title stringlengths 1 105 | content stringlengths 5 58.1k |
|---|---|
United States Department of Homeland Security | cnn observed heels nsa wiretapping controversy goodmans letter raises concern balance privacy security.employee morale july office personnel management conducted survey federal employees federal agencies job satisfaction felt respective agency headed.dhs last near last every category includingrd talent management indexth leadership knowledge management indexth job satisfaction indexth resultsoriented performance culture indexthe low scores attributed concerns basic supervision management leadership within agency.examples survey reveal concerns promotion pay increase based merit dealing poor performance rewarding creativity innovation leadership generating high levels motivation workforce recognition good job lack satisfaction various component policies procedures lack information going organization.dhs large federal agency score overall survey rankings.last large federal agencies . |
United States Department of Homeland Security | fell even lower .last place.dhs continued rank bottom prompting congressional inquiries problem.high work load resulting chronic staff shortage particularly customs border protection contributed low morale scandals intense negative public opinion heightened immigration policies trump administration.dhs struggled retain women complain overt subtle misogyny.miac report missouri information analysis center miac made news targeting supporters third party candidates ron paul antiabortion activists conspiracy theorists potential militia members. |
United States Department of Homeland Security | antiwar activists islamic lobby groups targeted texas drawing criticism american civil liberties union.according dhsthe privacy office identified number risks privacy presented fusion center programjustification fusion centersambiguous lines authority rules oversightparticipation military private sectordata miningexcessive secrecyinaccurate incomplete informationmission creep freedom information act processing performance center effective government analysis federal agencies receive freedom information act foia requests published using data department homeland security earned scoring possible points i.e.earn satisfactory overall grade.also updated policies since foia amendments.fourteen words slogan reference dhs accused referencing white nationalist fourteen words slogan official document using similar fourteenworded title relation unlawful immigration border controlwe must secure border build wall make america safe again.although dismissed dhs coincidence use document similarity slogans phrasing must secure existence people future white children drew criticism controversy several media outlets.calls abolition abolishing dhs proposed since idea popularized alexandria ocasiocortez suggested abolishing dhs light abuses detained migrants immigration customs enforcement customs border protection agencies.in dhs criticized detaining protesters portland oregon. |
Security hacker | even drew rebuke departments first secretary tom ridge said would cold day hell would consent uninvited unilateral intervention one cities”.on august opinion article usa today anthony d. romero aclu called dismantling dhs deployment federal forces july portland protests.aclu lawsuit december aclu filed lawsuit dhs u.s. cbp u.s. ice seeking release records purchasing cellphone location data.aclu alleges data used track u.s. citizens immigrants seeking discover full extent alleged surveillance.see also container security initiativeeverifyelectronic system travel authorizationemergency management institutehomeland security usahomeland security granthome office equivalent department united kingdomlist state departments homeland securitynational biodefense analysis countermeasures center nbacc ft detrick mdnational interoperability field operations guidenational strategy homeland securityproject hostile intentpublic safety canada equivalent department canadashadow wolvesterrorism united statesunited states visasunited states visitor immigrant status indicator technology usvisitvisa waiver program references external links official website department homeland security usaspending.govdhs federal registerhackers may motivated multitude reasons profit protest information gathering challenge recreation evaluation system weaknesses assist formulating defenses potential hackers.subculture evolved around hackers often referred computer underground.longstanding controversy surrounds meaning term hacker.controversy computer programmers reclaim term hacker arguing refers simply someone advanced understanding computers computer networks cracker appropriate term break computers whether computer criminals black hats computer security experts white hats.article noted blackhat meaning still prevails among general public.history birth subculture entering mainstream ss subculture around hackers termed network hacker subculture hacker scene computer underground. |
Security hacker | initially developed context phreaking microcomputer bbs scene s. implicated hacker quarterly alt.newsgroup.in article august issue psychology today commentary philip zimbardo used term hacker title hacker papers.excerpt stanford bulletin board discussion addictive nature computer use.film tron kevin flynn jeff bridges describes intentions break encoms computer system saying ive little hacking here.clu software uses this. |
Security hacker | hacking sense breaking computer security already use computer jargon public awareness activities.however release film wargames year featuring computer intrusion norad raised public belief computer security hackers especially teenagers could threat national security.concern became real year gang teenage hackers milwaukee wisconsin known broke computer systems throughout united states canada including los alamos national laboratory sloankettering cancer center security pacific bank.case quickly grew media attention yearold neal patrick emerged spokesman gang including cover story newsweek entitled beware hackers play patricks photograph cover.newsweek article appears first use word hacker mainstream media pejorative sense.pressured media coverage congressman dan glickman called investigation began work new laws computer hacking.neal patrick testified u.s. house representatives september dangers computer hacking six bills concerning computer crime introduced house year. |
Security hacker | result laws computer criminality white hat grey hat black hat hackers try distinguish depending legality activities.moral conflicts expressed mentors hacker manifesto published phrack.use term hacker meaning computer criminal also advanced title stalking wily hacker article clifford stoll may issue communications acm.later year release robert tappan morris jr. socalled morris worm provoked popular media spread usage.popularity stolls book cuckoos egg published one year later entrenched term publics consciousness.classifications computer security hacker someone focuses security mechanisms computer network systems. |
Security hacker | hackers include someone endeavors strengthen security mechanisms exploring weaknesses also seek access secure unauthorized information despite security measures.nevertheless parts subculture see aim correcting security problems use word positive sense.white hat name given ethical computer hackers utilize hacking helpful way.white hats becoming necessary part information security field.operate code acknowledges breaking peoples computers bad discovering exploiting security mechanisms breaking computers still interesting activity done ethically legally. |
Security hacker | accordingly term bears strong connotations favorable pejorative depending context.subgroups computer underground different attitudes motives use different terms demarcate other.classifications also used exclude specific groups agree.cracker eric s. raymond author new hackers dictionary advocates members computer underground called crackers.yet people see hackers even try include views raymond see wider hacker culture view raymond harshly rejected.instead hackercracker dichotomy emphasize spectrum different categories white hat grey hat black hat script kiddie. |
Security hacker | contrast raymond usually reserve term cracker malicious activity.according ralph d. clifford cracker cracking gain unauthorized access computer order commit another crime destroying information contained system.subgroups may also defined legal status activities.white hat white hat hacker breaks security nonmalicious reasons either test security system perform penetration tests vulnerability assessments client working security company makes security software.term generally synonymous ethical hacker eccouncil among others developed certifications courseware classes online training covering diverse arena ethical hacking.black hat black hat hacker hacker violates computer security little reason beyond maliciousness personal gain moore . |
Security hacker | term coined richard stallman contrast maliciousness criminal hacker versus spirit playfulness exploration hacker culture ethos white hat hacker performs hacking duties identify places repair means legitimate employment.black hat hackers form stereotypical illegal hacking groups often portrayed popular culture epitome public fears computer criminal.grey hat grey hat hacker lies black hat white hat hacker.grey hat hacker may surf internet hack computer system sole purpose notifying administrator system security defect example.may offer correct defect fee. |
Security hacker | grey hat hackers sometimes find defect system publish facts world instead group people.even though grey hat hackers may necessarily perform hacking personal gain unauthorized access system considered illegal unethical.elite hacker social status among hackers elite used describe skilled.newly discovered exploits circulate among hackers.elite groups masters deception conferred kind credibility members. |
Security hacker | script kiddie script kiddie also known skid skiddie unskilled hacker breaks computer systems using automated tools written others usually black hat hackers hence term script i.e.computer script automates hacking kiddie i.e.kid child individual lacking knowledge experience immature usually little understanding underlying concept.neophyte neophyte newbie noob someone new hacking phreaking almost knowledge experience workings technology hacking.blue hat blue hat hacker someone outside computer security consulting firms used bugtest system prior launch looking exploits closed. |
