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Cross-site request forgery	carried users ip address website logs might evidence csrf.exploits underreported least publicly welldocumented examples netflix website numerous vulnerabilities csrf could allowed attacker perform actions adding dvd victims rental queue changing shipping address account altering victims login credentials fully compromise account.the online banking web application ing direct vulnerable csrf attack allowed illicit money transfers.popular video website youtube also vulnerable csrf allowed attacker perform nearly actions user.mcafee secure also vulnerable csrf allowed attackers change company system.fixed newer versions.new attacks webenabled devices carried including attempts change dns settings routers.router manufacturers hurriedly released firmware updates improve protection advised users change router settings reduce risk.details released citing obvious security reasons.
Cross-site request forgery	example attackers find reproducible link executes specific action target page victim logged embed link page control trick victim opening it.attack carrier link may placed location victim likely visit logged target site example discussion forum sent html email body attachment.real csrf vulnerability utorrent cve exploited fact web console accessible localhost allowed critical actions executed using simple get requestforce .torrent file downloadhttplocalhostguiactionaddurlshttpevil.example.combackdoor.torrentchange utorrent administrator passwordhttplocalhostguiactionsetsettingswebui.passwordveviladminattacks launched placing malicious automaticaction html image elements forums email spam browsers visiting pages would open automatically without much user action.people running vulnerable utorrent version time opening pages susceptible attack.csrf attacks using image tags often made internet forums users allowed post images javascript example using bbcodewhen accessing attack link local utorrent application localhost browser would also always automatically send existing cookies domain.general property web browsers enables csrf attacks exploit targeted vulnerabilities execute hostile actions long user logged target website example local utorrent web interface time attack.in utorrent example described attack facilitated fact utorrents web interface used get request critical statechanging operations change credentials download file etc.
Cross-site request forgery	rfc explicitly discouragesin particular convention established get head methods significance taking action retrieval.methods ought considered safe.allows user agents represent methods post put delete special way user made aware fact possibly unsafe action requested.because assumption many existing csrf prevention mechanisms web frameworks cover get requests rather apply protection http methods intended statechanging.forging login requests attacker may forge request log victim target website using attackers credentials known login csrf.login csrf makes various novel attacks possible instance attacker later log site legitimate credentials view private information like activity history saved account.
Cross-site request forgery	attack demonstrated google yahoo.http verbs csrf depending type http request methods vary susceptibility csrf attacks due differences handling web browsers.therefore protective measures attack depend method http request.in http get csrf exploitation trivial using methods described simple hyperlink containing manipulated parameters automatically loaded img tag.http specification however get used safe method significantly changing users state application.applications using get operations switch http post use anticsrf protection.the http post vulnerability csrf depends usage scenarioin simplest form post data encoded query string fieldvaluefieldvalue csrf attack easily implemented using simple html form anticsrf measures must applied.if data sent format json xml standard method issue post request using xmlhttprequest csrf attacks prevented sameorigin policy sop crossorigin resource sharing cors technique send arbitrary content simple html form using enctype attribute fake request distinguished legitimate ones textplain content type enforced server csrf executedother http methods put delete etc.
Cross-site request forgery	issued using xmlhttprequest sameorigin policy sop crossorigin resource sharing cors preventing csrf measures however active websites explicitly disable using accesscontrolalloworigin header approaches csrf additionally typically described static type attack csrf also dynamically constructed part payload crosssite scripting attack demonstrated samy worm constructed fly session information leaked via offsite content sent target malicious url.csrf tokens could also sent client attacker due session fixation vulnerabilities guessed via bruteforce attack rendered malicious page generates thousands failed requests.attack class dynamic csrf using perclient payload sessionspecific forgery described nathan hamiel shawn moyer blackhat briefings though taxonomy yet gain wider adoption.a new vector composing dynamic csrf attacks presented oren ofer local owasp chapter meeting january – ajax hammer – dynamic csrf.effects severity metrics issued csrf vulnerabilities result remote code execution root privileges well vulnerability compromise root certificate completely undermine public key infrastructure.limitations several things happen crosssite request forgery succeedthe attacker must target either site doesnt check referrer header victim browser plugin allows referer spoofing.the attacker must find form submission target site url side effects something e.g.
Cross-site request forgery	transfers money changes victims email address password.the attacker must determine right values forms url inputs required secret authentication values ids attacker cant guess attack likely fail unless attacker extremely lucky guess.the attacker must lure victim web page malicious code victim logged target site.the attack blind attacker cannot see target website sends back victim response forged requests unless exploit crosssite scripting bug target website.similarly attacker target links submit forms come initial forged request subsequent links forms similarly predictable.multiple targets simulated including multiple images page using javascript introduce delay clicks.prevention csrf prevention techniques work embedding additional authentication data requests allows web application detect requests unauthorized locations.synchronizer token pattern synchronizer token pattern stp technique token secret unique value request embedded web application html forms verified server side.
Cross-site request forgery	token may generated method ensures unpredictability uniqueness e.g.using hash chain random seed.attacker thus unable place correct token requests authenticate them.example stp set django html formstp compatible relies html introduces complexity server side due burden associated checking validity token request.token unique unpredictable also enforces proper sequence events e.g.screen raises usability problem e.g.
Cross-site request forgery	user opens multiple tabs.relaxed using per session csrf token instead per request csrf token.cookietoheader token web applications use javascript majority operations may use following anticsrf techniqueon initial visit without associated server session web application sets cookie scoped appropriately provided crossorigin requests.cookie typically contains random token may remain life web sessionsetcookie hostcsrftokenixnjcbkvokuwrftrwgpbfwql expiresthu jul gmt maxage path samesitelax securejavascript operating client side reads value copies custom http header sent transactional requestxcsrftoken ixnjcbkvokuwrftrwgpbfwqlthe server validates presence integrity tokensecurity technique based assumption javascript running client side https connection server initially set cookie able read cookies value.javascript running rogue file email able successfully read cookie value copy custom header.
Cross-site request forgery	even though csrftoken cookie automatically sent rogue request server still expect valid xcsrftoken header.the csrf token unique unpredictable.may generated randomly may derived session token using hmaccsrftoken hmacsessiontoken applicationsecretthe csrf token cookie must httponly flag intended read javascript design.this technique implemented many modern frameworks django angularjs.token remains constant whole user session works well ajax applications enforce sequence events web application.the protection provided technique thwarted target website disables sameorigin policy using one following techniquesclientaccesspolicy.xml file granting unintended access silverlight controlscrossdomain.xml file granting unintended access flash movies double submit cookie similarly cookietoheader approach without involving javascript site set csrf token cookie also insert hidden field html form.form submitted site check cookie token matches form token.sameorigin policy prevents attacker reading setting cookies target domain cannot put valid token crafted form.the advantage technique synchronizer pattern token need stored server.
Cross-site request forgery	samesite cookie attribute additional samesite attribute included server sets cookie instructing browser whether attach cookie crosssite requests.attribute set strict cookie sent samesite requests making csrf ineffective.however requires browser recognise correctly implement attribute also requires cookie secure flag.clientside safeguards browser extensions requestpolicy mozilla firefox umatrix firefox google chromechromium prevent csrf providing defaultdeny policy crosssite requests.however significantly interfere normal operation many websites.
