Split (1)

train · 173k rows

title stringlengths 1 105	content stringlengths 5 58.1k
Coup d'état	pronunciamiento formal explanation deposing regnant government justifying installation new government affected golpe de estado.barracks revolt cuartelazo also term military revolt spanish term cuartel quarter barracks.specific military garrisons sparking factor larger military revolt government.one author makes distinction coup pronunciamiento.coup military paramilitary opposing political faction deposes current government assumes power whereas pronunciamiento military deposes existing government installs ostensibly civilian government.types actual attempted unilateral seizures power sometimes called coups adjectives.
Coup d'état	appropriate term subjective carries normative analytical political implications.prevalence history according clayton thyne jonathan powells coup data set coup attempts .successful .unsuccessful.find coups common africa americas .
Coup d'état	.respectively.asia middle east experienced ..total global coups respectively.
Coup d'état	europe experienced far fewest coup attempts .. coup attempts occurred mids also large numbers coup attempts mids early s. majority coups failed middle east latin america.somewhat higher chance success africa asia.numbers successful coups decreased time.outcomes study categorizes four possible outcomes coups dictatorshipsfailed coupno regime change leader illegally shuffled power without changing identity group power rules governingreplacement incumbent another dictatorshipousting dictatorship followed democratization also called democratic coupsthe study found half coups dictatorships—both cold war—install new autocratic regimes.new dictatorships launched coups engage higher levels repression year follows coup existed year leading coup.
Coup d'état	onethird coups dictatorships cold war later ones reshuffled regime leadership.democracies installed wake cold war coups dictatorships postcold war ones.coups occurring postcold war period likely result democratic systems precold war coups though coups still mostly perpetuate authoritarianism.coups occur civil wars shorten wars duration.predictors review academic literature found following factors associated coupsthe literature review study includes mentions ethnic factionalism supportive foreign governments leader inexperience slow growth commodity price shocks poverty.coups found appear environments heavily influenced military powers.multiple factors connected military culture power dynamics.
Coup d'état	factors divided multiple categories two categories threat military interests support military interests.interests go either direction military find either capitalizing power attempting gain back.coup trap cumulative number coups strong predictor future coups.phenomenon called coup trap.study latin american countries found establishment open political competition helps bring countries coup trap reduces cycles political instability.
Coup d'état	regime type polarization hybrid regimes vulnerable coups authoritarian states democratic states.study found democratic regimes substantially likely experience coups.study finds terrorism strongly associated reshuffling coups.study finds ethnic component coups leaders attempt build ethnic armies dismantle created predecessors provoke violent resistance military officers.another study shows protests increase risk coups presumably ease coordination obstacles among coup plotters make international actors less likely punish coup leaders.
Coup d'état	third study finds coups become likely wake elections autocracies results reveal electoral weakness incumbent autocrat.fourth study finds inequality social classes increases likelihood coups.fifth study finds evidence coups contagious one coup region make coups region likely follow.one study found coups likely occur states small populations smaller coordination problems coupplotters.a study found civilian elites polarized electoral competition low civilianrecruited coups become likely.in autocracies frequency coups seems affected succession rules place monarchies fixed succession rule much less plagued instability less institutionalized autocracies.a study latin american countries thcentury study found legislative powers presidency influence coup frequency.territorial disputes internal conflicts armed conflicts study found autocratic leaders whose states involved international rivalries disputed territory likely overthrown coup.
Coup d'état	authors study provide following logic autocratic incumbents invested spatial rivalries need strengthen military order compete foreign adversary.imperative developing strong army puts dictators paradoxical situation compete rival state must empower agency—the military—that likely threaten survival office.however two studies found leaders involved militarized confrontations conflicts less likely face coup.a study found states recently signed civil war peace agreements much likely experience coups particular agreements contained provisions jeopardized interests military.popular opposition regional rebellions research suggests protests spur coups help elites within state apparatus coordinate coups.a study found regional rebellions made coups military likely.effect military study found coup attempts less likely states militaries derived significant incomes peacekeeping missions.
Coup d'état	study argued militaries dissuaded staging coups feared un would longer enlist military peacekeeping missions.a separate study found presence military academies linked coups.authors argue military academies make easier military officers plan coups schools build networks among military officers.economy development resource factors study found oil price shocks seen promote coups onshoreintensive oil countries preventing offshoreintensive oil countries.study argues states onshore oil wealth tend build military protect oil whereas states offshore oil wealth.a study found elections twosided impact coup attempts depending state economy.periods economic expansion elections reduced likelihood coup attempts whereas elections economic crises increased likelihood coup attempts.a study found oil wealthy nations see pronounced risk coup attempts coups unlikely succeed.a study latin american countries th century study found coup frequency vary development levels economic inequality rate economic growth.
Coup d'état	coupproofing referred coupproofing regimes create structures make hard small group seize power.coupproofing strategies may include strategic placing family ethnic religious groups military creation armed force parallel regular military development multiple internal security agencies overlapping jurisdiction constantly monitor one another.may also involve frequent salary hikes promotions members military deliberate use diverse bureaucrats.research shows coupproofing strategies reduce risk coups occurring.however coupproofing reduces military effectiveness limits rents incumbent extract.a study shows implementation succession rules reduce occurrence coup attempts.
Coup d'état	succession rules believed hamper coordination efforts among coup plotters assuaging elites gain patience plotting.according political scientists curtis bell jonathan powell coup attempts neighbouring countries lead greater coupproofing couprelated repression region.study finds countries coupproofing strategies heavily influenced countries similar histories.coupproofing likely former french colonies.a study journal peace research found leaders survive coup attempts respond purging known potential rivals likely longer tenures leaders.study conflict management peace science found personalist dictatorships likely take coupproofing measures authoritarian regimes authors argue personalists characterized weak institutions narrow support bases lack unifying ideologies informal links ruler.impact democracy research suggests coups promoting democratization staunchly authoritarian regimes become less likely end democracy time positive influence strengthened since end cold war.a study found coups promote democratization particularly among states least likely democratize otherwise.
