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IDN homograph attack | furthermore font differentiates latin g armenian ց.two letters armenian ձշ also resemble number յ resembles another վ sometimes resembles number .hebrew hebrew spoofing generally rare.three letters alphabet reliably used samekh ס sometimes resembles vav diacritic וֹ resembles heth ח resembles letter n. less accurate approximants alphanumerics also found usually accurate enough use purposes foreign branding substitution.furthermore hebrew alphabet written right left trying mix lefttoright glyphs may cause problems.thai though thai script historically distinct look numerous loops small flourishes modern thai typography beginning manoptica continuing ibm plex modern era increasingly adopted simplified style thai characters represented glyphs strongly representing latin letters. |
IDN homograph attack | ค ท n น u บ u ป j พ w ร ล among thai glyphs closely resemble latin.chinese chinese language problematic homographs many characters exist traditional regular script simplified chinese characters..org domain registering one variant renders unavailable anyone .biz single chineselanguage idn registration delivers variants active domains must domain name server registrant..hk .香港 also adopts policy.scripts unicode scripts homographs found include number forms roman numerals cjk compatibility enclosed cjk letters months certain abbreviations latin certain digraphs currency symbols mathematical alphanumeric symbols alphabetic presentation forms typographic ligatures. |
IDN homograph attack | accented characters two names differ accent one character may look similar particularly substitution involves dotted letter tittle dot replaced diacritic grave accent acute accent ì í included standard character sets fonts detected close inspection.toplevel domain registries wíkipedia.tld xnwkipediaca.tld wikipedia.tld two different names may held different registrants.one exception .ca reserving plainascii version domain prevents another registrant claiming accented version name.nondisplayable characters unicode includes many characters displayed default zerowidth space.general icann prohibits domain characters registered regardless tld. |
IDN homograph attack | known homograph attacks unknown source registering name completely anonymous registered domain name homographic television station kboitvs create fake news website.sole purpose site spread april fools day joke regarding governor idaho issuing supposed ban sale music justin bieber.in september security researcher ankit anubhav discovered idn homograph attack attackers registered adoḅe.com deliver betabot trojan.defending attack clientside mitigation simplest defense web browsers support idna similar mechanisms users turn whatever support browsers have.could mean blocking access idna sites generally browsers permit access display idns punycode.either way amounts abandoning nonascii domain names.google chrome versions later use algorithm similar one used firefox. |
IDN homograph attack | previous versions display idn characters belong one one users preferred languages.chromium chromiumbased browsers microsoft edge since opera also use algorithm.safaris approach render problematic character sets punycode.changed altering settings mac os xs system files.mozilla firefox versions later display idns either tld prevents homograph attacks restricting characters used domain names labels mix scripts different languages.otherwise idns displayed punycode.internet explorer versions later allow idns except labels mix scripts different languages. |
IDN homograph attack | labels mix scripts displayed punycode.exceptions locales ascii characters commonly mixed localized scripts.internet explorer capable using idns imposes restrictions displaying nonascii domain names based userdefined list allowed languages provides antiphishing filter checks suspicious web sites remote database known phishing sites.old microsoft edge converts unicode punycode.as additional defense internet explorer firefox .opera .include phishing filters attempt alert users visit malicious websites. |
IDN homograph attack | april several browsers including chrome firefox opera displaying idns consisting purely cyrillic characters normally punycode allowing spoofing attacks.chrome tightened idn restrictions version prevent attack.browser extensions like homographs available google chrome firefox check whether user visiting website homograph another domain userdefined list.these methods defense extend within browser.homographic urls house malicious software still distributed without displayed punycode email social networking web sites without detected user actually clicks link.fake link show punycode clicked point page already begun loading browser malicious software may already downloaded onto computer.serversideregistry operator mitigation idn homographs database python library allows developers defend using machine learningbased character recognition.icann implemented policy prohibiting potential internationalized tld choosing letters could resemble existing latin tld thus used homograph attacks. |
IDN homograph attack | proposed idn tlds .бг bulgaria .укр ukraine .ελ greece rejected stalled perceived resemblance latin letters.three serbian .срб mongolian .мон later accepted.threeletter tld considered safer twoletter tld since harder match normal latin iso country domains although potential match new generic domains remains generic domains far expensive registering second thirdlevel domain address making costprohibitive try register homoglyphic tld sole purpose making fraudulent domains would draw icann scrutiny.the russian registry operator coordination center tld ru accepts cyrillic names toplevel domain .рф forbidding mix latin greek characters.however problem .com gtlds remains open.see also internationalized domain namehomoglyphduplicate characters unicodeunicode equivalencetyposquatting references external links homograph attack generatorphishing unicode domains |
Web server | serves proxy intercepts allows people alter web browser web requests http https web server replies.webscarab also may record traffic review.webscarab open source tool developed open web application security project owasp implemented java could run across multiple operating systems.official development webscarab slowed appears owasps zed attack proxy zap project another javabased open source proxy tool features active development webscarabs official successor although zap forked paros proxy webscarab.references external links current versionnext version functional still developmenteasy website builderuser agent commonly web browser web crawler initiates communication making request web page resource using http server responds content resource error message.web server also accept store resources sent user agent configured so.the hardware used run web server vary according volume requests needs handle.low end range embedded systems router runs small web server configuration interface.hightraffic internet website might handle requests hundreds servers run racks highspeed computers.a resource sent web server preexisting file static content available web server generated time request dynamic content another program communicates server software.former usually served faster easily cached repeated requests latter supports broader range applications.technologies rest soap use http basis general computertocomputer communication well support webdav extensions extended application web servers well beyond original purpose serving humanreadable pages. |
Web server | history brief history web server programs information necessarily interlaps histories web browsers world wide web internet therefore sake clearness understandability key historical information reported may similar found also one mentioned history articles.initial www project march sir tim bernerslee proposed new project employer cern goal easing exchange information scientists using hypertext system.proposal titled hypertext cern asked comments read several people.october proposal reformulated enriched coauthor robert cailliau finally approved.late early project resulted bernerslee developers writing testing several software libraries along three programs initially ran nextstep os installed next workstationsa graphical web browser called worldwideweba portable line mode web browsera web server later known cern httpd.those early browsers retrieved web pages web servers using new basic communication protocol named http ..in august tim bernerlee announced birth www technology encouraged scientists adopt develop it. |
Web server | soon programs along source code made available people interested usage.practice cern informally allowed people including developers etc.play maybe develop made till moment.official birth cern httpd.since bernerlee started promoting adoption usage programs along porting oss. |
Web server | fast wild development december first web server outside europe installed slac u.s.a.. important event started transcontinental web communications web browsers web servers.in cern web server program continued actively developed www group meanwhile thanks availability source code public specifications http protocol many implementations web servers started developed.in april cern issued public official statement stating three components web software basic linemode client web server library common code along source code put public domain.statement freed web server developers possible legal issue development derivative work based source code threat practice never existed.at beginning notable among new web servers ncsa httpd ran variety unixbased oss could serve dynamically generated content implementing post http method cgi communicate external programs.capabilities along multimedia features ncsas mosaic browser also able manage html forms order send data web server highlighted potential web technology publishing distributed computing applications.in second half development ncsa httpd stalled point group external software developers webmasters professional figures interested server started write collect patches thanks ncsa httpd source code available public domain.beginning patches applied last release ncsa source code several tests apache http server project started.at end new commercial web server named netsite released specific features.first one many similar products developed first netscape also sun microsystems finally oracle corporation.in mid first version iis released windows nt os microsoft. |
Web server | notable event marked entry field world wide web technologies important commercial developer vendor played still playing key role sides client server web.in second half cern ncsa web servers started decline global percentage usage widespread adoption new web servers much faster development cycle along features fixes applied performances previous ones.explosive growth competition end already fifty known different web server software programs available everybody wanted internet domain name andor host websites.many lived shortly replaced web servers.the publication rfcs protocol versions http.http.forced web servers comply always completely standards. |