Cross-site request forgery	csfire extension also firefox mitigate impact csrf less impact normal browsing removing authentication information crosssite requests.the noscript extension firefox mitigates csrf threats distinguishing trusted untrusted sites removing authentication payloads post requests sent untrusted sites trusted ones.application boundary enforcer module noscript also blocks requests sent internet pages local sites e.g.localhost preventing csrf attacks local services utorrent routers.the self destructing cookies extension firefox directly protect csrf reduce attack window deleting cookies soon longer associated open tab.techniques various techniques used proposed csrf prevention historicallyverifying requests headers contain xrequestedwith used ruby rails v. django v.. checking http referer header andor http origin header.however insecure – combination browser plugins redirects allow attacker provide custom http headers request website hence allowing forged request.checking http referer header see request coming authorized page commonly used embedded network devices increase memory requirements.
Cross-site request forgery	however request omits referer header must treated unauthorized attacker suppress referer header issuing requests ftp https urls.strict referer validation may cause issues browsers proxies omit referer header privacy reasons.also old versions flash .. allow malicious flash generate get post requests arbitrary http request headers using crlf injection.similar crlf injection vulnerabilities client used spoof referrer http request.post request method perceived immune trivial csrf attacks using parameters url using get method.however post http method easily executed using xmlhttprequest.
Content sniffing	filtering unexpected get requests still prevents particular attacks crosssite attacks using malicious image urls link addresses crosssite information leakage script elements javascript hijacking also prevents nonsecurityrelated problems aggressive web crawlers link prefetching.crosssite scripting xss vulnerabilities even applications running domain allow attackers bypass essentially csrf preventions.see also breach security exploitconfused deputy problemcrime security exploitcrossdocument messagingheap sprayingreplay attacksession fixationweb application security references external links mostneglected fact cross site request forgerythe crosssite request forgery faqcrosssite request forgery web application security consortium threat classification projectcontent sniffing generally used compensate lack accurate metadata would otherwise required enable file interpreted correctly.content sniffing techniques tend use mixture techniques rely redundancy found file formats looking file signatures magic numbers heuristics including searching wellknown representative substrings use byte frequency ngram tables bayesian inference.mime multipurpose internet mail extensions sniffing still used web browsers including notably microsofts internet explorer attempt help web sites correctly signal mime type web content display.however opens serious security vulnerability confusing mime sniffing algorithm browser manipulated interpreting data way allows attacker carry operations expected either site operator user crosssite scripting.moreover making sites correctly assign mime types content appear work correctly browsers fails encourage correct labeling material turn makes content sniffing necessary sites work creating vicious circle incompatibility web standards security best practices.a specification exists media type sniffing html attempts balance requirements security need reverse compatibility web content missing incorrect mimetype data.attempts provide precise specification used across implementations implement single welldefined deterministic set behaviors.the unix file command viewed content sniffing application.
Content sniffing	charset sniffing numerous web browsers use limited form content sniffing attempt determine character encoding text files mime type already known.technique known charset sniffing codepage sniffing certain encodings may used bypass security restrictions too.instance internet explorer may tricked run jscript circumvention policy allowing browser guess htmlfile encoded utf.this bug worsened feature utf encoding permits multiple encodings text specifically alternative representations ascii characters.most encodings allow evasive presentations ascii characters charset sniffing less dangerous general due historical accident asciicentric nature scripting markup languages characters outside ascii repertoire difficult use circumvent security boundaries misinterpretations character sets tend produce results worse display mojibake.see also browser sniffingxcontenttypeoptions header references external links mime sniffing standardl.masinter march .
Content sniffing	internet media types web.ietf internetdraft.retrieved .a.barth i. hickson january .media type sniffing.
Clickjacking	ietf internetdraft.retrieved .david risney.mimesniffing.retrieved .history noted possible load transparent layer web page users input affect transparent layer without user noticing.however mainly ignored major issue .in jeremiah grossman robert hansen discovered adobe flash player able clickjacked allowing attacker gain access computer without users knowledge.the term clickjacking coined jeremiah grossman robert hansen portmanteau words click hijacking.attacks similar nature discovered focus term ui redressing changed describe category attacks rather clickjacking itself.description one form clickjacking takes advantage vulnerabilities present applications web pages allow attacker manipulate users computer advantage.for example clickjacked page tricks user performing undesired actions clicking concealed links.clickjacked page attackers load another page original page transparent layer trick user taking actions outcomes user expects.
Clickjacking	unsuspecting users think clicking visible buttons actually performing actions invisible page clicking buttons page layer.hidden page may authentic page therefore attackers trick users performing actions users never intended.way tracing actions attackers later users would genuinely authenticated hidden page.clickjacking categories classic works mostly web browserlikejacking utilizes facebooks social media capabilitiesnested clickjacking tailored affect googlecursorjacking manipulates cursors appearance locationmousejacking inject keyboard mouse input via remote rf linkbrowserless use browsercookiejacking acquires cookies browsersfilejacking capable setting affected device file serverpassword manager attack clickjacking utilizes vulnerability autofill capability browsers classic classic clickjacking refers situation attacker uses hidden layers web pages manipulate actions users cursor resulting misleading user truly clicked on.a user might receive email link video news item another webpage say product page amazon hidden top underneath play button news video.user tries play video actually buys product amazon.
Clickjacking	hacker send single click rely fact visitor logged amazon.com click ordering enabled.while technical implementation attacks may challenging due crossbrowser incompatibilities number tools beef metasploit project offer almost fully automated exploitation clients vulnerable websites.clickjacking may facilitated may facilitate web attacks xss.likejacking likejacking malicious technique tricking users viewing website liking facebook page social media postsaccounts intentionally mean like.term likejacking came comment posted corey ballou article like anything web safely one first documented postings explaining possibility malicious activity regarding facebooks like button.according article ieee spectrum solution likejacking developed one facebooks hackathons.like bookmarklet available avoids possibility likejacking present facebook like button.
Clickjacking	nested nested clickjacking compared classic clickjacking works embedding malicious web frame two frames original harmless web page framed page displayed top window.works due vulnerability http header xframeoptions element value sameorigin web browser checks two aforementioned layers.fact additional frames added two remaining undetected means attackers use benefit.in past google faulty version xframeoptions attackers able insert frames choice using vulnerability present googles image search engine.image display frames present google well attackercontrolled frames able load restricted allowing attackers mislead whoever came upon image display page.cursorjacking cursorjacking ui redressing technique change cursor location user perceives discovered eddy bordi researcher vulnerability.fr marcus niemietz demonstrated custom cursor icon mario heiderich hiding cursor.jordi chancel researcher alternativtesting.fr discovered cursorjacking vulnerability using flash html javascript code mozilla firefox mac os x systems fixed firefox .
