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Web development | however stringent testing web applications public release encouraged prevent exploits occurring.if contact form provided web site include captcha field prevents computer programs automatically filling forms also mail spamming.because new security holes found web applications even testing launch security patch updates frequent widely used applications.often job web developers keep applications date security patches released new security concerns discovered.keeping web server safe intrusion often called server port hardening.many technologies come play keep information internet safe transmitted one location another.instance tls certificates ssl certificates issued certificate authorities help prevent internet fraud.many developers often employ different forms encryption transmitting storing sensitive information. |
Cross-zone scripting | basic understanding information technology security concerns often part web developers knowledge.see also outline web design web developmentweb designweb development toolsweb application developmentweb developerinternetintranet referencesattack allows content scripts unprivileged zones executed permissions privileged zone i.e.privilege escalation within client web browser executing script.vulnerability could web browser bug conditions allows content scripts one zone executed permissions higher privileged zone.a web browser configuration error unsafe sites listed privileged zones.a crosssite scripting vulnerability within privileged zonea common attack scenario involves two steps.first step use crosszone scripting vulnerability get scripts executed within privileged zone.complete attack perform malicious actions computer using insecure activex components.this type vulnerability exploited silently install various malware spyware remote control software worms onto computers browsing malicious web page. |
Cross-zone scripting | origins zone concept four well known zones internet explorerinternet.default zone.everything belong zones.local intranet.trusted sites.usually used list trusted sites allowed execute minimal security permissions e.g.run unsafe unsigned activex objects.restricted sites.these zones explained detail use security zones internet explorer.there also additional hidden zonelocal computer zone computer zone. |
Cross-zone scripting | zone particularly interesting access files local computer.historically zone extremely insecure recent versions internet explorer windows xp steps taken reduce risks associated zone.local intranet trusted sites local computer usually configured privileged zones.crosszone scripting attacks designed jump internet zone privileged zone.examples local computer zone type exploit attempts execute code security context local computer zone.the following html used illustrate naive nonworking attempt exploitationexplanation html code attempts get attack.gif loaded cache using img src reference.script src tag used attempt executing script local computer zone addressing local file cache. |
PLA Unit 61398 | local intranet zone consider scenarioan attacker could somehow know crosssite scripting vulnerability httpintranet.example.comxss.phpa lot httpintranet.example.com users regularly visit http anyone add cool links.attacker adds cool link tohttpintranet.example.comxss.phpscriptalertscripta computer considers intranet.example.com part local intranet zone successfully cross zone scripted.trusted sites zone wellknown example f bug internet explorer .discovered following urlhttpwindowsupdate.microsoft.comf.example.comexecuted trusted sites permission windowsupdate.microsoft.com listed trusted site.references external links secunia sa internet explorer security zone bypass address bar spoofing vulnerability internet explorer reported bitlance winter allows crosszone scripting trusted sitespart larger web services security framework wsfederation defines mechanisms allowing different security realms broker information identities identity attributes authentication.associated specifications following draft specifications associated wssecuritywssecureconversationwsfederationwsauthorizationwspolicywstrustwsprivacy see also list web service specificationsweb servicessamlxacmlliberty allianceopenid external links wsfederation .specificationwhitepaper understanding wsfederationwhitepaper federation identities web services worldunit stationed pudong shanghai.history indictment may us department justice announced federal grand jury returned indictment five officers charges theft confidential business information intellectual property u.s. commercial firms planting malware computers.five huang zhenyu 黄振宇 wen xinyu 文新宇 sun kailiang 孙凯亮 gu chunhui 顾春晖 wang dong 王东.forensic evidence traces base operations story building datong road public mixeduse area pudong shanghai.group also known various names including advanced persistent threat apt comment group byzantine candor codename given us intelligence agencies since .a report computer security firm mandiant stated pla unit believed operate nd bureau peoples liberation army general staff department gsd third department 总参三部二局 evidence contains entity mandiant calls apt part advanced persistent threat attacked broad range corporations government entities around world since least . |
