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Ecosystem-based management | policy protection endangered marine species example could affect recreational commercial fisheries mining shipping tourism sectors name few.effective ecosystem management would result collective adoption policies sectors rather sector creating isolated policies.example gulf mexico oil rigs recreational fisheries commercial fisheries multiple tourist attractions.one main fisheries red snapper inhabits much gulf employs thousands people commercial recreational fishery.deepwater oil spill became abundantly obvious negatively affected population numbers well integrity catch made. |
Ecosystem-based management | species suffered higher mortality rates market less trusting product.environmental disaster interacted commercial recreational economic sector specific species.changing public perceptions members public properly informed fully aware current threats marine ecosystems therefore important change public perceptions informing people issues.important consider interest public making decisions ocean management material interest community support needed management agencies order make decisions.great barrier reef marine park authority gbrmpa faced issue poor public awareness proposed management strategy included notake fishing zones. |
Ecosystem-based management | olssen addressed problem starting reef pressure information campaign prove public great barrier reef threat human disturbances successful gaining public support.bridging science policy ensure key players page important communication managers resource users scientists government bodies stakeholders.leslie mcleod stated proper engagement groups enable development management initiatives realistic enforceable well effective ecosystem management.certain smallscale players involved informed highly unlikely equally challenging get cooperate well follow rules need put place.utmost importance every stakeholder involved every step process increase cohesion process. |
Ecosystem-based management | embracing change coupled socialecological systems constantly changing ways cannot fully predicted controlled.understanding resilience ecosystems i.e.extent maintain structure function identity face disturbance enable better prediction ecosystems respond natural anthropogenic perturbations changes environmental management.much modification humans environments important understand changes yearly basis well.species changing life histories flounder due increased pressures humans placing environment. |
Ecosystem-based management | thus manager government assessment ecosystem given year relationship species others change quickly thus negate model use ecosystem quickly redefined.multiple objectives ecosystembased management focuses diverse benefits provided marine systems rather single ecosystem services.benefits services include vibrant commercial recreational fisheries biodiversity conservation renewable energy wind waves coastal protection.goal provide sustainable fisheries incorporating impacts aspects resource.managed correctly ecosystembased model greatly improve resource managed associated it. |
Ecosystem-based management | learning adaptation lack control predictability coupled socialecological systems adaptive management approach recommended.multiple different factors must overcome fisheries pollution borders multiple agencies etc.create positive outcome.managers must able react adapt limit variance associated outcome.examples great bear rainforest canada land resource management planning lrmp implemented british columbia government canada mids great bear rainforest order establish multiparty landuse planning system. |
Ecosystem-based management | aim maintain ecological integrity terrestrial marine freshwater ecosystems achieve high levels human wellbeing.steps described programme included protect oldgrowth forests maintain forest structure stand level protect threatened endangered species ecosystems protect wetlands apply adaptive management.mackinnon highlighted main limitation program social economic aspects related lack orientation improve human wellbeing.great lakes canada united states remedial action plan rap created great lakes water quality agreement implemented ecosystembased management.transition according authors narrow broader approach easy required cooperation canadian american governments. |
Ecosystem-based management | meant different cultural political regulatory perspectives involved regards lakes.hartig et al.described eight principles required make implementation ecosystembased management efficacious broadbased stakeholder involvement commitment top leaders agreement information needs interpretation action planning within strategic framework human resource development results indicators measure progress systematic review feedback stakeholder satisfaction.scallop aquaculture sechura bay peru peruvian bay scallop grown benthic environment.intensity fishery caused concern recent years shift environmental management scheme. |
Ecosystem-based management | using food web models assess current situation calibrate stocking levels needed.impacts scallops ecosystem species taken account limit phytoplankton blooms overstocking diseases overconsumption given year.study proposed help guide fisherman managers goal providing long term success fishery well ecosystem utilizing.dam removal pacific northwest elwha dam removal washington state largest dam removal project united states.blocking several species salmon reaching natural habitat also millions tons sediment built behind it. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | see also deep ecologyecosystem managementecosystem based fisheriessustainable forest managementsustainable land managementecosystem healthmarine ecology references external links adaptive managementadvancing ebm toolkitebm tools networkecosystem management initiativeresilience marine ebmsymptoms may include disturbing thoughts feelings dreams related events mental physical distress traumarelated cues attempts avoid traumarelated cues alterations way person thinks feels increase fightorflight response.symptoms last month event.young children less likely show distress instead may express memories play.person ptsd higher risk suicide intentional selfharm.most people experience traumatic events develop ptsd.people experience interpersonal violence rape sexual assaults kidnapped stalking physical abuse intimate partner incest forms childhood sexual abuse likely develop ptsd experience nonassault based trauma accidents natural disasters. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | experience prolonged trauma slavery concentration camps chronic domestic abuse may develop complex posttraumatic stress disorder cptsd.cptsd similar ptsd distinct effect persons emotional regulation core identity.prevention may possible counselling targeted early symptoms effective provided traumaexposed individuals whether symptoms present.main treatments people ptsd counselling psychotherapy medication.antidepressants ssri snri type firstline medications used ptsd moderately beneficial half people.benefits medication less seen counselling. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | known whether using medications counselling together greater benefit either method separately.medications ssris snris enough evidence support use case benzodiazepines may worsen outcomes.in united states .adults ptsd given year people develop point life.much rest world rates given year .. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | higher rates may occur regions armed conflict.common women men.symptoms traumarelated mental disorders documented since least time ancient greeks.instances evidence posttraumatic illness argued exist seventeenth eighteenth centuries diary samuel pepys described intrusive distressing symptoms following fire london.world wars condition known various terms including shell shock combat neurosis.term posttraumatic stress disorder came use large part due diagnoses u.s. military veterans vietnam war. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | officially recognized american psychiatric association third edition diagnostic statistical manual mental disorders dsmiii.symptoms symptoms ptsd generally begin within first three months inciting traumatic event may begin years later.typical case individual ptsd persistently avoids either traumarelated thoughts emotions discussion traumatic event may even amnesia event.however event commonly relived individual intrusive recurrent recollections dissociative episodes reliving trauma flashbacks nightmares .common symptoms traumatic event must persist sufficient degree i.e. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | causing dysfunction life clinical levels distress longer one month trauma classified ptsd clinically significant dysfunction distress less one month trauma may acute stress disorder.following traumatic event experience posttraumatic growth.associated medical conditions trauma survivors often develop depression anxiety disorders mood disorders addition ptsd.substance use disorder alcohol use disorder commonly cooccur ptsd.recovery posttraumatic stress disorder anxiety disorders may hindered condition worsened substance use disorders comorbid ptsd.resolving problems bring improvement individuals mental health status anxiety levels.in children adolescents strong association emotional regulation difficulties e.g. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | mood swings anger outbursts temper tantrums posttraumatic stress symptoms independent age gender type trauma.risk factors persons considered risk include combat military personnel victims natural disasters concentration camp survivors victims violent crime.persons employed occupations expose violence soldiers disasters emergency service workers also risk.occupations higher risk include police officers firefighters ambulance personnel health care professionals train drivers divers journalists sailors addition people work banks post offices stores.trauma ptsd associated wide range traumatic events. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | risk developing ptsd traumatic event varies trauma type highest following exposure sexual violence .particularly rape .. men likely experience traumatic event type women likely experience kind highimpact traumatic event lead ptsd interpersonal violence sexual assault.motor vehicle collision survivors children adults increased risk ptsd.globally .adults diagnosed ptsd following nonlife threatening traffic accident similar proportion children develop ptsd.risk ptsd almost doubles . |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | lifethreatening auto accidents.females likely diagnosed ptsd following road traffic accident whether accident occurred childhood adulthood.posttraumatic stress reactions studied children adolescents.rate ptsd might lower children adults absence therapy symptoms may continue decades.one estimate suggests proportion children adolescents ptsd nonwartorn population developed country may compared .adults. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | average children exposed traumatic event develop ptsd varying according type exposure gender.similar adult population risk factors ptsd children include female gender exposure disasters natural manmade negative coping behaviours andor lacking proper social support systems.predictor models consistently found childhood trauma chronic adversity neurobiological differences familial stressors associated risk ptsd traumatic event adulthood.difficult find consistently aspects events predict peritraumatic dissociation fairly consistent predictive indicator development ptsd.proximity duration severity trauma make impact.speculated interpersonal traumas cause problems impersonal ones controversial. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | risk developing ptsd increased individuals exposed physical abuse physical assault kidnapping.women experience physical violence likely develop ptsd men.intimate partner violence individual exposed domestic violence predisposed development ptsd.however exposed traumatic experience automatically indicate individual develop ptsd.strong association development ptsd mothers experienced domestic violence perinatal period pregnancy.those experienced sexual assault rape may develop symptoms ptsd. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | ptsd symptoms include reexperiencing assault avoiding things associated assault numbness increased anxiety increased startle response.likelihood sustained symptoms ptsd higher rapist confined restrained person person raped believed rapist would kill person raped young old rapist someone knew.likelihood sustained severe symptoms also higher people around survivor ignore ignorant rape blame rape survivor.warrelated trauma military service risk factor developing ptsd.around people exposed combat develop ptsd military personnel develop ptsd appearance delayed.refugees also increased risk ptsd due exposure war hardships traumatic events. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | rates ptsd within refugee populations range .stresses war affect everyone involved displaced persons shown others.challenges related overall psychosocial wellbeing refugees complex individually nuanced.refugees reduced levels wellbeing high rates mental distress due past ongoing trauma.groups particularly affected whose needs often remain unmet women older people unaccompanied minors.posttraumatic stress depression refugee populations also tend affect educational success. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | unexpected death loved one sudden unexpected death loved one common traumatic event type reported crossnational studies.however majority people experience type event develop ptsd.analysis world mental health surveys found .risk developing ptsd learning unexpected death loved one.high prevalence type traumatic event unexpected death loved one accounts approximately ptsd cases worldwide. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | lifethreatening illness medical conditions associated increased risk ptsd include cancer heart attack stroke.cancer survivors present lifelong ptsd like symptoms.intensivecare unit icu hospitalization also risk factor ptsd.women experience ptsd experiences related breast cancer mastectomy.loved ones experience lifethreatening illnesses also risk developing ptsd parents child chronic illnesses. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | pregnancyrelated trauma women experience miscarriage risk ptsd.experience subsequent miscarriages increased risk ptsd compared experiencing one.ptsd also occur childbirth risk increases woman experienced trauma prior pregnancy.prevalence ptsd following normal childbirth excluding stillbirth major complications estimated .. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | six weeks postpartum rates dropping .six months postpartum.symptoms ptsd common following childbirth prevalence .six weeks dropping .six months. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | emergency childbirth also associated ptsd.genetics evidence susceptibility ptsd hereditary.approximately variance ptsd caused genetics alone.twin pairs exposed combat vietnam monozygotic identical twin ptsd associated increased risk cotwins ptsd compared twins dizygotic nonidentical twins.women smaller hippocampus might likely develop ptsd following traumatic event based preliminary findings. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | research also found ptsd shares many genetic influences common psychiatric disorders.panic generalized anxiety disorders ptsd share genetic variance.alcohol nicotine drug dependence share greater genetic similarities.several biological indicators identified related later ptsd development.heightened startle responses preliminary results smaller hippocampal volume identified possible biomarkers heightened risk developing ptsd.additionally one study found soldiers whose leukocytes greater numbers glucocorticoid receptors prone developing ptsd experiencing trauma. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | pathophysiology neuroendocrinology ptsd symptoms may result traumatic event causes overreactive adrenaline response creates deep neurological patterns brain.patterns persist long event triggered fear making individual hyperresponsive future fearful situations.traumatic experiences high levels stress hormones secreted suppress hypothalamic activity may major factor toward development ptsd.ptsd causes biochemical changes brain body differ psychiatric disorders major depression.individuals diagnosed ptsd respond strongly dexamethasone suppression test individuals diagnosed clinical depression.most people ptsd show low secretion cortisol high secretion catecholamines urine norepinephrinecortisol ratio consequently higher comparable nondiagnosed individuals.contrast normative fightorflight response catecholamine cortisol levels elevated exposure stressor.brain catecholamine levels high corticotropinreleasing factor crf concentrations high. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | together findings suggest abnormality hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal hpa axis.the maintenance fear shown include hpa axis locus coeruleusnoradrenergic systems connections limbic system frontal cortex.hpa axis coordinates hormonal response stress activates lcnoradrenergic system implicated overconsolidation memories occurs aftermath trauma.overconsolidation increases likelihood ones developing ptsd.amygdala responsible threat detection conditioned unconditioned fear responses carried response threat.the hpa axis responsible coordinating hormonal response stress.given strong cortisol suppression dexamethasone ptsd hpa axis abnormalities likely predicated strong negative feedback inhibition cortisol likely due increased sensitivity glucocorticoid receptors.ptsd hypothesized maladaptive learning pathway fear response hypersensitive hyperreactive hyperresponsive hpa axis.low cortisol levels may predispose individuals ptsd following war trauma swedish soldiers serving bosnia herzegovina low preservice salivary cortisol levels higher risk reacting ptsd symptoms following war trauma soldiers normal preservice levels. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | cortisol normally important restoring homeostasis stress response thought trauma survivors low cortisol experience poorly contained—that longer distressing—response setting stage ptsd.it thought locus coeruleusnoradrenergic system mediates overconsolidation fear memory.high levels cortisol reduce noradrenergic activity people ptsd tend reduced levels cortisol proposed individuals ptsd cannot regulate increased noradrenergic response traumatic stress.intrusive memories conditioned fear responses thought result response associated triggers.neuropeptide npy reported reduce release norepinephrine demonstrated anxiolytic properties animal models.studies shown people ptsd demonstrate reduced levels npy possibly indicating increased anxiety levels.other studies indicate people suffer ptsd chronically low levels serotonin contributes commonly associated behavioral symptoms anxiety ruminations irritability aggression suicidality impulsivity. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | serotonin also contributes stabilization glucocorticoid production.dopamine levels person ptsd contribute symptoms low levels contribute anhedonia apathy impaired attention motor deficits high levels contribute psychosis agitation restlessness.several studies described elevated concentrations thyroid hormone triiodothyronine ptsd.kind type allostatic adaptation may contribute increased sensitivity catecholamines stress mediators.hyperresponsiveness norepinephrine system also caused continued exposure high stress.overactivation norepinephrine receptors prefrontal cortex connected flashbacks nightmares frequently experienced ptsd.decrease norepinephrine functions awareness current environment prevents memory mechanisms brain processing experience emotions person experiencing flashback associated current environment.there considerable controversy within medical community regarding neurobiology ptsd.review showed clear relationship cortisol levels ptsd. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | majority reports indicate people ptsd elevated levels corticotropinreleasing hormone lower basal cortisol levels enhanced negative feedback suppression hpa axis dexamethasone.neuroanatomy metaanalysis structural mri studies found association reduced total brain volume intracranial volume volumes hippocampus insula cortex anterior cingulate.much research stems ptsd exposed vietnam war.people ptsd decreased brain activity dorsal rostral anterior cingulate cortices ventromedial prefrontal cortex areas linked experience regulation emotion.the amygdala strongly involved forming emotional memories especially fearrelated memories.high stress hippocampus associated placing memories correct context space time memory recall suppressed.according one theory suppression may cause flashbacks affect people ptsd. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | someone ptsd undergoes stimuli similar traumatic event body perceives event occurring memory never properly recorded persons memory.the amygdalocentric model ptsd proposes amygdala much aroused insufficiently controlled medial prefrontal cortex hippocampus particular extinction.consistent interpretation ptsd syndrome deficient extinction ability.the basolateral nucleus bla amygdala responsible comparison development associations unconditioned conditioned responses stimuli results fear conditioning present ptsd.bla activates central nucleus cea amygdala elaborates fear response including behavioral response threat elevated startle response.descending inhibitory inputs medial prefrontal cortex mpfc regulate transmission bla cea hypothesized play role extinction conditioned fear responses.whole amygdala hyperactivity reported meta analysis functional neuroimaging ptsd large degree heterogeniety social anxiety disorder phobic disorder. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | comparing dorsal roughly cea ventralroughly bla clusters hyperactivity robust ventral cluster hypoactivity evident dorsal cluster.distinction may explain blunted emotions ptsd via desensitization cea well fear related component.in study vietnam war combat veterans ptsd showed reduction volume hippocampus compared veterans suffered symptoms.finding replicated chronic ptsd patients traumatized air show plane crash ramstein germany.evidence suggests endogenous cannabinoid levels reduced ptsd particularly anandamide cannabinoid receptors cb increased order compensate.appears link increased cb receptor availability amygdala abnormal threat processing hyperarousal dysphoria trauma survivors.a study found evidence conclusions prior research suggested low iq risk factor developing ptsd.diagnosis ptsd difficult diagnose ofthe subjective nature diagnostic criteria although true many mental disordersthe potential overreporting e.g. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | seeking disability benefits ptsd could mitigating factor criminal sentencingthe potential underreporting e.g.stigma pride fear ptsd diagnosis might preclude certain employment opportunitiessymptom overlap mental disorders obsessive compulsive disorder generalized anxiety disorderassociation mental disorders major depressive disorder generalized anxiety disordersubstance use disorders often produce signs symptoms ptsd andsubstance use disorders increase vulnerability ptsd exacerbate ptsd symptoms andptsd increases risk developing substance use disorders.the differential expression symptoms culturally specifically respect avoidance numbing symptoms distressing dreams somatic symptoms screening number ptsd screening instruments adults ptsd checklist dsm pcl primary care ptsd screen dsm pcptsd.there also several screening assessment instruments use children adolescents.include child ptsd symptom scale cpss child trauma screening questionnaire ucla posttraumatic stress disorder reaction index dsmiv.in addition also screening assessment instruments caregivers young children six years age younger.include young child ptsd screen young child ptsd checklist diagnostic infant preschool assessment.assessment evidencebased assessment principles including multimethod assessment approach form foundation ptsd assessment. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | diagnostic statistical manual ptsd classified anxiety disorder dsmiv since reclassified trauma stressorrelated disorder dsm.dsm diagnostic criteria ptsd include four symptom clusters reexperiencing avoidance negative alterations cognitionmood alterations arousal reactivity.international classification diseases international classification diseases related health problems icd classifies ptsd reaction severe stress adjustment disorders.icd criteria ptsd include reexperiencing avoidance either increased reactivity inability recall certain details related event.the icd diagnostic description ptsd contains three components symptom groups reexperiencing avoidance heightened sense threat.icd longer includes verbal thoughts traumatic event symptom. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | predicted lower rate diagnosed ptsd using icd compared icd dsm.icd also proposes identifying distinct group complex posttraumatic stress disorder cptsd often experienced several sustained traumas greater functional impairment ptsd.differential diagnosis diagnosis ptsd requires person exposed extreme stressor.stressor result diagnosis adjustment disorder appropriate diagnosis stressor symptom pattern meet criteria ptsd.the symptom pattern acute stress disorder must occur resolved within four weeks trauma.lasts longer symptom pattern fits characteristic ptsd diagnosis may changed.obsessive compulsive disorder may diagnosed intrusive thoughts recurring related specific traumatic event.in extreme cases prolonged repeated traumatization viable chance escape survivors may develop complex posttraumatic stress disorder. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | occurs result layers trauma rather single traumatic event includes additional symptomatology loss coherent sense self.prevention modest benefits seen early access cognitive behavioral therapy.critical incident stress management suggested means preventing ptsd subsequent studies suggest likelihood producing negative outcomes.cochrane review find evidence support use intervention offered everyone multiple session interventions may result worse outcome intervention individuals.world health organization recommends use benzodiazepines antidepressants acute stress symptoms lasting less one month. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | evidence supports use hydrocortisone prevention adults although limited evidence supporting propranolol escitalopram temazepam gabapentin.psychological debriefing traumaexposed individuals often receive treatment called psychological debriefing effort prevent ptsd consists interviews meant allow individuals directly confront event share feelings counselor help structure memories event.however several metaanalyses find psychological debriefing unhelpful potentially harmful.true singlesession debriefing multiple session interventions.american psychological association assessed psychological debriefing research supporttreatment potentially harmful. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | risktargeted interventions risktargeted interventions attempt mitigate specific formative information events.target modeling normal behaviors instruction task giving information event.management reviews studies found combination therapy psychological pharmacotherapy effective psychological therapy alone.counselling approaches strongest evidence include behavioral cognitivebehavioral therapies prolonged exposure therapy cognitive processing therapy eye movement desensitization reprocessing emdr.evidence brief eclectic psychotherapy bep narrative exposure therapy net written exposure therapy.a cochrane review evaluated couples family therapies compared care individual group therapies treatment ptsd. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | studies couples therapies determine substantive benefits derived preliminary rcts suggested couples therapies may beneficial reducing ptsd symptoms.a metaanalytic comparison emdr cognitive behavioral therapy cbt found protocols indistinguishable terms effectiveness treating ptsd however contribution eye movement component emdr treatment outcome unclear.metaanalysis children adolescents also found emdr efficacious cbt.children ptsd far likely pursue treatment school proximity ease free clinic.cognitive behavioral therapy cbt seeks change way person feels acts changing patterns thinking behavior responsible negative emotions.results systematic review found high strength evidence supports cbtexposure therapy efficacious reduction ptsd depression symptoms well loss ptsd diagnosis.cbt proven effective treatment ptsd currently considered standard care ptsd united states department defense. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | cbt individuals learn identify thoughts make feel afraid upset replace less distressing thoughts.goal understand certain thoughts events cause ptsdrelated stress.provision cbt internetbased format also studied cochrane review.review find similar beneficial effects internetbased settings facetoface quality evidence low due small number trials reviewed.exposure therapy type cognitive behavioral therapy involves assisting trauma survivors reexperience distressing traumarelated memories reminders order facilitate habituation successful emotional processing trauma memory.exposure therapy programs include imaginal confrontation traumatic memories reallife exposure trauma reminders therapy modality well supported clinical evidence. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | success exposurebased therapies raised question whether exposure necessary ingredient treatment ptsd.organizations endorsed need exposure.u.s. department veterans affairs actively training mental health treatment staff prolonged exposure therapy cognitive processing therapy effort better treat u.s. veterans ptsd.recent research contextually based thirdgeneration behavior therapies suggests may produce results comparable better validated therapies.many therapy methods significant element exposure demonstrated success treating primary problems ptsd cooccurring depressive symptoms.eye movement desensitization reprocessing eye movement desensitization reprocessing emdr form psychotherapy developed studied francine shapiro. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | noticed thinking disturbing memories eyes moving rapidly.brought eye movements control thinking thoughts less distressing.in shapiro maxfield published theory might work called adaptive information processing.theory proposes eye movement used facilitate emotional processing memories changing persons memory attend adaptive information.therapist initiates voluntary rapid eye movements person focuses memories feelings thoughts particular trauma.therapists uses hand movements get person move eyes backward forward handtapping tones also used. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | emdr closely resembles cognitive behavior therapy combines exposure revisiting traumatic event working cognitive processes relaxationselfmonitoring.however exposure way asked think experience rather talk highlighted one important distinguishing elements emdr.there several small controlled trials four eight weeks emdr adults well children adolescents.moderate strength evidence support efficacy emdr reduction ptsd symptoms loss diagnosis reduction depressive symptoms according systematic review update.emdr reduced ptsd symptoms enough short term one two adults longer met criteria ptsd number people involved trials small thus results interpreted caution pending research.enough evidence know whether emdr could eliminate ptsd adults. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | children adolescents recent metaanalysis randomized controlled trials using metansue avoid biases related missing information found emdr least efficacious cbt superior waitlist placebo.evidence emdr might prevent depression.studies comparing emdr psychological treatments medication.adverse effects largely unstudied.benefits greater women history sexual assault compared people experienced types traumatizing events accidents physical assaults war. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | small amount evidence emdr may improve reexperiencing symptoms children adolescents emdr shown improve ptsd symptoms anxiety depression.the eye movement component therapy may critical benefit.major high quality randomized trial emdr eye movements versus emdr without eye movements controversy effectiveness likely continue.authors metaanalysis published stated found people treated eye movement therapy greater improvement symptoms posttraumatic stress disorder people given therapy without eye movements.... secondly found laboratory studies evidence concludes thinking upsetting memories simultaneously task facilitates eye movements reduces vividness distress associated upsetting memories.interpersonal psychotherapy approaches particular involving social supports may also important.open trial interpersonal psychotherapy reported high rates remission ptsd symptoms without using exposure. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | current nimhfunded trial new york city comparing interpersonal psychotherapy prolonged exposure therapy relaxation therapy.medication many medications enough evidence support use four sertraline fluoxetine paroxetine venlafaxine shown small modest benefit placebo.many medications residual ptsd symptoms following treatment rule rather exception.antidepressants selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ssris serotoninnorepinephrine reuptake inhibitors snris may benefit ptsd symptoms.tricyclic antidepressants equally effective less well tolerated. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | evidence provides support small modest improvement sertraline fluoxetine paroxetine venlafaxine.thus four medications considered firstline medications ptsd.benzodiazepines benzodiazepines recommended treatment ptsd due lack evidence benefit risk worsening ptsd symptoms.authors believe use benzodiazepines contraindicated acute stress group drugs cause dissociation.nevertheless use benzodiazepines caution shortterm anxiety insomnia. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | benzodiazepines alleviate acute anxiety consistent evidence stop development ptsd may actually increase risk developing ptsd – times.additionally benzodiazepines may reduce effectiveness psychotherapeutic interventions evidence benzodiazepines may actually contribute development chronification ptsd.already ptsd benzodiazepines may worsen prolong course illness worsening psychotherapy outcomes causing exacerbating aggression depression including suicidality substance use.drawbacks include risk developing benzodiazepine dependence tolerance i.e.shortterm benefits wearing time withdrawal syndrome additionally individuals ptsd even without history alcohol drug misuse increased risk abusing benzodiazepines. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | due number treatments greater efficacy ptsd less risks e.g.prolonged exposure cognitive processing therapy eye movement desensitization reprocessing cognitive restructuring therapy traumafocused cognitive behavioral therapy brief eclectic psychotherapy narrative therapy stress inoculation training serotonergic antidepressants adrenergic inhibitors antipsychotics even anticonvulsants benzodiazepines considered relatively contraindicated treatment options exhausted.argue benzodiazepines used sooner severe cases adverse risk disinhibition associated suicidality aggression crimes clinical risks delaying inhibiting definitive efficacious treatments make alternative treatments preferable e.g.inpatient residential partial hospitalization intensive outpatient dialectic behavior therapy fastacting sedating medications trazodone mirtazapine amitripytline doxepin prazosin propranolol guanfacine clonidine quetiapine olanzapine valproate gabapentin.prazosin prazosin alpha adrenergic antagonist used veterans ptsd reduce nightmares. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | studies show variability symptom improvement appropriate dosages efficacy population.glucocorticoids glucocorticoids may useful shortterm therapy protect neurodegeneration caused extended stress response characterizes ptsd longterm use may actually promote neurodegeneration.cannabinoids cannabis recommended treatment ptsd scientific evidence currently exist demonstrating treatment efficacy cannabinoids.however use cannabis derived products widespread among u.s. veterans ptsd.the cannabinoid nabilone sometimes used nightmares ptsd.although shortterm benefit shown adverse effects common adequately studied determine efficacy. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | increasing number states permit legalized use medical cannabis treatment ptsd.exercise sport physical activity physical activity influence peoples psychological physical health.u.s. national center ptsd recommends moderate exercise way distract disturbing emotions build selfesteem increase feelings control again.recommend discussion doctor starting exercise program.play therapy children play thought help children link inner thoughts outer world connecting real experiences abstract thought. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | repetitive play also one way child relives traumatic events symptom trauma child young person.although commonly used enough studies comparing outcomes groups children receiving receiving play therapy effects play therapy yet understood.military programs many veterans wars iraq afghanistan faced significant physical emotional relational disruptions.response united states marine corps instituted programs assist readjusting civilian life especially relationships spouses loved ones help communicate better understand gone through.walter reed army institute research wrair developed battlemind program assist service members avoid ameliorate ptsd related problems. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | wounded warrior project partnered us department veterans affairs create warrior care network national health system ptsd treatment centers.nightmares united states food drug administration granted marketing approval apple watch app call nightware.app aims improve sleep people suffering ptsdrelated nightmares vibrating detects nightmare progress based monitoring heart rate body movement.epidemiology debate rates ptsd found populations despite changes diagnosis criteria used define ptsd epidemiological rates changed significantly.current reliable data regarding epidemiology ptsd based dsmiv criteria dsm introduced .the united nations world health organization publishes estimates ptsd impact member states latest data available . |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | considering populated countries ranked overall agestandardized disabilityadjusted life year daly rate top half ranked list dominated asianpacific countries us egypt.ranking countries maleonly femaleonly rates produces much result less meaningfulness score range singlesex rankings muchreduced women men compared overall score range suggesting differences female male rates within country drives distinctions countries.as crossnational lifetime prevalence ptsd .based survey .exposed trauma.primary factor impacting treatmentseeking behavior help mitigate ptsd development trauma income younger female less social status less education lower individual income unemployed factors associated less treatmentseeking behaviour. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | united states national comorbidity survey replication estimated lifetime prevalence ptsd among adult americans .women .twice likely men .ptsd point lives.men women experience least one traumatic event life. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | frequently reported traumatic events men rape combat childhood neglect physical abuse.women frequently report instances rape sexual molestation physical attack threatened weapon childhood physical abuse.men women lifetime ptsd least one comorbid psychiatric disorder.major depressive disorder men women lifetime alcohol use disorder dependence .men . |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | women common comorbid disorders.military combat united states department veterans affairs estimates vietnam war veterans suffered symptoms ptsd.national vietnam veterans readjustment study nvvrs found male female vietnam veterans ptsd time study.lifetime prevalence ptsd males females.reanalysis nvvrs data along analysis data matsunaga vietnam veterans project schnurr lunney sengupta waelde found contrary initial analysis nvvrs data large majority vietnam veterans suffered ptsd symptoms disorder itself. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | four five reported recent symptoms interviewed – years vietnam.a study georgia state university san diego state university found rates ptsd diagnosis increased significantly troops stationed combat zones tours longer year experienced combat injured.military personnel serving combat zones .percentage points likely receive ptsd diagnosis activeduty counterparts noncombat zones.serving months combat zone .percentage points likely diagnosed ptsd served less one year. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | experiencing enemy firefight associated .percentage point increase probability ptsd wounded injured combat associated .percentage point increase likelihood ptsd diagnosis..million u.s. troops deployed combat zones total estimated twoyear costs treatment combatrelated ptsd . |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | billion .billion.as rates ptsd estimated veterans returning iraq afghanistan.veterans returning iraq unemployed.manmade disasters september attacks took lives nearly people leaving injured.first responders police firefighters emergency medical technicians sanitation workers volunteers involved recovery efforts. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | prevalence probable ptsd highly exposed populations estimated across several studies using inperson telephone online interviews questionnaires.overall prevalence ptsd highest immediately following attacks decreased time.however disparities found among different types recovery workers.rate probable ptsd first responders lowest directly attacks increased ranges .. .. year followup later assessment.comparing traditional responders nontraditional responders volunteers probable ptsd prevalence . |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | years initial visit greater volunteers estimates ..respectively.volunteer participation tasks atypical defined occupational role significant risk factor ptsd.risk factors included exposure intensity earlier start date duration time spent site constant negative reminders trauma. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | additional research performed understand social consequences september attacks.alcohol consumption assessed cohort world trade center workers using cutannoyedguiltyeye cage questionnaire alcohol use disorder.almost world trade center workers selfidentified alcohol users reported drinking rescue efforts.nearly quarter individuals reported drinking following recovery.determined probable ptsd status risk developing alcohol problem double compared without psychological morbidity. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | social disability also studied cohort social consequence september attacks.defined disruption family work social life risk developing social disability increased fold categorized probable ptsd.veterans united states united states provides range benefits veterans va determined ptsd developed result military service.benefits may include taxfree cash payments free lowcost mental health treatment healthcare vocational rehabilitation services employment assistance independent living support.iraq young iraqis high rates posttraumatic stress disorder due invasion iraq. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | united kingdom uk various charities service organisations dedicated aiding veterans readjusting civilian life.royal british legion recently established help heroes two britains highprofile veterans organisations actively advocated veterans years.controversy nhs done enough tackling mental health issues instead dumping veterans charities combat stress.canada veterans affairs canada offers new program includes rehabilitation financial benefits job placement health benefits program disability awards peer support family support.history edition dsmi includes diagnosis gross stress reaction similarities modern definition understanding ptsd. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | gross stress reaction defined normal personality using established patterns reaction deal overwhelming fear response conditions great stress.diagnosis includes language relates condition combat well civilian catastrophe.a usaf study carried focused individuals civilian military worked recover identify remains died jonestown.bodies dead several days third children.study used term dysphoria describe ptsdlike symptoms.early diagnosis term posttraumatic stress disorder first recommended working group finding presented committee reactive disorders.condition described dsmiii posttraumatic stress disorder. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | dsmiv spelling posttraumatic stress disorder used icd spelling posttraumatic stress disorder.the addition term dsmiii greatly influenced experiences conditions u.s. military veterans vietnam war.owing association war vietnam ptsd become synonymous many historical wartime diagnoses railway spine stress syndrome nostalgia soldiers heart shell shock battle fatigue combat stress reaction traumatic war neurosis.terms date back th century indicative universal nature condition.similar vein psychiatrist jonathan shay proposed lady percys soliloquy william shakespeare play henry iv part act scene lines – written around represents unusually accurate description symptom constellation ptsd.the correlations combat ptsd undeniable according stéphane audoinrouzeau annette becker onetenth mobilized american men hospitalized mental disturbances thirtyfive days uninterrupted combat manifested psychiatric disturbances varying degrees.fact much available published research regarding ptsd based studies done veterans war vietnam. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | study based personal letters soldiers thcentury prussian army concludes combatants may ptsd.aspects ptsd soldiers ancient assyria identified using written sources – bce.assyrian soldiers would undergo threeyear rotation combat allowed return home reported faced immense challenges reconciling past actions war civilian lives.connections actions viking berserkers hyperarousal posttraumatic stress disorder also drawn.the researchers grady trauma project highlight tendency people focus combat side ptsd less public awareness focused civilian ptsd results trauma exposure combat related... much research civilian ptsd focused sequelae single disastrous event oklahoma city bombing september th attacks hurricane katrina.disparity focus ptsd research affects already popular perception exclusive interconnectedness combat ptsd. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | misleading comes understanding implications extent ptsd neurological disorder.dating back definition gross stress reaction dsmi civilian experience catastrophic high stress events included cause ptsd medical literature.national comorbidity survey reports traumas commonly associated ptsd combat exposure witnessing among men rape sexual molestation among women.because initial overt focus ptsd combat related disorder first fleshed years following war vietnam ann wolbert burgess lynda lytle holmstrom defined rape trauma syndrome rts order draw attention striking similarities experiences soldiers returning war rape victims.paved way comprehensive understanding causes ptsd.after ptsd became official psychiatric diagnosis publication dsmiii number personal injury lawsuits tort claims asserting plaintiff suffered ptsd increased rapidly.however triers fact judges juries often regarded ptsd diagnostic criteria imprecise view shared legal scholars trauma specialists forensic psychologists forensic psychiatrists. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | professional discussions debates academic journals conferences thought leaders led clearlydefined set diagnostic criteria dsmiv particularly definition traumatic event.the dsmiv classified ptsd anxiety disorders dsm created new category called trauma stressorrelated disorders ptsd classified.terminology diagnostic statistical manual mental disorders hyphenate post traumatic thus dsm lists disorder posttraumatic stress disorder.however many scientific journal articles scholarly publications hyphenate name disorder viz.posttraumatic stress disorder.dictionaries also differ regard preferred spelling disorder collins english dictionary – complete unabridged using hyphenated spelling american heritage dictionary english language fifth edition random house kernerman websters college dictionary giving nonhyphenated spelling.some authors used terms posttraumatic stress syndrome posttraumatic stress symptoms ptss simply posttraumatic stress pts case u.s. department defense avoid stigma associated word disorder.the comedian george carlin criticized euphemism treadmill led progressive change way ptsd referred course th century shell shock first world war battle fatigue second world war operational exhaustion korean war current posttraumatic stress disorder coined vietnam war added hyphen commented completely buries pain jargon. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | also stated name given condition direct effect way veteran soldiers ptsd treated perceived civilian populations time.research knowledge regarding ptsd comes studies highincome countries.to recapitulate neurological neurobehavioral symptoms experienced veteran population recent conflicts iraq afghanistan researchers roskamp institute james haley veterans hospital tampa developed animal model study consequences mild traumatic brain injury mtbi ptsd.laboratory researchers exposed mice repeated session unpredictable stressor i.e.predator odor restrained physical trauma form inescapable footshock also combined mtbi.study ptsd animals demonstrated recall traumatic memories anxiety impaired social behavior animals subject mtbi ptsd pattern disinhibitorylike behavior. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | mtbi abrogated contextual fear impairments social behavior seen ptsd animals.comparison animal studies examination neuroendocrine neuroimmune responses plasma revealed trend toward increase corticosterone ptsd combination groups.stellate ganglion block experimental procedure treatment ptsd.researchers investigating number experimental faah maglinhibiting drugs hopes finding better treatment anxiety stressrelated illnesses.faahinhibitor drug bia withdrawn human trials france due adverse effects.preliminary evidence suggests mdmaassisted psychotherapy might effective treatment ptsd.however important note results clinical trials mdmaassisted psychotherapy might substantially influenced expectancy effects given unblinding participants.furthermore conspicuous lack trials comparing mdmaassisted psychotherapy existent firstline treatments ptsd traumafocused psychological treatments seems achieve similar even better outcomes mdmaassisted psychotherapy. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | psychotherapy traumafocused psychotherapies ptsd also known exposurebased exposure psychotherapies prolonged exposure therapy pe eye movement desensitization reprocessing emdr cognitivereprocessing therapy cpt evidence efficacy recommended firstline treatment ptsd almost clinical practice guidelines.exposurebased psychotherapies demonstrate efficacy ptsd caused different trauma types combat sexualassault natural disasters.time many traumafocused psychotherapies evince high dropout rates.most systematic reviews clinical guidelines indicate psychotherapies ptsd traumafocused therapies effective pharmacotherapy medication although reviews suggest exposurebased psychotherapies ptsd pharmacotherapy equally effective.interpersonal psychotherapy shows preliminary evidence probable efficacy research needed reach definitive conclusions.notes references article incorporates text free content work. |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | licensed cc bysa .igo text taken lifeline learning leveraging mobile technology support education refugees unesco unesco.unesco.learn add open license text wikipedia articles please see howto page.information reusing text wikipedia please see terms use. |
Unconventional warfare | external links posttraumatic stress disorder curliepost traumatic stress disorder information national child traumatic stress networkinformation resources university queensland school medicineapa practice parameters assessment treatment ptsd updated resources professionals va national ptsd center psychiatry portalwhereas conventional warfare used reduce opponents military capability directly attacks maneuvers unconventional warfare attempt achieve victory indirectly proxy force.uw contrasts conventional warfare forces often covert welldefined relies heavily subversion guerrilla warfare.objectives forms warfare unconventional warfares general objective instill belief peace security possible without compromise concession.two original definitions claiming intent u.s. unconventional warfare efforts exploit hostile power’s political military economic psychological vulnerabilities developing sustaining resistance forces accomplish u.s. strategic objectives.according john f. kennedythere another type warfare—new intensity ancient origin—war guerrillas subversives insurgents assassins war ambush instead combat infiltration instead aggression seeking victory eroding exhausting enemy instead engaging him. |
Unconventional warfare | preys unrest.unconventional warfare employed furtherance one three strategic outcomes overthrow existing government occupying power disruption operations power coercion power.methods organization unconventional warfare targets civilian population psychologically win hearts minds targets military political bodies purpose seeking render military proficiency enemy irrelevant.limited conventional warfare tactics used unconventionally demonstrate might power rather reduce enemys ability fight substantially.addition surgical application traditional weapons armaments specifically target military used airstrikes nuclear weapons incendiary devices weapons.special forces inserted deep behind enemy lines used unconventionally train equip advise locals oppose government. |
Unconventional warfare | also spread subversion propaganda aid native resistance fighters ultimately cause hostile government capitulate.tactics focus destroying military targets avoiding damage civilian infrastructure blockading military resupply used decrease morale government forces.the usa department defense defines unconventional warfare activities conducted enable resistance movement insurgency coerce disrupt overthrow government occupying power operating underground auxiliary guerrilla force denied area.also called uw.history advent atomic age changed forever philosophies conventional warfare necessity conceal authorship actions hostile states.age asymmetric unconventional warfare terrorism begun.one first references manpower atomic war edward fitzpatrick referred next kind war technological war machine war atomic war. |
Unconventional warfare | using soft power methods target civilians instead military units however begun earlier particularly strategy use republics.developed tool national socialism neoliberalism evolved doctrines.there overlap world corporate security defense contracting models extended field risk assessment.one first instances unconventional warfare techniques civilians documented la follette committee.see also asymmetric warfaregerasimov doctrinehybrid warfarefourth generation warfareirregular militaryirregular warfarelow intensity conflictpartisan militarypolitical warfarepsychological warfareresistance movementterrorismcounterintelligenceunrestricted warfarefullspectrum dominancea seminal work unconventional staybehind warfare major hans von dachs der totale widerstand total resistance.sixlegged soldiers scientific warfare book another potential form unconventional warfare jeffrey a. lockwoodus nato specificoperation gladioproject eldest sonreagan doctrinespecial activities divisionu.s.army special forces references external links insurgency research group – multiexpert blog dedicated study insurgency development counterinsurgency policy.allied war terminology file agoarmy.comspecialforcesunconventionalwarfarepermanent dead link unconventional warfare definitions presentunconventional warfare better path regime change twenty first centuryinstruments statecraft u.s. guerrilla warfare counterinsurgency counterterrorism –pentagon plans cyberinsect army |
Volcano rabbit | worlds secondsmallest rabbit second pygmy rabbit.small rounded ears short legs short thick fur weighs approximately – g .–.lb.life span years.volcano rabbit lives groups animals burrows underground nests runways among grass tussocks. |
Volcano rabbit | burrows long deep cm.usually young per litter born burrows.semicaptivity however make burrows young born nests made grass tussocks.unlike many species rabbits similar pikas volcano rabbit emits highpitched sounds instead thumping feet ground warn rabbits danger.crepuscular highly active twilight dawn times between.populations estimated approximately – colonies total population individuals entire range. |
Volcano rabbit | morphology anatomy volcano rabbit’s adult weight goes g. short dense fur ranges color brown black.rabbit gnawing animal distinguished rodents two pairs specialized upper incisors designed gnawing.body size hindlimb development demonstrates need extra grasscover evasion predators.speediness hind limb development relative body size correlate necessity evasion action.relatively slow vulnerable open habitats therefore take comfort high covered areas. |
Volcano rabbit | also difficulty breeding small enclosures.volcano rabbits narrow gestational period one study females gave birth days coitus.create runways similar made microtine rodents navigate habitat.burrows consist dense grass clumps length depth cm.small size relates selective dietary habits. |
Volcano rabbit | used one piece scientific research.habitat volcano rabbits endangered species endemic mexico.specifically rabbit native four volcanoes south east mexico city largest volcanic regions within iztapopo national park areas include chichinautzin pelado volcanos.range volcano rabbit fragmented individual patches human disturbance.vegetation within patches dominated native grasslands include nearctic neotropical varieties. |
Volcano rabbit | elevation patches meters sea level.soil consists mostly andosol lithosol.local climate temperate subhumid mean annual temperature °c.annual rainfall averages millimeters.patches heavily populated volcano rabbits plants festuca tolucensus pinus hartwegii abundant. |
Volcano rabbit | volcano rabbits show strong preferences habitat types categorized open pine forests open pine woodland mixed alder pine forest.human activity area great impact upon preferred habitat volcano rabbit.humans fragmented rabbits habitat constructing highways farming afforestation i.e.planting trees dont belong lack sound fire grazing practices.ecological fragmentation caused environmental discontinuity.volcano rabbits commonly found higher altitudes. |