Web server | use tcpip persistent connections http.required web servers increase lot maximum number concurrent connections allowed improve level scalability.between netscape enterprise server microsofts iis emerged among leading commercial options whereas among freely available opensource programs apache http server held lead preferred server reliability many features.in years also another commercial highly innovative thus notable web server called zeus discontinued known one fastest scalable web servers available market least till first decade despite low percentage usage.apache resulted used web server mid end years decline surpassed initially iis nginx.afterwards iis dropped much lower percentages usage apache see also market share.since apache started improve speed scalability level introducing new performance features e.g.event mpm new content cache.new performance improvements initially marked experimental enabled users long time apache suffered even competition commercial servers opensource servers meanwhile already achieved far superior performances mostly serving static content since beginning development time apache decline able offer also long enough list well tested advanced features.in fact years started commercial highly competitive web servers e.g. |
Web server | litespeed also many opensource programs often excellent quality high performances among noted hiawatha cherokee http server lighttpd nginx derivedrelated products also available commercial support emerged.around popular web browsers increased previous default limit persistent connections per hostdomain limit recommended rfc persistent connections per hostdomain order speed retrieval heavy web pages lots images mitigate problem shortage persistent connections dedicated dynamic objects used bidirectional notifications events web pages.within year changes average nearly tripled maximum number persistent connections web servers manage.trend increasing number persistent connections definitely gave strong impetus adoption reverse proxies front slower web servers gave also one chance emerging new web servers could show speed capability handle high numbers concurrent connections without requiring many hardware resources expensive computers lots cpus ram fast disks.new challenges later years rfcs published new protocol version http implementation new specifications trivial dilemma arose among developers less popular web servers e.g.percentage usage lower .. adding adding support new protocol version.in fact supporting http often required radical changes internal implementation due many factors practically always required encrypted connections capability distinguish http.x http connections tcp port binary representation http messages message priority compression http headers use streams also known tcpip subconnections related flowcontrol etc. |
Web server | developers web servers opted supporting new http version least near future also main reasonsprotocols http.x would supported anyway browsers long time maybe forever would incompatibility clients servers next futureimplementing http considered task overwhelming complexity could open door whole new class bugs till exist would required notable investments developing testing implementation new protocoladding http support could always done future case efforts would justified.instead developers popular web servers rushed offer availability new protocol work force time also usually previous implementation spdy protocol could reused starting point used web browsers implemented quickly reason.another reason prompted developers act quickly webmasters felt pressure ever increasing web traffic really wanted install try soon possible something could drastically lower number tcpip connections speedup accesses hosted websites.in http dynamics implementation top web servers popular web browsers partly replicated publication advanced drafts future rfc http protocol.technical overview following technical overview considered attempt give limited examples features may implemented web server tasks may perform order sufficiently wide scenario topic.a web server program plays role server clientserver model implementing one versions http protocol often including https secure variant features extensions considered useful planned usage.the complexity efficiency web server program may vary lot depending e.g.common features implementedcommon tasks performedperformances scalability level aimed goalsoftware model techniques adopted achieve wished performance scalability leveltarget hardware category usage e.g.embedded system lowmedium traffic web server high traffic internet web server.common features although web server programs differ implemented offer following common features.these basic features web servers usually have.static content serving able serve static content web files clients via http protocol.http support one versions http protocol order send versions http responses compatible versions client http requests e.g. |
Web server | http.http.eventually also encrypted connections https plus available http http.logging usually web servers also capability logging information client requests server responses log files security statistical purposes.a advanced popular features short selection following ones.dynamic content serving able serve dynamic content generated fly clients via http protocol.virtual hosting able serve many websites domain names using one ip address.authorization able allow forbid authorize access portions website paths web resources.content cache able cache static andor dynamic content order speed server responseslarge file support able serve files whose size greater gb bit os.bandwidth throttling limit speed content responses order saturate network able serve clientsrewrite engine map parts clean urls found client requests real names.custom error pages support customized http error messages.common tasks web server program running usually performs several general tasks e.g.starts optionally reads applies settings found configuration files elsewhere optionally opens log file starts listening client connections requestsoptionally tries adapt general behavior according settings current operating conditionsmanages client connections accepting new ones closing existing ones requiredreceives client requests reading http messagesreads verify http request messageusually performs url normalizationusually performs url mapping may default url path translationusually performs url path translation along various security checksexecutes refuses requested http methodoptionally manages url authorizationsoptionally manages url redirectionsoptionally manages requests static resources file contentsoptionally manages directory index filesoptionally manages regular filesoptionally manages requests dynamic resourcesoptionally manages directory listingsoptionally manages program module processing checking availability start eventually stop execution external programs used generate dynamic contentoptionally manages communications external programs internal modules used generate dynamic contentreplies client requests sending proper http responses e.g.requested resources error messages eventually verifying adding http headers sent dynamic programs modulesoptionally logs partially totally client requests andor responses external user log file system log file syslog usually using common log formatoptionally logs process messages detected anomalies notable events e.g. |
Web server | client requests internal functioning using syslog system facilities log messages usually debug warning error alert level filtered logged depending settings see also severity leveloptionally generates statistics web traffic managed andor performancesother custom tasks.read request message web server programs ableto read http request messageto interpret itto verify syntaxto identify known http headers extract values them.once request message decoded verified values used determine whether request satisfied many steps performed including security checks.url normalization web server programs usually perform type url normalization url found http request messages orderto make resource path always clean uniform path root directory websiteto lower security risks e.g.intercepting easily attempts access static resources outside root directory website access portions path website root directory forbidden require authorizationto make path web resources recognizable human beings web log analysis programs also known log analyzers statistical applications.the term url normalization refers process modifying standardizing url consistent manner.several types normalization may performed including conversion urls domain name lowercase important removal . |
Web server | .. path segments adding trailing slashes nonempty path component.url mapping url mapping process url analyzed figure resource referring resource returned requesting client.process performed every request made web server requests served file html document gif image others results running cgi program others process builtin module handler php document java servlet.in practice web server programs implement advanced features beyond simple static content serving e.g.url rewrite engine dynamic content serving usually figure url handled e.g.as url redirection redirection another urlas static request file contentas dynamic request ofdirectory listing files subdirectories contained directoryother types dynamic request order identify program module processor able handle kind url path pass url parts i.e.usually pathinfo query string variables.one configuration files web server may specify mapping parts url path e.g. |
Web server | initial parts file path filename extension path components specific url handler file directory external program internal module.when web server implements one abovementioned advanced features path part valid url may always match existing file system path website directory tree file directory file system refer virtual name internal external module processor dynamic requests.url path translation file system web server programs able translate url path part refers physical file system path absolute path target websites root directory.websites root directory may specified configuration file internal rule web server using name website host part url found http client request.path translation file system done following types web resourcesa local usually nonexecutable file static request file contenta local directory dynamic request directory listing generated flya program name dynamic requests executed using cgi scgi interface whose output read web server resent client made http request.the web server appends path found requested url http request message appends path host website root directory.apache server commonly homewwwwebsite unix machines usually varwwwwebsite.see following examples may result.url path translation static file requestexample static request existing file specified following urlhttp clients user agent connects sends following http.requestget pathfile.html http.host keepalivethe result local file system resourcehomewww web server reads file exists sends response clients web browser. |