PLA Unit 61398 | apt described comprising four large networks shanghai two serve pudong new area.one apt groups origins china.third fourth department responsible electronic warfare believed comprise pla units mainly responsible infiltrating manipulating computer networks.the group often compromises internal software comment features legitimate web pages infiltrate target computers access sites leading known comment crew comment group.collective stolen trade secrets confidential information numerous foreign businesses organizations course seven years lockheed martin telvent companies shipping aeronautics arms energy manufacturing engineering electronics financial software sectors.dell secureworks says believed group includes group attackers behind operation shady rat extensive computer espionage campaign uncovered organizations fiveyear period including united nations government agencies united states canada south korea taiwan vietnam targeted.the attacks documented summer represent fragment comment groups attacks go back least according incident reports investigators.fireeye inc. alone tracked hundreds targets last three years estimates group attacked organizations.most activity malware embedded compromised system malwares controllers takes place business hours beijings time zone suggesting group professionally hired rather private hackers inspired patriotic passions. |
M86 Security | public position chinese government government china consistently denied involved hacking.response mandiant corporation report unit hong lei spokesperson chinese foreign ministry said allegations unprofessional.in china changed position openly admitted secretive cyber warfare units military civilian part government – however details activities left speculation.show force towards rest global community chinese government openly lists abilities comes digital spying network attack capabilities.see also titan rainchinese espionage united statesnational security agency united statespla unit signals intelligencetailored access operations united statesmandiantfireeye referencescompanys international headquarters located basingstoke development centers located california israel new zealand.history founded company changed name e technologies .cofounder ceo ten years george shih developed many technologies used e internet filtering products.originally effort provide “pornographyfree internet use children” company offered filtering software computers used education environments.later e technologies developed products manage internet access markets.in paul myer joined company president coo joining george shih grow company expanded channels marketing.https companys internet filtering reporting monitoring appliances named “best buy” sc magazine .in november e technologies marshal limited provider email web security products merged became marshale. |
M86 Security | george shih remained interim ceo former finjan ceo john vigouroux named position april .current november e technologies company sold web filtering products marshal software provider integrated email web security products merged form marshale.in march marshale acquired avinti along behaviorbased malware technology detecting blended threats occur email.upon completion merger avintis ceo william kilmer joined marshale chief marketing officer.as part rebranding campaign marshale changed name security september .following november security acquired finjan software along secure web gateway formerly finjan vital security product licenses patents realtime code analysis technology giving company malware detection prevention capabilities web gateway.company previously announced john vigouroux ceo finjan software new ceo security.marshals trace labs finjans malicious code research center combined form security labs researches reports web emailbased security threats.in august ranked number inc. annual listing fastest private growing companies america.on march announced chicago based trustwave holdings would acquire security. |
Blood | march trustwave completed acquisition security subsequently rebranded products operations trustwave name.referencesplasma constitutes blood fluid mostly water volume contains proteins glucose mineral ions hormones carbon dioxide plasma main medium excretory product transportation blood cells themselves.albumin main protein plasma functions regulate colloidal osmotic pressure blood.blood cells mainly red blood cells also called rbcs erythrocytes white blood cells also called wbcs leukocytes platelets also called thrombocytes.abundant cells vertebrate blood red blood cells.contain hemoglobin ironcontaining protein facilitates oxygen transport reversibly binding respiratory gas greatly increasing solubility blood. |