Security hacker | microsoft also uses term bluehat represent series security briefing events.hacktivist hacktivist hacker utilizes technology publicize social ideological religious political message.hacktivism divided two main groupscyberterrorism – activities involving website defacement denialofservice attacks andfreedom information – making information public public nonmachinereadable formats accessible public.nation state intelligence agencies cyberwarfare operatives nation states.organized criminal gangs groups hackers carry organized criminal activities profit.modernday computer hackers compared privateers bygone days. |
Security hacker | criminals hold computer systems hostage demanding large payments victims restore access computer systems data.furthermore recent ransomware attacks industries including energy food transportation blamed criminal organizations based near state actor – possibly country’s knowledge approval.cyber theft ransomware attacks fastestgrowing crimes united states.bitcoin cryptocurrencies facilitate extortion huge ransoms large companies hospitals city governments little chance caught.attacks hackers usually sorted two types attacks mass attacks targeted attacks. |
Security hacker | sorted groups terms choose victims act attacks.a typical approach attack internetconnected system isnetwork enumeration discovering information intended target.vulnerability analysis identifying potential ways attack.exploitation attempting compromise system employing vulnerabilities found vulnerability analysis.in order several recurring tools trade techniques used computer criminals security experts.security exploits security exploit prepared application takes advantage known weakness.common examples security exploits sql injection crosssite scripting crosssite request forgery abuse security holes may result substandard programming practice.exploits would able used file transfer protocol ftp hypertext transfer protocol http php ssh telnet web pages.common web site web domain hacking. |
Security hacker | techniques vulnerability scannera vulnerability scanner tool used quickly check computers network known weaknesses.hackers also commonly use port scanners.check see ports specified computer open available access computer sometimes detect program service listening port version number.firewalls defend computers intruders limiting access ports machines still circumvented.finding vulnerabilitieshackers may also attempt find vulnerabilities manually.common approach search possible vulnerabilities code computer system test sometimes reverse engineering software code provided. |
Security hacker | experienced hackers easily find patterns code find common vulnerabilities.bruteforce attackpassword guessing.method fast used check short passwords longer passwords methods dictionary attack used time bruteforce search takes.password crackingpassword cracking process recovering passwords data stored transmitted computer system.common approaches include repeatedly trying guesses password trying common passwords hand repeatedly trying passwords dictionary text file many passwords.packet analyzera packet analyzer packet sniffer application captures data packets used capture passwords data transit network.spoofing attack phishinga spoofing attack involves one program system website successfully masquerades another falsifying data thereby treated trusted system user another program – usually fool programs systems users revealing confidential information user names passwords.rootkita rootkit program uses lowlevel hardtodetect methods subvert control operating system legitimate operators.rootkits usually obscure installation attempt prevent removal subversion standard system security.may include replacements system binaries making virtually impossible detected checking process tables.social engineeringin second stage targeting process hackers often use social engineering tactics get enough information access network. |
Security hacker | may contact system administrator pose user cannot get access system.technique portrayed film hackers protagonist dade zero cool murphy calls somewhat clueless employee charge security television network.posing accountant working company dade tricks employee giving phone number modem gain access companys computer system.hackers use technique must familiar targets security practices order trick system administrator giving information.cases helpdesk employee limited security experience answer phone relatively easy trick.another approach hacker pose angry supervisor hisher authority questioned threaten fire helpdesk worker. |
Security hacker | social engineering effective users vulnerable part organization.security devices programs keep organization safe employee reveals password unauthorized person.social engineering broken four subgroupsintimidation angry supervisor technique hacker convinces person answers phone job danger unless help them.point many people accept hacker supervisor give information seek.helpfulness opposite intimidation helpfulness exploits many peoples natural instinct help others solve problems.rather acting angry hacker acts distressed concerned.help desk vulnerable type social engineering a. general purpose help people b. usually authority change reset passwords exactly hacker wants.namedropping hacker uses names authorized users convince person answers phone hacker legitimate user herself. |
Security hacker | names webpage owners company officers easily obtained online.hackers also known obtain names examining discarded documents dumpster diving.technical using technology also way get information.hacker send fax email legitimate user seeking response contains vital information.hacker may claim involved law enforcement needs certain data investigation recordkeeping purposes.trojan horsesa trojan horse program seems one thing actually another.used set back door computer system enabling intruder gain access later. |
Security hacker | name refers horse trojan war conceptually similar function deceiving defenders bringing intruder protected area.computer virusa virus selfreplicating program spreads inserting copies executable code documents.behaves similarly biological virus spreads inserting living cells.viruses harmless mere hoaxes considered malicious.computer wormlike virus worm also selfreplicating program.differs virus a. propagates computer networks without user intervention b. need attach existing program.nonetheless many people use terms virus worm interchangeably describe selfpropagating program.keystroke logginga keylogger tool designed record log every keystroke affected machine later retrieval usually allow user tool gain access confidential information typed affected machine. |
Security hacker | keyloggers use virus trojan rootkitlike methods conceal themselves.however used legitimate purposes even enhance computer security.example business may maintain keylogger computer used point sale detect evidence employee fraud.attack patternsattack patterns defined series repeatable steps applied simulate attack security system.used testing purposes locating potential vulnerabilities.also provide either physically reference common solution pattern preventing given attack.tools proceduresa thorough examination hacker tools procedures may found cengage learnings ecsa certification workbook. |
Security hacker | notable intruders criminal hackers notable security hackers andrew auernheimer sentenced years prison grey hat hacker whose security group goatse security exposed flaw atts ipad security.dan kaminsky dns expert exposed multiple flaws protocol investigated sonys rootkit security issues .spoke front united states senate technology issues.ed cummings also known bernie longstanding writer hacker quarterly.arrested charged possession technology could used fraudulent purposes set legal precedents denied bail hearing speedy trial.eric corley also known emmanuel goldstein longstanding publisher hacker quarterly.also founder hackers planet earth hope conferences.part hacker community since late s.susan headley also known susan thunder american hacker active late early widely respected expertise social engineering pretexting psychological subversion. |
Security hacker | became heavily involved phreaking kevin mitnick lewis de payne los angeles later framed erasing system files us leasing falling leading mitnicks first conviction.gary mckinnon scottish hacker facing extradition united states face criminal charges.many people uk called authorities lenient mckinnon asperger syndrome.extradition dropped.gordon lyon known handle fyodor authored nmap security scanner well many network security books web sites.founding member honeynet project vice president computer professionals social responsibility.guccifer .claimed hacked democratic national committee dnc computer networkjacob appelbaum advocate security researcher developer tor project. |
Security hacker | speaks internationally usage tor human rights groups others concerned internet anonymity censorship.joanna rutkowska polish computer security researcher developed blue pill rootkit qubes os.jude milhon known st. jude american hacker activist founding member cypherpunk movement one creators community memory first public computerized bulletin board system.kevin mitnick computer security consultant author formerly wanted computer criminal united states history.len sassaman belgian computer programmer technologist also privacy advocate.meredith l. patterson wellknown technologist biohacker presented research dan kaminsky len sassaman many international security hacker conferences.kimberley vanvaeck known gigabyte belgian hacker recognized writing first virus c.michał zalewski lcamtuf prominent security researcher.solar designer pseudonym founder openwall project.kane gamble sentenced years youth detention autistic gained access highly sensitive information cyberterrorised highprofile u.s. intelligence officials cia chief john brennan director national intelligence james clapper.customs computer underground produced specialized slang speak.writing software performing activities support views referred hacktivism.consider illegal cracking ethically justified goals common form website defacement.computer underground frequently compared wild west. |