Web server | response describe content file contain file error message return saying file exist access forbidden.url path translation directory request without static index fileexample implicit dynamic request existing directory specified following urlhttp clients user agent connects sends following http.requestget directorydirectory http.host keepalivethe result local directory pathhomewww web server verifies existence directory exists accessed tries find index file case exist passes request internal module program dedicated directory listings finally reads data output sends response clients web browser.response describe content directory list contained subdirectories files error message return saying directory exist access forbidden.url path translation dynamic program requestfor dynamic request url path specified client refer existing external program usually executable file cgi used web server generate dynamic content.example dynamic request using program file generate outputhttp clients user agent connects sends following http.requestget cgibinforum.phpactionviewordebythreaddate http.host keepalivethe result local file path program example php programhomewww server executes program passing pathinfo query string actionvieworderbythreaddate program knows case return html document view forum entries ordered thread since october th .besides web server reads data sent external program resends data client made request. |
Web server | manage request message request read interpreted verified managed depending method url parameters may include values http headers.in practice web server handle request using one response pathsif something request acceptable status line message headers web server already sent error responseif request method e.g.options satisfied general code web server successful response sentif url requires authorization authorization error message sentif url maps redirection redirect message sentif url maps dynamic resource virtual path directory listing handler internal module external program called request parameters query string path info passed order allow reply requestif url maps static resource usually file file system internal static handler called send fileif request method known unacceptable condition e.g.resource found internal server error etc.error response sent.serve static content web server program capable serving static content configured able send file content whenever request message valid url path matching url mapping url translation url redirection existing file root directory website file attributes match required internal rules web server program.that kind content called static usually changed web server sent clients remains modified file modification program.note serving static content web server program usually change file contents served websites read never written suffices support http methodsoptionsheadgetresponse static file content sped file cache. |
Web server | directory index files web server program receives client request message url whose path matches one existing directory directory accessible serving directory index files enabled web server program may try serve first known configured static index file names regular file found directory index file found conditions met error message returned.most used names static index files index.html index.htm default.htm.regular files web server program receives client request message url whose path matches file name existing file file accessible web server program attributes match internal rules web server program web server program send file client.usually security reasons web server programs preconfigured serve regular files avoid use special file types like device files along symbolic links hard links them.aim avoid undesirable side effects serving static web resources.serve dynamic content web server program capable serving dynamic content configured able communicate proper internal module external program associated requested url path order pass parameters client request web server program reads data response generated often fly resends client program made request.note serving static dynamic content web server program usually support also following http method order able safely receive data clients able host also websites interactive forms may send large data sets e.g.lots data entry file uploads web server external programs modulespostin order able communicate internal modules andor external programs web server program must implemented one many available gateway interfaces see also web server gateway interfaces used dynamic content.the three standard historical gateway interfaces following ones.cgian external cgi program run web server program dynamic request web server program reads generated data response resends client.scgian external scgi program usually process started web server program program process waits network connections every time new request web server program makes new network connection order send request parameters read data response network connection closed.fastcgian external fastcgi program usually process started web server program program process waits network connection established permanently web server connection sent request parameters read data responses. |
Web server | directory listings web server program may capable manage dynamic generation fly directory index list files subdirectories.if web server program configured requested url path matches existing directory access allowed static index file found directory web page usually html format containing list files andor subdirectories mentioned directory dynamically generated fly.cannot generated error returned.some web server programs allow customization directory listings allowing usage web page template html document containing placeholders e.g.filename filesize etc.replaced field values file entry found directory web server e.g.index.tpl usage html embedded source code interpreted executed fly e.g. |
Web server | index.asp supporting usage dynamic index programs cgis scgis fgcis e.g.index.cgi index.php index.fcgi.usage dynamically generated directory listings usually avoided limited selected directories website generation takes much os resources sending static index page.the main usage directory listings allow download files usually names sizes modification datetimes file attributes may change randomly frequently without requiring provide information requesting user.program module processing external program internal module processing unit execute sort application function may used get data store data one data repositories e.g.files file systemdatabases dbsother sources located local computer computers.a processing unit return kind web content also using data retrieved data repository e.g.a document e.g.html xml etc.an imagea videostructured data e.g.may used update one values displayed dynamic page dhtml web interface maybe requested xmlhttprequest api see also dynamic page.in practice whenever content may vary depending one parameters contained client request configuration settings usually generated dynamically. |
Web server | send response message web server programs able send response messages replies client request messages.an error response message may sent request message could successfully read decoded analyzed executed.note following sections reported examples help understand web server less sections means neither exhaustive complete.error message web server program may reply client request message many kinds error messages anyway errors divided mainly two categorieshttp client errors due type request message availability requested web resourcehttp server errors due internal server errors.when error response message received client browser related main user request e.g.url web resource web page usually error message shown browser window message.url authorization web server program may able verify whether requested url pathcan freely accessed everybodyrequires user authentication request user credentials e.g.user name passwordaccess forbidden kind users.if authorization access rights feature implemented enabled access web resource granted depending required access rights web server programcan deny access sending specific error message e.g. |
Web server | access forbiddenmay deny access sending specific error message e.g.access unauthorized usually forces client browser ask human user provide required user credentials authentication credentials provided web server program verifies accepts rejects them.url redirection web server program may capability url redirections new urls new locations consists replying client request message response message containing new url suited access valid existing web resource client redo request new url.url redirection location usedto fix directory name adding final slash give new url existing url path new path kind web resource found.to give new url another domain current domain much load.example url path points directory name final slash web server sends redirect client order instruct redo request fixed path name.from directorydirectoryto directorydirectoryexample whole set documents moved inside website order reorganize file system paths.from directorydirectoryto directorydirectoryexample whole set documents moved new website mandatory use secure https connections access them.from http httpsdocs.example.comdirectoryabove examples possible kind redirections.successful message web server program able reply valid client request message successful message optionally containing requested web resource data.if web resource data sent back client static content dynamic content depending retrieved file output program module.content cache order speed web server responses lowering average http response times hardware resources used many popular web servers implement one content caches one specialized content category.content usually cached origin e.g.static contentfile cachedynamic contentdynamic cache module program output. |