Clickjacking	lead arbitrary code execution webcam spying.a second cursorjacking vulnerability discovered jordi chancel mozilla firefox mac os x systems fixed firefox .using flash html javascript code also lead spying via webcam execution malicious addon allowing execution malware affected users computer.mousejack different clickjacking techniques redress ui mousejack wireless hardwarebased ui vulnerability first reported marc newlin bastille.net allows external keyboard input injected vulnerable dongles.logitech supplied firmware patches manufacturers failed respond vulnerability.browserless browserless clickjacking attackers utilize vulnerabilities programs replicate classic clickjacking without required use presence web browser.this method clickjacking mainly prevalent among mobile devices usually android devices especially due way toast notifications work.
Clickjacking	toast notifications small delay moment notification requested moment notification actually displays onscreen attackers capable using gap create dummy button lies hidden underneath notification still clicked on.cookiejacking cookiejacking form clickjacking cookies stolen victims web browsers.done tricking user dragging object seemingly appears harmless fact making user select entire content cookie targeted.attacker acquire cookie data possesses.filejacking filejacking attackers use web browsers capability navigate computer access computer files order acquire personal data.
Clickjacking	tricking user establishing active file server file folder selection window browsers use.attackers access take files victims computers.password manager attack paper researcher carnegie mellon university found browsers refuse autofill protocol current login page different protocol time password saved password managers would insecurely fill passwords http version httpssaved passwords.managers protect iframe redirectionbased attacks exposed additional passwords password synchronization used multiple devices.prevention clientside noscript protection clickjacking including likejacking added mozilla firefox desktop mobile versions installing noscript addon clearclick feature released october prevents users clicking invisible redressed page elements embedded documents applets.
Clickjacking	according googles browser security handbook noscripts clearclick freely available product offers reasonable degree protection clickjacking.protection newer cursorjacking attack added noscript .. rc.noclickjack noclickjack web browser addon browser extension adds clientside clickjack protection users google chrome mozilla firefox opera microsoft edge without interfering operation legitimate iframes.noclickjack based technology developed guardedid.noclickjack addon free charge.
Clickjacking	guardedid guardedid commercial product includes clientside clickjack protection users internet explorer without interfering operation legitimate iframes.guardedid clickjack protection forces frames become visible.guardedid teams addon noclickjack add protection google chrome mozilla firefox opera microsoft edge.gazelle gazelle microsoft research project secure web browser based ie uses oslike security model limited defenses clickjacking.gazelle window different origin may draw dynamic content another windows screen space content draws opaque.
Clickjacking	intersection observer v intersection observer v api introduces concept tracking actual visibility target element human would define it.allows framed widget detect covered.feature enabled default since google chrome released april .chrome browser implement api time.serverside framekiller web site owners protect users ui redressing frame based clickjacking server side including framekiller javascript snippet pages want included inside frames different sources.such javascriptbased protection always reliable.
Clickjacking	especially true internet explorer kind countermeasure circumvented design including targeted page inside iframe securityrestricted element.xframeoptions introduced internet explorer new http header xframeoptions offered partial protection clickjacking adopted browsers safari firefox chrome opera shortly afterwards.header set website owner declares preferred framing policy values deny allowfrom origin sameorigin prevent framing framing external sites allow framing specified site respectively.addition advertising sites return nonstandard allowall value intention allow framing content page equivalent setting xframeoptions all.in xframeoptions header officially published rfc internet standard.document provided informational purposes only.
Clickjacking	wcs content security policy level recommendation provides alternative security directive frameancestors intended obsolete xframeoptions header.a security header like xframeoptions protect users clickjacking attacks using frame.content security policy frameancestors directive content security policy introduced version .allow disallow embedding content potentially hostile pages using iframe object etc.directive obsoletes xframeoptions directive.page served headers frameancestors policy preferred browser.—although popular browsers disobey requirement.example frameancestors policies disallow embedding.
WebSocket	iframes etc.blank contain browser specific error page.contentsecuritypolicy frameancestors none allow embedding content only.contentsecuritypolicy frameancestors self allow specific origins embed contentcontentsecuritypolicy frameancestors see also referenceswebsocket protocol standardized ietf rfc websocket api web idl standardized wc.websocket distinct http.protocols located layer osi model depend tcp layer .although different rfc states websocket designed work http ports well support http proxies intermediaries thus making compatible http.achieve compatibility websocket handshake uses http upgrade header change http protocol websocket protocol.the websocket protocol enables interaction web browser client application web server lower overhead halfduplex alternatives http polling facilitating realtime data transfer server.made possible providing standardized way server send content client without first requested client allowing messages passed back forth keeping connection open.
WebSocket	way twoway ongoing conversation take place client server.communications usually done tcp port number case unsecured connections beneficial environments block nonweb internet connections using firewall.similar twoway browser–server communications achieved nonstandardized ways using stopgap technologies comet adobe flash player.most browsers support protocol including google chrome firefox microsoft edge internet explorer safari opera.unlike http websocket provides fullduplex communication.additionally websocket enables streams messages top tcp.tcp alone deals streams bytes inherent concept message.websocket port fullduplex communication attainable using comet channels however comet implementation nontrivial due tcp handshake http header overhead inefficient small messages.
WebSocket	websocket protocol aims solve problems without compromising security assumptions web.the websocket protocol specification defines ws websocket wss websocket secure two new uniform resource identifier uri schemes used unencrypted encrypted connections respectively.apart scheme name fragment i.e.supported rest uri components defined use uri generic syntax.using browser developer tools developers inspect websocket handshake well websocket frames.history websocket first referenced tcpconnection html specification placeholder tcpbased socket api.june series discussions led michael carter resulted first version protocol known websocket.the name websocket coined ian hickson michael carter shortly thereafter collaboration whatwg irc chat room subsequently authored inclusion html specification ian hickson.
WebSocket	december google chrome first browser ship full support standard websocket enabled default.development websocket protocol subsequently moved wc whatwg group ietf february authored two revisions ian hickson.after protocol shipped enabled default multiple browsers rfc finalized ian fette december .rfc introduced compression extension websocket using deflate algorithm permessage basis.browser implementation secure version websocket protocol implemented firefox safari google chrome opera .internet explorer .detailed protocol test suite report lists conformance browsers specific protocol aspects.an older less secure version protocol implemented opera safari well mobile version safari ios .. blackberry browser os implements websockets.
WebSocket	vulnerabilities disabled firefox opera .javascript client example web server implementation nginx supported websockets since implemented version .. including acting reverse proxy load balancer websocket applications.apache http server supported websockets since july implemented version .. internet information services added support websockets version released windows server .lighttpd supported websockets since implemented version ... lighttpd modproxy act reverse proxy load balancer websocket applications.lighttpd modwstunnel facilitate websocket tunnel allowing client employ websockets tunnel simpler protocol json backend application.protocol handshake establish websocket connection client sends websocket handshake request server returns websocket handshake response shown example below.client request like http line ends rn must extra blank line endserver responsethe handshake starts http requestresponse allowing servers handle http connections well websocket connections port.connection established communication switches bidirectional binary protocol conform http protocol.in addition upgrade headers client sends secwebsocketkey header containing baseencoded random bytes server replies hash key secwebsocketaccept header.
