title stringlengths 1 105 | content stringlengths 5 58.1k |
|---|---|
Safari (web browser) | safari safari released within macos monterey also available macos big sur macos catalina september .featured redesigned interface tab groups blended better background.also new home page extension supports ios ipados editions.safari technology preview safari technology preview first released alongside os x el capitan ... safari technology preview releases include latest version webkit included web technologies future stable releases safari developers users install technology preview release mac test features provide feedback.safari developer program safari developer program program dedicated inbrowser extension html developers. |
Safari (web browser) | allowed members write distribute extensions browser safari extensions gallery.initially free incorporated apple developer program wwdc cost year time since increased fold.charges prompted frustrations developers.within os x el capitan apple implemented secure extension distribution improve security automatically updated extensions within safari extensions gallery.features system requirements macos safari cocoa application. |
Safari (web browser) | used apples webkit rendering web pages running javascript.webkit consisted webcore based konquerors khtml engine javascriptcore originally based kdes javascript engine named kjs.like khtml kjs webcore javascriptcore free software released terms gnu lesser general public license.apple improvements khtml code merged back konqueror project.apple also released additional codes open source clause bsdlike license. |
Safari (web browser) | version safari included mac os x v. later versions compiled bit architecture.apple claimed running safari bit mode would increase rendering speeds .until safari .included builtin web feed aggregator supported rss atom standards.current features included private browsing mode browser retains record information users web activity ability archive web content webarchive format ability email complete web pages directly browser menu ability search bookmarks ability share tabs mac ios devices running appropriate versions software via icloud account.webkit multiprocess api webkit webcontent handled separate process application using webkit. |
Safari (web browser) | apple announced webkit april .safari os x switched new api version .. safari ios switched webkit ios .security plugins apple used remotely updated plugin blacklist prevent potentially dangerous vulnerable plugins running safari.initially flash java contents blocked early versions safari.since safari support npapi plugins except flash completely dropped. |
Safari (web browser) | starting release safari support adobe flash player dropped altogether.license license common terms reverse engineering copying sublicensing opensource except parts warranties liability.permission optout tracking limited specific devices.example windows user restricted run optout tracking since license omits opening clause.users allowed optout location tracking using location services. |
Safari (web browser) | optionally users choose enable withdrawable diagnostic usage collection program permitted apple associated collect use manage datas informations terms wouldnt publicly identify them.apple defined personal cover unique device identifiers serial number cookie number ip address uses permitted law.september apple announced use artificial intelligence ai reduce ability advertisers track safari users browse web.cookies used tracking allowed hours disabled unless ai judges user wants cookie.major advertising groups objected saying reduce free services supported advertising experts praised change.browser exploits pwnown contest cansecwest security conference vancouver british columbia safari caused mac os x first os fall hacking competition. |
Safari (web browser) | participants competed find way read contents file located users desktop one three operating systems mac os x leopard windows vista sp ubuntu .. second day contest users allowed physically interact computers prior day permitted network attacks charlie miller compromised mac os x unpatched vulnerability pcre library used safari.miller aware flaw conference worked exploit unannounced common approach contests.exploited vulnerability flaws patched safari ...in pwnown contest charlie miller performed another exploit safari hack mac.miller acknowledged knew security flaw competition done considerable research preparation work exploit.apple released patch exploit others may safari ...in january browser fingerprinting fraud detection service fingerprintjs found vulnerability indexdb api implementation webkit storage used safari macos ios ipados. |
Safari (web browser) | vulnerability allows malicious site access browsing history activity well user private session data websites violation sameorigin policy.vulnerability assigned cve patched apple.fix released alongside ios .macos .january . |
Safari (web browser) | criticism distribution apple software update earlier version apple software update bundled safari quicktime itunes microsoft windows selected safari installation list apple programs download default even detect existing installation safari users machine.john lilly former ceo mozilla stated apples use updating software promote products bad practice stop.argued practice borders malware distribution practices undermines trust trying build users.apple spokesman bill evans sidestepped lillys statement saying apple using software update make easy convenient mac windows users get latest safari update apple.apple also released new version apple software update puts new software section though still selected installation default. |
Safari (web browser) | late apple software update longer selected new installation items new software section default.security updates snow leopard windows platforms software security firm sophos detailed snow leopard windows users supported safari release time vulnerabilities left unpatched platforms.since snow leopard three minor version releases recent september windows none.official word released apple indication final versions available operating systems retain significant security issues.failure adopt modern standards safari pioneered several standard html features canvas api early years come attack failing keep pace modern web technologies. |
Safari (web browser) | since ios allowed third party web browsers installed including chrome firefox opera edge however forced use underlying webkit browser engine inherit limitations.intentionally limiting ad blockers tracking protection beginning apple made technical changes safaris content blocking functionality prompted backlash users developers ad blocking extensions said changes made impossible offer similar level user protection found browsers.internally update limited number blocking rules could applied thirdparty extensions preventing full implementation communitydeveloped blocklists.response several developers popular ad tracking blockers announced products discontinued incompatible safaris newly limited content blocking features.matter policy apple requires use webkit safaris underlying rendering engine browsers developed ios platform preventing users installing competing product offers full ad blocking functionality. |
Safari (web browser) | beginning safari popular extensions ublock origin longer work.market share safari market share .. remained stable rank five years market shares .... |
Safari (web browser) | .caught firefox market share .. safari became second mostused web browser worldwide google chrome market share .. occupied market shares .... |
Safari (web browser) | .respectively.november google chrome continued popular browser safari .following behind second place.see also list web browsershistory web browsersunited states v. google inc. ftc alleged google misrepresented privacy assurances safari users references external links official websitesafari security vulnerabilities cve details |