Coup d'état	authors argue coup attempts consequence leaders successful coups incentives democratize quickly order establish political legitimacy economic growth leaders stay power failed coup attempts see sign must enact meaningful reforms remain power.study found postcold war coups successful.authors argue may due incentives created international pressure.study found democracies installed cold war coups postcold war coups.study found coups tended lead increases state repression reductions.according study external reactions coups play important roles whether coup leaders move toward authoritarianism democratic governance.
Coup d'état	supported external democratic actors coup leaders incentive push elections retain external support consolidate domestic legitimacy.condemned coup leaders apt trend toward authoritarianism assure survival.according legal scholar ilya somin coup forcibly overthrow democratic government might sometimes justified.he wrotethere strong presumption forcibly removing democratic regime.presumption might overcome government question poses grave threat human rights likely destroy democracy shutting future political competition.repression countercoups according naunihal singh author seizing power strategic logic military coups fairly rare prevailing existing government violently purge army coup foiled.starts mass killing elements army including officers involved coup may trigger countercoup soldiers afraid next.
Coup d'état	prevent desperate countercoup may successful initial attempt governments usually resort firing prominent officers replacing loyalists instead.some research suggests increased repression violence typically follow successful unsuccessful coup attempts.however tentative analysis political scientist jay ulfelder finds clear pattern deterioration human rights practices wake failed coups postcold war era.notable countercoups include ottoman countercoup laotian countercoup indonesian mass killings – nigerian countercoup greek countercoup sudanese countercoup coup détat december twelfth south korea.a study finds use state broadcasting putschist regime malis coup elevate explicit approval regime.according study coup attempts lead reduction physical integrity rights.international response international community tends react adversely coups reducing aid imposing sanctions.study finds coups democracies coups cold war coups states heavily integrated international community likely elicit global reaction.another study shows coups strongest predictor imposition democratic sanctions.
Coup d'état	third study finds western states react strongest coups possible democratic human rights abuses.study shows international donor community postcold war period penalizes coups reducing foreign aid.us inconsistent applying aid sanctions coups cold war postcold war periods likely consequence geopolitical interests.organizations african union au organization american states oas adopted anticoup frameworks.threat sanctions organizations actively try curb coups.study finds au played meaningful role reducing african coups.a study found negative international responses especially powerful actors significant effect shortening duration regimes created coups.according study coups increase cost borrowing increase likelihood sovereign default.
Internet security	current leaders assumed power via coups see also references reading external links dictionary definition coup détat wiktionary media related coups détat wikimedia commonsjohn j. chin david b. carter joseph g. wright.dataset military nonmilitary coup attempts world since .powell jonathan clayton thyne.global instances coups present.encompasses internet browser security web site security network security applies applications operating systems whole.objective establish rules measures use attacks internet.internet inherently insecure channel information exchange high risk intrusion fraud phishing online viruses trojans ransomware worms.many methods used combat threats including encryption groundup engineering.threats malicious software malicious software comes many forms viruses trojan horses spyware worms.malware portmanteau malicious software software used disrupt computer operation gather sensitive information gain access private computer systems.malware defined malicious intent acting requirements computer user include software unintentionally causes harm due deficiency.
Internet security	term badware applies malware unintentionally harmful software.a botnet network computers taken robot bot performs largescale malicious acts creator.computer viruses programs replicate structures effects infecting files structures computer.typical purpose virus take computer steal data.computer worms programs replicate throughout computer network.ransomware type malware restricts access computer system infects demands ransom order restriction removed.scareware program usually limited benefit containing malicious payloads sold via unethical marketing practices.selling approach uses social engineering cause shock anxiety perception threat generally directed unsuspecting user.spyware refers programs surreptitiously monitor activity computer system report information others without users consent.one particular kind spyware key logging malware.often referred keylogging keyboard capturing action recording logging keys struck keyboard.a trojan horse commonly known trojan general term malware pretends harmless user convinced download onto computer.denialofservice attacks denialofservice attack dos distributed denialofservice attack ddos attempt make computer resource unavailable intended users.
Internet security	works making many service requests system overwhelmed becomes unable process them.dos may target cloud computing systems.according business participants international security survey respondents experienced dos attack another ..dos attacks often use bots botnet carry attack.
Internet security	phishing phishing targets online users attempt extract sensitive information passwords financial information.phishing occurs attacker pretends trustworthy entity either via email web page.victims directed web pages appear legitimate instead route information attackers.tactics email spoofing attempt make emails appear legitimate senders long complex urls hide actual website.insurance group rsa claimed phishing accounted worldwide losses .
Internet security	billion .application vulnerabilities applications used access internet resources may contain security vulnerabilities memory safety bugs flawed authentication checks.bugs give network attackers full control computer.a widespread webbrowser application vulnerability crossorigin resource sharing cors vulnerability maximum security privacy make sure adopt adequate countermeasures patches provided webkitbased browsers.countermeasures network layer security tcpip protocols may secured cryptographic methods security protocols.protocols include secure sockets layer ssl succeeded transport layer security tls web traffic pretty good privacy pgp email ipsec network layer security.
Internet security	internet protocol security ipsec ipsec designed protect tcpip communication secure manner.set security extensions developed internet engineering task force ietf.provides security authentication ip layer transforming data using encryption.two main types transformation form basis ipsec authentication header ah esp.provide data integrity data origin authentication antireplay services.
Internet security	protocols used alone combination.basic components includesecurity protocols ah espsecurity association policy management traffic processingmanual automatic key management internet key exchange ikealgorithms authentication encryptionthe algorithm allows sets work independently without affecting parts implementation.ipsec implementation operated host security gateway environment giving protection ip traffic.threat modeling threat modeling tools helps proactively analyze cyber security posture system system systems way prevent security threats.multifactor authentication multifactor authentication mfa access control method user granted access successfully presenting separate pieces evidence authentication mechanism – two following categories knowledge something know possession something inherence something are.internet resources websites email may secured using technique.