Security hacker | common hackers use aliases conceal identities.hacker groups conventions computer underground supported regular realworld gatherings called hacker conventions hacker cons.events include summercon summer def con hohocon christmas shmoocon february blackhat chaos communication congress athcon hacker halted hope.local hackfest groups organize compete develop skills send team prominent convention compete group pentesting exploit forensics larger scale.hacker groups became popular early providing access hacking information resources place learn members. |
Security hacker | computer bulletin board systems bbss utopias provided platforms informationsharing via dialup modem.hackers could also gain credibility affiliated elite groups.consequences malicious hacking india netherlands article ab wetboek van strafrecht prohibits computervredebreuk defined intruding automated work part thereof intention law.intrusion defined access means ofdefeating security measuresby technical meansby false signals false cryptographic keyby use stolen usernames passwords.maximum imprisonment one year fine fourth category.united states u.s.c. |
Security hacker | § commonly known computer fraud abuse act prohibits unauthorized access damage protected computers.protected computers defined u.s.c.§ e asa computer exclusively use financial institution united states government case computer exclusively use used financial institution united states government conduct constituting offense affects use financial institution government.a computer used affecting interstate foreign commerce communication including computer located outside united states used manner affects interstate foreign commerce communication united statesthe maximum imprisonment fine violations computer fraud abuse act depends severity violation offenders history violations act.the fbi demonstrated ability recover ransoms paid cryptocurrency victims cybertheft.hacking media hacker magazines notable hackeroriented print publications phrack hakin hacker quarterly.information contained hacker magazines ezines often outdated time published enhanced contributors reputations documenting successes. |
Security hacker | hackers fiction hackers often show interest fictional cyberpunk cyberculture literature movies.adoption fictional pseudonyms symbols values metaphors works common.books cyberpunk novels william gibson – especially sprawl trilogy – popular hackers.helba .hack manga anime seriesmerlin amber protagonist second series chronicles amber roger zelazny young immortal hackermage prince ability traverse shadow dimensions.lisbeth salander girl dragon tattoo stieg larssonalice heavens memo padenders game orson scott cardevil genius catherine jinkshackers anthology jack dann gardner dozoislittle brother cory doctorowneuromancer william gibsonsnow crash neal stephenson films nonfiction books art deception kevin mitnickthe art intrusion kevin mitnickthe cuckoos egg clifford stollghost wires adventures worlds wanted hacker kevin mitnickthe hacker crackdown bruce sterlingthe hackers handbook hugo cornwall peter sommerhacking art exploitation second edition jon ericksonout inner circle bill landreth howard rheingoldunderground suelette dreyfus see also references reading samuel chng han yu lu ayush kumar david yau march .hacker types motivations strategies comprehensive framework.computers human behavior reports. |
Security hacker | .issn .retrieved january .cite journal cs maint multiple names authors list linkapro bill hammond graeme .hackers hunt australias infamous computer cracker.rowville vic five mile press. |
Security hacker | isbn .beaver kevin .hacking dummies.hoboken nj wiley pub.isbn .conway richard cordingley julian .code hacking developers guide network security. |
Security hacker | hingham mass charles river media.isbn .freeman david h. mann charles c. .large strange case worlds biggest internet invasion.new york simon schuster.isbn .granville johanna winter . |
Security hacker | dot.con dangers cyber crime call proactive solutions.australian journal politics history.–.doi... retrieved february .gregg michael .certified ethical hacker. |
Security hacker | indianapolis ind que certification.isbn .hafner katie markoff john .cyberpunk outlaws hackers computer frontier.new york simon schuster.isbn .harper allen harris shon ness jonathan . |
Security hacker | gray hat hacking ethical hackers handbook rd ed.. new york mcgrawhill.isbn .mcclure stuart scambray joel kurtz george .hacking exposed network security secrets solutions.berkeley calif mcgrawhill.isbn .russell ryan . |
Security hacker | stealing network continent.rockland mass syngress media.isbn .taylor paul a. .hackers crime digital sublime.london routledge. |
Man-in-the-browser | isbn .external links cnn tech pcworld staff november .timeline year history hacking hackers heroes video produced book web seriesmitb attack successful irrespective whether security mechanisms sslpki andor two threefactor authentication solutions place.mitb attack may countered using outofband transaction verification although sms verification defeated maninthemobile mitmo malware infection mobile phone.trojans may detected removed antivirus software approach scored success rate zeus still low rates report.report concluded additional measures top antivirus software needed.a related simpler attack boyinthebrowser bitb bitb.majority financial service professionals survey considered mitb greatest threat online banking. |
Man-in-the-browser | description mitb threat demonstrated augusto paes de barros presentation backdoor trends future backdoors worst worlds.name maninthebrowser coined philipp gühring january .a mitb trojan works using common facilities provided enhance browser capabilities browser helper objects feature limited internet explorer browser extensions user scripts example javascript.antivirus software detect methods.in nutshell example exchange user host internet banking funds transfer customer always shown via confirmation screens exact payment information keyed browser.bank however receive transaction materially altered instructions i.e.different destination account number possibly amount. |
Man-in-the-browser | use strong authentication tools simply creates increased level misplaced confidence part customer bank transaction secure.authentication definition concerned validation identity credentials.confused transaction verification.examples examples mitb threats different operating systems web browsers protection antivirus known trojans may detected blocked removed antivirus software.study effectiveness antivirus zeus low success rates reported separate test . |
Man-in-the-browser | report concluded additional measures top antivirus needed.hardened software browser security software mitb attacks may blocked inbrowser security software cymatic.io trusteer rapport microsoft windows mac os x blocks apis browser extensions controls communication.alternative software reducing eliminating risk malware infection using portable applications using alternatives microsoft windows like mac os x linux mobile oses android ios chrome os windows mobile symbian etc.andor browsers chrome opera.protection achieved running alternative os like linux noninstalled live cd live usb.secure web browser several vendors provide twofactor security solution secure web browser part solution.case mitb attacks avoided user executes hardened browser twofactor security device rather executing infected browser machine. |
Man-in-the-browser | outofband transaction verification theoretically effective method combating mitb attack outofband oob transaction verification process.overcomes mitb trojan verifying transaction details received host bank user customer channel browser example automated telephone call sms dedicated mobile app graphical cryptogram.oob transaction verification ideal mass market use since leverages devices already public domain e.g.landline mobile phone etc.requires additional hardware devices yet enables threefactor authentication using voice biometrics transaction signing nonrepudiation level transaction verification. |
Man-in-the-browser | downside oob transaction verification adds level endusers frustration slower steps.maninthemobile mobile phone mobile trojan spyware maninthemobile mitmo defeat oob sms transaction verification.zitmo zeusinthemobile mitb trojan although performs similar proxy function incoming smses mobile malware suggested installation mobile phone zeusinfected computer.intercepting incoming smses defeats smsbased banking oob twofactor authentication windows mobile android symbian blackberry.zitmo may detected antivirus running mobile device.spitmo spyeyeinthemobile spitmo similar zitmo.web fraud detection web fraud detection implemented bank automatically check anomalous behaviour patterns transactions. |
Man-in-the-browser | related attacks proxy trojans keyloggers primitive form proxy trojans followed browsersession recorders capture data lastly mitbs sophisticated type.maninthemiddle sslpki etc.may offer protection maninthemiddle attack offers protection maninthebrowser attack.boyinthebrowser related attack simpler quicker malware authors set termed boyinthebrowser bitb bitb.malware used change clients computer network routing perform classic maninthemiddle attack. |
Man-in-the-browser | routing changed malware may completely remove making detection difficult.clickjacking clickjacking tricks web browser user clicking something different user perceives means malicious code webpage.ddos wifi related exploits phones tablets current use known vulnerability ddos wifi documented certain android phones.vulnerability attacker detects someone using sharing possible target phone tablet directly using packet collision similar one found lan networks requiring guessing device sharing password using rainbow table cloning ssid thus forcing reboot enough data built ram causing buffer overflow.narrow window malicious software used install rootkit malware diagnostics ota channel antivirus chance load similar way sideloading usb works. |