Norton (software) | since acquired symantec corporation norton offered variety products services related digital security.announced nortons parent company symantec would split business two units one focused security one focused information management norton placed unit focused security.history peter norton computing inc. software company founded peter norton.norton company developed various dos utilities including norton utilities include antivirus features.company acquired symantec renamed peter norton consulting group. |
Norton (software) | symantecs consumer antivirus data management utilities still marketed norton name.by early symantecs norton group launched norton antivirus .pc compatible computers.since company updated diversified product line combining offerings one seamless product norton security.products services norton’s products primarily digital security tools personal computers server devices recently mobile devices.consumer products norton security norton security multidevice program provides malware prevention removal subscription period five devices. |
Norton (software) | features included product personal firewall email spam filtering phishing protection.program released september replacing norton norton internet security norton antivirus.compared norton legacy products norton security came improved scalability protection moneyback guarantee.norton security backup norton security backup norton’s premium protection devices.protects pc mac android ios devices single protection plan includes norton family premier. |
Norton (software) | product safeguards viruses spyware malware online attacks.also includes gb online storage backing important photos documents users devices.norton family premier norton family premier cloudbased parental control service previously known norton online family.norton family premier aimed fostering communication involving parents childrens online activities.norton mobile security norton mobile security singlesubscription proactive protection program smartphones tablets. |
Norton (software) | operating across devices norton mobile security protects user risky apps safeguards online privacy restores lost contact information helps recover lost stolen devices.business products norton small business norton small business multidevice single solution program specifically designed secure businesses malware viruses threats.program manages protection companies one convenient web portal covering devices one subscription easily expanded business grows.products services norton online backup norton online backup program automatically backs users’ digital photos videos music documents.program lets users quickly restore files case hard drive crashes accidental deletion computer theft natural disasters mishaps. |
Norton (software) | backs files five computers single subscription lets users easily add additional secure storage space needed.norton computer tune norton computer tune program lets users restore old computer systems giving likenew performance.program uses multipoint inspection repair service designed restore speed performance place new computer repairshop work.norton computer tune nortoncertified technicians available times offer repair assistance.services nortonlive servicesultimate helpdeskcomputer tune upfree virus scannorton safe webparental control softwarepassword generatorpassword manager support downloads norton supportnorton update centerspywarevirus definitions security updatesvirus removalfree antivirusmalware removalnorton cybercrime report past products services norton utilities norton utilities utility software suite designed help analyze configure optimize maintain computer. |
Norton (software) | last version norton utilities norton utilities windows xpvista released october .norton guides developed distributed peter norton computing.guides written warren woodford x assembly language c basic forth languages made available users via tsr program integrated programming language editors ibm pctype computers.appears first example commercial product programming reference information integrated software development environment.norton antivirus norton antivirus developed distributed symantec providing malware prevention removal subscription period. |
Norton (software) | used signatures heuristics identify viruses.features included email spam filtering phishing protection.norton norton program analyzed hardware software aspects computer system check yk compliance.norton systemworks systemworks expanded tools found norton utilities added symantec software titles primarily antivirus later backup software highend versions.norton internet security norton internet security computer program provided malware prevention removal subscription period used signatures heuristics identify viruses. |
Norton (software) | features included personal firewall email spam filtering phishing protection.norton norton developed marketed allinone computer security suite.package included antivirus program personal firewall phishing protection program backup program.distinguished suite norton internet security inclusion file backup pc maintenance capabilities.norton clean sweep norton clean sweep designed quarterdeck designed aid removal installed programs microsoft windows. |
Norton (software) | cleansweep acquired symantec sold standalone product period time.currently unavailable symantec standalone incorporated norton systemworks.norton core norton core mesh wifi network made protect computers inside network unsafe websites.product reviews techadvisor gave norton security backup rating .stars . |
Norton (software) | verdict reads “offering excellent value licenses cover devices norton security backup also offers strong feature set good protection viruses malware.recommended.”expertreviews gave norton security rating stars.concluded “norton internet security terrific security suite wide range features.great malware protection equally good legitimate software recognition best buy .”nextadvisor gave norton security review stars .concluded “norton offers pc users topnotch protection plenty features help keep computer safe use internet well simplified interface design easy navigate.”pcmagazine gave norton security . |
Webcam | star review editors’ rating “excellent.” concluded “in modern world centrally managed security devices extremely valuable.norton security joins mcafee livesafe editors choice crossplatform multidevice security.”pc antivirus reviews gave norton security overall score .concluded “norton security makes strong comeback year much better interface good virus protection low resource usage.” awards norton symantec pc advisor’s best security software award stating “norton probably best known internet security products symantec stood test time constantly improving product useful extras core engine way reports it’s to.”in norton symantec avtest’s innovation award mobile security stating “prior download app norton mobile security android already knows potential risks.backed unique system consisting app advisor google play norton mobile insight.”in norton mobile security norton family premier received pc magazines editors choice awards see also comparison antivirus softwarecomparison firewallssymantec references external links official websitewebcams typically small cameras sit desk attach users monitor built hardware.webcams used video chat session involving two people conversations include live audio video.webcam software enables users record video stream video internet.video streaming internet requires much bandwidth streams usually use compressed formats.maximum resolution webcam also lower handheld video cameras higher resolutions would reduced transmission. |