Internet security	security token online sites offer customers ability use sixdigit code randomly changes every – seconds physical security token.token builtin computations manipulates numbers based current time.means every thirty seconds certain array numbers validate access.website made aware devices serial number knows computation correct time verify number.– seconds device presents new random sixdigit number log website.
Internet security	electronic mail security background email messages composed delivered stored multiple step process starts messages composition.message sent transformed standard format according rfc .using network connection mail client sends senders identity recipient list message content server.server receives information forwards message recipients.pretty good privacy pgp pretty good privacy provides confidentiality encrypting messages transmitted data files stored using encryption algorithm triple des cast.
Internet security	email messages protected using cryptography various ways followingdigitally signing message ensure integrity confirm senders identity.encrypting message body email message ensure confidentiality.encrypting communications mail servers protect confidentiality message body message header.the first two methods message signing message body encryption often used together however encrypting transmissions mail servers typically used two organizations want protect emails regularly sent them.example organizations could establish virtual private network vpn encrypt communications mail servers.unlike methods encrypt message body vpn encrypt communication connection including email header information senders recipients subjects.however vpn provide message signing mechanism provide protection email messages along entire route sender recipient.message authentication code message authentication code mac cryptography method uses secret key digitally sign message.
Internet security	method outputs mac value decrypted receiver using secret key used sender.message authentication code protects messages data integrity well authenticity.firewalls computer firewall controls access single computer.network firewall controls access entire network.firewall security device — computer hardware software — filters traffic blocks outsiders.
Internet security	generally consists gateways filters.firewalls also screen network traffic block traffic deemed unauthorized.web security firewalls restrict incoming outgoing network packets.authorized traffic allowed pass it.firewalls create checkpoints networks computers.
Internet security	firewalls block traffic based ip source tcp port number.also serve platform ipsec.using tunnel mode firewalls implement vpns.firewalls also limit network exposure hiding internal network public internet.types firewall packet filter packet filter processes network traffic packetbypacket basis.
Internet security	main job filter traffic remote ip host router needed connect internal network internet.router known screening router screens packets leaving entering network.stateful packet inspection stateful firewall circuitlevel gateway proxy server operates network level open systems interconnect osi model statically defines traffic allowed.circuit proxies forward network packets formatted data containing given port number port permitted algorithm.main advantage proxy server ability provide network address translation nat hide users ip address internet effectively protecting internal information outside.
Internet security	applicationlevel gateway applicationlevel firewall third generation firewall proxy server operates top osi model ip suite application level.network packet forwarded connection established using known protocol.applicationlevel gateways notable analyzing entire messages rather individual packets.browser choice web browser market share predicts share hacker attacks.example internet explorer used lead market heavily attacked.
Internet security	protections antivirus antivirus software protect programmable device detecting eliminating malware.variety techniques used signaturebased heuristics rootkit realtime.password managers password manager software application creates stores provides passwords applications.password managers encrypt passwords.user needs remember single master password access store.
Internet security	security suites security suites first offered sale mcafee contain firewalls antivirus antispyware components.also offer theft protection portable storage device safety check private internet browsing cloud antispam file shredder make securityrelated decisions answering popup windows several free charge.history national association mutual savings banks namsb conference january atalla corporation founded mohamed atalla bunker ramo corporation founded george bunker simon ramo introduced earliest products designed dealing online security.atalla later added identikey hardware security module andj supported processing online transactions network security.designed process bank transactions online identikey system extended sharedfacility operations.
World Wide Web	compatible various switching networks capable resetting electronically one irreversible nonlinear algorithms directed card data information.atalla introduced first network security processor nsp.see also references external links national institute standards technology nist.gov information technology portal links computer cyber securitynational institute standards technology nist.gov computer security resource center guidelines electronic mail security version pwdhash stanford university firefox ie browser extensions transparently convert users password domainspecific password.cybertelecom.org security surveying federal internet security workdsl reports.com broadband reports faqs forums internet security estresources web transferred via hypertext transfer protocol http may accessed users software application called web browser published software application called web server.world wide web built top internet predated web two decades.english scientist tim bernerslee coinvented world wide web along robert cailliau.wrote first web browser employed cern near geneva switzerland.browser released outside cern research institutions starting january general public august .web began enter everyday use – websites general use started become available.
World Wide Web	world wide web central development information age primary tool billions people use interact internet.web resources may type downloaded media web pages hypertext documents formatted hypertext markup language html.special html syntax displays embedded hyperlinks urls permits users navigate web resources.addition text web pages may contain references images video audio software components either displayed internally executed users web browser render pages streams multimedia content.multiple web resources common theme usually common domain name make website.websites stored computers running web server program responds requests made internet web browsers running users computer.website content provided publisher interactively usergenerated content.
World Wide Web	websites provided myriad informative entertainment commercial governmental reasons.history underlying concept hypertext originated previous projects hypertext editing system hes brown university ted nelsons project xanadu douglas engelbarts online system nls.nelson engelbart turn inspired vannevar bushs microfilmbased memex described essay may think.tim bernerslees vision global hyperlinked information system became possibility second half s. global internet began proliferate europe domain name system upon uniform resource locator built came being.first direct ip connection europe north america made bernerslee began openly discuss possibility weblike system cern.while working cern bernerslee became frustrated inefficiencies difficulties posed finding information stored different computers.
World Wide Web	march submitted memorandum titled information management proposal management cern system called mesh referenced enquire database software project built used term web described elaborate information management system based links embedded text imagine references document associated network address thing referred reading document could skip click mouse.system explained could referred using one existing meanings word hypertext term says coined s. reason proposal continues hypertext links could encompass multimedia documents including graphics speech video bernerslee goes use term hypermedia.with help colleague fellow hypertext enthusiast robert cailliau published formal proposal november build hypertext project called worldwideweb one word abbreviated w web hypertext documents viewed browsers using client–server architecture.point html http already development two months first web server month completing first successful test.proposal estimated readonly web would developed within three months would take six months achieve creation new links new material readers authorship becomes universal well automatic notification reader new material interest himher become available.readonly goal met accessible authorship web content took longer mature wiki concept webdav blogs web .