Blood | contrast carbon dioxide mostly transported extracellularly bicarbonate ion transported plasma.vertebrate blood bright red hemoglobin oxygenated dark red deoxygenated.animals crustaceans mollusks use hemocyanin carry oxygen instead hemoglobin.insects mollusks use fluid called hemolymph instead blood difference hemolymph contained closed circulatory system.insects blood contain oxygencarrying molecules hemoglobin bodies small enough tracheal system suffice supplying oxygen.jawed vertebrates adaptive immune system based largely white blood cells.white blood cells help resist infections parasites. |
Blood | platelets important clotting blood.arthropods using hemolymph hemocytes part immune system.blood circulated around body blood vessels pumping action heart.animals lungs arterial blood carries oxygen inhaled air tissues body venous blood carries carbon dioxide waste product metabolism produced cells tissues lungs exhaled.medical terms related blood often begin hemo hemato also spelled haemo haemato greek word αἷμα haima blood.terms anatomy histology blood considered specialized form connective tissue given origin bones presence potential molecular fibers form fibrinogen.functions blood performs many important functions within body includingsupply oxygen tissues bound hemoglobin carried red cellssupply nutrients glucose amino acids fatty acids dissolved blood bound plasma proteins e.g. |
Blood | blood lipidsremoval waste carbon dioxide urea lactic acidimmunological functions including circulation white blood cells detection foreign material antibodiescoagulation response broken blood vessel conversion blood liquid semisolid gel stop bleedingmessenger functions including transport hormones signaling tissue damageregulation core body temperaturehydraulic functions constituents mammals blood accounts human body weight average density around kgm close pure waters density kgm.average adult blood volume roughly litres us pt .gallons composed plasma formed elements.formed elements two types blood cell corpuscle – red blood cells erythrocytes white blood cells leukocytes cell fragments called platelets involved clotting.volume red blood cells constitute whole blood plasma . |
Blood | white cells ..whole blood plasma cells exhibits nonnewtonian fluid dynamics.cells one microliter blood contains..million male .. |
Blood | million female erythrocytes red blood cells contain bloods hemoglobin distribute oxygen.mature red blood cells lack nucleus organelles mammals.red blood cells together endothelial vessel cells cells also marked glycoproteins define different blood types.proportion blood occupied red blood cells referred hematocrit normally .combined surface area red blood cells human body would roughly times great bodys exterior surface.– leukocytes white blood cells part bodys immune system destroy remove old aberrant cells cellular debris well attack infectious agents pathogens foreign substances. |
Blood | cancer leukocytes called leukemia.– thrombocytes also called platelets take part blood clotting coagulation.fibrin coagulation cascade creates mesh platelet plug.plasma blood blood plasma fluid bloods liquid medium strawyellow color.blood plasma volume totals .–.liters .–. |
Blood | quarts average human.essentially aqueous solution containing water blood plasma proteins trace amounts materials.plasma circulates dissolved nutrients glucose amino acids fatty acids dissolved blood bound plasma proteins removes waste products carbon dioxide urea lactic acid.other important components includeserum albuminbloodclotting factors facilitate coagulationimmunoglobulins antibodieslipoprotein particlesvarious proteinsvarious electrolytes mainly sodium chloridethe term serum refers plasma clotting proteins removed.proteins remaining albumin immunoglobulins.ph values blood ph regulated stay within narrow range . |
Blood | .making slightly basic.blood ph .acidic whereas blood ph .basic. |
Blood | blood ph partial pressure oxygen po partial pressure carbon dioxide pco bicarbonate hco− carefully regulated number homeostatic mechanisms exert influence principally respiratory system urinary system control acid–base balance respiration.arterial blood gas test measures these.plasma also circulates hormones transmitting messages various tissues.list normal reference ranges various blood electrolytes extensive.nonmammalian vertebrates human blood typical mammals although precise details concerning cell numbers size protein structure vary somewhat species. |
Blood | nonmammalian vertebrates however key differencesred blood cells nonmammalian vertebrates flattened ovoid form retain cell nuclei.there considerable variation types proportions white blood cells example acidophils generally common humans.platelets unique mammals vertebrates small nucleated spindle cells called thrombocytes responsible blood clotting instead.physiology circulatory system blood circulated around body blood vessels pumping action heart.humans blood pumped strong left ventricle heart arteries peripheral tissues returns right atrium heart veins.enters right ventricle pumped pulmonary artery lungs returns left atrium pulmonary veins.blood enters left ventricle circulated again. |