Webcam | lower resolution enables webcams relatively inexpensive compared video cameras effect adequate video chat sessions.the term webcam clipped compound may also used original sense video camera connected web continuously indefinite time rather particular session generally supplying view anyone visits web page internet.example used online traffic cameras expensive rugged professional video cameras.technology webcams typically include lens image sensor support electronics may also include one even two microphones sound.image sensor image sensors cmos ccd former dominant lowcost cameras ccd cameras necessarily outperform cmosbased cameras lowprice range.consumer webcams capable providing vgaresolution video frame rate frames per second. |
Webcam | many newer devices produce video multimegapixel resolutions run high frame rates playstation eye produce × video frames per second.wii remote contains image sensor resolution × pixels.common resolutions laptops builtin webcams p hd lowerend laptops p. earliest known laptops p full hd webcams like samsung gc released early s.as bayer filter proprietary webcam contains builtin image processing separate compression.optics various lenses available common consumergrade webcams plastic lens manually moved focus camera.fixedfocus lenses provision adjustment also available. |
Webcam | camera systems depth field greater small image formats greater lenses large fnumber small aperture systems used webcams sufficiently large depth field use fixedfocus lens impact image sharpness great extent.most models use simple focalfree optics fixed focus factoryset usual distance monitor fastened user manual focus.compression digital video streams represented huge amounts data burdening transmission image sensor data continuously created storage alike.most cheap webcams come builtin asic video compression realtime.support electronics read image sensor transmit host computer.camera pictured right example uses sonix snc transmit image usb.typically frame transmitted uncompressed rgb yuv compressed jpeg.cameras mobilephone cameras use cmos sensor supporting electronics die i.e. |
Webcam | sensor support electronics built single silicon chip save space manufacturing costs.webcams feature builtin microphones make video calling videoconferencing convenient.interface typical interfaces used articles marketed webcam usb ethernet ieee .denominated ip camera.interfaces e.g. |
Webcam | composite video svideo firewire also available.the usb video device class uvc specification allows interconnectivity webcams computers without need proprietary device drivers.software various proprietary well free opensource software available handle uvc stream.one could use guvcview gstreamer gstreamerbased software handle uvc stream.another could use multiple usb cameras attached host computer software resides broadcast multiple streams wireless ethernet motioneye.motioneye either installed onto raspberry pi motioneyeos afterwards raspbian well. |
Webcam | motioneye also set debian raspbian variant debian.note motioneye v.. aug run debian buster oldstable python .. newer versions .x supported point time according ccrisan foundator author motioneye.characteristics webcams known low manufacturing cost high flexibility making lowestcost form videotelephony.webcams evolved simultaneously display technologies usb interface speeds broadband internet speeds resolution went gradually × × even offer × aka p × aka p resolution.webcams come different presets fields view fov.individual users make use less ° horizontal fov home offices live streaming. |
Webcam | webcams much ° horizontal fov used small medium sized rooms sometimes even large rooms.depending users purposes webcams market display whole room general vicinity.despite low cost resolution offered impressive lowend webcams offering resolutions p midrange webcams offering p resolution highend webcams offering k resolution fps.webcams become source security privacy issues builtin webcams remotely activated spyware.address concern many webcams come physical lens cover.uses popular use webcams establishment video links permitting computers act videophones videoconference stations.example apples isight camera built apple laptops imacs majority iphones used video chat sessions using messages instant messaging program. |
Webcam | popular uses include security surveillance computer vision video broadcasting recording social videos.the video streams provided webcams used number purposes using appropriate software video monitoring webcams may installed places childcare centres offices shops private areas monitor security general activity.commerce webcams used augmented reality experiences online.one function webcam act magic mirror allow online shopper view virtual item themselves.webcam social shopper one example software utilizes webcam manner.videocalling videoconferencing webcams added instant messaging text chat services aol instant messenger voip services skype onetoone live video communication internet reached millions mainstream pc users worldwide. |
Webcam | improved video quality helped webcams encroach traditional video conferencing systems.new features automatic lighting controls realtime enhancements retouching wrinkle smoothing vertical stretch automatic face tracking autofocus assist users providing substantial easeofuse increasing popularity webcams.since middle remote hybrid work increased popularity webcams.businesses schools individuals relied video conferencing instead spending business travel meetings.moreover number video conferencing cameras software multiplied since due popularity.webcam features performance vary program computer operating system also computers processor capabilities.video calling support also added several popular instant messaging programs. |
Webcam | video security webcams used security cameras.software available allow pcconnected cameras watch movement sound recording detected.recordings saved computer emailed uploaded internet.one wellpublicised case computer emailed images burglar theft computer enabling owner give police clear picture burglars face even computer stolen.unauthorized access webcams present significant privacy issues see privacy section below.in december russia announced webcams would installed polling stations monitor russian presidential election.video clips stills webcams used take video clips still pictures. |
Webcam | various software tools wide use employed picmaster microsofts camera app use windows operating systems photo booth mac cheese unix systems.complete list see comparison webcam software.input control devices special software use video stream webcam assist enhance users control applications games.video features including faces shapes models colors observed tracked produce corresponding form control.example position single light source tracked used emulate mouse pointer headmounted light would enable handsfree computing would greatly improve computer accessibility. |
Webcam | applied games providing additional control improved interactivity immersiveness.freetrack free webcam motiontracking application microsoft windows track special headmounted model six degrees freedom output data mouse keyboard joystick freetracksupported games.removing ir filter webcam ir leds used advantage invisible naked eye removing distraction user.trackir commercial version technology.the eyetoy playstation playstation eye playstation xbox live vision camera kinect motion sensor xbox color digital cameras used control input devices games.small webcambased pc games available either standalone executables inside web browser windows using adobe flash.astro photography verylowlight capability specific models webcams popular photograph night sky astronomers astro photographers.mostly manualfocus cameras contain old ccd array instead comparatively newer cmos array. |