Vulnerability (computing) | appears defense present using sharing changing password short random interval e.g.wpatkip devices support.wpaotp may solution sufficiently large memory ends used e.g.gb.see also browser securityform grabbingit riskthreat computertimeline computer viruses wormsonline bankingsecurity tokentransaction authentication numberdns hijacking references external links virus attack hsbc transactions otp devicevirus attack icici bank transactionsvirus attack citibank transactionshackers outwit online banking identity security systems bbc clickantisource zeus summary zeus trojan botnet plus vector attacksmaninthebrowser video youtube entrust president ceo bill connerzeus king crimeware toolkits video youtube zeus toolkit symantec security responsehow safe online banking audio bbc clickboyinthebrowser cyber attack video youtube impervaperform unauthorized actions within computer system.exploit vulnerability attacker must least one applicable tool technique connect system weakness.frame vulnerabilities also known attack surface.vulnerability management cyclical practice varies theory contains common processes include discover assets prioritize assets assess perform complete vulnerability scan report results remediate vulnerabilities verify remediation repeat.practice generally refers software vulnerabilities computing systems.agile vulnerability management refers preventing attacks identifying vulnerabilities quickly possible.a security risk often incorrectly classified vulnerability. |
Vulnerability (computing) | use vulnerability meaning risk lead confusion.risk potential significant impact resulting exploit vulnerability.vulnerabilities without risk example affected asset value.vulnerability one known instances working fully implemented attacks classified exploitable vulnerability—a vulnerability exploit exists.window vulnerability time security hole introduced manifested deployed software access removed security fix availabledeployed attacker disabled—see zeroday attack.security bug security defect narrower concept. |
Vulnerability (computing) | vulnerabilities related software hardware site personnel vulnerabilities examples vulnerabilities software security bugs.constructs programming languages difficult use properly manifest large numbers vulnerabilities.definitions iso defines vulnerability asa weakness asset group assets exploited one threats asset anything value organization business operations continuity including information resources support organizations missionietf rfc vulnerability flaw weakness systems design implementation operation management could exploited violate systems security policythe committee national security systems united states america defined vulnerability cnss instruction no.dated april national information assurance glossaryvulnerability—weakness information system system security procedures internal controls implementation could exploited threat source.many nist publications define vulnerability context different publications fismapedia term provide list.sp give broader one flaw weakness system security procedures design implementation internal controls could exercised accidentally triggered intentionally exploited result security breach violation systems security policy.enisa defines vulnerability existence weakness design implementation error lead unexpected undesirable event g. compromising security computer system network application protocol involved.itsecthe open group defines vulnerability asthe probability threat capability exceeds ability resist threat.factor analysis information risk fair defines vulnerability asthe probability asset unable resist actions threat agentaccording fair vulnerability related control strength i.e. |
Vulnerability (computing) | strength control compared standard measure force threat capabilities i.e.probable level force threat agent capable applying asset.isaca defines vulnerability risk framework asa weakness design implementation operation internal controldata computer security dictionary standards concepts terms authors dennis longley michael shain stockton press isbn defines vulnerability computer security weakness automated systems security procedures administrative controls internet controls etc.could exploited threat gain unauthorized access information disrupt critical processing.computer security weakness physical layout organization procedures personnel management administration hardware software may exploited cause harm adp system activity.computer security weakness flaw existing system. |
Vulnerability (computing) | attack harmful event opportunity available threat agent mount attack.matt bishop dave bailey give following definition computer vulnerabilitya computer system composed states describing current configuration entities make computer system.system computes application state transitions change state system.states reachable given initial state using set state transitions fall class authorized unauthorized defined security policy.paper definitions classes transitions considered axiomatic.vulnerable state authorized state unauthorized state reached using authorized state transitions. |
Vulnerability (computing) | compromised state state reached.attack sequence authorized state transitions end compromised state.definition attack begins vulnerable state.vulnerability characterization vulnerable state distinguishes nonvulnerable states.generic vulnerability may characterize many vulnerable states specific may characterize one...national information assurance training education center defines vulnerabilitya weakness automated system security procedures administrative controls internal controls forth could exploited threat gain unauthorized access information disrupt critical processing. |
Vulnerability (computing) | .weakness system security procedures hardware design internal controls etc.could exploited gain unauthorized access classified sensitive information..weakness physical layout organization procedures personnel management administration hardware software may exploited cause harm adp system activity. |
Vulnerability (computing) | presence vulnerability cause harm vulnerability merely condition set conditions may allow adp system activity harmed attack..assertion primarily concerning entities internal environment assets say asset class assets vulnerable way possibly involving agent collection agents write vie e may empty set..susceptibility various threats. |
Vulnerability (computing) | .set properties specific internal entity union set properties specific external entity implies risk..characteristics system cause suffer definite degradation incapability perform designated mission result subjected certain level effects unnatural manmade hostile environment.vulnerability risk factor models resource either physical logical may one vulnerabilities exploited threat actor. |
Vulnerability (computing) | result potentially compromise confidentiality integrity availability resources necessarily vulnerable one belonging organization andor parties involved customers suppliers.socalled cia triad cornerstone information security.an attack active attempts alter system resources affect operation compromising integrity availability.passive attack attempts learn make use information system affect system resources compromising confidentiality.owasp see figure depicts phenomenon slightly different terms threat agent attack vector exploits weakness vulnerability system related security controls causing technical impact resource asset connected business impact.the overall picture represents risk factors risk scenario.information security management system set policies concerned information security management system isms developed manage according risk management principles countermeasures ensure security strategy set following rules regulations applicable given organization.countermeasures also called security controls applied transmission information called security services. |
Vulnerability (computing) | classification vulnerabilities classified according asset class related tohardwaresusceptibility humidity dustsusceptibility unprotected storageagebased wear causes failureoverheatingsoftwareinsufficient testinginsecure codinglack audit traildesign flawnetworkunprotected communication lines e.g.lack cryptographyinsecure network architecturepersonnelinadequate recruiting processinadequate security awarenessinsider threatphysical sitearea subject natural disasters e.g.flood earthquakeinterruption power sourceorganizationallack regular auditslack continuity planslack security causes complexity large complex systems increase probability flaws unintended access points.familiarity using common wellknown code software operating systems andor hardware increases probability attacker find knowledge tools exploit flaw.connectivity physical connections privileges ports protocols services time accessible increase vulnerability.password management flaws computer user uses weak passwords could discovered brute force.computer user stores password computer program access it.users reuse passwords many programs websites.fundamental operating system design flaws operating system designer chooses enforce suboptimal policies userprogram management. |
Vulnerability (computing) | example operating systems policies default permit grant every program every user full access entire computer.operating system flaw allows viruses malware execute commands behalf administrator.internet website browsing internet websites may contain harmful spyware adware installed automatically computer systems.visiting websites computer systems become infected personal information collected passed third party individuals.software bugs programmer leaves exploitable bug software program.software bug may allow attacker misuse application.unchecked user input program assumes user input safe.programs check user input allow unintended direct execution commands sql statements known buffer overflows sql injection nonvalidated inputs.not learning past mistakes example vulnerabilities discovered ipv protocol software discovered new ipv implementations.the research shown vulnerable point information systems human user operator designer human humans considered different roles asset threat information resources. |
Vulnerability (computing) | social engineering increasing security concern.consequences impact security breach high.legislation sees failure managers address systems applications vulnerabilities known misconduct managers responsibility manage risk.privacy law forces managers act reduce impact likelihood security risk.information technology security audit way let independent people certify environment managed properly lessen responsibilities least demonstrated good faith. |