WebSocket	intended prevent caching proxy resending previous websocket conversation provide authentication privacy integrity.hashing function appends fixed string eafaedacacabdcb uuid value secwebsocketkey header decoded base applies sha hashing function encodes result using base.the rfc requires key must nonce consisting randomly selected byte value baseencoded bytes base last two bytes .though relaxed http servers allow shorter keys present many modern http servers reject request error invalid secwebsocketkey header.once connection established client server send websocket data text frames back forth fullduplex mode.data minimally framed small header followed payload.websocket transmissions described messages single message optionally split across several data frames.
WebSocket	allow sending messages initial data available complete length message unknown sends one data frame another end reached committed fin bit.extensions protocol also used multiplexing several streams simultaneously instance avoid monopolizing use socket single large payload.security considerations unlike regular crossdomain http requests websocket requests restricted sameorigin policy.therefore websocket servers must validate origin header expected origins connection establishment avoid crosssite websocket hijacking attacks similar crosssite request forgery might possible connection authenticated cookies http authentication.better use tokens similar protection mechanisms authenticate websocket connection sensitive private data transferred websocket.
WebSocket	live example vulnerability seen form cable haunt.proxy traversal websocket protocol client implementations try detect whether user agent configured use proxy connecting destination host port uses http connect method set persistent tunnel.while websocket protocol unaware proxy servers firewalls features httpcompatible handshake thus allowing http servers share default http https ports respectively websocket gateway server.websocket protocol defines ws wss prefix indicate websocket websocket secure connection respectively.schemes use http upgrade mechanism upgrade websocket protocol.proxy servers transparent work fine websocket others prevent websocket working correctly causing connection fail.
WebSocket	cases additional proxyserver configuration may required certain proxy servers may need upgraded support websocket.if unencrypted websocket traffic flows explicit transparent proxy server without websockets support connection likely fail.if encrypted websocket connection used use transport layer security tls websocket secure connection ensures http connect command issued browser configured use explicit proxy server.sets tunnel provides lowlevel endtoend tcp communication http proxy websocket secure client websocket server.case transparent proxy servers browser unaware proxy server http connect sent.however since wire traffic encrypted intermediate transparent proxy servers may simply allow encrypted traffic much better chance websocket connection succeed websocket secure used.using encryption free resource cost often provides highest success rate since would travelling secure tunnel.a mid draft version hixie broke compatibility reverse proxies gateways including eight bytes key data headers advertising data contentlength header.
Outline of computer security	data forwarded intermediates could lead protocol failure.recent drafts e.g.hybi put key data secwebsocketkey header solving problem.see also notes references external links ietf hypertextbidirectional hybi working grouprfc websocket protocol proposed standard published ietf hybi working groupthe websocket protocol internetdraft published ietf hybi working groupthe websocket protocol original protocol proposal ian hicksonthe websocket api wc working draft specification apithe websocket api wc candidate recommendation specification apiwebsocket.org websocket demos loopback tests general information communityfield covers processes mechanisms digital equipment information services protected unintended unauthorized access change destruction growing importance line increasing reliance computer systems societies worldwide.computer security includes measures taken ensure integrity files stored computer server well measures taken prevent unauthorized access stored data securing physical perimeter computer equipment authentication users computer accounts accessing data providing secure method data transmission.essence computer security computer security described followinga branch securitynetwork securityapplication security areas computer security access control – selective restriction access place resource.act accessing may mean consuming entering using.permission access resource called authorization.computer access control – includes authorization authentication access approval audit.authenticationknowledgebased authenticationintegrated windows authenticationpasswordpassword length parametersecure password authenticationsecure shellkerberos protocolspnegontlmsspaegis secureconnecttacacscyber security countermeasuredevice fingerprintphysical security – protecting property people damage harm theft espionage terrorist attacks.
Outline of computer security	includes security measures designed deny unauthorized access facilities computer room equipment computer resources like data storage devices data computer.computer gets stolen data goes it.addition theft physical access computer allows ongoing espionage like installment hardware keylogger device on.data security – protecting data database destructive forces unwanted actions unauthorized users.information privacy – relationship collection dissemination data technology public expectation privacy legal political issues surrounding them.privacy concerns exist wherever personally identifiable information sensitive information collected stored – digital form otherwise.improper nonexistent disclosure control root cause privacy issues.internet privacy – involves right mandate personal privacy concerning storing repurposing provision third parties displaying information pertaining oneself via internet.
Outline of computer security	privacy entail either personally identifying information pii nonpii information site visitors behavior website.pii refers information used identify individual.example age physical address alone could identify individual without explicitly disclosing name two factors relate specific person.mobile security – security pertaining smartphones especially respect personal business information stored them.network security – provisions policies adopted network administrator prevent monitor unauthorized access misuse modification denial computer network networkaccessible resources.network security involves authorization access data network controlled network administrator.network security toolkitinternet security – computer security specifically related internet often involving browser security also network security general level applies applications operating systems whole.objective establish rules measures use attacks internet.
Outline of computer security	internet represents insecure channel exchanging information leading high risk intrusion fraud phishing.different methods used protect transfer data including encryption.world wide web security – dealing vulnerabilities users visit websites.cybercrime web include identity theft fraud espionage intelligence gathering.criminals web become preferred way spread malware.computer security threats variety threats combined rapid development new threats made cyber insecurity removal information assurance status quo.
Outline of computer security	long man continues use computer man also takes interest manipulating modifying creating bypassing rules security standards.the common effective method violating computer security protocols phishing phishing process providing cloned login page site victim uses example googles gmail user enters hisher login information data captured access victims account gained.many corporations executives midranking managers even low level staff many current u.s. corporations idea malicious user quietly passively intercepting communications.strong motivation theft intellectual property.often victims phishing either never become aware privacy breached many months pass become aware privacy lost.methods computer network attack computer network exploitationsocial engineering frequent method attack take form phishing spear phishing corporate government world well counterfeit websites.password sharing insecure password practicespoor patch managementcomputer crime –computer criminals –hackers – context computer security hacker someone seeks exploits weaknesses computer system computer network.password cracking –software cracking –script kiddies –list computer criminals –identity theft –computer malfunction –operating system failure vulnerabilitieshard disk drive failure – occurs hard disk drive malfunctions stored information cannot accessed properly configured computer.disk failure may occur course normal operation due external factor exposure fire water high magnetic fields suffering sharp impact environmental contamination lead head crash.data recovery failed hard disk problematic expensive.
Outline of computer security	backups essentialcomputer network surveillance –man middleloss anonymity – ones identity becomes known.identification people computers allows activity tracked.example persons name matched ip address using activity tracked thereafter monitoring ip address.http cookielocal shared objectweb bugspywareadwarecyber spying – obtaining secrets without permission holder information personal sensitive proprietary classified nature individuals competitors rivals groups governments enemies personal economic political military advantage using methods internet networks individual computers use cracking techniques malicious software including trojan horses spyware.may done online professionals sitting computer desks bases far away countries may involve infiltration home computer trained conventional spies moles may criminal handiwork amateur malicious hackers software programmers thieves.computer network eavesdroppinglawful interceptionwar drivingpacket analyzer aka packet sniffer – mainly used security tool many ways including detection network intrusion attempts packet analyzers also used spying collect sensitive information e.g.login details cookies personal communications sent network reverse engineer proprietary protocols used network.