Webcam | lenses cameras removed attached telescopes record images video still both.newer techniques videos faint objects taken couple seconds frames video stacked together obtain still image respectable contrast.laser beam profiling webcams ccd response linear proportional incoming light.therefore webcams suitable record laser beam profiles lens removed.resolution laser beam profiler depends pixel size. |
Webcam | commercial webcams usually designed record color images.size webcams color pixel depends model may lie range µm.however color pixel consists four black white pixels equipped color filter details see bayer filter.although color filters work well visible may rather transparent near infrared.switching webcam bayermode possible access information single pixels resolution µm possible. |
Webcam | history early development early first developed webcam pointed trojan room coffee pot cambridge university computer science department initially operating local network instead web.camera finally switched august .final image captured camera still viewed homepage.oldest continuously operating webcam san francisco state universitys fogcam run since slated turn august .updates every seconds. |
Webcam | publicity following extensive news coverage planned ending fogcam sfsu agreed continue maintaining fogcam keep running.indycam released sgi indy first commercial computer standard video camera first sgi computer standard video inputs.the maximum supported input resolution × ntsc × pal.fast machine required capture either resolutions though indy slower rpc cpu example may require input resolution reduced storage processing.however vino hardware capable dmaing video fields directly framebuffer minimal cpu overhead.commercial webcam mid connectix quickcam first widespread commercial webcam blackandwhite quickcam entered marketplace created u.s. computer company connectix. |
Webcam | quickcam available august apple macintosh connecting via serial port cost .jon garber designer device wanted call maccamera overruled connectixs marketing department version pccompatible parallel port software microsoft windows launched october .original quickcam provided xpixel resolution grayscale depth shades frames per second shades frames per second.cam tested several delta ii launch using variety communication protocols including cdma tdma gsm hf.in time magazine named quickcam one top computer devices time.videoconferencing via computers already existed time clientserver based videoconferencing software cuseeme started become popular.rs integrated webcam first widely known laptop integrated webcam option pricepoint starting us ibm rs laptop thinkpad sibling released . |
Webcam | entering mainstream late one widely reportedon webcam sites jennicam created allowed internet users observe life namesake constantly vein reality tv series big brother launched four years later.cameras mounted overlooking bridges public squares public places output made available public web page accordance original concept webcam.aggregator websites also created providing thousands live video streams uptodate still pictures allowing users find live video streams based location criteria.in late microsoft netmeeting videoconferencing software pc widespread use making use webcams.following years instant messaging clients started adding webcam support yahoo messenger introduced version .allowing video calling frames per second using webcam. |
Webcam | msn messenger gained version ..around turn st century computer hardware manufacturers began building webcams directly laptop desktop screens thus eliminating need use external usb firewire camera.gradually webcams came used telecommunications videotelephony two people among several people offering view web page unknown public.later developments present less us threedimensional space webcam became available producing videos photos anaglyph image resolution × pixels.sender receiver images must use glasses see effect three dimensional image.webcams considered essential accessory working home mainly compensate lower quality video processing builtin camera average laptop. |
Webcam | result covid pandemic webcams initially sold prices marked third party sellers.laptops pandemic made cameras capping p recording quality best compared industry standard p k seen smartphones televisions period.backlog new developments builtin webcams result design flaw laptops thin support mm camera modules fit inside instead resorting .mm.also camera components expensive high level demand feature companies like apple updated webcams since .smartphones started used backup option webcam replacement kits including lighting tripods downloadable apps. |
Webcam | privacy many users wish continuous exposure webcams originally intended rather prefer privacy.privacy lost malware allow malicious hackers activate webcam without users knowledge providing hackers live video audio feed.particular concern many laptop computers cameras normally cannot physically disabled hijacked trojan horse program similar spyware programs.cameras apples older external isight cameras include lens covers thwart this.webcams builtin hardwired led indicators light whenever camera active sometimes video mode.however possible malware circumvent indicator activate camera surreptitiously researchers demonstrated case macbooks builtin camera .various companies sell sliding lens covers stickers allow users retrofit computer smartphone close access camera lens needed. |
Webcam | one company reported sold items .however opaque material work.prominent users include former fbi director james comey.the process attempting hack persons webcam activate without webcam owners permission called camfecting portmanteau cam infecting.remotely activated webcam used watch anything within webcams field vision.camfecting often carried infecting victims computer virus. |
Webcam | january search engine queries published online forum allow anyone find thousands panasonic axis highend web cameras provided webbased interface remote viewing.many cameras running default configuration require password login ip address verification making viewable anyone.in robbins v. lower merion school district webcamgate case plaintiffs charged two suburban philadelphia high schools secretly spied students surreptitiously remotely activating isight webcams embedded schoolissued macbook laptops students using home—thereby infringing privacy rights.school authorities admitted secretly snapping photographs including shots students privacy bedrooms teenagers various states undress.school board involved quickly disabled laptop spyware program parents filed lawsuits board various individuals.effects modern society webcams allow inexpensive realtime video chat webcasting amateur professional pursuits. |
Webcam | frequently used online dating online personal services offered mainly women camgirling.however ease webcam use internet video chat also caused issues.example moderation system various video chat websites omegle criticized ineffective sexual content still rampant.case transmission nude photos videos via omegle teenage girl schoolteacher resulted child pornography charge.youtube popular website hosting many videos made using webcams.news websites bbc also produce professional live news videos using webcams rather traditional cameras.webcams also encourage telecommuting enabling people work home via internet rather traveling office. |