Blood | arterial blood carries oxygen inhaled air cells body venous blood carries carbon dioxide waste product metabolism cells lungs exhaled.however one exception includes pulmonary arteries contain deoxygenated blood body pulmonary veins contain oxygenated blood.additional return flow may generated movement skeletal muscles compress veins push blood valves veins toward right atrium.the blood circulation famously described william harvey .cell production degradation vertebrates various cells blood made bone marrow process called hematopoiesis includes erythropoiesis production red blood cells myelopoiesis production white blood cells platelets.childhood almost every human bone produces red blood cells adults red blood cell production limited larger bones bodies vertebrae breastbone sternum ribcage pelvic bones bones upper arms legs.addition childhood thymus gland found mediastinum important source lymphocytes.the proteinaceous component blood including clotting proteins produced predominantly liver hormones produced endocrine glands watery fraction regulated hypothalamus maintained kidney.healthy erythrocytes plasma life days degraded spleen kupffer cells liver. |
Blood | liver also clears proteins lipids amino acids.kidney actively secretes waste products urine.oxygen transport .oxygen sample arterial blood healthy human breathing air sealevel pressure chemically combined hemoglobin.. |
Blood | physically dissolved blood liquids connected hemoglobin.hemoglobin molecule primary transporter oxygen mammals many species exceptions see below.hemoglobin oxygen binding capacity ..ml per gram hemoglobin increases total blood oxygen capacity seventyfold compared oxygen solely carried solubility . |
Blood | ml per liter blood per mm hg partial pressure oxygen mm hg arteries.with exception pulmonary umbilical arteries corresponding veins arteries carry oxygenated blood away heart deliver body via arterioles capillaries oxygen consumed afterwards venules veins carry deoxygenated blood back heart.under normal conditions adult humans rest hemoglobin blood leaving lungs – saturated oxygen achieving oxygen delivery mlmin body.healthy adult rest oxygen consumption approximately – mlmin deoxygenated blood returning lungs still roughly saturated.increased oxygen consumption sustained exercise reduces oxygen saturation venous blood reach less trained athlete although breathing rate blood flow increase compensate oxygen saturation arterial blood drop less conditions.oxygen saturation low considered dangerous individual rest instance surgery anesthesia.sustained hypoxia oxygenation less dangerous health severe hypoxia saturations less may rapidly fatal.a fetus receiving oxygen via placenta exposed much lower oxygen pressures level found adults lungs fetuses produce another form hemoglobin much higher affinity oxygen hemoglobin f function conditions. |
Blood | carbon dioxide transport co carried blood three different ways.exact percentages vary depending whether arterial venous blood.converted bicarbonate ions hco− enzyme carbonic anhydrase red blood cells reaction co ho → hco → h hco− dissolved plasma bound hemoglobin carbamino compounds.hemoglobin main oxygencarrying molecule red blood cells carries oxygen carbon dioxide.however co bound hemoglobin bind site oxygen.instead combines nterminal groups four globin chains. |
Blood | however allosteric effects hemoglobin molecule binding co decreases amount oxygen bound given partial pressure oxygen.decreased binding carbon dioxide blood due increased oxygen levels known haldane effect important transport carbon dioxide tissues lungs.rise partial pressure co lower ph cause offloading oxygen hemoglobin known bohr effect.transport hydrogen ions oxyhemoglobin loses oxygen becomes deoxyhemoglobin.deoxyhemoglobin binds hydrogen ions much greater affinity hydrogen oxyhemoglobin. |
Blood | lymphatic system mammals blood equilibrium lymph continuously formed tissues blood capillary ultrafiltration.lymph collected system small lymphatic vessels directed thoracic duct drains left subclavian vein lymph rejoins systemic blood circulation.thermoregulation blood circulation transports heat throughout body adjustments flow important part thermoregulation.increasing blood flow surface e.g.warm weather strenuous exercise causes warmer skin resulting faster heat loss. |
Blood | contrast external temperature low blood flow extremities surface skin reduced prevent heat loss circulated important organs body preferentially.rate flow rate blood flow varies greatly different organs.liver abundant blood supply approximate flow mlmin.kidney brain second third supplied organs mlmin mlmin respectively.relative rates blood flow per g tissue different kidney adrenal gland thyroid first second third supplied tissues respectively.hydraulic functions restriction blood flow also used specialized tissues cause engorgement resulting erection tissue examples erectile tissue penis clitoris.another example hydraulic function jumping spider blood forced legs pressure causes straighten powerful jump without need bulky muscular legs. |