Vulnerability (computing) | penetration test form verification weakness countermeasures adopted organization white hat hacker tries attack organizations information technology assets find easy difficult compromise security.proper way professionally manage risk adopt information security management system isoiec risk follow according security strategy set forth upper management.one key concept information security principle defence depth i.e.set multilayer defense system canprevent exploitdetect intercept attackfind threat agents prosecute themintrusion detection system example class systems used detect attacks.physical security set measures physically protect information asset somebody get physical access information asset widely accepted attacker access information make resource unavailable legitimate users.some sets criteria satisfied computer operating system applications order meet good security level developed itsec common criteria two examples.vulnerability disclosure coordinated disclosure refer responsible disclosure considered biased term others vulnerabilities topic great debate.reported tech herald august google microsoft tippingpoint rapid issued guidelines statements addressing deal disclosure going forward. |
Vulnerability (computing) | method typically full disclosure details vulnerability publicized sometimes intent put pressure software author publish fix quickly.january google revealed microsoft vulnerability microsoft released patch fix microsoft representative called coordinated practices among software companies revealing disclosures.vulnerability inventory mitre corporation maintains incomplete list publicly disclosed vulnerabilities system called common vulnerabilities exposures.information immediately shared national institute standards technology nist vulnerability given risk score using common vulnerability scoring system cvss common platform enumeration cpe scheme common weakness enumeration.owasp maintains list vulnerability classes aim educating system designers programmers therefore reducing likelihood vulnerabilities written unintentionally software.vulnerability disclosure date time disclosure vulnerability defined differently security community industry. |
Vulnerability (computing) | commonly referred kind public disclosure security information certain party.usually vulnerability information discussed mailing list published security web site results security advisory afterward.the time disclosure first date security vulnerability described channel disclosed information vulnerability fulfill following requirementthe information freely available publicthe vulnerability information published trusted independent channelsourcethe vulnerability undergone analysis experts risk rating information included upon disclosureidentifying removing vulnerabilitiesmany software tools exist aid discovery sometimes removal vulnerabilities computer system.though tools provide auditor good overview possible vulnerabilities present replace human judgment.relying solely scanners yield false positives limitedscope view problems present system.vulnerabilities found every major operating system including windows macos various forms unix linux openvms others.way reduce chance vulnerability used system constant vigilance including careful system maintenance e.g. |
Vulnerability (computing) | applying software patches best practices deployment e.g.use firewalls access controls auditing development throughout deployment lifecycle.locations vulnerabilities manifest vulnerabilities related manifest inphysical environment systemthe personnel i.e.employees managementadministration procedures security policybusiness operation service deliveryhardware including peripheral devices software i.e.premises cloudconnectivity i.e. |
Barracuda Networks | communication equipment facilitiesit evident pure technical approach cannot always protect physical assets one administrative procedure let maintenance personnel enter facilities people adequate knowledge procedures motivated follow proper care.however technical protections necessarily stop social engineering security attacks.examples vulnerabilitiesan attacker finds uses buffer overflow weakness install malware exfiltrate sensitive dataan attacker convinces user open email message attached malwarea flood damages ones computer systems installed ground floor.software vulnerabilities common types software flaws lead vulnerabilities includememory safety violations asbuffer overflows overreadsdangling pointersinput validation errors ascode injectioncrosssite scripting web applicationsdirectory traversalemail injectionformat string attackshttp header injectionhttp response splittingsql injectionprivilegeconfusion bugs asclickjackingcrosssite request forgery web applicationsftp bounce attackprivilege escalationrace conditions assymlink racestimeofchecktotimeofuse bugssidechannel attacktiming attackuser interface failures asblaming victim prompting user make security decision without giving user enough information answer itrace conditionswarning fatigue user conditioning.some set coding guidelines developed large number static code analyzers used verify code follows guidelines.see also browser securitycomputer emergency response teaminformation securityinternet securitymobile securityvulnerability scannerresponsible disclosurefull disclosure references external links media related vulnerability computing wikimedia commonssecurity advisories links open directory httpdmozodp.orgcomputerssecurityadvisoriesandpatchescompanys security products include products protection email web surfing web hackers instant messaging threats spam spyware trojans viruses.companys networking storage products include web filtering load balancing application delivery controllers message archiving ng firewalls backup services data protection.history barracuda networks founded dean drako founding ceo michael perone zach levow company introduced barracuda spam virus firewall year.company moved headquarters campbell california opened office ann arbor michigan.in january closed first outside investment million sequoia capital francisco partners.on january barracuda networks sued trend micro use open source antivirus software clam antivirus trend micro claimed violation patent antivirus detection smtp ftp gateway.addition providing samples prior art effort render trend micros patent invalid july barracuda launched countersuit trend micro claiming trend micro violated several antivirus patents barracuda networks acquired ibm.in december company launched brbl barracuda reputation block list proprietary dynamic list known spam servers free public use blocking spam gateway.soon opening brbl many ip addresses got blacklisted without apparent reason without technical explanation.as october barracuda customers. |
Barracuda Networks | november barracuda customers.january barracuda customers worldwide.in company became cosponsor garminbarracuda uci protour cycling team entitlement sponsor indianapolis champion bryan herta autosport indycar series lotus driven alex tagliani defend teams championship.barracuda networks expanded research development facility ann arbor square foot office building depot street .michiganbased research division grown employees outgrowing space.june barracuda signed lease occupy square foot office complex previously used borders headquarters maynard st downtown ann arbor.in july dean drako barracuda networkss cofounder president ceo since founded resigned operating position remaining companys board directors.time drakos departure company stated achieved profitability nearly ongoing annual percent growth rate since inception customers worldwide nearly employees offices business countries. |
Barracuda Networks | company created office ceo started ceo search.in november longtime emc executive william bj jenkins joined company president ceo.jenkins worked emc since recently served president emcs backup recovery systems brs division.in november barracuda networks went public new york stock exchange ticker symbol cuda.in march barracuda networks expanded business north asia distributed tritech distribution limited hong kong.in november barracuda added new next generation firewall firewall family.barracuda announced future discontinuation copy cudadrive services may .in november thoma bravo llc private equity firm announced taking barracuda networks private .billion buyout expected go feb .february thoma bravo announced completed acquisition.products chronological orderemail security gateway october barracuda announced spam virus firewall plugin appliance. |
Barracuda Networks | june barracuda launched spam virus firewall large enterprises isps.web security gateway april company introduced web filtering appliance prevent spyware viruses gathering transmitting user data control web surfing.load balancer adc november company introduced load balancing appliance high availability distribution network traffic across multiple servers.message archiver july company introduced message archiving index preserve emails meet legal regulatory compliance.ssl vpn remote access november company launched secure sockets layer virtual private network product provide secure clientless remote access.web application firewall announced february securing web applications large enterprises address regulation compliance pci dss.link balancer announced september optimize aggregate internet connections different providers.barracuda backup november company announced service back data cloud including onsite backup data deduplication offsite data replication disaster recovery.january barracuda added messagelevel backup microsoft exchange novell groupwise integrating barracuda backup service yosemite backup formerly tapeware.web security service october conjunction acquisition purewire barracuda networks launched purewire web security service software service offering web filtering content security safe web surfing.nextgen firewall february barracuda announced nextgen firewalls protect enterprise network infrastructures.firewalls integrate web email filtering intrusion prevention layer application profiling network access control one platform centrally managed across multiple distributed enterprise network locations.nextgen firewalls available hardware appliance virtual appliance public cloud instance.product includes wide area network traffic optimization.cudatel communication server pbx august barracuda announced release cudatel voip private branch exchange designed administrators. |