Webcam | usage crucial survival many businesses covid pandemic inperson office work discouraged.the popularity webcams among teenagers internet access raised concern use webcams cyberbullying.webcam recordings teenagers including underage teenagers frequently posted popular web forums imageboards chan.descriptive names terminology videophone calls also videocalls video chat differ videoconferencing expect serve individuals groups.however distinction become increasingly blurred technology improvements increased bandwidth sophisticated software clients allow multiple parties call.general everyday usage term videoconferencing frequently used instead videocall pointtopoint calls two units. |
Webcam | videophone calls videoconferencing also commonly referred video link.webcams popular relatively low cost devices provide live video audio streams via personal computers used many software clients video calls videoconferencing.a videoconference system generally higher cost videophone deploys greater capabilities.videoconference also known videoteleconference allows two locations communicate via live simultaneous twoway video audio transmissions.often accomplished use multipoint control unit centralized distribution call management system similar noncentralized multipoint capability embedded videoconferencing unit.technology improvements circumvented traditional definitions allowing multiple party videoconferencing via webbased applications.separate webpage article devoted videoconferencing.a telepresence system highend videoconferencing system service usually employed enterpriselevel corporate offices. |
Webcam | telepresence conference rooms use stateofthe art room designs video cameras displays soundsystems processors coupled hightoveryhigh capacity bandwidth transmissions.typical use various technologies described include calling conferencing oneonone onetomany manytomany basis personal business educational deaf video relay service telemedical diagnostic rehabilitative use services.new services utilizing videocalling videoconferencing teachers psychologists conducting online sessions personal videocalls inmates incarcerated penitentiaries videoconferencing resolve airline engineering issues maintenance facilities created evolving ongoing basis.see also action cameracamera phonecamfectingcamgirlingcctvcomparison webcam softwaredocument cameraip cameraisight ibm ultraport cameraslist webcameras videophonesoptic nerve gchqpan tilt zoom cameraquickcamtrail camera – special outdoor digital camera operates batteries saves motiondetected images sdcard references bibliography mulbach lothar bocker martin prussog angela.telepresence videocommunications study stereoscopy individual eye contact human factors june vol.no. |
Webcam | p. issn gale document number galea.accessed december via general science ecollection subscription.reading bajaj vikas.transparent government via webcams india new york times july p.b.published online july .getlumina. |
Web server directory index | tips finding good webcam jan .server configured support serverside scripting list usually include entries allowing dynamic content used index page e.g.index.cgi index.pl index.php index.shtml index.jsp default.asp even though may appropriate still specify html output index.html.php index.html.aspx taken granted.example popular open source web server apache list filenames controlled directoryindex directive main server configuration file configuration file directory.possible use file extensions neutral content delivery methods set server automatically pick best file content negotiation.if server unable find file names listed configuration may either return error usually index listing forbidden found generate index page listing files directory.usually option often named autoindex also configurable. |
Web server directory index | history scheme web server serves default file persubdirectory basis supported early ncsa httpd .beta april defaults serve index.html file directory.scheme adopted cern httpd since least .beta april whose default supports welcome.html welcome.html addition ncsaoriginated index.html.later web servers typically support default file scheme one form another usually configurable index.html one default file names.implementation cases home page website menu language options large sites use geotargeting.also possible avoid step example using content negotiation.in cases known index.file exists within given directory web server may configured provide automatically generated listing files within directory instead. |
Web server directory index | apache web server example behavior provided modautoindex module controlled options indexes directive web server configuration files.automated directory listings sometimes security risk enumerate sensitive files may intended public access process known directory indexing attack.security misconfiguration may also assist attacks path directory traversal attack.performances accessing directory various available index methods may also different impact usage os resources ram cpu time etc.thus web server performances.proceeding fastest slowest method listusing static index file e.g. |
Chrome Web Store | index.html etc.using web server feature usually named autoindex index file exists let web server autogenerate directory listing using internal moduleusing interpreted file read web server internal program interpreter e.g.index.phpusing cgi executable compiled program e.g.index.cgi.referenceschrome web store hosts extensions web apps.history chrome web store publicly unveiled december opened february release google chrome .. year later redesigned catalyze big increase traffic across downloads users total number apps.june million total installs content hosted chrome web store.some extension developers sold extensions thirdparties incorporated adware.google removed two extensions chrome web store many users complained unwanted popup ads.following year google acknowledged five percent visits websites altered extensions adware. |
Chrome Web Store | malware malware remains problem chrome web store.january security researchers found four malicious extensions combined downloads.february google blocked great suspender popular extension users reported malicious code added it.chrome used allow extensions hosted chrome web store also installed developers website sake convenience.became malware vector removed .references external links official website |
DNS rebinding | attack malicious web page causes visitors run clientside script attacks machines elsewhere network.theory sameorigin policy prevents happening clientside scripts allowed access content host served script.comparing domain names essential part enforcing policy dns rebinding circumvents protection abusing domain name system dns.this attack used breach private network causing victims web browser access computers private ip addresses return results attacker.also employed use victim machine spamming distributed denialofservice attacks malicious activities.dns rebinding works attacker registers domain attacker.com delegates dns server attackers control. |
DNS rebinding | server configured respond short time live ttl record preventing dns response cached.victim browses malicious domain attackers dns server first responds ip address server hosting malicious clientside code.instance could point victims browser website contains malicious javascript flash scripts intended execute victims computer.the malicious clientside code makes additional accesses original domain name attacker.com.permitted sameorigin policy.however victims browser runs script makes new dns request domain attacker replies new ip address. |
DNS rebinding | instance could reply internal ip address ip address target somewhere else internet.protection following techniques attempt prevent dns rebinding attacksdns servers chain filter private ip addresses loopback ip addressesexternal public dns servers e.g.opendns implement dns filtering.local system administrators configure organizations local nameservers block resolution external names internal ip addresses.downside allowing attacker map internal address ranges use.a firewall e.g.dnswall gateway local pc filter dns replies pass discarding local addresses.web browsers resist dns rebindingweb browsers implement dns pinning ip address locked value received first dns response. |