Outline of computer security	one way protect data sent network internet using encryption software.cyberwarfare –exploit – piece software chunk data sequence commands takes advantage bug glitch vulnerability order cause unintended unanticipated behavior occur computer software hardware something electronic usually computerized.behavior frequently includes things like gaining control computer system allowing privilege escalation denialofservice attack.trojancomputer viruscomputer wormdenialofservice attack – attempt make machine network resource unavailable intended users usually consisting efforts temporarily indefinitely interrupt suspend services host connected internet.one common method attack involves saturating target machine external communications requests much cannot respond legitimate traffic responds slowly rendered essentially unavailable.distributed denialofservice attack ddos – dos attack sent two persons.hacking toolmalwarehid spoofing keylogger computer viruscomputer wormkeylogger – program keystroke logging action recording logging keys struck keyboard typically covert manner person using keyboard unaware actions monitored.rootkit – stealthy type software typically malicious designed hide existence certain processes programs normal methods detection enable continued privileged access computer.term rootkit concatenation root traditional name privileged account unix operating systems word kit refers software components implement tool.spywaretrojandata loss –file deletion –data loss prevention softwarenatural disasters – fire flood etc.cause loss computers data.
Outline of computer security	either fire water cause hard disk drive failure example.earthquakes cause data center go down.reason large web businesses use load balancing failover techniques ensure business continuity.payload malicious code delivered vulnerable computer often masquerading something elsephysical loss – losing computer example due fire leaving ones laptop bus results inke data loss unless backup.physical theft – someone takes property without authorization own.computer stolen data gone unless backup.laptop theft – stealing laptop computer.victims laptop theft lose hardware software essential data backed up.
Outline of computer security	thieves also may access sensitive data personal information.systems authorize access based credentials stored laptop including mac addresses web cookies cryptographic keys stored passwords.vulnerabilitiesexploitable vulnerability – vulnerability exploit existsopen port – tcp udp port number configured accept packets.ports integral part internets communication model — channel applications client computer reach software server.services web pages ftp require respective ports open server order publicly reachable.open reachable enough communication channel established.
Outline of computer security	needs application service listening port accepting incoming packets processing them.open ports vulnerable service listening firewall filtering incoming packets them.security bugzeroday attackhackers computer defenses security measures access control systemsauthenticationmultifactor authenticationauthorizationfirewalls internet securityfirewallfirewall pinholenat hole punchingtcp hole punchingudp hole punchingicmp hole punchingnextgeneration firewallvirtual firewallstateful firewallcontextbased access controldualhomedipfilterzone alarmlinux firewall capabilitiesdebianvyattavyosbsd router projectfreebsdmnwallipfirewallopnsensepfsenseintrusion detection systemintrusion prevention systemmobile secure gateway access control access control – selective restriction access place resource.act accessing may mean consuming entering using.permission access resource called authorization.computer access control – includes authorization authentication access approval audit.authorization – function specifying access rights computer resources.authorize define access policy.
Outline of computer security	example human resources staff normally authorized access employee records policy may formalized access control rules computer system.operation computer system uses access control rules decide whether access requests authenticated consumers shall approved granted disapproved rejected.resources include individual files items data computer programs computer devices functionality provided computer applications.examples consumers computer users computer programs devices attempting access data computer.authentication – act confirming identity consumer.context consumer computer user computer program device attempting access data computeruser account – system id unique user.
Outline of computer security	allows user authenticate log system granted authorization access resources provided connected system however authentication imply authorization.log account user typically required authenticate oneself password credentials purposes accounting security logging resource management.password – word string characters used user authentication prove identity access approval gain access resource example access code type password kept secret allowed access.access approval computer access control –audit –physical security – protecting property people damage harm theft espionage terrorist attacks.includes security measures designed deny unauthorized access facilities computer room equipment computer resources like data storage devices data computer.computer gets stolen data goes it.addition theft physical access computer allows ongoing espionage like installment hardware keylogger device on.
Outline of computer security	examples physical security system components includelocks – locks may used secure building room computer in.may also used computer casings prevent opening computers remove swap parts install unauthorized components.may used computer disallow turned used without physical key.also locks attach cables laptops prevent taken.computer lock –security alarms –security barriers – fences walls.security guards –theft recovery software – lojack cars theft recovery software desktop laptop computers.application security application securityantivirus softwaresecure codingsecurity designsecure operating systems data security data security – protecting data database destructive forces unwanted actions unauthorized users.
Outline of computer security	information privacy information privacy – relationship collection dissemination data technology public expectation privacy legal political issues surrounding them.privacy concerns exist wherever personally identifiable information sensitive information collected stored – digital form otherwise.improper nonexistent disclosure control root cause privacy issues.internet privacy – involves right mandate personal privacy concerning storing repurposing provision third parties displaying information pertaining oneself via internet.privacy entail either personally identifying information pii nonpii information site visitors behavior website.pii refers information used identify individual.
Outline of computer security	example age physical address alone could identify individual without explicitly disclosing name two factors relate specific person.mobile security mobile security – security pertaining smartphones especially respect personal business information stored them.network security network security – provisions policies adopted network administrator prevent monitor unauthorized access misuse modification denial computer network networkaccessible resources.network security involves authorization access data network controlled network administrator.internet security – computer security specifically related internet often involving browser security also network security general level applies applications operating systems whole.objective establish rules measures use attacks internet.
Outline of computer security	internet represents insecure channel exchanging information leading high risk intrusion fraud phishing.different methods used protect transfer data including encryption.virtual private network vpn – extends private network across public network internet.enables computer networkenabled device send receive data across shared public networks directly connected private network benefiting functionality security management policies private network.vpn created establishing virtual pointtopoint connection use dedicated connections virtual tunneling protocols traffic encryptions.ipsec – protocol suite securing internet protocol ip communications authenticating encrypting ip packet communication session.ipsec includes protocols establishing mutual authentication agents beginning session negotiation cryptographic keys used session.
Outline of computer security	ipsec used protecting data flows pair hosts hosttohost pair security gateways networktonetwork security gateway host networktohost.openvpn – opensource software application implements virtual private network vpn techniques creating secure pointtopoint sitetosite connections routed bridged configurations remote access facilities.uses custom security protocol utilizes ssltls key exchange.capable traversing network address translators nats firewalls.written james yonan published gnu general public license gpl.world wide web security world wide web security – dealing vulnerabilities users visit websites.
Outline of computer security	cybercrime web include identity theft fraud espionage intelligence gathering.criminals web become preferred way spread malware.history computer security timeline computer security hacker history computer security industry computer security software antivirus softwarelist antivirus software comparisonencryption softwarelist cryptographic file systemspretty good privacyfirewalllist firewalls comparisonlist router firewall distributions testing labs avtest –independent organization evaluates rates antivirus security suite software microsoft windows android operating systems according variety criteria.every month researchers publish results testing list products awarded certification.organisation based magdeburg germany.icsa labs – independent division verizon business tests certifies computer security software including antispyware antivirus firewall products fee.virus bulletin – magazine conducts tests antivirus software.