Barracuda Networks | cudatel features freeswitch opensource project sponsored barracuda networks.copy.com announced cloud storage service february .service discontinued may .barracuda sentinel june barracuda launched artificial intelligence service prevent spear phishing cyber fraud.barracuda mobile device manager endoflife announced december .free service launched .acquisitions september barracuda networks acquired netcontinuum company providing application controllers secure manage enterprise web applications.in november barracuda networks expanded cloudbased backup services acquiring bitleap.in november barracuda networks acquired sp allowing company introduce secure sockets layer ssl virtual private network vpn products allow secure remote access network file shares internal web sites remote control capabilities desktops servers.in january barracuda networks acquired yosemite technologies add software agents incremental backups applications microsoft exchange server sql server windows system states.september barracuda networks acquired controlling interest phion ag austriabased public company delivering enterpriseclass firewalls.in october barracuda networks acquired purewire inc software service saas company offering cloud based web filtering security.in april barracuda networks acquired signnow.in barracuda networks purchased cc systems uk.in october barracuda networks acquired intronis.in november barracuda purchased sonianin november barracuda announced acquired private equity investment firm thoma bravo llc.in january barracuda acquired phishline.controversies security issue january backdoor discovered variety firewall vpn spam filtering gear sold barracuda networks contains undocumented backdoor accounts allow people remotely log access sensitive information researchers austrian security firm warned. |
Barracuda Networks | backdoor secured shortly announcement.ip reputation emailreg.org april emailreg.org published notice clarifying whitelist domains impact barracuda blog lists.april blog entry appeared alleging barracuda networks spam blocking deliberately targets nonspamming ip addresses tries get sign email whitelisting service emailreg.org.emailreg.org announced longer accepting new customers would continue services existing customers notice.emailreg.org discontinued services shortly thereafter longer operation. |
Barracuda Networks | may warning appears ip addresses.see also comparison file hosting servicescomparison file synchronization softwarecomparison online backup services references external links official websitecompanys security products include products protection email web surfing web hackers instant messaging threats spam spyware trojans viruses.companys networking storage products include web filtering load balancing application delivery controllers message archiving ng firewalls backup services data protection.history barracuda networks founded dean drako founding ceo michael perone zach levow company introduced barracuda spam virus firewall year.company moved headquarters campbell california opened office ann arbor michigan.in january closed first outside investment million sequoia capital francisco partners.on january barracuda networks sued trend micro use open source antivirus software clam antivirus trend micro claimed violation patent antivirus detection smtp ftp gateway.addition providing samples prior art effort render trend micros patent invalid july barracuda launched countersuit trend micro claiming trend micro violated several antivirus patents barracuda networks acquired ibm.in december company launched brbl barracuda reputation block list proprietary dynamic list known spam servers free public use blocking spam gateway.soon opening brbl many ip addresses got blacklisted without apparent reason without technical explanation.as october barracuda customers. |
Barracuda Networks | november barracuda customers.january barracuda customers worldwide.in company became cosponsor garminbarracuda uci protour cycling team entitlement sponsor indianapolis champion bryan herta autosport indycar series lotus driven alex tagliani defend teams championship.barracuda networks expanded research development facility ann arbor square foot office building depot street .michiganbased research division grown employees outgrowing space.june barracuda signed lease occupy square foot office complex previously used borders headquarters maynard st downtown ann arbor.in july dean drako barracuda networkss cofounder president ceo since founded resigned operating position remaining companys board directors.time drakos departure company stated achieved profitability nearly ongoing annual percent growth rate since inception customers worldwide nearly employees offices business countries. |
Barracuda Networks | company created office ceo started ceo search.in november longtime emc executive william bj jenkins joined company president ceo.jenkins worked emc since recently served president emcs backup recovery systems brs division.in november barracuda networks went public new york stock exchange ticker symbol cuda.in march barracuda networks expanded business north asia distributed tritech distribution limited hong kong.in november barracuda added new next generation firewall firewall family.barracuda announced future discontinuation copy cudadrive services may .in november thoma bravo llc private equity firm announced taking barracuda networks private .billion buyout expected go feb .february thoma bravo announced completed acquisition.products chronological orderemail security gateway october barracuda announced spam virus firewall plugin appliance. |
Barracuda Networks | june barracuda launched spam virus firewall large enterprises isps.web security gateway april company introduced web filtering appliance prevent spyware viruses gathering transmitting user data control web surfing.load balancer adc november company introduced load balancing appliance high availability distribution network traffic across multiple servers.message archiver july company introduced message archiving index preserve emails meet legal regulatory compliance.ssl vpn remote access november company launched secure sockets layer virtual private network product provide secure clientless remote access.web application firewall announced february securing web applications large enterprises address regulation compliance pci dss.link balancer announced september optimize aggregate internet connections different providers.barracuda backup november company announced service back data cloud including onsite backup data deduplication offsite data replication disaster recovery.january barracuda added messagelevel backup microsoft exchange novell groupwise integrating barracuda backup service yosemite backup formerly tapeware.web security service october conjunction acquisition purewire barracuda networks launched purewire web security service software service offering web filtering content security safe web surfing.nextgen firewall february barracuda announced nextgen firewalls protect enterprise network infrastructures.firewalls integrate web email filtering intrusion prevention layer application profiling network access control one platform centrally managed across multiple distributed enterprise network locations.nextgen firewalls available hardware appliance virtual appliance public cloud instance.product includes wide area network traffic optimization.cudatel communication server pbx august barracuda announced release cudatel voip private branch exchange designed administrators. |
Barracuda Networks | cudatel features freeswitch opensource project sponsored barracuda networks.copy.com announced cloud storage service february .service discontinued may .barracuda sentinel june barracuda launched artificial intelligence service prevent spear phishing cyber fraud.barracuda mobile device manager endoflife announced december .free service launched .acquisitions september barracuda networks acquired netcontinuum company providing application controllers secure manage enterprise web applications.in november barracuda networks expanded cloudbased backup services acquiring bitleap.in november barracuda networks acquired sp allowing company introduce secure sockets layer ssl virtual private network vpn products allow secure remote access network file shares internal web sites remote control capabilities desktops servers.in january barracuda networks acquired yosemite technologies add software agents incremental backups applications microsoft exchange server sql server windows system states.september barracuda networks acquired controlling interest phion ag austriabased public company delivering enterpriseclass firewalls.in october barracuda networks acquired purewire inc software service saas company offering cloud based web filtering security.in april barracuda networks acquired signnow.in barracuda networks purchased cc systems uk.in october barracuda networks acquired intronis.in november barracuda purchased sonianin november barracuda announced acquired private equity investment firm thoma bravo llc.in january barracuda acquired phishline.controversies security issue january backdoor discovered variety firewall vpn spam filtering gear sold barracuda networks contains undocumented backdoor accounts allow people remotely log access sensitive information researchers austrian security firm warned. |
Barracuda Networks | backdoor secured shortly announcement.ip reputation emailreg.org april emailreg.org published notice clarifying whitelist domains impact barracuda blog lists.april blog entry appeared alleging barracuda networks spam blocking deliberately targets nonspamming ip addresses tries get sign email whitelisting service emailreg.org.emailreg.org announced longer accepting new customers would continue services existing customers notice.emailreg.org discontinued services shortly thereafter longer operation. |
Norton Safe Web | may warning appears ip addresses.see also comparison file hosting servicescomparison file synchronization softwarecomparison online backup services references external links official websitesafe web delivers information websites based automated analysis user feedback.the software debuted public beta included current versions norton internet security norton .limited standalone version safe web known safe web lite available freeware.safe web operates web browser plugin requires internet explorer firefox later.release safe web lite added google chrome support.function addition actively crawling analyzing web sites norton safe web relies feedback users norton community participants. |