Web server | file cache historically static contents found files accessed frequently randomly quickly stored mostly electromechanical disks since midlate regrettably reads writes kind devices always considered slow operations compared ram speed since early oss first disk caches also os file cache subsystems developed speed io operations frequently accessed data files.even aid os file cache relative occasional slowness io operations involving directories files stored disks became soon bottleneck increase performances expected top level web servers specially since midlate web internet traffic started grow exponentially along constant increase speed internet network lines.the problem efficiently speedup serving static files thus increasing maximum number requestsresponses per second rps started studied researched since mid aim propose useful cache models could implemented web server programs.in practice nowadays many popular high performance web server programs include userland file cache tailored web server usage using specific implementation parameters.the wide spread adoption raid andor fast solidstate drives storage hardware high io speed slightly reduced course eliminated advantage file cache incorporated web server.dynamic cache dynamic content output internal module external program may always change frequently given unique url keys parameters maybe e.g.second several hours resulting output cached ram even fast disk.the typical usage dynamic cache website dynamic web pages news weather images maps etc.change frequently e.g.every n minutes accessed huge number clients per minute hour cases useful return cached content without calling internal module external program clients often updated copy requested content browser caches.anyway cases kind caches implemented external servers e.g. |
Web server | reverse proxy storing dynamic data output separate computers managed specific applications e.g.memcached order compete hardware resources cpu ram disks web servers.kernelmode usermode web servers web server software either incorporated os executed kernel space executed user space like regular applications.web servers run kernel mode usually called kernel space web servers direct access kernel resources theory faster running user mode anyway disadvantages running web server kernel mode e.g.difficulties developing debugging software whereas runtime critical errors may lead serious problems os kernel.web servers run usermode ask system permission use memory cpu resources.requests kernel take time might always satisfied system reserves resources usage responsibility share hardware resources running applications. |
Web server | executing user mode also mean using bufferdata copies userspace kernelspace lead decrease performance usermode web server.nowadays almost web server software executed user mode many aforementioned small disadvantages overcome faster hardware new os versions much faster os system calls new optimized web server software.see also comparison web server software discover run kernel mode user mode also referred kernel space user space.performances improve user experience client browser side web server reply quickly soon possible client requests unless content response throttled configuration type files e.g.big huge files also returned data content sent fast possible high transfer speed.in words web server always responsive even high load web traffic order keep total users wait sum browser time network time web server response time response low possible.performance metrics web server software main key performance metrics measured vary operating conditions usually least following ones i.e.number requests per second rps similar qps depending http version configuration type http requests operating conditionsnumber connections per second cps number connections per second accepted web server useful using http. |
Web server | http.low limit requests responses per connection i.e... network latency response time new client request usually benchmark tool shows many requests satisfied within scale time laps e.g.within ms ms ms ms ms ms ms shortest average longest response timethroughput responses bytes per second.among operating conditions number .. n concurrent client connections used test important parameter allows correlate concurrency level supported web server results tested performance metrics.software efficiency specific web server software design model adopted e.g.single process multiprocesssingle thread thread multithread processusage coroutines not... programming techniques e.g.zero copyminimization possible cpu cache missesminimization possible cpu branch mispredictions critical paths speedminimization number system calls used perform certain function taskother tricks... used implement web server program bias lot performances particular scalability level achieved heavy load using high end hardware many cpus disks lots ram.in practice web server software models may require os resources specially cpus ram others able work well achieve target performances. |
Web server | operating conditions many operating conditions affect performances web server performance values may vary depending i.e.the settings web server including fact log file enabled etc.the http version used client requeststhe average http request type method length http headers optional bodywhether requested content static dynamicwhether content cached cached server andor clientwhether content compressed fly transferred precompressed i.e.file resource stored disk already compressed web server send file directly network indication content compressed compressed allwhether connections encryptedthe average network speed web server clientsthe number active tcp connectionsthe number active processes managed web server including external cgi scgi fcgi programsthe hardware software limitations settings os computers web server runsother minor conditions.benchmarking performances web server typically benchmarked using one availableautomated load testing tools.load limits web server program installation usually predefined load limits combination operating conditions also limited os resources handle limited number concurrent client connections usually several tens thousands active web server process see also ck problem cm problem.when web server near load limits gets overloaded may become unresponsive.causes overload time web servers overloaded due one following causes e.g..excess legitimate web traffic. |
Web server | thousands even millions clients connecting website short amount time e.g.slashdot effect.distributed denial service attacks.denialofservice attack dos attack distributed denialofservice attack ddos attack attempt make computer network resource unavailable intended users.computer worms sometimes cause abnormal traffic millions infected computers coordinated among them.xss worms cause high traffic millions infected browsers web servers.internet bots traffic filteredlimited large websites network resources e.g.bandwidth andor hardware resources cpus ram disks.internet network slowdowns e.g.due packet losses client requests served slowly number connections increases much server limits reached.web servers serving dynamic content waiting slow responses coming backend computers e.g. |
Web server | databases maybe many queries mixed many inserts updates db data cases web servers wait backend data responses replying http clients waits many new client connections requests arrive become overloaded.web servers computers partial unavailability.happen required urgent maintenance upgrade hardware software failures backend e.g.database failures cases remaining web servers may get much traffic become overloaded.symptoms overload symptoms overloaded web server usually following ones e.g..requests served possibly long delays second hundred seconds.the web server returns http error code even intermittent .the web server refuses resets interrupts tcp connections returns content.in rare cases web server returns part requested content.behavior considered bug even usually arises symptom overload. |
Web server | antioverload techniques partially overcome average load limits prevent overload popular websites use common techniques like following ones e.g..tuning os parameters hardware capabilities usage.tuning web servers parameters improve security performances.deploying web cache techniques static contents whenever possible dynamic contents too.managing network traffic usingfirewalls block unwanted traffic coming bad ip sources bad patternshttp traffic managers drop redirect rewrite requests bad http patternsbandwidth management traffic shaping order smooth peaks network usage.using different domain names ip addresses computers serve different kinds static dynamic content aim separate big huge files download.domain might replaced also cdn small mediumsized files static.main dynamic site maybe contents stored backend database www.idea able efficiently serve big huge – mb files maybe throttling downloads fully cache small mediumsized files without affecting performances dynamic site heavy load using different settings group web server computers e.g.httpsdownload.example.comhttpsstatic.example.comhttps many web servers computers grouped together behind load balancer act seen one big web server.adding hardware resources i.e.ram fast disks computer.using efficient computer programs web servers see also software efficiency.using efficient web server gateway interface process dynamic requests spawning one external programs every time dynamic page retrieved kills performances.using programming techniques workarounds especially dynamic content involved speed http responses i.e. |
Web server | avoiding dynamic calls retrieve objects style sheets images scripts never change change rarely copying content static files keeping synchronized dynamic content.using latest efficient versions http e.g.beyond using common http.also enabling http maybe http whenever available web server software reliable support latter two protocols order reduce lot number tcpip connections started client size data exchanged compact http headers representation maybe data compression.caveats using http http protocolseven newer http protocols usually generate less network traffic request response data may require os resources i.e.ram cpu used web server software encrypted data lots stream buffers implementation details besides http maybe http depending also settings web server client program may best options data upload big huge files high speed data streams optimized concurrency requests many cases using http.tcpip connections may lead better results higher upload speeds mileage may vary. |