World Wide Web	rssatom.the proposal modelled sgml reader dynatext electronic book technology spinoff institute research information scholarship brown university.dynatext system licensed cern key player extension sgml iso hypermedia within hytime considered expensive inappropriate licensing policy use general high energy physics community namely fee document document alteration.next computer used bernerslee worlds first web server also write first web browser .christmas bernerslee built tools necessary working web first web browser worldwideweb web editor well first web server.first website described project published december .the first web page may lost paul jones uncchapel hill north carolina announced may bernerslee gave says oldest known web page visit unc .
World Wide Web	jones stored magnetooptical drive next computer.august bernerslee published short summary world wide web project newsgroup alt.hypertext.date sometimes confused public availability first web servers occurred months earlier.another example confusion news media reported first photo web published bernerslee image cern house band les horribles cernettes taken silvano de gennaro gennaro disclaimed story writing media totally distorting words sake cheap sensationalism.the first server outside europe installed december stanford linear accelerator center slac palo alto california host spireshep database.bernerslees breakthrough marry hypertext internet.book weaving web explains repeatedly suggested members technical communities marriage two technologies possible.
World Wide Web	one took invitation finally assumed project himself.process developed three essential technologiesa system globally unique identifiers resources web elsewhere universal document identifier udi later known uniform resource locator url uniform resource identifier urithe publishing language hypertext markup language htmlthe hypertext transfer protocol http.the world wide web several differences hypertext systems available time.web required unidirectional links rather bidirectional ones making possible someone link another resource without action owner resource.also significantly reduced difficulty implementing web servers browsers comparison earlier systems turn presented chronic problem link rot.unlike predecessors hypercard world wide web nonproprietary making possible develop servers clients independently add extensions without licensing restrictions.
World Wide Web	april cern announced world wide web would free anyone fees due.coming two months announcement server implementation gopher protocol longer free use produced rapid shift away gopher toward web.early popular web browser violawww unix x window system.the web began enter general use – websites everyday use started become available.historians generally agree turning point web began introduction mosaic graphical web browser developed national center supercomputing applications university illinois urbana–champaign ncsauiuc.development led marc andreessen funding came us highperformance computing communications initiative high performance computing act one several computing developments initiated us senator al gore.
World Wide Web	release mosaic graphics commonly mixed text web pages web less popular older protocols gopher wide area information servers wais.mosaics graphical user interface allowed web become far popular protocol internet.world wide web consortium wc founded tim bernerslee left european organization nuclear research cern october .founded massachusetts institute technology laboratory computer science mitlcs support defense advanced research projects agency darpa pioneered internet year later second site founded inria french national computer research lab support european commission dg infso third continental site created japan keio university.end total number websites still relatively small many notable websites already active foreshadowed inspired todays popular services.connected internet websites created around world.
World Wide Web	motivated international standards development protocols formatting.bernerslee continued stay involved guiding development web standards markup languages compose web pages advocated vision semantic web.world wide web enabled spread information internet easytouse flexible format.thus played important role popularising use internet.although two terms sometimes conflated popular use world wide web synonymous internet.
World Wide Web	web information space containing hyperlinked documents resources identified uris.implemented client server software using internet protocols tcpip http.bernerslee knighted queen elizabeth ii services global development internet.never patented invention.function terms internet world wide web often used without much distinction.however two terms mean thing.
World Wide Web	internet global system computer networks interconnected telecommunications optical networking.contrast world wide web global collection documents resources linked hyperlinks uris.web resources accessed using http https applicationlevel internet protocols use internets transport protocols.viewing web page world wide web normally begins either typing url page web browser following hyperlink page resource.web browser initiates series background communication messages fetch display requested page.using browser view web pages—and move one web page another hyperlinks—came known browsing web surfing channel surfing navigating web.
World Wide Web	early studies new behavior investigated user patterns using web browsers.one study example found five user patterns exploratory surfing window surfing evolved surfing bounded navigation targeted navigation.the following example demonstrates functioning web browser accessing page url httpexample.orghome.html.browser resolves server name url example.org internet protocol address using globally distributed domain name system dns.lookup returns ip address ... dbe.browser requests resource sending http request across internet computer address.
World Wide Web	requests service specific tcp port number well known http service receiving host distinguish http request network protocols may servicing.http normally uses port number https normally uses port number .content http request simple two lines textthe computer receiving http request delivers web server software listening requests port .webserver fulfill request sends http response back browser indicating successfollowed content requested page.hypertext markup language html basic web page might look like thisthe web browser parses html interprets markup title p paragraph surrounds words format text screen.
World Wide Web	many web pages use html reference urls resources images embedded media scripts affect page behaviour cascading style sheets affect page layout.browser makes additional http requests web server internet media types.receives content web server browser progressively renders page onto screen specified html additional resources.html hypertext markup language html standard markup language creating web pages web applications.cascading style sheets css javascript forms triad cornerstone technologies world wide web.web browsers receive html documents web server local storage render documents multimedia web pages.
World Wide Web	html describes structure web page semantically originally included cues appearance document.html elements building blocks html pages.html constructs images objects interactive forms may embedded rendered page.html provides means create structured documents denoting structural semantics text headings paragraphs lists links quotes items.html elements delineated tags written using angle brackets.tags img input directly introduce content page.
World Wide Web	tags p surround provide information document text may include tags subelements.browsers display html tags use interpret content page.html embed programs written scripting language javascript affects behavior content web pages.inclusion css defines look layout content.world wide web consortium wc maintainer html css standards encouraged use css explicit presentational html since .linking web pages contain hyperlinks related pages perhaps downloadable files source documents definitions web resources.
World Wide Web	underlying html hyperlink looks like thisa hrefhttpexample.orghome.htmlexample.org homepageasuch collection useful related resources interconnected via hypertext links dubbed web information.publication internet created tim bernerslee first called worldwideweb original camelcase subsequently discarded november .the hyperlink structure web described webgraph nodes web graph correspond web pages urls directed edges hyperlinks.time many web resources pointed hyperlinks disappear relocate replaced different content.makes hyperlinks obsolete phenomenon referred circles link rot hyperlinks affected often called dead links.ephemeral nature web prompted many efforts archive websites.