Transport Layer Security | technique may block legitimate uses dynamic dns may work attacks.however important failsafe stop rendering ip address change using ip address past ttl expiration open opposite vulnerability ip address legitimately changed expired ip address may controlled attacker.the noscript extension firefox includes abe firewalllike feature inside browser default configuration prevents attacks local network preventing external webpages accessing local ip addresses.web servers reject http requests unrecognized host header.see also dns hijackingdns spoofing references external links protecting browsers dns rebinding attacks dns hardening update adobe flash player security sun alert sun jvm dns rebinding robert rsnake hansenprotocol widely used applications email instant messaging voice ip use securing https remains publicly visible.the tls protocol aims primarily provide cryptography including privacy confidentiality integrity authenticity use certificates two communicating computer applications.runs application layer composed two layers tls record tls handshake protocols.tls proposed internet engineering task force ietf standard first defined current version tls .defined august .tls builds earlier ssl specifications developed netscape communications adding https protocol web browser.description clientserver applications use tls protocol communicate across network way designed prevent eavesdropping tampering.since applications communicate either without tls ssl necessary client request server sets tls connection. |
Transport Layer Security | one main ways achieving use different port number tls connections.example port typically used unencrypted http traffic port common port used encrypted https traffic.another mechanism client make protocolspecific request server switch connection tls example making starttls request using mail news protocols.once client server agreed use tls negotiate stateful connection using handshaking procedure.protocols use handshake asymmetric cipher establish cipher settings also sessionspecific shared key communication encrypted using symmetric cipher.handshake client server agree various parameters used establish connections securitythe handshake begins client connects tlsenabled server requesting secure connection client presents list supported cipher suites ciphers hash functions.from list server picks cipher hash function also supports notifies client decision.the server usually provides identification form digital certificate. |
Transport Layer Security | certificate contains server name trusted certificate authority ca vouches authenticity certificate servers public encryption key.the client confirms validity certificate proceeding.to generate session keys used secure connection client eitherencrypts random number premastersecret servers public key sends result server server able decrypt private key parties use random number generate unique session key subsequent encryption decryption data sessionuses diffie–hellman key exchange securely generate random unique session key encryption decryption additional property forward secrecy servers private key disclosed future cannot used decrypt current session even session intercepted recorded third party.this concludes handshake begins secured connection encrypted decrypted session key connection closes.one steps fails tls handshake fails connection created.tls ssl fit neatly single layer osi model tcpip model.tls runs top reliable transport protocol e.g.tcp would imply transport layer.serves encryption higher layers normally function presentation layer. |
Transport Layer Security | however applications generally use tls transport layer even though applications using tls must actively control initiating tls handshakes handling exchanged authentication certificates.when secured tls connections client e.g.web browser server e.g.wikipedia.org one following propertiesthe connection private secure symmetrickey algorithm used encrypt data transmitted.keys symmetric encryption generated uniquely connection based shared secret negotiated start session.server client negotiate details encryption algorithm cryptographic keys use first byte data transmitted see below. |
Transport Layer Security | negotiation shared secret secure negotiated secret unavailable eavesdroppers cannot obtained even attacker places themself middle connection reliable attacker modify communications negotiation without detected.the identity communicating parties authenticated using publickey cryptography.authentication required server optional client.the connection reliable message transmitted includes message integrity check using message authentication code prevent undetected loss alteration data transmission.addition careful configuration tls provide additional privacyrelated properties forward secrecy ensuring future disclosure encryption keys cannot used decrypt tls communications recorded past.tls supports many different methods exchanging keys encrypting data authenticating message integrity.result secure configuration tls involves many configurable parameters choices provide privacyrelated properties described list see tables § key exchange § cipher security § data integrity.attempts made subvert aspects communications security tls seeks provide protocol revised several times address security threats.developers web browsers repeatedly revised products defend potential security weaknesses discovered see tlsssl support history web browsers. |
Transport Layer Security | history development secure data network system transport layer security protocol tls together several basic network security platforms developed joint initiative begun august among national security agency national bureau standards defense communications agency twelve communications computer corporations initiated special project called secure data network system sdns.program described september th national computer security conference extensive set published papers.innovative research program focused designing next generation secure computer communications network product specifications implemented applications public private internets.intended complement rapidly emerging new osi internet standards moving forward u.s. governments gosip profiles huge ituiso jtc internet effort internationally.originally known sp protocol renamed tls subsequently published international standard itut x. isoiec . |
Transport Layer Security | secure network programming early research efforts towards transport layer security included secure network programming snp application programming interface api explored approach secure transport layer api closely resembling berkeley sockets facilitate retrofitting preexisting network applications security measures.ssl ...netscape developed original ssl protocols taher elgamal chief scientist netscape communications described father ssl. |
Transport Layer Security | ssl version .never publicly released serious security flaws protocol.version .released february quickly discovered contain number security usability flaws.used cryptographic keys message authentication encryption. |
Transport Layer Security | weak mac construction used md hash function secret prefix making vulnerable length extension attacks.provided protection either opening handshake explicit message close meant maninthemiddle attacks could go undetected.moreover ssl .assumed single service fixed domain certificate conflicting widely used feature virtual hosting web servers websites effectively impaired using ssl.these flaws necessitated complete redesign protocol ssl version .. released produced paul kocher working netscape engineers phil karlton alan freier reference implementation christopher allen tim dierks consensus development.newer versions ssltls based ssl .. draft ssl . |
