reported specificity autobiographical memory decreased bpd patients.researchers found decreased ability recall specifics correlated patients levels dissociation.lying feature theorists argue patients bpd often lie. |
Borderline personality disorder | however others write rarely seen lying among patients bpd clinical practice.gender since bpd stigmatizing diagnosis even within mental health community survivors childhood abuse diagnosed bpd retraumatized negative responses receive healthcare providers.one camp argues would better diagnose men women posttraumatic stress disorder would acknowledge impact abuse behavior.critics ptsd diagnosis argue medicalizes abuse rather addressing root causes society.regardless diagnosis ptsd encompass aspects disorder see brain abnormalities terminology.joel paris states clinic ... patients women. |
Borderline personality disorder | may true community.offers following explanations regarding sex discrepanciesthe probable explanation gender differences clinical samples women likely develop kind symptoms bring patients treatment.twice many women men community suffer depression weissman klerman .contrast preponderance men meeting criteria substance use disorder psychopathy robins regier males disorders necessarily present mental health system.men women similar psychological problems may express distress differently. |
Borderline personality disorder | men tend drink carry crimes.women tend turn anger leading depression well cutting overdosing characterize bpd.thus antisocial personality disorder aspd borderline personality disorders might derive similar underlying pathology present symptoms strongly influenced gender paris looper paris .we even specific evidence men bpd may seek help.study completed suicides among people aged years lesage et al.suicides involved individuals bpd confirmed psychological autopsy symptoms assessed interviews family members. |
Borderline personality disorder | suicide completers men treatment.similar findings emerged later study conducted research group mcgirr paris lesage renaud turecki .in short men less likely seek accept appropriate treatment likely treated symptoms bpd substance use rather bpd symptoms bpd aspd possibly deriving similar underlying etiology possibly likely wind correctional system due criminal behavior possibly likely commit suicide prior diagnosis.among men diagnosed bpd also evidence higher suicide rate men twice likely women— percent versus percent—to die suicide.there also sex differences borderline personality disorders.men bpd likely recreationally use substances explosive temper high levels novelty seeking antisocial narcissistic passiveaggressive sadistic personality traits.women bpd likely eating disorders mood disorders anxiety posttraumatic stress.manipulative behavior manipulative behavior obtain nurturance considered dsmivtr many mental health professionals defining characteristic borderline personality disorder. |
Borderline personality disorder | however marsha linehan notes relies upon assumption people bpd communicate intense pain engage selfharm suicidal behavior intention influencing behavior others.impact behavior others—often intense emotional reaction concerned friends family members therapists—is thus assumed persons intention.however frequent expressions intense pain selfharming suicidal behavior may instead represent method mood regulation escape mechanism situations feel unbearable.stigma features bpd include emotional instability intense unstable interpersonal relationships need intimacy fear rejection.result people bpd often evoke intense emotions around them.pejorative terms describe people bpd difficult treatment resistant manipulative demanding attention seeking often used may become selffulfilling prophecy negative treatment individuals triggers selfdestructive behavior. |
Borderline personality disorder | physical violence stigma surrounding borderline personality disorder includes belief people bpd prone violence toward others.movies visual media often sensationalize people bpd portraying violent majority researchers agree people bpd unlikely physically harm others.although people bpd often struggle experiences intense anger defining characteristic bpd direct inward toward themselves.one key differences bpd antisocial personality disorder aspd people bpd tend internalize anger hurting people aspd tend externalize hurting others.one study found bpd individually associated psychological physical sexual forms intimate partner violence especially amongst men.terms ampd trait facets hostility negative affectivity suspiciousness negative affectivity risk taking disinhibition strongly associated ipv perpetration total sample.in addition adults bpd often experienced abuse childhood many people bpd adopt notolerance policy toward expressions anger kind. |
Borderline personality disorder | extreme aversion violence cause many people bpd overcompensate experience difficulties assertive expressing needs.one way people bpd choose harm potentially causing harm others.another way people bpd avoid expressing anger violence causing physical damage engaging nonsuicidal selfinjury.mental health care providers people bpd considered among challenging groups patients work therapy requiring high level skill training psychiatrists therapists nurses involved treatment.majority psychiatric staff report finding individuals bpd moderately extremely difficult work difficult client groups. |