ModSecurity | market share latest statistics market share sites top web servers internet netcraft.note percentage rounded integer number decimal values publicly reported source page rounded value reported graph.apache iis nginx used web servers world wide web.see also server computingapplication servercomparison web server softwarehttp server core part web server program serves http requestshttp compressionweb applicationopen source web applicationlist amp packagesvariant objectvirtual hostingweb hosting serviceweb containerweb proxyweb servicestandard web server gateway interfaces used dynamic contentscgi common gateway interfacescgi simple common gateway interfacefastcgi fast common gateway interfacea web server interfaces server programming language specific used dynamic contentsssi server side includes rarely used static html documents containing ssi directives interpreted server software include small dynamic data fly pages served e.g.date time static file contents etc.sapi server application programming interfaceisapi internet server application programming interfacensapi netscape server application programming interfacepsgi perl web server gateway interfacewsgi python web server gateway interfacerack rack web server gateway interfacejsgi javascript web server gateway interfacejava servlet javaserver pagesactive server pages asp.net references external links mozilla web servernetcraft news web server surveyoriginally designed module apache http server evolved provide array hypertext transfer protocol request response filtering capabilities along security features across number different platforms including apache http server microsoft iis nginx.free software released apache license ..the platform provides rule configuration language known secrules realtime monitoring logging filtering hypertext transfer protocol communications based userdefined rules.although configuration modsecurity commonly deployed provide protections generic classes vulnerabilities using owasp modsecurity core rule set crs.opensource set rules written modsecuritys secrules language.project part owasp open web application security project.several rule sets also available.to detect threats modsecurity engine deployed embedded within webserver proxy server front web application. |
ModSecurity | allows engine scan incoming outgoing http communications endpoint.dependent rule configuration engine decide communications handled includes capability pass drop redirect return given status code execute user script more.history modsecurity first developed ivan ristić wrote module end goal monitoring application traffic apache http server.first version released november supported apache http server ..x. starting ivan created thinking stone continue work project fulltime.working version . |
ModSecurity | rewrite thinking stone bought breach security americanisraeli security company september .ivan stayed continuing development version .subsequently released summer .ristić breach security released another major rewrite version .major syntactic changes february .ivan left breach found ssl labs. |
ModSecurity | shortly ivans departure breach security trustwave holdings acquired breach june relicensed modsecurity apache license.development continued new license allowed easier integration modsecurity products.result steady adoption modsecurity various commercial products.license change also precipitated easier porting software.hence microsoft contributed iis port august port nginx released black hat briefings . |
ModSecurity | saw second edition handbook released written christian folini ivan ristić.covers modsecurity version ...being originally apache module porting modsecurity platforms timeconsuming high maintenance costs.result complete rewrite started december .new iteration libmodsecurity changes underlying architecture separating modsecurity standalone engine communicates web server via api.modular architecturebased waf announced public use january became libmodsecurity modsecurity version . |
ModSecurity | supported connectors nginx apache.in trustwave holdings announce endofsale eos trustwave support modsecurity effective august endoflife eol support effective july .maintenance modsecurity code given opensource community.former lynx browser blocking default rules shipped modsecurity distributions owasp modsecurity core rule set crs.rules used block lynx browser automated tool returning acceptable unless useragent string changed.inconvenienced users blindness work lynx. |
National Security Advisor (India) | however release core rule set .crs lynx user agent trigger rules anymore.references external links official website official modsecurity documentationhow set modsecurity apache debianubuntulinux modsecurity introduction install guidesearchsecurity.techtarget.comajit doval current nsa rank union cabinet minister.history brajesh mishra principal secretary prime minister appointed first national security advisor india.post created november government headed atal bihari bajpayee.new government headed manmohan singh formed centre.government separated office nsa foreign headed former foreign secretary j.n. |
National Security Advisor (India) | dixit internal headed former director ib m.k.narayanan.death dixit office fused narayanan became fulltime nsa.succeeded former foreign secretary shivshankar menon .modiled government appointed former director ib ajit doval nsa. |
National Security Advisor (India) | role post high vested powers nsa highly prominent powerful office government india.nsas appointed since inception post belong either indian foreign service indian police service serve discretion prime minister india.the national security advisor nsa tasked regularly advising prime minister india matters relating internal external threats opportunities india oversees strategic sensitive issues behalf prime minister.nsa india also serves prime ministers special interlocutor china well envoy pakistan israel security affairs.the nsa receives intelligence raw ib ntro mi dia nia reports coordinates present prime minister.nsa assisted deputy national security advisors deputy nsas.currently retired ips officer dattatray padsalgikar former raw chief rajinder khanna retired ifs officer pankaj saran serve deputy national security advisors. |
Representational state transfer | policy group main mechanism interministerial coordination integration inputs forming national security policies.group members include niti aayog vice chairman cabinet secretary three military chiefs reserve bank india governor foreign secretary home secretary finance secretary defense secretary.in june nsa ajit doval elevated rank cabinet minister second year term.list national security advisors see also national security council notes referencesrest defines set constraints architecture internetscale distributed hypermedia system web behave.rest architectural style emphasises scalability interactions components uniform interfaces independent deployment components creation layered architecture facilitate caching components reduce userperceived latency enforce security encapsulate legacy systems.rest employed throughout software industry widely accepted set guidelines creating stateless reliable web apis.web api obeys rest constraints informally described restful.restful web apis typically loosely based http methods access resources via urlencoded parameters use json xml transmit data.web resources first defined world wide web documents files identified urls.today definition much generic abstract includes every thing entity action identified named addressed handled performed way web. |
Representational state transfer | restful web service requests made resources uri elicit response payload formatted html xml json format.example response confirm resource state changed.response also include hypertext links related resources.common protocol requests responses http.provides operations http methods get post put delete. |
Representational state transfer | using stateless protocol standard operations restful systems aim fast performance reliability ability grow reusing components managed updated without affecting system whole even running.the goal rest increase performance scalability simplicity modifiability visibility portability reliability.achieved following rest principles client–server architecture statelessness cacheability use layered system support code demand using uniform interface.principles must followed system classified restful.etymology term representational state transfer introduced defined roy fielding doctoral dissertation.term intended evoke image welldesigned web application behaves network web resources virtual state machine user advances application selecting links e.g. |
Representational state transfer | http resulting next resources representation next application state transferred client rendered user.history web began enter everyday use websites general use started become available.time fragmented description web’s architecture pressure industry agree standard web interface protocols.instance several experimental extensions added communication protocol http support proxies extensions proposed need formal web architecture evaluate impact changes.together wc ietf working groups started work creating formal descriptions web’s three primary standards uri http html.roy fielding involved creation standards specifically http . |
Representational state transfer | .uri next six years developed rest architectural style testing constraints web’s protocol standards using means define architectural improvements — identify architectural mismatches.fielding defined rest phd dissertation architectural styles design networkbased software architectures uc irvine.to create rest architectural style fielding identified requirements apply creating worldwide networkbased application need low entrybarrier enable global adoption.also surveyed many existing architectural styles networkbased applications identifying features shared styles caching clientserver features unique rest concept resources.fielding trying categorise existing architecture current implementation identify aspects considered central behavioural performance requirements web.by nature architectural styles independent specific implementation rest created part development web standards implementation web obey every constraint rest architectural style. |
Representational state transfer | mismatches occur due ignorance oversight existence rest architectural style means identified become standardised.example fielding identified embedding session information uris violation constraints rest negatively affect shared caching server scalability.http cookies also violated rest constraints become sync browsers application state making unreliable also contain opaque data concern privacy security.architectural concepts rest architectural style designed networkbased applications specifically clientserver applications.designed internetscale usage coupling user agent client origin server must lightweight loose possible facilitate largescale adoption. |
Representational state transfer | achieved creating layer abstraction server defining resources encapsulate entities e.g.files server hiding underlying implementation details file server database etc.. definition even general information named resource image database query temporal service e.g.“today’s weather london” even collection resources.approach allows greatest interoperability clients servers longlived internetscale environment crosses organisational trust boundaries.clients access resources using uris.words client requests resource using uri server responds representation resource. |