Norton Safe Web | driveby download occurs web site suspicious url automatically reported norton safe web analysis.reported site rated unsafe analysis confirms download malicious.to ensure site rating accurately reflects current state site norton safe web performs frequent reanalysis web sites.norton safe web employs site rating aging algorithm estimates often safety particular web site change.factors used analysis include sites rating history sites reputation associations number types threats detected site number submissions received norton clients site traffic.words unsafe sites likely cleaned reanalyzed often might take longer remove detected threats reanalyzed less frequently. |
Norton Safe Web | user reviews also accepted contributors ranked reputation.site owner dispute ranking site submit request reevaluation completing validation process.critics norton safe web complained many usersweb administrators websites classified unsafe incorrectly.even reevaluation request submitted site still listed unsafe reevaluation action taken place indeed.there reported instances bloggers criticizing quality norton safe web since blacklisted tool.incorporation safe web installed alongside norton internet security norton version . |
Norton Safe Web | browser toolbar.color codes search results returned yahoo google bing search using green yellow red.hovering popup summary bring summary findings include link full report site.safe web also prompt interrupt access malicious sites users try access directly via address bar.reception safe web blocks phishing sites overlapping functionality norton internet security norton . |
Norton Safe Web | using norton v pc magazine found discrepancies safe web norton builtin phishing protection.symantec stated phishing sites change rapidly one norton service may using older definitions other.norton safe web drawn ire among windows live plus users shows windows live plus website contains malware.also norton safe web blocks numerous sites third party extensions mailgun new relic.verification site ownership keeps failing site owners cant fix issue.norton safe web lite free version software safe web lite available free charge. |
Norton Safe Web | primary difference version safe web bundled norton internet security norton safe web lite safe web lite block malicious websites.however norton antivirus updates norton safeweb statics norton safeweb lite installed computer.green means safe.yelloworange means caution.red means warning.see also mcafee siteadvisorwot web trust references |
WebDAV | webdav defined rfc working group internet engineering task force ietf.the webdav protocol provides framework users create change move documents server.important features include maintenance properties author modification date namespace management collections overwrite protection.maintenance properties includes things creation removal querying file information.namespace management deals ability copy move web pages within servers namespace.collections deal creation removal listing various resources. |
WebDAV | lastly overwrite protection handles aspects related locking files.takes advantage existing technologies transport layer security digest access authentication xml satisfy requirements.many modern operating systems provide builtin clientside support webdav.history webdav began jim whitehead phd graduate uc irvine worked world wide web consortium wc host two meetings discuss problem distributed authoring world wide web interested people.tim bernerslees original vision web involved medium reading writing.fact bernerslees first web browser called worldwideweb could view edit web pages web grew became readonly medium users. |
WebDAV | whitehead likeminded people wanted transcend limitation.the meetings resulted formation ietf working group new effort would lead extensions http ietf started standardize.as work began protocol became clear handling distributed authoring versioning together would involve much work tasks would separated.webdav group focused distributed authoring left versioning future.deltav extension added versioning later – see extensions section below.the webdav working group concluded work march internet engineering steering group iesg accepted incremental update rfc .extensions left unfinished time bind method finished individual authors independent formal working group.implementation webdav extends set standard http verbs headers allowed request methods. |
WebDAV | added verbs includecopy copy resource one uniform resource identifier uri anotherlock put lock resource.webdav supports shared exclusive locks.mkcol create collections also known directorymove move resource one uri anotherpropfind retrieve properties stored xml web resource.also overloaded allow one retrieve collection structure also known directory hierarchy remote system.proppatch change delete multiple properties resource single atomic actunlock remove lock resource properties properties webdav protocol name–value pair name uniform resource identifier uri values expressed xml elements.furthremore methods handle properties propfind proppatch.server support apache http server provides webdav modules based davfs apache subversion svn.caddy optional webdav moduleegroupware groupware full dav support caldav carddav webdav file managerlighttpd optional webdav modulemailfence offers webdav support virtual drive connect external drives mailfence documentsnextcloud fork owncloud therefore also offers full webdav supportnginx limited optional webdav module thirdparty moduleowncloud cloud storage php application offers full webdav supportsabredav php application used apache nginx lieu bundled modulesseafile optional webdav configurationmicrosoft iis introduced limited support webdav iis version full support webdav iis .. note full webdav support iis provided separate download discontinued july . |
WebDAV | client support cloudmounter eltima softwaregit supports writing http remotes although smart git protocol http requiring special server support preferred webdavlinux via gvfs including gnome files via kio including konqueror dolphinmacos including native support caldav carddav design based webdavmicrosoft windows microsoft office including native support explorer via webdav redirectornetdrive bdrive inc.webdrive south river technologieswinscp martin přikryl documents produced working group webdav working group produced several worksa requirements document requirements distributed authoring versioning protocol world wide web rfc issued february base protocol document excluding versioning despite title http extensions web distributed authoring versioning webdav rfc issued june updates supersedes http extensions distributed authoring – webdav rfc issued february ordered collections protocol web distributed authoring versioning webdav ordered collections protocol rfc issued december access control protocol web distributed authoring versioning webdav access control protocol rfc issued may quota specification quota size properties distributed authoring versioning dav collections rfc issued february redirect specification web distributed authoring versioning webdav redirect reference resources rfc issued march documents published ietf versioning protocol versioning extensions webdav web distributed authoring versioning rfc created deltav working groupa specification webdav property datatypes datatypes web distributed authoring versioning webdav properties rfc document defining initiate mounting webdav resource mounting web distributed authoring versioning webdav servers rfc calendar access protocol calendaring extensions webdav caldav rfc query protocol web distributed authoring versioning webdav search rfc extension webdav acl specification webdav current principal extension rfc extension webdav mkcol method extended mkcol web distributed authoring versioning webdav rfc extension collection model defining creation discovery additional bindings resource binding extensions web distributed authoring versioning webdav rfc application post webdav collections using post add members web distributed authoring versioning webdav collections rfc extension allows synchronizing large collections efficiently collection synchronization web distributed authoring versioning webdav rfc extensions derivatives versioning deltav protocol web versioning configuration management working group adds resource revision tracking published rfc .for searching locating dav searching locating dasl working group never produced official standard although number implementations last draft.work continued nonworkinggroup activity.webdav search specification attempts pick working group left published rfc november .for calendaring caldav protocol allowing calendar access via webdav.caldav models calendar events http resources icalendar format models calendars containing events webdav collections.for groupware groupdav variant webdav allows clientserver groupware systems store fetch objects calendar items address book entries instead web pages.for ms exchange interoperability webdav used readingupdatingdeleting items mailbox public folder.webdav exchange extended microsoft accommodate working messaging data. |
WebDAV | exchange server version support webdav.however webdav support discontinued exchange favor exchange web services ews soapxml based api.additional windowsspecific extensions part windows server protocols wspp documentation set microsoft published following protocol documents detailing extensions webdavmswdvme web distributed authoring versioning webdav protocol microsoft extensions.extensions include new verb new headers properties enable previously unmanageable file types optimize protocol interactions file system clients.extensions introduce new functionality webdav optimize processing eliminate need specialcase processing.mswdv web distributed authoring versioning webdav protocol client extensions. |
WebDAV | client extensions specification extend webdav protocol introducing new headers enable file types currently manageable optimize protocol interactions file system clients.extensions introduce new functionality webdav protocol instead optimize processing eliminate need specialcase processing.mswdvse web distributed authoring versioning webdav protocol server extensions.server extensions specification extend webdav introducing new http request response headers enable file types currently manageable optimize protocol interactions file system clients.specification also introduces new webdav method used send search queries disparate search providers.mswebdave web distributed authoring versioning error extensions protocol specification.sharepoint frontend protocol describes extended error codes extended error handling mechanism specified mswdv enable compliant servers report error condition details server response. |