Transport Layer Security | published ietf historical document rfc .ssl .deprecated rfc .ssl .found vulnerable poodle attack affects block ciphers ssl rc nonblock cipher supported ssl .also feasibly broken used ssl .. ssl . |
Transport Layer Security | deprecated june rfc .tls .tls .first defined rfc january upgrade ssl version .written christopher allen tim dierks consensus development. |
Transport Layer Security | stated rfc differences protocol ssl .dramatic significant enough preclude interoperability tls .ssl .. tim dierks later wrote changes renaming ssl tls facesaving gesture microsoft wouldnt look like ietf rubberstamping netscapes protocol.the pci council suggested organizations migrate tls .tls .higher june . |
Transport Layer Security | october apple google microsoft mozilla jointly announced would deprecate tls ..march .tls .tls . |
Transport Layer Security | defined rfc april .update tls version .. significant differences version includeadded protection cipherblock chaining cbc attacks.the implicit initialization vector iv replaced explicit iv.change handling padding errors.support iana registration parameters.support tls versions ..widely deprecated web sites around disabling access firefox versions chromiumbased browsers . |
Transport Layer Security | tls .tls .defined rfc august .based earlier tls .specification. |
Transport Layer Security | major differences includethe md–sha combination pseudorandom function prf replaced sha option use cipher suite specified prfs.the md–sha combination finished message hash replaced sha option use cipher suite specific hash algorithms.however size hash finished message must still least bits.the md–sha combination digitally signed element replaced single hash negotiated handshake defaults sha.enhancement clients servers ability specify hashes signature algorithms accept.expansion support authenticated encryption ciphers used mainly galoiscounter mode gcm ccm mode advanced encryption standard aes encryption.tls extensions definition aes cipher suites added.tls versions refined rfc march removing backward compatibility ssl tls sessions never negotiate use secure sockets layer ssl version .. tls .tls .defined rfc august . |
Transport Layer Security | based earlier tls .specification.major differences tls .includeseparating key agreement authentication algorithms cipher suitesremoving support weak lessused named elliptic curvesremoving support md sha cryptographic hash functionsrequiring digital signatures even previous configuration usedintegrating hkdf semiephemeral dh proposalreplacing resumption psk ticketssupporting rtt handshakes initial support rttmandating perfect forward secrecy means using ephemeral keys ecdh key agreementdropping support many insecure obsolete features including compression renegotiation nonaead ciphers nonpfs key exchange among static rsa static dh key exchanges custom dhe groups ec point format negotiation change cipher spec protocol hello message unix time length field ad input aead ciphersprohibiting ssl rc negotiation backwards compatibilityintegrating use session hashdeprecating use record layer version number freezing number improved backwards compatibilitymoving securityrelated algorithm details appendix specification relegating clientkeyshare appendixadding chacha stream cipher poly message authentication codeadding ed ed digital signature algorithmsadding x x key exchange protocolsadding support sending multiple ocsp responsesencrypting handshake messages serverhellonetwork security services nss cryptography library developed mozilla used web browser firefox enabled tls .default february . |
Transport Layer Security | tls .support subsequently added — due compatibility issues small number users automatically enabled — firefox .released march .tls .enabled default may release firefox ..google chrome set tls . |
Transport Layer Security | default version short time .removed default due incompatible middleboxes blue coat web proxies.during ietf hackathon took place singapore tls group worked adapting opensource applications use tls .. tls group made individuals japan united kingdom mauritius via cyberstorm.mu team.work continued ietf hackathon london ietf hackathon montreal.wolfssl enabled use tls .version .. released may .first commercial tls . |
Transport Layer Security | implementation wolfssl .. supported draft supports draft final version well many older versions.series blogs published performance difference tls ...in september popular openssl project released version .. library support tls .headline new feature.support tls .first added schannel windows windows server . |
Transport Layer Security | enterprise transport security electronic frontier foundation praised tls .expressed concern variant protocol enterprise transport security ets intentionally disables important security measures tls .. originally called enterprise tls etls ets published standard known etsi ts middlebox security protocol part enterprise transport security.intended use entirely within proprietary networks banking systems.ets support forward secrecy allow thirdparty organizations connected proprietary networks able use private key monitor network traffic detection malware make easier conduct audits.despite claimed benefits eff warned loss forward secrecy could make easier data exposed along saying better ways analyze traffic. |
Transport Layer Security | digital certificates digital certificate certifies ownership public key named subject certificate indicates certain expected usages key.allows others relying parties rely upon signatures assertions made private key corresponds certified public key.keystores trust stores various formats .pem .crt .pfx .jks.certificate authorities tls typically relies set trusted thirdparty certificate authorities establish authenticity certificates.trust usually anchored list certificates distributed user agent software modified relying party.according netcraft monitors active tls certificates marketleading certificate authority ca symantec since beginning survey verisign authentication services business unit purchased symantec. |
Transport Layer Security | symantec accounted third certificates valid certificates used million busiest websites counted netcraft.symantec sold tlsssl business digicert.updated report shown identrust digicert sectigo top certificate authorities terms market share since may .as consequence choosing x. certificates certificate authorities public key infrastructure necessary verify relation certificate owner well generate sign administer validity certificates.convenient verifying identities via web trust mass surveillance disclosures made widely known certificate authorities weak point security standpoint allowing maninthemiddle attacks mitm certificate authority cooperates compromised.algorithms key exchange key agreement client server begin exchange information protected tls must securely exchange agree upon encryption key cipher use encrypting data see § cipher. |
Transport Layer Security | among methods used key exchangeagreement public private keys generated rsa denoted tlsrsa tls handshake protocol diffie–hellman tlsdh ephemeral diffie–hellman tlsdhe ellipticcurve diffie–hellman tlsecdh ephemeral ellipticcurve diffie–hellman tlsecdhe anonymous diffie–hellman tlsdhanon preshared key tlspsk secure remote password tlssrp.the tlsdhanon tlsecdhanon key agreement methods authenticate server user hence rarely used vulnerable maninthemiddle attacks.tlsdhe tlsecdhe provide forward secrecy.public key certificates used exchangeagreement also vary size publicprivate encryption keys used exchange hence robustness security provided.july google announced would longer use bit public keys would switch instead bit keys increase security tls encryption provides users encryption strength directly related key size.cipher notes data integrity message authentication code mac used data integrity.hmac used cbc mode block ciphers. |