Representational state transfer | representation resource another important concept rest ensure responses interpreted widest possible number client applications representation resource sent hypertext format.thus resource manipulated hypertext representations transferred messages clients servers.the strong decoupling client server together textbased transfer information using uniform addressing protocol provided basis meeting requirements web robustness anarchic scalability independent deployment components largegrain data transfer lowentry barrier content readers content authors developers alike.architectural properties constraints rest architectural style affect following architectural propertiesperformance component interactions dominant factor userperceived performance network efficiencyscalability allowing support large numbers components interactions among componentssimplicity uniform interfacemodifiability components meet changing needs even application runningvisibility communication components service agentsportability components moving program code datareliability resistance failure system level presence failures within components connectors data.architectural constraints rest architectural style defines six guiding constraints.constraints applied system architecture gains desirable nonfunctional properties performance scalability simplicity modifiability visibility portability reliability. |
Representational state transfer | system complies constraints loosely referred restful.the formal rest constraints follows client–server architecture clientserver design pattern enforces principle separation concerns separating user interface concerns data storage concerns.portability user interface thus improved.case web plethora web browsers developed platforms without need knowledge server implementations.separation also simplifies server components improving scalability importantly allows components evolve independently anarchic scalability necessary internetscale environment involves multiple organisational domains.statelessness computing stateless protocol communications protocol session information retained receiver usually server. |
Representational state transfer | relevant session data sent receiver client way every packet information transferred understood isolation without context information previous packets session.property stateless protocols makes ideal high volume applications increasing performance removing server load caused retention session information.cacheability world wide web clients intermediaries cache responses.responses must implicitly explicitly define either cacheable noncacheable prevent clients providing stale inappropriate data response requests.wellmanaged caching partially completely eliminates client–server interactions improving scalability performance. |
Representational state transfer | layered system client cannot ordinarily tell whether connected directly end server intermediary along way.proxy load balancer placed client server wont affect communications wont need update client server code.intermediary servers improve system scalability enabling load balancing providing shared caches.also security added layer top web services separating business logic security logic.adding security separate layer enforces security policies. |
Representational state transfer | finally intermediary servers call multiple servers generate response client.code demand optional servers temporarily extend customize functionality client transferring executable code example compiled components java applets clientside scripts javascript.uniform interface uniform interface constraint fundamental design restful system.simplifies decouples architecture enables part evolve independently.four constraints uniform interface areresource identification requests individual resources identified requests example using uris restful web services. |
Representational state transfer | resources conceptually separate representations returned client.example server could send data database html xml json—none servers internal representation.resource manipulation representations client holds representation resource including metadata attached enough information modify delete resources state.selfdescriptive messages message includes enough information describe process message.example parser invoke specified media type.hypermedia engine application state hateoas accessed initial uri rest application—analogous human web user accessing home page website—a rest client able use serverprovided links dynamically discover available resources needs.access proceeds server responds text includes hyperlinks resources currently available.need client hardcoded information regarding structure dynamics application. |
Representational state transfer | classification models several models developed help classify rest apis according adherence various principles rest design richardson maturity model.applied web services web service apis adhere rest architectural constraints called restful apis.httpbased restful apis defined following aspectsa base uri httpapi.example.comstandard http methods e.g.get post put deletea media type defines state transition data elements e.g.atom microformats applicationvnd.collectionjson – etc.. current representation tells client compose requests transitions next available application states. |
Representational state transfer | could simple uri complex java applet.semantics http methods following table shows http methods intended used http apis including restful ones.the get method safe meaning applying resource result state change resource readonly semantics.§.. get put delete methods idempotent meaning applying multiple times resource results state change resource applying though response might differ.§.. get post methods cacheable meaning responses allowed stored future reuse.§.. discussion unlike soapbased web services official standard restful web apis. |
Representational state transfer | rest architectural style soap protocol.rest standard restful implementations make use standards http uri json xml.many developers describe apis restful even though apis fulfill architectural constraints described especially uniform interface constraint.see also clean url – url intended improve usability websitecontent delivery network – layer internet ecosystem addressing bottlenecksdomain application protocol daplist uri schemes – namespace identifier assigned ianamicroservices – collection loosely coupled services used build computer applicationsoverview restful api description languagesopenapi specification – specification machinereadable interface filesopen data protocol – open protocol creating interoperable rest apisramlrestful service description language rsdlresourceoriented architecture roaresourceoriented computing rocserviceoriented architecture soaweboriented architecture woa references reading pautasso cesare wilde erik alarcon rosa rest advanced research topics practical applications springer isbn pautasso cesare zimmermann olaf leymann frank april restful web services vs. big web services making right architectural decision th international world wide web conference wwwferreira otavio nov semantic web services restful approach iadis isbn fowler martin .richardson maturity model steps towards glory rest. |
JSON Web Token | martinfowler.com.retrieved .tokens signed either using private secret publicprivate key.for example server could generate token claim logged administrator provide client.client could use token prove logged admin.tokens signed one partys private key usually servers party subsequently verify token legitimate.party suitable trustworthy means possession corresponding public key able verify tokens legitimacy.tokens designed compact urlsafe usable especially webbrowser singlesignon sso context. |
JSON Web Token | jwt claims typically used pass identity authenticated users identity provider service provider type claims required business processes.jwt relies jsonbased standards json web signature json web encryption.structure three parts encoded separately using baseurl encoding rfc concatenated using periods produce jwtthe data secret secretkey creates tokeneyjhbgcioijiuziniisinrcciikpxvcj.eyjsbdnzwrjbkfzijoiywrtawilcjpyxqiojemjinzkmzh.gzsrasysexbxlnownfsrgczcmjmmjliuyucspyhithis resulting token easily passed html http.use authentication user successfully logs using credentials json web token returned must saved locally typically local session storage cookies also used instead traditional approach creating session server returning cookie.unattended processes client may also authenticate directly generating signing jwt preshared secret pass oauth compliant service like soif client passes valid jwt assertion server generate accesstoken valid making calls application pass back clientwhen client wants access protected route resource user agent send jwt typically authorization header using bearer schema.content header might look like followingauthorization bearer eyjhbgci...snip...yucspyhithis stateless authentication mechanism user state never saved server memory. |
JSON Web Token | servers protected routes check valid jwt authorization header present user allowed access protected resources.jwts selfcontained necessary information reducing need query database multiple times.standard fields implementations jwt implementations exist many languages frameworks including limited vulnerabilities json web tokens may contain session state.project requirements allow session invalidation jwt expiration services longer trust token assertions token alone.validate session stored token revoked token assertions must checked data store. |
Forcepoint | renders tokens longer stateless undermining primary advantage jwts.security consultant tim mclean reported vulnerabilities jwt libraries used alg field incorrectly validate tokens commonly accepting algnone token.vulnerabilities patched mclean suggested deprecating alg field altogether prevent similar implementation confusion.still new algnone vulnerabilities still found wild four cves filed period cause.with proper design developers address algorithm vulnerabilities taking precautionsnever let jwt header alone drive verificationknow algorithms avoid depending alg field aloneuse appropriate key size see also access token references external links rfc jwt.io – specialized website jwt tools documentation maintained authspring boot jwt auth – integrating jwt authentication spring frameworkjwt security – jwt security ebook pdf polish languagewhy need jwt modern web detailed article topic historical considerationshow install jwt auth laravel article installation steps jwt authrenamed websense became public company peak dotcom bubble.vista equity partners acquired websense million.raytheon acquired interest websense april .billion acquired remaining interest .websense acquired network security vendor stonesoft intel company renamed forcepoint. |
Forcepoint | francisco partners acquired company raytheon january .corporate history netpartners company founded netpartners sorrento valley san diego phil trubey.company began reseller network security products developed software controlling internet use employees.in netpartners raised million venture capital funding million annual revenue.later year investors pushed trubey ceo position appointed john carrington replacement.websense june netpartners renamed websense.in march peak dotcom bubble raised million initial public offering. |