Blood | invertebrates insects blood properly called hemolymph involved transport oxygen.openings called tracheae allow oxygen air diffuse directly tissues.insect blood moves nutrients tissues removes waste products open system.other invertebrates use respiratory proteins increase oxygencarrying capacity.hemoglobin common respiratory protein found nature.hemocyanin blue contains copper found crustaceans mollusks. |
Blood | thought tunicates sea squirts might use vanabins proteins containing vanadium respiratory pigment brightgreen blue orange.in many invertebrates oxygencarrying proteins freely soluble blood vertebrates contained specialized red blood cells allowing higher concentration respiratory pigments without increasing viscosity damaging blood filtering organs like kidneys.giant tube worms unusual hemoglobins allow live extraordinary environments.hemoglobins also carry sulfides normally fatal animals.color coloring matter blood hemochrome largely due protein blood responsible oxygen transport.different groups organisms use different proteins.hemoglobin hemoglobin principal determinant color blood vertebrates. |
Blood | molecule four heme groups interaction various molecules alters exact color.vertebrates hemoglobinusing creatures arterial blood capillary blood bright red oxygen imparts strong red color heme group.deoxygenated blood darker shade red present veins seen blood donation venous blood samples taken.spectrum light absorbed hemoglobin differs oxygenated deoxygenated states.blood carbon monoxide poisoning bright red carbon monoxide causes formation carboxyhemoglobin.cyanide poisoning body cannot utilize oxygen venous blood remains oxygenated increasing redness. |
Blood | conditions affecting heme groups present hemoglobin make skin appear blue – symptom called cyanosis.heme oxidized methemoglobin brownish cannot transport oxygen formed.rare condition sulfhemoglobinemia arterial hemoglobin partially oxygenated appears dark red bluish hue.veins close surface skin appear blue variety reasons.however factors contribute alteration color perception related lightscattering properties skin processing visual input visual cortex rather actual color venous blood.skinks genus prasinohaema green blood due buildup waste product biliverdin.hemocyanin blood mollusks – including cephalopods gastropods – well arthropods horseshoe crabs blue contains coppercontaining protein hemocyanin concentrations grams per liter. |
Blood | hemocyanin colorless deoxygenated dark blue oxygenated.blood circulation creatures generally live cold environments low oxygen tensions greywhite pale yellow turns dark blue exposed oxygen air seen bleed.due change color hemocyanin oxidized.hemocyanin carries oxygen extracellular fluid contrast intracellular oxygen transport mammals hemoglobin rbcs.chlorocruorin blood annelid worms marine polychaetes use chlorocruorin transport oxygen. |
Blood | green color dilute solutions.hemerythrin hemerythrin used oxygen transport marine invertebrates sipunculids priapulids brachiopods annelid worm magelona.hemerythrin violetpink oxygenated.hemovanadin blood species ascidians tunicates also known sea squirts contains proteins called vanadins.proteins based vanadium give creatures concentration vanadium bodies times higher surrounding seawater. |
Blood | unlike hemocyanin hemoglobin hemovanadin oxygen carrier.exposed oxygen however vanadins turn mustard yellow.disorders general medical disorders volumeinjury cause blood loss bleeding.healthy adult lose almost blood volume l first symptom restlessness begins volume l shock sets in.thrombocytes important blood coagulation formation blood clots stop bleeding. |
Blood | trauma internal organs bones cause internal bleeding sometimes severe.dehydration reduce blood volume reducing water content blood.would rarely result shock apart severe cases may result orthostatic hypotension fainting.disorders circulationshock ineffective perfusion tissues caused variety conditions including blood loss infection poor cardiac output.atherosclerosis reduces flow blood arteries atheroma lines arteries narrows them.atheroma tends increase age progression compounded many causes including smoking high blood pressure excess circulating lipids hyperlipidemia diabetes mellitus.coagulation form thrombosis obstruct vessels.problems blood composition pumping action heart narrowing blood vessels many consequences including hypoxia lack oxygen tissues supplied.term ischemia refers tissue inadequately perfused blood infarction refers tissue death necrosis occur blood supply blocked inadequate.hematological anemiainsufficient red cell mass anemia result bleeding blood disorders like thalassemia nutritional deficiencies may require one blood transfusions. |
Blood | anemia also due genetic disorder red blood cells simply function effectively.anemia confirmed blood test hemoglobin value less .gmdl men less .gmdl women.several countries blood banks fill demand transfusable blood. |