Transport Layer Security | authenticated encryption aead gcm mode ccm mode uses aeadintegrated mac doesnt use hmac.hmacbased prf hkdf used tls handshake.applications adoption applications design tls usually implemented top transport layer protocols encrypting protocolrelated data protocols http ftp smtp nntp xmpp.historically tls used primarily reliable transport protocols transmission control protocol tcp.however also implemented datagramoriented transport protocols user datagram protocol udp datagram congestion control protocol dccp usage standardized independently using term datagram transport layer security dtls.websites primary use tls secure world wide web traffic website web browser encoded http protocol. |
Transport Layer Security | use tls secure http traffic constitutes https protocol.notes web browsers april latest versions major web browsers support tls ...enabled default.however supported microsoft operating systems support latest version ie. |
Transport Layer Security | additionally many microsoft operating systems currently support multiple versions ie changed according microsofts internet explorer support lifecycle policy faq beginning january current version internet explorer available supported operating system receive technical support security updates.page goes list latest supported version ie date operating system.next critical date would operating system reaches end life stage microsofts windows lifecycle fact sheet.mitigations known attacks enough yetmitigations poodle attack browsers already prevent fallback ssl .however mitigation needs supported clients also servers.disabling ssl . |
Transport Layer Security | implementation antipoodle record splitting denying cbc ciphers ssl .required.google chrome complete tlsfallbackscsv implemented since version fallback ssl .disabled since version ssl .disabled default since version .support ssl . |
Transport Layer Security | dropped since version .mozilla firefox complete support ssl .dropped since version .ssl .disabled default fallback ssl .disabled since version tlsfallbackscsv implemented since version . |
Transport Layer Security | esr ssl .disabled default tlsfallbackscsv implemented since esr ..internet explorer partial version ssl .disabled default since april .version older still vulnerable poodle.opera complete tlsfallbackscsv implemented since version antipoodle record splitting effective clientside implementation implemented since version ssl .disabled default since version . |
Transport Layer Security | support ssl .dropped since version .safari complete os x .later ios cbc ciphers fallback ssl .denied means use rc recommended well.support ssl . |
Transport Layer Security | dropped os x .later ios .mitigation rc attacksgoogle chrome disabled rc except fallback since version .rc disabled since chrome .firefox disabled rc except fallback since version .firefox disabled rc default.opera disabled rc except fallback since version .rc disabled since opera .internet explorer windows server r windows server set priority rc lowest also disable rc except fallback registry settings. |
Transport Layer Security | internet explorer mobile windows phone .disable rc except fallback enabled algorithm works.edge ie disable rc completely august .mitigation freak attackthe android browser included android .older still vulnerable freak attack.internet explorer mobile still vulnerable freak attack.google chrome internet explorer desktop safari desktop mobile opera mobile freak mitigations place.mozilla firefox platforms google chrome windows affected freak.notes libraries ssl tls programming libraries free open source software.boringssl fork openssl chromechromium android well google applications.botan bsdlicensed cryptographic library written c.bsafe micro edition suite multiplatform implementation tls written c using fipsvalidated cryptographic modulebsafe sslj tls library providing proprietary api jsse api using fipsvalidated cryptographic modulecryptlib portable open source cryptography library includes tlsssl implementationdelphi programmers may use library called indy utilizes openssl alternatively ics supports tls .now.gnutls free implementation lgpl licensedjava secure socket extension jsse java api provider implementation named sunjsselibressl fork openssl openbsd project.matrixssl dual licensed implementationmbed tls previously polarssl tiny ssl library implementation embedded devices designed ease usenetwork security services fips validated open source libraryopenssl free implementation bsd license extensionsschannel implementation ssl tls microsoft windows part package.secure transport implementation ssl tls used os x ios part packages.wolfssl previously cyassl embedded ssltls library strong focus speed size.a paper presented acm conference computer communications security showed applications used ssl libraries correctly leading vulnerabilities. |
Transport Layer Security | according authorsthe root cause vulnerabilities terrible design apis underlying ssl libraries.instead expressing highlevel security properties network tunnels confidentiality authentication apis expose lowlevel details ssl protocol application developers.consequence developers often use ssl apis incorrectly misinterpreting misunderstanding manifold parameters options side effects return values.uses simple mail transfer protocol smtp also protected tls.applications use public key certificates verify identity endpoints.tls also used tunnelling entire network stack create vpn case openvpn openconnect. |
Transport Layer Security | many vendors married tlss encryption authentication capabilities authorization.also substantial development since late creating client technology outside webbrowsers order enable support clientserver applications.compared traditional ipsec vpn technologies tls inherent advantages firewall nat traversal make easier administer large remoteaccess populations.tls also standard method protecting session initiation protocol sip application signaling.tls used providing authentication encryption sip signalling associated voip sipbased applications.security attacks tlsssl significant attacks tlsssl listed below.in february ietf issued informational rfc summarizing various known attacks tlsssl. |
Transport Layer Security | renegotiation attack vulnerability renegotiation procedure discovered august lead plaintext injection attacks ssl .current versions tls.example allows attacker hijack https connection splice requests beginning conversation client web server.attacker cant actually decrypt client–server communication different typical maninthemiddle attack.shortterm fix web servers stop allowing renegotiation typically require changes unless client certificate authentication used. |
Transport Layer Security | fix vulnerability renegotiation indication extension proposed tls.require client server include verify information previous handshakes renegotiation handshakes.extension become proposed standard assigned number rfc .rfc implemented several libraries.downgrade attacks freak attack logjam attack protocol downgrade attack also called version rollback attack tricks web server negotiating connections previous versions tls sslv long since abandoned insecure.previous modifications original protocols like false start adopted enabled google chrome snap start reportedly introduced limited tls protocol downgrade attacks allowed modifications cipher suite list sent client server. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.