Forcepoint | stock price doubled first day trading.in former mcafee ceo gene hodges succeeded carrington chief executive officer company.in websense acquired fingerprint security company portauthority.million.october acquired email security vendor surfcontrol million.acquired defensio spam malware company focused social media.by websense employees offices england china australia israel.facebook deployed websense check every link users shared site.in vista equity partners acquired company million. |
Forcepoint | websense headquarters moved san diego year austin texas .raytheon acquired firm vista equity partners .billion combined rcp formerly part iis segment form raytheonwebsense.october raytheon added foreground security million.forcepoint raytheon acquired interest websense may . |
Forcepoint | billion.october company acquired stonesoft sidewinder intel million.stonesoft network security product previously known mcafee nextgeneration firewall sidewinder firewall previously known mcafee firewall enterprise.in january three companies together raytheons cyber products business combined rebranded forcepoint.time forcepoint employees onethird customers departments federal government united states.forcepoint smallest five major businesses owned raytheon highest profit margin. |
Forcepoint | following year forcepoint began shuffling executives reorganization effort included layoffs.company divided four business units cloud security network security data insider threat security global governments.in april matthew moynahan appointed chief executive officer forcepoint.february forcepoint acquired cloudbased access broker casb security product imperva called skyfence.august acquired user entity behavior analytics company redowl.fourth quarter raytheon acquired remaining company vista ventures partners llc million.in october francisco partners announced agreement acquire forcepoint raytheon. |
Forcepoint | transaction completed january .version history three years forcepoint founded company published version software.version .introduced softwares first graphical webbased administrative user interface.time forcepoints software used prevent employees viewing certain types content work features added detect employees attempting visit websites suspected hosting malicious code.in websense introduced product control content user see social media websites endpoint security product website reputation ranker small business version. |
Forcepoint | additionally product added websense suite identifies sensitive files unsecure locations corporate network looks records files transmitted.websense introduced first appliance product .in products consolidated triton software became responsible increasingly large portions companys revenue.february forcepoint released cloudbased suite security products smartphones tablets laptops usb drives mobile devices.upgrades suite added ability identify confidential information image file.three new products revisions introduced focused security risks caused employees.censorship forcepoint policy selling governments isps engage internet censorship however criticized perceived link censorship free speech dissemination knowledge.in discovered yemeni government using forcepoints products monitor publics internet use block tools allow citizens hide internet use government software alkasir created circumvent it. |
Forcepoint | forcepoint responded cutting countrys access firms database updates.however sanaa based britishirish journalist iona craig complained twitter access tumblr many press agents use spread news remained closed inside yemen pleas ignored.soon appeared canadian software company netsweeper also aids yemen authorities censor even houthi government customer.in forcepoint said would join global network initiative focused privacy internet freedom.left initiative .a study jama found forcepoint bestperforming webfiltering products terms blocking pornography allowing health information.contrast report rhode island branch american civil liberties union said forcepoint blunt instrument public libraries equipped forcepoint people ages still denied access wide range legitimate material. |
Forcepoint | report brennan center justice found forcepoint often blocked websites discussed pornography actually feature pornography.software also blocked furniture website called thestrippers.com pornographic website furniture refinisher.authors study percent sites blocked forcepoint viewable user percent objectionable websites let rather blocked.according blogger jillian york forcepoint blocks pages contain pornographic links anywhere content even comments section.said malicious attacker could get whole site blocked time simple procedure leaving dangerous malicious pornographic links blogs comments.for approximately minutes forcepoint classified router company cisco systemss website hack sites due one ciscos ip addresses named hacker website. |
Smoothwall | ip address reviewed deemed threat.referencessmoothwall configured via webbased gui requires little knowledge linux install use.smoothwall also private software company based uk specializes development web content filtering safeguarding internet security solutions also maintains smoothwall open source project.history smoothwall began life smoothwall gpl freely redistributable open source version.august proprietary version sold smoothwall ltd november .smoothwall still maintains open source roots smoothwall express still available today latest release v. however main smoothwall solution paid use millions users worldwide public private sector.smoothwalls filtering safeguarding products typically sold educational organisations businesses.in smoothwall announced management buyout backed private equity fund tenzing. |
Smoothwall | new management team led georg ell previously director western europe tesla appointed group ceo may .georg joined existing board members gavin logan douglas hanley manprit randhawan management smoothwall business along lisa stone took position chairperson.on th august tenzing announced agreed sell investment smoothwall australian security firm family zone cyber safety £.million cash consideration.deal completed th august £.m deferred balance sale price paid st september .smoothwall express smoothwall express originally smoothwall gpl freely distributable version smoothwall developed smoothwall open source project team members smoothwall ltd.released august smoothwall gpl developed lawrence manning richard morrell provide quick easytouse solution problem sharing isdn connections rest lan. |
Smoothwall | created using red hat linux smoothwall gpl originally two simple functions control modem dial hang route tcpip packets lan internet connection back again.lan hidden public network nat applied using ipchains.beginning .august smoothwall gpl ..x series went several versions based .linux kernel culminating .. se december probably popular gpl release.release led number improvements including pat port address translation dmz pstn isdn dialup support broadband adsl cable support.smoothwall gpl . |
Smoothwall | released december including previously released patches security fixes ended development ..x. series although supported errata updates another year half.smoothwall limited late manning morrell george lungley formed smoothwall limited uk registered private limited company company number .company formed take open source software commercialise expanding software include corporate enterprise oriented functionality provide dedicated support staff customers contact.now based yarfort usa office charlotte nc company continued develop commercial closed source smoothwall product range moving initial direct sales model reseller channelbased sales model.past products smoothwall server edition first product smoothwall ltd. released november .essentially smoothwall gpl .. support included company. |
Smoothwall | — virtually future products — made available purchase cdrom directly smoothwall ltd. mail order.initially announced january priced ukp never released smoothwall home server aborted attempt tap home residential market.used open source platform base included smoothguard would permitted customers make email support requests directly smoothwall ltd.released december smoothwall corporate server .first long line separate closed source releases smoothwall ltd. forked smoothwall gpl ..se corporate server included additional features scsi support capability increase functionality via addon modules.modules included smoothguard content filtering proxy smoothzone multiple dmz smoothtunnel advanced vpn features.corporate server designed become backbone future products company module functionality permitting customers select exact level functionality required. |
Smoothwall | modules released time providing particular set functionality traffic shaping email antivirus antispam.after daniel barron author dansguardian joined company april variant corporate server called smoothwall corporate guardian released integrating fork dansguardian called smoothguardian.corporate guardian standalone web proxy cache filtering solution.smoothguardian also made available standalone module corporate server customers replacing smoothguard module.school guardian created variant corporate guardian adding active directoryldap authentication support firewall features package designed specifically use schools.when released june version corporate server renamed corporate firewall.february corporate guardian renamed network guardian release version.released may smoothwall advanced firewall targeted enterprise market directly bundling corporate server available addon modules adding functionality including active directory edirectory ldap authentication capability use network interfaces external connection load balancing.in april company released smoothguard utm hardware appliance based commodity intel core duo u inch rackmountable chassis.utm came preinstalled variant smoothwall advanced firewall. |
Fortive | awards readers vote linux format best security tool supplier year highly commended education resources awards cyber security software technology excellence awards worldwide business review references external links smoothwall limitedhttp smoothwall express distrowatchcomputer reseller news advancing firewall protection network computing rollout smoothwalls corporate guardian information week build cheap effective firewallfortive spun danaher july .mitchell rales steven m. rales danahers founders retained board seats fortive separation.point independent incorporation fortive immediately became component sp .fortive controlled businesses areas field instrumentation transportation sensing product realization automation franchise distribution.later transportation automation franchise distribution businesses would spun off. |