Outline of computer security	magazine prevention detection removal malware spam.regularly features analyses latest virus threats articles exploring new developments fight viruses interviews antivirus experts evaluations current antimalware products.west coast labs – tests computer security products fee.checkmark certification program reports test results public.computer security companies mcafee inc. intel security – american global computer security software company headquartered santa clara california worlds largest dedicated security technology company.february mcafee became wholly owned subsidiary intel.
Outline of computer security	early intel announced would rebrand mcafee intel security .secunia – american computer security company software offerings vulnerability management pc security patch management.computer security publications journals magazines hacker quarterly – technical political articles interest internet security communityvirus bulletin – magazine prevention detection removal malware spam.regularly features analyses latest virus threats articles exploring new developments fight viruses interviews antivirus experts evaluations current antimalware products.books computer security art deceptionthe art intrusioncrypto code rebels beat government—saving privacy digital agethe cuckoos egg tracking spy maze computer espionage – book written clifford stoll.first person account hunt hacker broke computer lawrence berkeley national laboratory.cypherpunksfirewalls internet securitythe hacker crackdownthe hackers handbookhacking art exploitationout inner circleunderground books cryptography books cryptography cyber security community cyber security communities uk cyber security community – computer security organizations academic cerias – center research education information security computing communication infrastructures located purdue university.cert coordination center – program carnegiemellon university develops advanced methods technologies counter largescale sophisticated cyber threats partnership academic programs government law enforcement agencies.
Outline of computer security	cert knowledgebase compiles information information security incidents.georgia tech information security center – department georgia tech deals information security issues cryptography network security trusted computing software reliability privacy internet governance.oulu university secure programming group – studies evaluates develops methods implementing testing application system software order prevent discover eliminate implementation level security vulnerabilities proactive fashion.focus implementation level security issues software security testing.commercial australian information security association – also known aisa paid members branches located throughout australia monitor condition information security.microsoft digital crimes unit – microsoft sponsored team international legal technical experts stop interfere cyber crime cyber threats.government agencies arnes – academic research network slovenia responsible development operation management communication information network education research.includes sicert slovenian computer emergency response team.canadian cyber incident response centre – also known ccirc canadian government program ministry public safety.
Outline of computer security	program monitors threats coordinates national responses protects national critical infrastructure cyber incidents.norwegian cyber defence force – branch norwegian armed forces responsible military communications offensive defensive cyberwarfare norway.law enforcement agencies internet police – police secret police departments law enforcement agencies charge policing internet.major purposes internet police depending state fighting cybercrime well censorship propaganda monitoring manipulating online public opinion.air force cyber command provisional – proposed u.s. air force command existed provisional status.october air forces cyberspace mission transferred uscybercom.department defense cyber crime center – also known dc united states department defense agency provides digital forensics support dod law enforcement agencies.dcs main focus criminal counterintelligence counterterrorism fraud investigations.fbi criminal cyber response services branch – also known ccrsb service within federal bureau investigation responsible investigating certain crimes including computerbased crime related counterterrorism counterintelligence criminal threats united states.fbi cyber division – federal bureau investigation division heads national effort investigate prosecute internet crimes including cyber based terrorism espionage computer intrusions major cyber fraud.
Outline of computer security	division fbi uses information gathers investigation inform public current trends cyber crime.focuses around three main priorities computer intrusion identity theft cyber fraud.created .fbis ability address national security cyber intrusion threat p. pdf archived wayback machinerefnational security agency – united states bureau responsible national cybersecurity military communications protection.uscert – also known united states computer emergency readiness team organization within department homeland securitys dhs national protection programs directorate nppd branch office cybersecurity communications csc national cybersecurity communications integration center nccic.uscert responsible analyzing reducing cyber threats vulnerabilities disseminating cyber threat warning information coordinating incident response activities.uscybercom – armed forces subunified command subordinate united states strategic command.
Outline of computer security	unit centralizes command cyberspace operations organizes existing cyber resources synchronizes defense u.s. military networks.independent nonprofits australian information security association – organisation individuals rather companies aims maintain unbiased view information security australia.hosts conferences annually.information card foundation – created equifax google microsoft novell oracle corporation paypal others promote information card approach.information cards personal digital identities people use online key component identity metasystems.information systems security association –international computer security association –internet watch foundation –owasp – independent websites attrition – information securityrelated website updated least weekly allvolunteer staff.errata section devoted pointing inaccuracies omissions problems mainstream media related computer security hacking.
Outline of computer security	additionally staff members publish opinion pieces security rants pointing problems computer security industry.wiretapped.net – persons influential computer security john mcafee – founded mcafee associates later called mcafee inc. intel security resigned company .def con conference las vegas nevada august warned americans use smartphones suggesting apps used spy clueless consumers read privacy user agreements.phil zimmermann – creator pretty good privacy pgp widely used email encryption software world.also known work voip encryption protocols notably zrtp zfone.principal designer cryptographic key agreement protocol association model wireless usb standard.ross j. andersonannie antonadam backdaniel j. bernsteinstefan brandsl.jean camplorrie cranorcynthia dwork microsoft research cryptographer.
Outline of computer security	among achievements responsible technology behind bitcoin.deborah estrinjoan feigenbaumian goldbergshafi goldwasserlawrence a. gordonpeter gutmannpaul kochermonica s. lam stanford university computer science professor director mobisocial computing laboratory involved programmable open mobile internet national science foundation.brian lamacchiakevin mitnickbruce schneierdawn songgene spaffordmoti yung—israeli cryptographer currently google research.see also rubberhose cryptanalysis references external links outline computer security curliethe layered defense approach security malay upadhyay cyberoam january arcos sergio.social engineering.sancho rivera.trends cyber security dan geer author november participating safety guide electronic security threats viewpoint civil liberties organisations.licensed gnu free documentation license.article information security hard — economic perspective ross andersonthe information security glossarythe sans top internet critical security controlsamit singh taste computer security slowdown sight cyber attacks .july.
Browser isolation	usa todaycyber security dictionarycybersecurity authoritative reports resources topic congressional research servicewindows securitythe ultimate guide windows securitywindows securitymac securitylinux securitysecurity indepth linux software preventing mitigating security bugs pdfthreat alerts vulnerability tracking listslists advisories product lists known unpatched vulnerabilities secuniavulnerabilities securityfocus including bugtraq mailing list.list vulnerabilities maintained government usabrowser isolation technologies approach model different ways seek achieve goal effective isolation web browser users browsing activity method securing web browsers browserbased security exploits well webborne threats ransomware malware.browser isolation technology delivered customers cloud hosted service known remote browser isolation rbi model enables organizations deploy browser isolation solution users without managing associated server infrastructure.also client side approaches browser isolation based clientside hypervisors depend servers order isolate users browsing activity associated risks instead activity virtually isolated local host machine.clientside solutions break security physical isolation model allow user avoid server overhead costs associated remote browser isolation solutions.mechanism browser isolation typically leverages virtualization containerization technology isolate users web browsing activity away endpoint device significantly reducing attack surface rogue links files.