Borderline personality disorder | largely negative view bpd result people bpd terminated treatment early provided harmful treatment informed diagnosis bpd misdiagnosed.healthcare providers contributing stigma bpd diagnosis seeking treatment often result perpetuation bpd features.efforts ongoing improve public staff attitudes toward people bpd.in psychoanalytic theory stigmatization among mental health care providers may thought reflect countertransference therapist projects feelings client.thus diagnosis bpd often says clinicians negative reaction patient patient explains away breakdown empathy therapist patient becomes institutional epithet guise pseudoscientific jargon.inadvertent countertransference give rise inappropriate clinical responses including excessive use medication inappropriate mothering punitive use limit setting interpretation.some clients feel diagnosis helpful allowing understand alone connect others bpd developed helpful coping mechanisms. |
Borderline personality disorder | however others experience term borderline personality disorder pejorative label rather informative diagnosis.report concerns selfdestructive behavior incorrectly perceived manipulative stigma surrounding disorder limits access health care.indeed mental health professionals frequently refuse provide services received bpd diagnosis.terminology concerns around stigma move away original theoretical basis term see history ongoing debate renaming borderline personality disorder.clinicians agree current name others argue changed since many labelled borderline personality disorder find name unhelpful stigmatizing inaccurate. |
Borderline personality disorder | valerie porr president treatment research advancement association personality disorders states name bpd confusing imparts relevant descriptive information reinforces existing stigma.alternative suggestions names include emotional regulation disorder emotional dysregulation disorder.impulse disorder interpersonal regulatory disorder valid alternatives according john g. gunderson mclean hospital united states.another term suggested psychiatrist carolyn quadrio post traumatic personality disorganization ptpd reflecting conditions status often form chronic post traumatic stress disorder ptsd well personality disorder.however although many bpd traumatic histories report kind traumatic event suggests bpd necessarily trauma spectrum disorder.the treatment research advancements national association personality disorders taraapd campaigned unsuccessfully change name designation bpd dsm published may name borderline personality disorder remains unchanged considered trauma stressorrelated disorder.society culture fiction literature literature characters behavior consistent borderline personality disorder include catherine wuthering heights smerdyakov brothers karamazov harry haller steppenwolf . |
Borderline personality disorder | film films attempting depict characters disorder include thin line love hate filth fatal attraction crush mad love malicious interiors cable guy mr. nobody moksha margot wedding cracks welcome tamasha .robert o. friedel suggested behavior theresa dunn leading character looking mr. goodbar consistent diagnosis borderline personality disorder.the films play misty girl interrupted based memoir name suggest emotional instability disorder.the film single white female like first example also suggests characteristics actually atypical disorder character hedy markedly disturbed sense identity reacts drastically abandonment.multiple commenters noted clementine eternal sunshine spotless mind shows classic borderline personality disorder behavior.in review film shame british journal art psychiatry another psychiatrist abby seltzer praises carey mulligans portrayal character disorder even though never mentioned onscreen.psychiatrists eric bui rachel rodgers argue anakin skywalkerdarth vader character star wars films meets six nine diagnostic criteria bui also found anakin useful example explain bpd medical students.particular bui points characters abandonment issues uncertainty identity dissociative episodes.television television cw show crazy exgirlfriend portrays main character played rachel bloom borderline personality disorder emma stones character netflix miniseries maniac diagnosed disorder.additionally incestuous twins cersei jaime lannister george r. r. martins song ice fire series television adaptation game thrones traits borderline narcissistic personality disorders. |
Great Barrier Reef | awareness early united states house representatives declared month may borderline personality disorder awareness month.in south korean singersongwriter lee sunmi spoke struggle borderline personality disorder show running mates diagnosed years prior.see also hysteriapseudohallucination citations general bibliography external links borderline personality disorder curlieborderline personality disorder.national institute mental health.apa dsm definition borderline personality disorderapa division treatment page borderline personality disordericd definition eupd world health organizationnhsborderline personality disorder.borderline support uk.reef located coral sea coast queensland australia separated coast channel miles wide places feet deep.great barrier reef seen outer space worlds biggest single structure made living organisms.reef structure composed built billions tiny organisms known coral polyps.supports wide diversity life selected world heritage site .cnn labelled one seven natural wonders world . |
Great Barrier Reef | australian world heritage places included list .queensland national trust named state icon queensland .a large part reef protected great barrier reef marine park helps limit impact human use fishing tourism.environmental pressures reef ecosystem include runoff climate change accompanied mass coral bleaching dumping dredging sludge cyclic population outbreaks crownofthorns starfish.according study published october proceedings national academy sciences reef lost half coral cover since finding reaffirmed study found half reefs coral cover lost effects widespread bleaching event yet quantified.the great barrier reef long known used aboriginal australian torres strait islander peoples important part local groups cultures spirituality.reef popular destination tourists especially whitsunday islands cairns regions. |