WebDAV | webdav clients webdav libraries alternatives webdav file transfer protocol ftp simple widely adapted network protocol based ip allows users transfer files network hosts.ftps extends ftp secure traffic.ssh file transfer protocol sftp extension secure shell protocol ssh version .provides secure filetransfer capability scp form sftp runs single command similar regular cp copy command shell.rsync protocol command similar scp also skip rewriting identical files portions files skip newer files etc.a distributed file system server message block smb protocol allows microsoft windows opensource samba clients access manage files folders remotely suitable file server.commonly used multimedia streaming ethernet widely supported smart tvs.atompub httpbased protocol creating updating web resources used use cases webdav.based standard http verbs standardized collection resources behave somewhat like webdav model directories.cmis standard consisting set web services sharing information among disparate content repositories seeks ensure interoperability people applications using multiple content repositories soap atompubbased interfaceswiki software mediawiki.linked data platform ldp linked data specification defining set integration patterns building restful http services capable readwrite rdf data.object storage openstack swift amazon see also caldavcarddavgroupdavcontent managementcomparison webdav softwaredistributed file systemfiling osidicedata portability references whitehead e. james goland yaron y. . |
WebDAV | webdav network protocol remote collaborative authoring web.neatherlands springer sciencebusiness media.doi.. isbn .whitehead e.j .webdav ieft standard collaborative authoring web.ieee internet computing. |
IDN homograph attack | .doi... issn .retrieved october .external links webdav resourcesdavfs projectfusedav projectwebdav apache moduleshomographs hence term attack although technically homoglyph accurate term different characters look alike.example regular user example.com may lured click link latin character replaced cyrillic character а.this kind spoofing attack also known script spoofing.unicode incorporates numerous writing systems number reasons similarlooking characters greek ο latin cyrillic о assigned code.incorrect malicious usage possibility security attacks.the registration homographic domain names akin typosquatting forms attacks use similarlooking name established domain fool user.major difference typosquatting perpetrator attracts victims relying natural typographical errors commonly made manually entering url homograph spoofing perpetrator deceives victims presenting visually indistinguishable hyperlinks. |
IDN homograph attack | indeed would rare accident web user type example cyrillic letter within otherwise english word citibаnk.cases registration typosquatting homograph spoofing pairs li ij close together keyboards depending typeface may difficult impossible distinguish.history early nuisance kind predating internet even text terminals confusion l lowercase letter l number one capital letter vowel number zero.typewriters precomputer era even combined l one users type lowercase l number one needed.zeroo confusion gave rise tradition crossing zeros computer operator would type correctly. |
IDN homograph attack | unicode may contribute greatly combining characters accents several types hyphen etc.often due inadequate rendering support especially smaller font sizes wide variety fonts.even earlier handwriting provided rich opportunities confusion.notable example etymology word zenith.translation arabic samt included scribes confusing ni.common medieval blackletter connect vertical columns letters n u making difficult distinguish several row. |
IDN homograph attack | latter well rnmrri rnmrri confusion still possible human eye even modern advanced computer technology.intentional lookalike character substitution different alphabets also known various contexts.example faux cyrillic used amusement attentiongrabber volapuk encoding cyrillic script represented similar latin characters used early days internet way overcome lack support cyrillic alphabet.another example vehicle registration plates cyrillic domestic usage cyrillic script countries latin international driving letters.registration plates issued greece limited using letters greek alphabet homoglyphs latin alphabet european union regulations require use latin letters.homographs ascii ascii several characters pairs characters look alike known homographs homoglyphs. |
IDN homograph attack | spoofing attacks based similarities known homograph spoofing attacks.example number letter l lowercase l uppercase i.in typical example hypothetical attack someone could register domain name appears almost identical existing domain goes somewhere else.example domain rnicrosoft.com begins r n m.other examples ggle.com looks much like google.com fonts.using mix uppercase lowercase characters googie.com capital small l looks much like google.com fonts.paypal target phishing scam exploiting using domain paypai.com.certain narrowspaced fonts tahoma default address bar windows xp placing c front j l produce homoglyphs cl cj ci g a. homographs internationalized domain names multilingual computer systems different logical characters may identical appearances.for example unicode character u cyrillic small letter а look identical unicode character u latin small letter lowercase used english. |
IDN homograph attack | hence wikipediа.org xnwikipedig.org cyrillic version instead wikipedia.org latin version.the problem arises different treatment characters users mind computers programming.viewpoint user cyrillic а within latin string latin difference glyphs characters fonts.however computer treats differently processing character string identifier.thus users assumption onetoone correspondence visual appearance name named entity breaks down.internationalized domain names provide backwardcompatible way domain names use full unicode character set standard already widely supported.however system expanded character repertoire dozen characters single alphabet many thousands characters many scripts greatly increased scope homograph attacks.this opens rich vein opportunities phishing varieties fraud. |
IDN homograph attack | attacker could register domain name looks like legitimate website letters replaced homographs another alphabet.attacker could send email messages purporting come original site directing people bogus site.spoof site could record information passwords account details passing traffic real site.victims may never notice difference suspicious criminal activity occurs accounts.in december evgeniy gabrilovich alex gontmakher technion israel published paper titled homograph attack described attack used unicode urls spoof website url.prove feasibility kind attack researchers successfully registered variant domain name microsoft.com incorporated cyrillic characters.problems kind anticipated idn introduced guidelines issued registries try avoid reduce problem. |
IDN homograph attack | example advised registries accept characters latin alphabet country unicode characters advice neglected major tlds.on february slashdot reported exploit disclosed ric johanson hacker conference shmoocon.web browsers supporting idna appeared direct url http first character replaced cyrillic а site well known payment site paypal actually led spoofed web site different content.popular browsers continued problems properly displaying international domain names april .the following alphabets characters used spoofing attacks please note obvious common given artistic license much risk spoofer take getting caught possibilities far numerous listed cyrillic cyrillic far commonly used alphabet homoglyphs largely contains lowercase glyphs identical nearly identical latin counterparts.the cyrillic letters а с е о р х у optical counterparts basic latin alphabet look close identical c e p x y. cyrillic з ч б resemble numerals .italic type generates homoglyphs дтпи дтпи дтпи standard type resembling dmnu fonts д used since italic form resembles lowercase g however mainstream fonts д instead resembles partial differential sign ∂.if capital letters counted авсеніјкморѕтх substitute abcehijkmopstx addition capitals lowercase cyrillic homoglyphs.cyrillic nonrussian problematic letters і ј j ԛ q ѕ ԝ w ү ғ f ԍ g bear resemblance other.cyrillic ӓёїӧ also used idn spoofed fake äëïö.while komi de ԁ shha һ palochka ӏ izhitsa ѵ bear strong resemblance latin h l v letters either rare archaic widely supported standard fonts included wgl. |
IDN homograph attack | attempting use could cause ransom note effect.greek greek alphabet omicron ο sometimes nu ν appear identical latin alphabet letter lowercase used urls.fonts italic type feature greek alpha α looking like latin a.this list increases close matches also allowed greek εικηρτυωχγ eiknptuwxy.using capital letters list expands greatly.greek αβεηικμνορτχυζ looks identical latin abehikmnoptxyz. |
IDN homograph attack | greek αγβεηκμοπρτφχ looks similar cyrillic агвенкмопртфх cyrillic л л greek λ certain geometric sansserif fonts greek letters κ о look similar cyrillic к о. besides greek τ φ similar cyrillic т ф fonts greek δ resembles cyrillic б serbian alphabet cyrillic а also italicizes latin counterpart making possible substitute alpha vice versa.lunate form sigma ϲϲ resembles latin cc cyrillic сс.if idn spoofed greek beta β substitute german eszett ß fonts fact code page treats equivalent greek endofwordvariant sigma ς ç accented greek substitutes όίά usually used óíá many fonts last alpha resembling italic type.armenian armenian alphabet also contribute critical characters several armenian characters like օ ո ս well capital տ լ often completely identical latin characters modern fonts.symbols like ա resemble cyrillic ш. beside symbols look alike.ցհոօզս look like ghnoqu յ resembles j albeit dotless ք either resemble p f depending font. |
IDN homograph attack | however use armenian problematic.standard fonts feature armenian glyphs whereas greek cyrillic scripts standard fonts.windows prior windows rendered armenian distinct font sylfaen supports armenian mixing armenian latin would appear obviously different using font sylfaen unicode typeface.known ransom note effect.current version tahoma used windows supports armenian previous versions not. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.