Browser isolation	browser isolation way isolate web browsing hosts highrisk behaviors away missioncritical data infrastructure.browser isolation process physically isolate users browsing activity away local networks infrastructure isolating malware browser based cyberattacks process still granting full access.market american research group gartner identified remote browser browser isolation one top technologies security.gartner report also forecast enterprises would actively begin isolate internet browsing reduce impact cyber attacks coming three years.according market research media remote browser isolation rbi market forecast reach billion growing cagr period –.comparison techniques unlike traditional web security approaches antivirus software secure web gateways browser isolation zero trust approach rely filtering content based known threat patterns signatures.
Browser isolation	traditional approaches cant handle day attacks since threat patterns unknown.rather browser isolation approach treats websites web content explicitly whitelisted untrusted isolates local device virtual environment container virtual machine.webbased files rendered remotely end users access within browser without downloading them.alternatively files sanitized within virtual environment using file cleansing technologies content disarm reconstruction cdr allowing secure file downloads user device.effectiveness typically browser isolation solutions provide users disposable nonpersistent browser environments browsing session closed times entire browser environment reset known good state simply discarded.malicious code encountered session thus prevented reaching endpoint persisting within network regardless whether threat detected.
Browser isolation	way browser isolation proactively combats known unknown zeroday threats effectively complementing security measures contributing defenseindepth layered approach web security.history browser isolation began evolution security physical isolation cybersecurity model also known airgap model security professionals physically isolating critical networks users infrastructures cybersecurity purposes decades.although techniques breach airgapped systems exist typically require physical access close proximity airgapped system order effective.use airgap makes infiltration systems public internet extremely difficult impossible without physical access system .first commercial browser isolation platforms leveraged national nuclear security administration lawrence livermore national laboratory los alamos national laboratory sandia national laboratories browser isolation platforms based virtualization used deliver nonpersistent virtual desktops thousands federal government users.in june defense information systems agency disa announced request information cloudbased internet isolation solution part endpoint security portfolio.
Security AppScan	rfi puts service would redirect act internet browsing end user’s desktop remote server external department defense information network.time rfi largest known project browser isolation seeking cloud based service leveraging concurrent simultaneous use licenses total user base .million users.see also malwareinternet safetybrowser securityantivirus software referencesjuly product acquired hcl technologies currently slated hcl software product development division hcl technologies.appscan intended test onpremise web applications security vulnerabilities development process least expensive fix problems.product scans behavior application whether offtheshelf application internally developed develops program intended test functions common applicationspecific vulnerabilities.family product capable performing sast dast iast mobile analysis users source code check vulnerabilities.history appscan originally developed israeli software company sanctum ltd. initially named perfecto technologies first released .
Security AppScan	sanctum expanded web security offering launched one worlds first application firewall named appshield.first version appscan developed team led gili raanan running dedicated linux server.appscan version released february adding policy recognition engine knowledge database automatic customizable crawler engine attack simulator.version released april adding collaborative testing capabilities different tasks assigned different testers number user interface enhancements scanning reporting sections program.appscan used enterprise customers revenues reached m.in july sanctum acquired massachusetts based company watchfire developed web applications management platform named webxm.appscan became watchfires flagship product sanctums rd center herzliya israel became watchfires main rd location.in june watchfire acquired ibm incorporated rational software product line enabling ibm cover application development lifecycle addition tool help developers make security intrinsic application.
Web platform	watchfire rd center incorporated ibm rd labs israel.in ibm acquired ounce labs adding appscan line tool finds corrects vulnerabilities software source code development process renamed appscan source edition.in june hcl acquired select ibm collaboration commerce digital experience appscan bigfix solutions.editions appscan enterprise edition clientserver version used scale security testing.appscan standard edition desktop software automated web application security testing environment security auditors penetration testersappscan source edition prevent data breaches locating security flaws source codeappscan cloud application security testing suite service.external links hcl appscan standard web pagehcl appscan enterprise web pagehcl appscan cloud web pagehcl appscan source web page referencesumbrella term introduced world wide web consortium defined platform innovation consolidation cost efficiencies wc ceo jeff jaffe.built evergreen web rapid automatic software updates vendor cooperation standardization competition take place allowed addition new capabilities addressing security privacy risks.additionally developers enabled build interoperable content cohesive platform.the web platform includes technologies—computer languages apis—that originally created relation publication web pages.includes html css svg mathml waiaria ecmascript webgl web storage indexed database api web components webassembly web workers websocket geolocation api serversent events dom events media fragments xmlhttprequest crossorigin resource sharing file api rdfa woff http tls .iri.
Safari (web browser)	see also open web foundation owfresponsive web design rwdweb standardswebplatform.org referencesprimarily based opensource software mainly webkit.succeeded netscape navigator cyberdog internet explorer mac default web browser macintosh computers.supported macos ios ipados windows version offered .safari introduced within mac os x panther january progressed fifteen major versions.third generation january brought compatibility iphone via iphone os macintosh edition topped fastest browser performance time.fifth version june introduced less distracted page reader extension developer tools also final version windows.
Safari (web browser)	eleventh version september added support intelligent tracking prevention.thirteenth version included various privacy application updates fido usb security key authentication web apple pay support.fourteenth version released november faster google chrome consumed less battery standard competitors.fifteenth version july current revision featuring redesigned interface.apple used remotely updated plugin blacklist license prevent potentially dangerous vulnerable plugins running safari.pwnown contest cansecwest security conference safari caused mac os x first os fall hacking competition.
Safari (web browser)	received criticism approach software distribution past limitations ad blockers.safari developer program granted members privilege develop extensions browser available usd per year.september ranked second mostused web browser google chrome approximate .market share worldwide .us.
Safari (web browser)	history development prior apples macintosh computers shipped browsers netscape navigator cyberdog.later replaced microsofts internet explorer mac within mac os .fiveyear agreement apple microsoft.periods microsoft announced three major revisions internet explorer mac used mac os mac os though apple continued support netscape navigator alternative.may microsoft ultimately released mac os x edition internet explorer mac bundled default browser mac os x releases mac os x dp mac os x v..before name safari couple others drafted including title freedom.
Safari (web browser)	year privately referred alexander means strings coding formats ibrowse prior safari conceived.safari january macworld san francisco apple ceo steve jobs announced safari based companys internal khtml rendering engine fork webkit.apple released first beta version exclusively mac os x day.later date several official unofficial beta versions followed version .released june .
Safari (web browser)	mac os x v. safari preinstalled systems default browser rather requiring manual download case previous mac os x versions.safaris predecessor internet explorer mac included .alternative.safari april engineer dave hyatt fixed several bugs safari.experiment beta passed acid rendering test april marking first browser so.
Safari (web browser)	safari .released april sole browser mac os x .offered default.apple touted version capable running .x speed boost compared version .. yet featured acid bug fixes.major changes initially unavailable endusers unless privately installed compiled webkit source code ran one nightly automated builds available opendarwin.
Safari (web browser)	version .. released october finally included modifications acid bug fixes.in june efforts khtml criticisms lack access change logs apple moved development source code bug tracking webcore javascriptcore opendarwin.also opensourced webkit.source code nonrenderer aspects browser gui elements remaining proprietary.final stable version safari last version released exclusively mac os x safari .. updated january mac os x. available within mac os x update .. delivered fixes layout cpu usage issues among improvements.safari january macworld san francisco jobs unveiled safari ported newlyintroduced iphone within iphone os later called ios.