World Wide Web	internet archive active since best known efforts.www prefix many hostnames used world wide web begin www longstanding practice naming internet hosts according services provide.hostname web server often www way may ftp ftp server news nntp usenet news server.hostnames appear domain name system dns subdomain names use www required technical policy standard many web sites use first web server nxoc.cern.ch.according paolo palazzi worked cern along tim bernerslee popular use www subdomain accidental world wide web project page intended published info.cern.ch intended cern home page however dns records never switched practice prepending www institutions website domain name subsequently copied.
World Wide Web	many established websites still use prefix employ subdomain names www secure en special purposes.many web servers set main domain name e.g.example.com www subdomain e.g.refer site others require one form may map different web sites.use subdomain name useful load balancing incoming web traffic creating cname record points cluster web servers.
World Wide Web	since currently subdomain used cname result cannot achieved using bare domain root.when user submits incomplete domain name web browser address bar input field web browsers automatically try adding prefix www beginning possibly .com .org .net end depending might missing.example entering microsoft may transformed http openoffice http feature started appearing early versions firefox still working title firebird early earlier practice browsers lynx.reported microsoft granted us patent idea mobile devices.in english www usually read doubleu doubleu doubleu.users pronounce dubdubdub particularly new zealand.stephen fry podgrams series podcasts pronounces wuh wuh wuh.
World Wide Web	english writer douglas adams quipped independent sunday world wide web thing know whose shortened form takes three times longer say short for.mandarin chinese world wide web commonly translated via phonosemantic matching wàn wéi wǎng 万维网 satisfies www literally means myriaddimensional net translation reflects design concept proliferation world wide web.tim bernerslees webspace states world wide web officially spelled three separate words capitalised intervening hyphens.use www prefix declining especially web .web applications sought brand domain names make easily pronounceable.as mobile web grew popularity services like gmail.com outlook.com myspace.com facebook.com twitter.com often mentioned without adding www.
World Wide Web	indeed .com domain.scheme specifiers scheme specifiers http https start web uri refer hypertext transfer protocol http secure respectively.specify communication protocol use request response.http protocol fundamental operation world wide web added encryption layer https essential browsers send retrieve confidential data passwords banking information.web browsers usually automatically prepend http userentered uris omitted.
World Wide Web	pages web page also written webpage document suitable world wide web web browsers.web browser displays web page monitor mobile device.the term web page usually refers visible may also refer contents computer file usually text file containing hypertext written html comparable markup language.typical web pages provide hypertext browsing web pages via hyperlinks often referred links.web browsers frequently access multiple web resource elements reading style sheets scripts images presenting web page.on network web browser retrieve web page remote web server.web server may restrict access private network corporate intranet.
World Wide Web	web browser uses hypertext transfer protocol http make requests web server.a static web page delivered exactly stored web content web servers file system.contrast dynamic web page generated web application usually driven serverside software.dynamic web pages used user may require completely different information example bank websites web email etc.static page static web page sometimes called flat pagestationary page web page delivered user exactly stored contrast dynamic web pages generated web application.consequently static web page displays information users contexts subject modern capabilities web server negotiate contenttype language document versions available server configured so.dynamic pages serverside dynamic web page web page whose construction controlled application server processing serverside scripts.
World Wide Web	serverside scripting parameters determine assembly every new web page proceeds including setting clientside processing.a clientside dynamic web page processes web page using javascript running browser.javascript programs interact document via document object model dom query page state alter it.clientside techniques dynamically update change dom way.a dynamic web page reloaded user computer program change variable content.updating information could come server changes made pages dom.may may truncate browsing history create saved version go back dynamic web page update using ajax technologies neither create page go back truncate web browsing history forward displayed page.
World Wide Web	using ajax technologies end user gets one dynamic page managed single page web browser actual web content rendered page vary.ajax engine sits browser requesting parts dom dom client application server.dynamic html dhtml umbrella term technologies methods used create web pages static web pages though fallen common use since popularization ajax term rarely used.clientsidescripting serverside scripting combination make dynamic web experience browser.javascript scripting language initially developed brendan eich netscape use within web pages.standardised version ecmascript.make web pages interactive web applications also use javascript techniques ajax asynchronous javascript xml.
World Wide Web	clientside script delivered page make additional http requests server either response user actions mouse movements clicks based elapsed time.servers responses used modify current page rather creating new page response server needs provide limited incremental information.multiple ajax requests handled time users interact page data retrieved.web pages may also regularly poll server check whether new information available.website website collection related web resources including web pages multimedia content typically identified common domain name published least one web server.
World Wide Web	notable examples wikipedia.org google.com amazon.com.a website may accessible via public internet protocol ip network internet private local area network lan referencing uniform resource locator url identifies site.websites many functions used various fashions website personal website corporate website company government website organization website etc.websites typically dedicated particular topic purpose ranging entertainment social networking providing news education.publicly accessible websites collectively constitute world wide web private websites companys website employees typically part intranet.web pages building blocks websites documents typically composed plain text interspersed formatting instructions hypertext markup language html xhtml.may incorporate elements websites suitable markup anchors.web pages accessed transported hypertext transfer protocol http may optionally employ encryption http secure https provide security privacy user.
World Wide Web	users application often web browser renders page content according html markup instructions onto display terminal.hyperlinking web pages conveys reader site structure guides navigation site often starts home page containing directory site web content.websites require user registration subscription access content.examples subscription websites include many business sites news websites academic journal websites gaming websites filesharing websites message boards webbased email social networking websites websites providing realtime stock market data well sites providing various services.end users access websites range devices including desktop laptop computers tablet computers smartphones smart tvs.browser web browser commonly referred browser software user agent accessing information world wide web.
World Wide Web	connect websites server display pages user needs web browser program.program user runs download format display web page users computer.in addition allowing users find display move web pages web browser usually features like keeping bookmarks recording history managing cookies see home pages may facilities recording passwords logging web sites.the popular browsers chrome firefox safari internet explorer edge.server web server server software hardware dedicated running said software satisfy world wide web client requests.web server general contain one websites.web server processes incoming network requests http several related protocols.the primary function web server store process deliver web pages clients.