Volcano rabbit | almost volcano rabbits found pine forests alder forests grasslands.r. diazi gnawing animal distinguished rodents two pairs specialized upper incisors designed gnawing.volcano rabbits abundant near tall dense herbs thick vegetation adversely affected anthropogenic environmental disturbances like logging burning.study effects climate change upon volcano rabbit metapopulations concluded fluctuations climate affected rabbits edge habitable range.volcano rabbits range encompasses maximum km grasslands elevated areas transmexican neovolcanic belt.the last unconfirmed sighting species nevado de toluca permanent colony historically documented occurred august supposedly one volcano rabbit observed. |
Volcano rabbit | since however research conducted hoth et al.relation distribution volcano rabbit already found records species nevado de toluca including site tikul álvarez ipn collected specimen nevado de toluca km km w raíces masl.notwithstanding although permanent colony documented nevado de toluca volcano rabbit declared extinct within portion range populations exist elsewhere within transmexican volcanic belt captivity.due international union conservation nature red data book iucn longer mentions nevado de toluca current potential site distribution species.habitat management iucnssc lagomorph specialist group created action plan rabbit focuses upon need manage burning overgrazing zacatón habitats enforce laws prohibiting hunting capture sale. |
Volcano rabbit | studies volcano rabbits geographical range role habitat population dynamics evolutionary history recommended.addition habitat restoration establishment zacatón corridors link core areas habitat needed.diet volcano rabbit feeds primarily grasses festuca amplissima muhlenbergia macroura stipa ichu eryngium rosei.rabbits also use plants cover hide predators.m. macroura found pellets volcano rabbits suggesting base diet actually provide necessary energy protein needs rabbits. |
Volcano rabbit | supplementing diet forms plant life volcano rabbits get required nutrition.plant species also responsible supporting volcano rabbit muhlenbergia quadidentata pinus hartwegii f. tolucensis p. hartwegeii.volcano rabbits also consume leaves foliage flowers indiscriminately poor conditions habitat loss eliminated much food sources.fact protein acquisition primary limiting factor size populations four volcanoes species located.studies show many individuals population suffer serious weight loss starvation.seasonal changes also affect diet volcano rabbit greatly. |
Volcano rabbit | grasses normally consumes abundant wet seasons.dry season volcano rabbit feasts shrubs small trees well woody plants.winter plants woody plants make diet well primary building material nests.decline numerous studies conducted agreed habitat volcano rabbit shrinking due combination natural anthropogenic causes.evidence range shrunk significantly last years due – °c increase prevailing temperature distribution divided patches. |
Volcano rabbit | fragmentation volcano rabbits distribution resulted longterm warming trend driven progressively higher altitudes relatively recent construction highways dissect habitat.declines r. diazi population occurring due number changes vegetation climate thus elevation.volcano rabbit extremely vulnerable effects climate change anthropogenic intrusions extremely limited range specialized diet.patches vegetation r. diazi uses survival becoming fragmented isolated smaller rendering environment open therefore less suitable survival.volcano rabbit inhabits area surrounding mexico city mexicos populous region suffered high rate habitat destruction.the cottontail rabbit sylvilagus expanding volcano rabbit’s niche “no evidence volcano rabbits habitat selection response competitive exclusion.volcano rabbit severely pressured human intrusion habitat. |
Volcano rabbit | anthropogenic disturbance enables rabbit species flourish grasslands increasing competition volcano rabbit.volcano rabbits bred captivity evidence species loses significant amount genetic diversity reproduces conditions.comparative study done wild captive volcano rabbits found latter lost substantial amount dna loci specimens lost genetic variability.however one locus whose variability higher wild population.threats conservation efforts threats r. diazi volcano rabbit include logging harvesting grasses livestock grazing habitat destruction urban expansion highway construction frequent forest fires.recent threats include unsound management policies habitat national parks outside mainly afforestation planting trees grasslands belong.these threats resulted loss – volcano rabbit’s habitat last three generations. |
Volcano rabbit | also resulted ecological displacement genetic isolation r. diazi.hunting another threat volcano rabbit despite fact r. diazi listed appendix cites illegal hunt r. diazi mexican law.however many unaware r. diazi protected officials adequately enforce protection.hunting livestock grazing fires even harm r. diazi within national parks protected iztapopo zoquiapan national parks.in terms conservation efforts various captive breeding programs established relative success infant mortality captivity high.actions toward conservation focused enforcement laws forbid hunting trading volcano rabbit. |
Coup d'état | furthermore efforts must put toward habitat management specifically control forest fires livestock overgrazing grasses.lastly would beneficial enact education programs regarding r. diazi various threats face it.public also educated volcano rabbit’s protected status many unaware illegal hunt r. diazi.references external links arkive – images movies volcano rabbit romerolagus diazianimal diversity web – romerolagus diazianimalinfo.org – volcano rabbittypically illegal seizure power political faction rebel group military dictator.many scholars consider coup successful usurpers seize hold power least seven days.etymology term comes french coup détat literally meaning stroke state blow state.french word état french eta capitalized denotes sovereign political entity.although concept coup détat featured politics since antiquity phrase relatively recent coinage phrase appear within english text th century except used translation french source simple phrase english convey contextualized idea knockout blow existing administration within state.one early use within text translated french printed translation letter french merchant commenting arbitrary decree arrêt issued french king restricting import british wool.may first published use within text composed english editors note london morning chronicle january th reporting arrest napoleon france moreau berthier masséna bernadotte report circulation yesterday sort coup détat taken place france consequence formidable conspiracy existing government. |
Coup d'état | british press phrase came used describe various murders napoleons alleged secret police gens darmes delite executed duke enghien actors torture distributors poisoning draughts secret executioners unfortunate individuals families bonapartes measures safety require remove.revolutionary tyrants call grands coups détat butchering poisoning drowning en masse exclusively employed.related terms palace coup palace coup coup one faction within ruling group displaces another faction within ruling group.along popular protests palace coups major threat dictators.harem conspiracy th century bc one earliest. |
Coup d'état | palace coups common imperial china.also occurred among habsburg dynasty austria althani dynasty qatar haiti th early th centuries.majority russian tsars either overthrown usurped power palace coups.putsch german term putsch pʊtʃ swissgerman knock denotes politicomilitary actions unsuccessful minority reactionary coup.term initially coined züriputsch september switzerland. |
Coup d'état | also used attempted coups weimar germany kapp putsch küstrin putsch beer hall putsch adolf hitler.during night long knives supposed putsch underpinning disinformation tactic hitler nazi party members.initiating purge idea imminent coup allowed falsely claim killing justified means suppress uprising.germans still use term röhmputsch describe event term given nazi regime despite unproven implication murders necessary prevent reactionary coup.thus german authors often use quotation marks write sogenannter röhmputsch socalled röhm putsch emphasis.the algiers putsch august putsch also use term.pronunciamiento pronunciamiento pronouncement term spanish origin type coup détat. |
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