Blood | person receiving blood transfusion must blood type compatible donor.sicklecell anemiadisorders cell proliferationleukemia group cancers bloodforming tissues cells.noncancerous overproduction red cells polycythemia vera platelets essential thrombocytosis may premalignant.myelodysplastic syndromes involve ineffective production one cell lines.disorders coagulationhemophilia genetic illness causes dysfunction one bloods clotting mechanisms.allow otherwise inconsequential wounds lifethreatening commonly results hemarthrosis bleeding joint spaces crippling.ineffective insufficient platelets also result coagulopathy bleeding disorders.hypercoagulable state thrombophilia results defects regulation platelet clotting factor function cause thrombosis.infectious disorders bloodblood important vector infection.hiv virus causes aids transmitted contact blood semen body secretions infected person.hepatitis b c transmitted primarily blood contact.owing bloodborne infections bloodstained objects treated biohazard.bacterial infection blood bacteremia sepsis. |
Blood | viral infection viremia.malaria trypanosomiasis bloodborne parasitic infections.carbon monoxide poisoning substances oxygen bind hemoglobin cases cause irreversible damage body.carbon monoxide example extremely dangerous carried blood via lungs inhalation carbon monoxide irreversibly binds hemoglobin form carboxyhemoglobin less hemoglobin free bind oxygen fewer oxygen molecules transported throughout blood.cause suffocation insidiously. |
Blood | fire burning enclosed room poor ventilation presents dangerous hazard since create buildup carbon monoxide air.carbon monoxide binds hemoglobin smoking tobacco.treatments transfusion blood transfusion obtained human donors blood donation stored blood bank.many different blood types humans abo blood group system rhesus blood group system important.transfusion blood incompatible blood group may cause severe often fatal complications crossmatching done ensure compatible blood product transfused.other blood products administered intravenously platelets blood plasma cryoprecipitate specific coagulation factor concentrates. |
Blood | intravenous administration many forms medication antibiotics chemotherapy administered intravenously readily adequately absorbed digestive tract.after severe acute blood loss liquid preparations generically known plasma expanders given intravenously either solutions salts nacl kcl cacl etc.physiological concentrations colloidal solutions dextrans human serum albumin fresh frozen plasma.emergency situations plasma expander effective lifesaving procedure blood transfusion metabolism transfused red blood cells restart immediately transfusion.letting modern evidencebased medicine bloodletting used management rare diseases including hemochromatosis polycythemia.however bloodletting leeching common unvalidated interventions used th century many diseases incorrectly thought due excess blood according hippocratic medicine. |
Blood | etymology english blood old english blod derives germanic cognates similar range meanings germanic languages e.g.german blut swedish blod gothic blōþ.accepted indoeuropean etymology.history classical greek medicine robin fåhræus swedish physician devised erythrocyte sedimentation rate suggested ancient greek system humorism wherein body thought contain four distinct bodily fluids associated different temperaments based upon observation blood clotting transparent container.blood drawn glass container left undisturbed hour four different layers seen. |
Blood | dark clot forms bottom black bile.clot layer red blood cells blood.whitish layer white blood cells phlegm.top layer clear yellow serum yellow bile.types abo blood group system discovered year karl landsteiner. |
Blood | jan janský credited first classification blood four types b ab remains use today.first blood transfusion performed used abo system predict compatibility.first nondirect transfusion performed march .rhesus factor discovered .culture religion due importance life blood associated large number beliefs. |
Blood | one basic use blood symbol family relationships birthparentage related blood related ancestry descendence rather marriage.bears closely bloodlines sayings blood thicker water bad blood well blood brother.blood given particular emphasis jewish christian religions leviticus says life creature blood.phrase part levitical law forbidding drinking blood eating meat blood still intact instead poured off.mythic references blood sometimes connected lifegiving nature blood seen events childbirth contrasted blood injury death.indigenous australians many indigenous australian aboriginal peoples traditions ochre particularly red blood high iron content considered maban applied bodies dancers ritual.lawlor statesin many aboriginal rituals ceremonies red ochre rubbed naked bodies dancers. |