Safari (web browser)	mobile version capable displaying full desktopclass websites.wwdc jobs announced safari mac os x .windows xp windows vista.ran benchmark based ibench browser test suite comparing popular windows browsers browser claimed safari fastest performance.claim later examined thirdparty site called web performance http load times.
Safari (web browser)	verified safari indeed fastest browser windows platform terms initial data loading internet though negligibly faster internet explorer mozilla firefox came static content local cache.the initial safari beta version windows released day announcement wwdc contained several bugs zero day exploit allowed remote code executions.issues fixed apple three days later june version ... june apple released safari .. address bugs performance problems security issues.safari .. windows handled fonts missing browser already installed windows computers tahoma trebuchet ms others.iphone previously released june version safari based webkit rendering engine desktop version modified feature set better suited mobile device.version number safari reported user agent string .
Safari (web browser)	line along contemporary desktop editions.the first stable nonbeta version safari windows safari .offered free download march .june apple released version .. addressed security vulnerability windows version visiting malicious web site could force download executable files execute users desktop.safari .released november introduced antiphishing features using google safe browsing extended validation certificate support.
Safari (web browser)	final version safari version .. released may security improvements.safari safari released june .first version completely passed acid rendering test.incorporated webkit javascript engine squirrelfish significantly enhanced browsers script interpretation performances .x.squirrelfish later evolved squirrelfish extreme later also marketed nitro .x faster performances.
Safari (web browser)	public beta safari experimented february .safari relied cover flow run history bookmarks featured speculative loading automatically preloaded document informations required visit particular website.top sites displayed thumbnails based frequently visited sites startup.desktop version safari made uses redesign similar iphone.update also commissioned many developer tool improvements including web inspectors css element viewings javascript debuggers profilers offline tables database managements sql supports resource graphs.additions css retouching effects css canvas html content.
Safari (web browser)	replaced initial mac os xlike interface native windows themes windows using native font renderings.safari .. released mac june fixed faces bugs iphoto .safari mac os x v. snow leopard builtin bit support makes javascript load faster.also native crash resistances would maintain intact plugin like flash player crashes though tabs windows would affected.safari .. final version released november mac windows improved javascript performances.safari safari released june final version version .. windows.
Safari (web browser)	featured less distractive screen reader x faster javascript performances.incorporated numerous developer tool improvements including html interoperability accessibility secure extensions.progress bar readded version well.safari .. enabled extensions prefpane default rather requiring users manual set debug menu.apple exclusively released safari .concurrently safari mac os x tiger.
Safari (web browser)	made uses many features found safari though excluded safari reader safari extensions.apple released safari .windows mac july within mac os x .lion faster performance addition reading list.company simultaneously announced safari .. late june within mac os x .
Safari (web browser)	leopard though new functions excluded leopard users.several html features become compatible within safari .added supports fullscreen video closed caption geolocation eventsource obsolete early variant websocket protocol.fifth major version safari added supports fulltext search new search engine bing.safari supported reader displays web pages continuous view without advertisements.safari supported smarter address field dns prefetching automatically found links looked addresses web.
Safari (web browser)	new web pages loaded faster using domain name system dns prefetching.windows version received extra update graphic acceleration well.blue inline progress bar returned address bar addition spinning bezel loading indicator introduced safari .top sites view button switch full history search.features included extension builder developers safari extensions.
Safari (web browser)	changes included improved inspector.safari supports extensions addons customize web browsing experience.extensions built using web standards html css javascript.safari safari .previously referred safari .
Safari (web browser)	apple changed wwdc .stable release safari coincided release os x mountain lion july integrated within os.result longer available download apples website sources.apple released safari via software update users os x lion.released os x versions lion windows.
Safari (web browser)	company later quietly removed references links windows version safari .microsoft also removed safari browserchoice page.on june apple released developer preview safari .feature called icloud tabs syncings open tabs ios os x device ran latest software.updated new privacy features including ask websites track preference ability websites send os x .mountain lion users notifications though removed rss support.
Safari (web browser)	safari share sheets capability os x mountain lion.share sheet options add reading list add bookmark email page message twitter facebook.tabs fullpage previews added too.sixth major version safari added options allow pages shared users via email messages twitter facebook well making minor performance improvements.added supports webkitcalc css.
Safari (web browser)	additionally various features removed including activity window separate download window direct support rss feeds url field bookmarks.separate search field address bar also longer available toolbar configuration option.instead replaced smart search field combination address bar search field.safari safari announced wwdc brought number javascript performance improvements.made uses top site sidebar shared links power saver paused unused plugins.
Safari (web browser)	safari os x mavericks safari .lion mountain lion released along os x mavericks special event october .safari safari announced wwdc released within os x yosemite.comprised javascript engine webgl stronger privacy management improved icloud integration redesigned interface.also faster efficient additional develop markups including interactive javascript api webgl javascript promises css shapes composting mark indexeddb encrypted media extensions spdy protocol.
Safari (web browser)	safari safari announced wwdc released within os x el capitan.new features included audio muting options safari reader improved autofill.fully available previous os x yosemite apple required upgraded capitan.safari safari released within os x yosemite os x el capitan september .redesigned bookmark history views doubleclicking centralized focus particular folder.
Safari (web browser)	update redirected safari extensions saved directly pocket dic go.software improvements included autofill quality contrast card web inspector timelines tab inline subheadlines bylines publish dates.ut tracks reapplies zoomed level websites legacy plugins disabled default favor html versions websites.recently closed tabs reopened via history menu holding button tab bar using shiftcommandt.link opens new tab possible hit back button swipe close go back original tab.
Safari (web browser)	debugging supported web inspector.safari also includes several security updates including fixes six webkit vulnerabilities issues related reader tabs.first version safari released september last version .. released july .safari safari released within macos high sierra september .also compatible os x el capitan macos sierra.
Safari (web browser)	safari included several new features intelligent tracking prevention aimed prevent crosssite tracking placing limitations cookies website data.intelligent tracking prevention allowed firstparty cookies continue track browser history though time limits.example firstparty cookies adtech companies googlealphabet inc. set expire hours visit.safari safari released within macos mojave september .also available macos sierra macos high sierra september .
Safari (web browser)	safari included several new features icons tabs automatic strong passwords intelligent tracking prevention .. safari version .. released october within macos mojave .. safari .. released december macos ... support developersigned classic safari extensions dropped.version would also last supported official extensions gallery.apple also encouraged extension authors switch safari app extensions triggered negative feedbacks community.safari safari released within macos catalina wwdc june .safari included several new features prompting users change weak passwords fido usb security key authentication support sign apple support apple pay web support increased speed security.
Safari (web browser)	safari released september macos mojave macos high sierra.safari june announced macos big sur include safari .safari introduced new privacy features including privacy report shows blocked content privacy information web pages.users also receive monthly report trackers safari blocked.extensions also enabled disabled sitebysite basis.
Safari (web browser)	safari introduced partial support webextension api used google chrome microsoft edge firefox opera making easier developers port extensions web browsers safari.support adobe flash player also dropped safari months ahead endoflife.builtin translation service allows translation page another language.safari released standalone update macos catalina mojave users september .added ecosia supported search engine.

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