World Wide Web	communication client server takes place using hypertext transfer protocol http.pages delivered frequently html documents may include images style sheets scripts addition text content.a user agent commonly web browser web crawler initiates communication making request specific resource using http server responds content resource error message unable so.resource typically real file servers secondary storage necessarily case depends webserver implemented.while primary function serve content full implementation http also includes ways receiving content clients.feature used submitting web forms including uploading files.many generic web servers also support serverside scripting using active server pages asp php hypertext preprocessor scripting languages.means behavior webserver scripted separate files actual server software remains unchanged.
World Wide Web	usually function used generate html documents dynamically onthefly opposed returning static documents.former primarily used retrieving modifying information databases.latter typically much faster easily cached cannot deliver dynamic content.web servers also frequently found embedded devices printers routers webcams serving local network.web server may used part system monitoring administering device question.usually means additional software installed client computer since web browser required included operating systems.
World Wide Web	cookie http cookie also called web cookie internet cookie browser cookie simply cookie small piece data sent website stored users computer users web browser user browsing.cookies designed reliable mechanism websites remember stateful information items added shopping cart online store record users browsing activity including clicking particular buttons logging recording pages visited past.also used remember arbitrary pieces information user previously entered form fields names addresses passwords credit card numbers.cookies perform essential functions modern web.perhaps importantly authentication cookies common method used web servers know whether user logged account logged with.without mechanism site would know whether send page containing sensitive information require user authenticate logging in.
World Wide Web	security authentication cookie generally depends security issuing website users web browser whether cookie data encrypted.security vulnerabilities may allow cookies data read hacker used gain access user data used gain access users credentials website cookie belongs see crosssite scripting crosssite request forgery examples.tracking cookies especially thirdparty tracking cookies commonly used ways compile longterm records individuals browsing histories – potential privacy concern prompted european u.s. lawmakers take action .european law requires websites targeting european union member states gain informed consent users storing nonessential cookies device.google project zero researcher jann horn describes ways cookies read intermediaries like wifi hotspot providers.recommends using browser incognito mode circumstances.search engine web search engine internet search engine software system designed carry web search internet search means search world wide web systematic way particular information specified web search query.
World Wide Web	search results generally presented line results often referred search engine results pages serps.information may mix web pages images videos infographics articles research papers types files.search engines also mine data available databases open directories.unlike web directories maintained human editors search engines also maintain realtime information running algorithm web crawler.internet content capable searched web search engine generally described deep web.deep web deep web invisible web hidden web parts world wide web whose contents indexed standard web search engines.
World Wide Web	opposite term deep web surface web accessible anyone using internet.computer scientist michael k. bergman credited coining term deep web search indexing term.the content deep web hidden behind http forms includes many common uses web mail online banking services users must pay protected paywall video demand online magazines newspapers among others.the content deep web located accessed direct url ip address may require password security access past public website page.caching web cache server computer located either public internet within enterprise stores recently accessed web pages improve response time users content requested within certain time original request.web browsers also implement browser cache writing recently obtained data local data storage device.http requests browser may ask data changed since last access.
World Wide Web	web pages resources may contain expiration information control caching secure sensitive data online banking facilitate frequently updated sites news media.even sites highly dynamic content may permit basic resources refreshed occasionally.web site designers find worthwhile collate resources css data javascript sitewide files cached efficiently.enterprise firewalls often cache web resources requested one user benefit many users.search engines store cached content frequently accessed websites.
World Wide Web	security criminals web become venue spread malware engage range cybercrimes including limited identity theft fraud espionage intelligence gathering.webbased vulnerabilities outnumber traditional computer security concerns measured google one ten web pages may contain malicious code.webbased attacks take place legitimate websites measured sophos hosted united states china russia.common malware threats sql injection attacks websites.html uris web vulnerable attacks like crosssite scripting xss came introduction javascript exacerbated degree web .
World Wide Web	ajax web design favours use scripts.today one estimate websites open xss attacks users.phishing another common threat web.february rsa security division emc estimated global losses phishing .billion .
World Wide Web	two wellknown phishing methods covert redirect open redirect.proposed solutions vary.large security companies like mcafee already design governance compliance suites meet post regulations like finjan recommended active realtime inspection programming code content regardless source.argued enterprises see web security business opportunity rather cost centre others call ubiquitous alwayson digital rights management enforced infrastructure replace hundreds companies secure data networks.jonathan zittrain said users sharing responsibility computing safety far preferable locking internet.privacy every time client requests web page server identify requests ip address.
World Wide Web	web servers usually log ip addresses log file.also unless set web browsers record requested web pages viewable history feature usually cache much content locally.unless serverbrowser communication uses https encryption web requests responses travel plain text across internet viewed recorded cached intermediate systems.another way hide personally identifiable information using virtual private network.vpn encrypts online traffic masks original ip address lowering chance user identification.when web page asks user supplies personally identifiable information—such real name address email address etc.
World Wide Web	webbased entities associate current web traffic individual.website uses http cookies username password authentication tracking techniques relate web visits identifiable information provided.way webbased organization develop build profile individual people use site sites.may able build record individual includes information leisure activities shopping interests profession aspects demographic profile.profiles potential interest marketers advertisers others.
World Wide Web	depending websites terms conditions local laws apply information profiles may sold shared passed organizations without user informed.many ordinary people means little unexpected emails inbox uncannily relevant advertising future web page.others mean time spent indulging unusual interest result deluge targeted marketing may unwelcome.law enforcement counterterrorism espionage agencies also identify target track individuals based interests proclivities web.social networking sites usually try get users use real names interests locations rather pseudonyms executives believe makes social networking experience engaging users.hand uploaded photographs unguarded statements identified individual may regret exposure.