Fortive | fortune named fortive future company.fortune named fortive one worlds admired companies along major tech companies like apple amazon microsoft.also marked third year row fortive named fortune .acquisitions september fluke acquired emaint cmms iiot system.october gilbarco veederroot purchased global transportation technologies gtt provider traffic management. |
Fortive | marked two early moves fortive subsidiaries pursuit fortives vision building legacy heavy asset manufacturing businesses softwareenabled workflow technologies.july fortive acquired pittsburghbased industrial scientific manufactures gas detection products.time fortive would establish second quarters industrial scientific building.currently many data science analytics team sit here.in september fortive purchased landauer million.landauer provider subscriptionbased technical analytical services determine occupational environmental radiation exposure well domestic provider outsourced medical physics services. |
Fortive | headquartered glenwood illinois.fortive subsidiary gilbarco veeder root acquired orpak systems delivers technologies oil companies commercial fleets.july fortive announced buying software firm accruent billion.accruent makes software track real estate facilities.also july fortive announced would buy construction software company gordian million private equity firm warburg pincus.gordian based greenville south carolina makes software tracks costs construction projects manages facility operations generally gives building companies insight big projects. |
Fortive | december tektronix acquired initial state.june fortive made binding offer buy johnson johnsons advanced sterilization products asp business.deal valued .billion made .billion cash fortive . |
Fortive | billion retained net receivables closed april .furthering investment healthcare november fortive acquired censis technologies saasbased provider inventory management surgical field headquartered franklin tenn. riverside global private equity firm headquartered cleveland ohio.terms deal disclosed.in july fluke acquired germany based pruftechnik precision laser shaft alignment condition monitoring nondestructive testing reliability business unit.in addition previous acquisitions like predictive solutions jan activeblu industrial scientific made multiple acquisitions part fortive.june industrial scientific entered definitive agreement buy canadian based intelex provider saasbased environmental health safety quality ehsq management software.following month july industrial scientific entered definitive agreement acquire safer systems provider chemical oil gas transportation industries. |
Fortive | november intelex technologies subsidiary industrial scientific announced acquired ehsai compliance automation technology provider.july fortive exercised option team sense finalizing acquisition form psl.later month fortive entered definitive agreement bayard capital accel partners acquire servicechannel leading global provider saasbased multisite facilities maintenance service solutions integrated serviceprovider network.fortive anticipates acquisition close third quarter .servicechannel fy revenue expected approximately million recurring revenue approximately million expected longterm revenue growth rate midteens. |
Fortive | acquisition expected enhance fortive’s revenue growth profile approximately basis points anticipated reach roic target years.purchase price acquisition approximately .billion expected funded primarily available cash.upon closing servicechannel expected independent operating company within fortive’s intelligent operating solutions segment.servicechannel expands fortive’s leading offering facility asset lifecycle workflow solutions alongside accruent gordian. |
Fortive | divestitures october fortive spun automation businesses namely kollmorgen thomson portescap jacobs vehicle systems associated subsidiaries altra industrial motion estimated billion.in september fortive announced intention split two separate publicly traded companies.january name new company announced vontier.vontier would comprise transportation franchises businesses.specifically spin would included gilbarco veeder root matco tools hennessey gtt teletrac navman associated subsidiaries.ipo estimated yield billion postponed april due uncertainty market stemming covid pandemic. |
Fortive | instead fortive chose spin business shareholders october without first ipo.upon separation vontier replaced noble energy member sp .innovation historically growth fortives portfolio companies primarily come activity operational excellence vaunted danaher business system.fortive sought achieve organic growth establishing culture experimentation innovation.early meant working innovators dna incorporate best practices. |
Fortive | fortives approach proved successful.notable new product introductions included tektronix msx elemental flukes invetechs formulate fill platform andersonnegeles paperless recorder flukes ii.middle covid pandemic shortage n masks asp quickly innovated existing technology allow hospitals clean masks.in may fortive partnered pioneer square labs psl launch tech startups.june fortive partnership psl launched teamsense.culture fortives culture claimed founded two key principles continuous improvement integrity compliance.fortives continuous improvement culture dates back toyota production system adopted danaher. |
Fortive | fortive branded fortive business system fbs short.fbs evolved fit needs fortives operating companies strategic focus innovation.fbs referenced multiple earnings calls key driver sustained growth operational excellence within various operating companies.fortives culture around integrity compliance led several initiatives around inclusion diversity.fortive named among best places work lgbtq equality human rights campaign.fortive allows associates paid day leave year volunteer local community.newsweek named fortive one top responsible companies. |
Metasploit Project | references external links business data fortiveowned boston massachusettsbased security company rapid.its bestknown subproject opensource metasploit framework tool developing executing exploit code remote target machine.important subprojects include opcode database shellcode archive related research.the metasploit project includes antiforensic evasion tools built metasploit framework.metasploit preinstalled kali linux operating system.history metasploit created h. d. moore portable network tool using perl.metasploit framework completely rewritten ruby. |
Metasploit Project | october metasploit project announced acquired rapid security company provides unified vulnerability management solutions.like comparable commercial products immunitys canvas core security technologies core impact metasploit used test vulnerability computer systems break remote systems.like many information security tools metasploit used legitimate unauthorized activities.since acquisition metasploit framework rapid added two open core proprietary editions called metasploit express metasploit pro.metasploits emerging position de facto exploit development framework led release software vulnerability advisories often accompanied third party metasploit exploit module highlights exploitability risk remediation particular bug.metasploit .began include fuzzing tools used discover software vulnerabilities rather exploits known bugs. |
Metasploit Project | avenue seen integration lorcon wireless .toolset metasploit .november .metasploit .released august . |
Metasploit Project | metasploit framework basic steps exploiting system using framework include.optionally checking whether intended target system vulnerable exploit.choosing configuring exploit code enters target system taking advantage one bugs different exploits windows unixlinux macos systems included.choosing configuring payload code executed target system upon successful entry instance remote shell vnc server.metasploit often recommends payload work.choosing encoding technique hexadecimal opcodes known bad characters removed payload characters cause exploit fail.executing exploit.this modular approach – allowing combination exploit payload – major advantage framework.facilitates tasks attackers exploit writers payload writers.metasploit runs unix including linux macos windows.metasploit framework extended use addons multiple languages.to choose exploit payload information target system needed operating system version installed network services.information gleaned port scanning tcpip stack fingerprinting tools nmap. |
Metasploit Project | vulnerability scanners nessus openvas detect target system vulnerabilities.metasploit import vulnerability scanner data compare identified vulnerabilities existing exploit modules accurate exploitation.metasploit interfaces several interfaces metasploit available.popular maintained rapid strategic cyber llc.metasploit framework edition free version. |
Metasploit Project | contains command line interface thirdparty import manual exploitation manual brute forcing.free version metasploit project also includes zenmap well known security scanner compiler ruby language version metasploit written.metasploit pro october rapid added metasploit pro opencore commercial metasploit edition penetration testers.metasploit pro adds onto metasploit express features quick start wizardsmetamodules building managing social engineering campaigns web application testing advanced pro console dynamic payloads antivirus evasion integration nexpose adhoc vulnerability scans vpn pivoting.discontinued editions metasploit metasploit community edition july rapid announced endofsale metasploit community edition. |
Metasploit Project | existing users able continue using license expired.the edition released october included free webbased user interface metasploit.metasploit community edition based commercial functionality paidfor editions reduced set features including network discovery module browsing manual exploitation.metasploit community included main installer.metasploit express edition june rapid discontinued metasploit express edition.the edition released april opencore commercial edition security teams need verify vulnerabilities.offers graphical user interface integrated nmap discovery added smart bruteforcing well automated evidence collection. |
Metasploit Project | armitage armitage graphical cyber attack management tool metasploit project visualizes targets recommends exploits.free open source network security tool notable contributions red team collaboration allowing shared sessions data communication single metasploit instance.armitage latest release .cobalt strike cobalt strike collection threat emulation tools provided helpsystems work metasploit framework.cobalt strike includes features armitage adds postexploitation tools addition report generation features.exploits metasploit currently exploits organized following platforms aix android bsd bsdi cisco firefox freebsd hpux irix java javascript linux mainframe multi applicable multiple platforms netbsd netware nodejs openbsd macos php python r ruby solaris unix windows. |
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