Great Barrier Reef | tourism important economic activity region generating aud billion per year.november google launched google underwater street view great barrier reef.a march report stated coral bleaching widespread previously thought seriously affecting northern parts reef result warming ocean temperatures.october outside published obituary reef article criticized premature hindering efforts bolster resilience reef.march journal nature published paper showing huge sections kilometre mi stretch northern part reef died course due high water temperatures event authors put effects global climate change.percentage baby corals born great barrier reef dropped drastically scientists describing early stage huge natural selection event unfolding. |
Great Barrier Reef | many mature breeding adults died bleaching events – leading low coral birth rates.types corals reproduced also changed leading longterm reorganisation reef ecosystem trend continues.the great barrier reef marine park act section demands every five years outlook report reefs health pressures future.last report published .geology geography great barrier reef distinct feature east australian cordillera division.reaches torres strait bramble cay northernmost island south coast papua new guinea north unnamed passage lady elliot island southernmost island fraser island south. |
Great Barrier Reef | lady elliot island located km mi southeast bramble cay crow flies.includes smaller murray islands.the plate tectonic theory indicates australia moved northwards rate cm .per year starting cenozoic.eastern australia experienced period tectonic uplift moved drainage divide queensland km mi inland.also time queensland experienced volcanic eruptions leading central shield volcanoes basalt flows. |
Great Barrier Reef | became high islands.coral sea basin formed coral reefs began grow basin million years ago northern queensland still temperate waters south tropics—too cool support coral growth.great barrier reefs development history complex queensland drifted tropical waters largely influenced reef growth decline sea level changed.– reefs increase diameter centimetres .. |
Great Barrier Reef | per year grow vertically anywhere cm ..per year however grow depth metres ft due need sunlight cannot grow sea level.queensland edged tropical waters million years ago coral grew sedimentation regime quickly developed erosion great dividing range creating river deltas oozes turbidites unsuitable conditions coral growth.million years ago sea level significantly lowered enabled sedimentation. |
Great Barrier Reef | reefs substrate may needed build sediment edge far away suspended sediments inhibit coral growth.addition approximately years ago particularly warm interglacial period higher sea levels °c °f water temperature change.land formed substrate current great barrier reef coastal plain formed eroded sediments great dividing range larger hills remnants older reefs rare cases volcanoes .reef research centre cooperative research centre found coral skeleton deposits date back half million years.great barrier reef marine park authority gbrmpa considers earliest evidence complete reef structures years ago. |
Great Barrier Reef | according gbrmpa current living reef structure believed begun growing older platform years ago.australian institute marine science agrees placing beginning growth current reef time last glacial maximum.around time sea level metres ft lower today.from years ago years ago sea level rose steadily around world.rose corals could grow higher newly submerged maritime margins hills coastal plain.around years ago sea level metres ft lower present day corals began surround hills coastal plain continental islands. |
Great Barrier Reef | sea level rose still continental islands submerged.corals could overgrow submerged hills form present cays reefs.sea level risen significantly last years.crc reef research centre estimates age present living reef structure years old.shallow water reefs seen airphotographs satellite images cover area km grown top limestone platforms relics past pleistocene phases reef growth.the remains ancient barrier reef similar great barrier reef found kimberley western australia.the great barrier reef world heritage area divided bioregions reef bioregions. |
Great Barrier Reef | northern part great barrier reef ribbon reefs deltaic reefs formed structures found rest reef system.previously undiscovered reef meters tall .km wide base found northern area .atolls system reefs attached mainland rare.fringing reefs distributed widely common towards southern part great barrier reef attached high islands example whitsunday islands. |
Great Barrier Reef | lagoonal reefs found southern great barrier reef north coast princess charlotte bay.crescentic reefs common shape reef middle system example reefs surrounding lizard island.crescentic reefs also found far north great barrier reef marine park swain reefs – degrees south.planar reefs found northern southern parts near cape york peninsula princess charlotte bay cairns.islands reef found planar reefs. |
Great Barrier Reef | – wonky holes localised impact reef providing upwellings fresh water sometimes rich nutrients contributing eutrophication.ecology great barrier reef supports extraordinary diversity life including many vulnerable endangered species may endemic reef system.thirty species cetaceans recorded great barrier reef including dwarf minke whale indopacific humpback dolphin humpback whale.large populations dugongs live there.fish species live reef including clownfish red bass redthroat emperor several species snapper coral trout.fortynine species mass spawn eightyfour species spawn elsewhere range. |
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