World Wide Web	employers schools parents relatives may influenced aspects social networking profiles text posts digital photos posting individual intend audiences.online bullies may make use personal information harass stalk users.modern social networking websites allow finegrained control privacy settings posting complex easy find use especially beginners.photographs videos posted onto websites caused particular problems add persons face online profile.modern potential facial recognition technology may possible relate face previously anonymous images events scenarios imaged elsewhere.
World Wide Web	due image caching mirroring copying difficult remove image world wide web.standards web standards include many interdependent standards specifications govern aspects internet world wide web.even webfocused standards directly indirectly affect development administration websites web services.considerations include interoperability accessibility usability web pages web sites.web standards broader sense consist followingrecommendations published world wide web consortium wcliving standard made web hypertext application technology working group whatwgrequest comments rfc documents published internet engineering task force ietfstandards published international organization standardization isostandards published ecma international formerly ecmathe unicode standard various unicode technical reports utrs published unicode consortiumname number registries maintained internet assigned numbers authority ianaweb standards fixed sets rules constantly evolving sets finalized technical specifications web technologies.web standards developed standards organizations—groups interested often competing parties chartered task standardization—not technologies developed declared standard single individual company.
World Wide Web	crucial distinguish specifications development ones already reached final development status case wc specifications highest maturity level.accessibility methods accessing web alternative mediums formats facilitate use individuals disabilities.disabilities may visual auditory physical speechrelated cognitive neurological combination.accessibility features also help people temporary disabilities like broken arm ageing users abilities change.web receives information well providing information interacting society.
World Wide Web	world wide web consortium claims essential web accessible provide equal access equal opportunity people disabilities.tim bernerslee noted power web universality.access everyone regardless disability essential aspect.many countries regulate web accessibility requirement websites.international cooperation wc web accessibility initiative led simple guidelines web content authors well software developers use make web accessible persons may may using assistive technology.
World Wide Web	internationalisation wc internationalisation activity assures web technology works languages scripts cultures.beginning unicode gained ground eventually december surpassed ascii western european webs frequently used character encoding.originally rfc allowed resources identified uri subset usascii.rfc allows characters—any character universal character set—and resource identified iri language.see also references reading bernerslee tim bray tim connolly dan cotton paul fielding roy jeckle mario lilley chris mendelsohn noah orchard david walsh norman williams stuart december .
World Wide Web	architecture world wide web volume one.version .wc.cite journal cite journal requires journal helpbernerslee tim august .world wide web past present future.
World Wide Web	cite journal cite journal requires journal helpbrügger niels ed web histories first years world wide web peter lang .fielding r. gettys j. mogul j. frystyk h. masinter l. leach p. bernerslee t. june .hypertext transfer protocol – http.. request comments .information sciences institute.cite journal cite journal requires journal helpniels brügger ed.web history pages historical perspective world wide web including issues culture content preservation.polo luciano .
World Wide Web	world wide web technology architecture conceptual analysis.new devices.skau h.o.march .world wide web health information.new devices.
Application security	external links first websiteearly archive first web siteinternet statistics growth usage web internetliving internet comprehensive history internet including world wide webweb design development curlieworld wide web consortium wcwc recommendations reduce world wide waitworld wide web size daily estimated size world wide webantonio a. casilli elements sociology online interactionsthe erdős webgraph server offers weekly updated graph representation constantly increasing fraction wwwthe th anniversary world wide web animated video produced usaid techchange explores role www addressing extreme povertyfinal goal improve security practices find fix preferably prevent security issues within applications.encompasses whole application life cycle requirements analysis design implementation verification well maintenance.approaches different approaches find different subsets security vulnerabilities lurking application effective different times software lifecycle.represent different tradeoffs time effort cost vulnerabilities found.design review.code written applications architecture design reviewed security problems.
Application security	common technique phase creation threat model.whitebox security review code review.security engineer deeply understanding application manually reviewing source code noticing security flaws.comprehension application vulnerabilities unique application found.blackbox security audit.use application testing security vulnerabilities source code required.automated tooling.many security tools automated inclusion development testing environment.
Application security	examples automated dastsast tools integrated code editor cicd platforms.coordinated vulnerability platforms.hackerpowered application security solutions offered many websites software developers individuals receive recognition compensation reporting bugs.web application security web application security branch information security deals specifically security websites web applications web services.high level web application security draws principles application security applies specifically internet web systems.web application security tools specialized tools working http traffic e.g.web application firewalls.
Application security	security threats open web application security project owasp provides free open resources.led nonprofit called owasp foundation.owasp top published result recent research based comprehensive data compiled partner organizations.data approximately .million vulnerabilities discovered across applications.
Application security	according owasp top ten critical web application security risks includebroken access controlcryptographic failuresinjectioninsecure designsecurity misconfigurationvulnerable outdated componentsidentification authentification failuressoftware data integrity failuressecurity logging monitoring failuresserverside request forgery ssrf tooling security testing security testing techniques scour vulnerabilities security holes applications.vulnerabilities leave applications open exploitation.ideally security testing implemented throughout entire software development life cycle sdlc vulnerabilities may addressed timely thorough manner.there many kinds automated tools identifying vulnerabilities applications.common tool categories used identifying application vulnerabilities includestatic application security testing sast analyzes source code security vulnerabilities applications development.compared dast sast utilized even application executable state.
Application security	sast access full sourcecode whitebox approach.yield detailed results result many falsepositives need manually verified.dynamic application security testing dast often called vulnerability scanners automatically detects vulnerabilities crawling analyzing web sites.method highly scalable easily integrated quick.dast tools well suited dealing lowlevel attacks injection flaws well suited detect highlevel flaws e.g.logic businesslogic flaws.
Application security	fuzzing tools commonly used input testing.interactive application security testing iast assesses applications within using software instrumentation.combines strengths sast dast methods well providing access code http traffic library information backend connections configuration information.iast products require application attacked others used normal quality assurance testing.runtime application selfprotection augment existing applications provide intrusion detection prevention within application runtime.dependency scanners also called software composition analysis try detect usage software components known vulnerabilities.tools either work ondemand e.g.source code build process periodically.abstraction idea making complex things less complex.
Browser security	security standards regulations cert secure codingisoiec information technology — security techniques — application security part overview conceptsisoiec tr information technology — programming languages — guidance avoiding vulnerabilities programming languages language selection usenist special publication owasp asvs web application security verification standard see also application service architecture asacwedata securitymobile securityowaspsecurity development lifecycletrustworthy computing security development lifecycle referencessecurity exploits browsers often use javascript sometimes crosssite scripting xss secondary payload using adobe flash.security exploits also take advantage vulnerabilities security holes commonly exploited browsers including mozilla firefox google chrome opera microsoft internet explorer safari.security web browsers breached one following waysoperating system breached malware readingmodifying browser memory space privilege modeoperating system malware running background process readingmodifying browser memory space privileged modemain browser executable hackedbrowser components may hackedbrowser plugins hackedbrowser network communications could intercepted outside machinethe browser may aware breaches may show user safe connection made.whenever browser communicates website website part communication collects information browser order process formatting page delivered nothing else.malicious code inserted websites content worstcase scenario website specifically designed host malicious code vulnerabilities specific particular browser allow malicious code run processes within browser application unintended ways remember one bits information website collects browser communication browsers identity allowing specific vulnerabilities exploited.attacker able run processes visitors machine exploiting known security vulnerabilities allow attacker gain privileged access browser isnt already running privileged access infected system order perform even greater variety malicious processes activities machine even victims whole network.breaches web browser security usually purpose bypassing protections display popup advertising collecting personally identifiable information pii either internet marketing identity theft website tracking web analytics user using tools web bugs clickjacking likejacking facebooks like button targeted http cookies zombie cookies flash cookies local shared objects lsos installing adware viruses spyware trojan horses gain access users personal computers via cracking malware including online banking theft using maninthebrowser attacks.in depth study vulnerabilities chromium webbrowser indicates improper input validation cwe improper access control cwe occurring root causes security vulnerabilities.
Browser security	furthermore among vulnerabilities examined time study vulnerabilities occurred chromium reusing importing vulnerable versions third party libraries.vulnerabilities web browser software minimized keeping browser software updated sufficient underlying operating system compromised example rootkit.subcomponents browsers scripting addons cookies particularly vulnerable confused deputy problem also need addressed.following principle defence depth fully patched correctly configured browser may sufficient ensure browserrelated security issues cannot occur.example rootkit capture keystrokes someone logs banking website carry maninthemiddle attack modifying network traffic web browser.dns hijacking dns spoofing may used return false positives mistyped website names subvert search results popular search engines.malware rsplug simply modifies systems configuration point rogue dns servers.browsers use secure methods network communication help prevent attacksdns dnssec dnscrypt example nondefault dns servers google public dns opendns.http http secure spdy digitally signed public key certificates extended validation certificates.perimeter defenses typically firewalls use filtering proxy servers block malicious websites perform antivirus scans file downloads commonly implemented best practice large organizations block malicious network traffic reaches browser.the topic browser security grown point spawning creation entire organizations browser exploitation framework project creating platforms collect tools breach browser security ostensibly order test browsers network systems vulnerabilities.
Browser security	plugins extensions although part browser per se browser plugins extensions extend attack surface exposing vulnerabilities adobe flash player adobe acrobat reader java plugin activex commonly exploited.researchers extensively studied security architecture various webbrowsers particular relying plugandplay designs.study identified common vulnerability types potential mitigations.malware may also implemented browser extension browser helper object case internet explorer.browsers like google chrome mozilla firefox block—or warn users of—insecure plugins.
Browser security	adobe flash august study social science research network found websites using flash also employing flash cookies yet privacy policies rarely disclosed user controls privacy preferences lacking.browsers cache history delete functions affect flash players writing local shared objects cache user community much less aware existence function flash cookies http cookies.thus users deleted http cookies purged browser history files caches may believe purged tracking data computers fact flash browsing history remains.well manual removal betterprivacy addon firefox remove flash cookies.adblock plus used filter specific threats flashblock used give option allowing content otherwise trusted sites.charlie miller recommended install flash computer security conference cansecwest.
Browser security	several security experts also recommend either install adobe flash player block it.password security model contents web page arbitrary controlled entity owning domain named displayed address bar.https used encryption used secure attackers access network changing page contents en route.presented password field web page user supposed look address bar determine whether domain name address bar correct place send password.example googles single signon system used e.g.
Browser security	youtube.com user always check address bar says httpsaccounts.google.com inputting password.an uncompromised browser guarantees address bar correct.guarantee one reason browsers generally display warning entering fullscreen mode top address bar would normally fullscreen website cannot make fake browser user interface fake address bar.hardware browser attempts market hardwarebased browsers running nonwritable readonly file systems.data cannot stored device media cannot overwritten presenting clean executable time loads.first device zeusgard secure hardware browser released late .
Browser security	zeusgard website functional since mid.another device icloak® stik icloak website provides complete live os completely replaces computers entire operating system offers two web browsers readonly system.icloak provide tor browser anonymous browsing well regular firefox browser nonanonymous browsing.nonsecured web traffic using https example could still subject maninthemiddle alteration network trafficbased manipulations.livecd livecds run operating system nonwritable source typically come web browsers part default image.
Browser security	original livecd image free malware software used including web browser load free malware every time livecd image booted.browser hardening browsing internet leastprivilege user account i.e.without administrator privileges limits ability security exploit web browser compromising whole operating system.internet explorer later allows blacklisting whitelisting activex controls addons browser extensions various ways.internet explorer added protected mode technology hardens browser application security sandboxing feature windows vista called mandatory integrity control.google chrome provides sandbox limit web page access operating system.suspected malware sites reported google confirmed google flagged hosting malware certain browsers.there thirdparty extensions plugins available harden even latest browsers older browsers operating systems.whitelistbased software noscript block javascript adobe flash used attacks privacy allowing users choose sites know safe adblock plus also uses whitelist ad filtering rules subscriptions though software filtering list maintainers come controversy bydefault allowing sites pass preset filters.uscert recommends block flash using noscript.

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.