Blood | secret sacred male ceremonies blood extracted veins participants arms exchanged rubbed bodies.red ochre used similar ways lesssecret ceremonies.blood also used fasten feathers birds onto peoples bodies.bird feathers contain protein highly magnetically sensitive.lawlor comments blood employed fashion held peoples attune dancers invisible energetic realm dreamtime. |
Blood | lawlor connects invisible energetic realms magnetic fields iron magnetic.european paganism among germanic tribes blood used sacrifices blóts.blood considered power originator butchering blood sprinkled walls statues gods participants themselves.act sprinkling blood called blóedsian old english terminology borrowed roman catholic church becoming bless blessing.hittite word blood ishar cognate words oath bond see ishara.the ancient greeks believed blood gods ichor substance poisonous mortals.as relic germanic law cruentation ordeal corpse victim supposed start bleeding presence murderer used early th century. |
Blood | christianity genesis god prohibited noah sons eating blood see noahide law.command continued observed eastern orthodox church.it also found bible angel death came around hebrew house firstborn child would die angel saw lambs blood wiped across doorway.at council jerusalem apostles prohibited certain christians consuming blood – documented acts .chapter specifies reason especially verses – avoid offending jews become christians mosaic law code prohibited practice.christs blood means atonement sins.also ″... blood jesus christ god son cleanseth us sin.john “... unto god loved us washed us sins blood. |
Blood | revelation overcame satan bloodof lamb jesus christ word testimony ...” revelation .some christian churches including roman catholicism eastern orthodoxy oriental orthodoxy assyrian church east teach consecrated eucharistic wine actually becomes blood jesus worshippers drink.thus consecrated wine jesus becomes spiritually physically present.teaching rooted last supper written four gospels bible jesus stated disciples bread ate body wine blood.cup new testament blood shed you.luke .most forms protestantism especially methodist presbyterian lineage teach wine symbol blood christ spiritually physically present. |
Blood | lutheran theology teaches body blood present together bread wine eucharistic feast.judaism judaism animal blood may consumed even smallest quantity leviticus elsewhere reflected jewish dietary laws kashrut.blood purged meat rinsing soaking water loosen clots salting rinsing water several times.eggs must also checked blood spots removed consumption.although blood fish biblically kosher rabbinically forbidden consume fish blood avoid appearance breaking biblical prohibition.another ritual involving blood involves covering blood fowl game slaughtering leviticus reason given torah life animal blood ibid . |
Blood | relation human beings kabbalah expounds verse animal soul person blood physical desires stem it.likewise mystical reason salting temple sacrifices slaughtered meat remove blood animallike passions person.removing animals blood animal energies lifeforce contained blood removed making meat fit human consumption.islam consumption food containing blood forbidden islamic dietary laws.derived statement quran sura almaida forbidden food dead meat blood flesh swine invoked name allah.blood considered unclean hence specific methods obtain physical ritual status cleanliness bleeding occurred.specific rules prohibitions apply menstruation postnatal bleeding irregular vaginal bleeding. |
Blood | animal slaughtered animals neck cut way ensure spine severed hence brain may send commands heart pump blood oxygen.way blood removed body meat generally safe cook eat.modern times blood transfusions generally considered rules.jehovahs witnesses based interpretation scriptures acts keep abstaining...from blood.many jehovahs witnesses neither consume blood accept transfusions whole blood major components red blood cells white blood cells platelets thrombocytes plasma. |
Blood | members may personally decide whether accept medical procedures involve blood substances fractionated four major components.vampirism vampires mythical creatures drink blood directly sustenance usually preference human blood.cultures world myths kind example nosferatu legend human achieves damnation immortality drinking blood others originates eastern european folklore.ticks leeches female mosquitoes vampire bats assortment natural creatures consume blood animals bats associated vampires.relation vampire bats new world creatures discovered well origins european myths. |
Blood | uses forensic archaeological blood residue help forensic investigators identify weapons reconstruct criminal action link suspects crime.bloodstain pattern analysis forensic information also gained spatial distribution bloodstains.blood residue analysis also technique used archeology.artistic blood one body fluids used art.particular performances viennese actionist hermann nitsch istvan kantor franko b lennie lee ron athey yang zhichao lucas abela kira oreilly along photography andres serrano incorporated blood prominent visual element.marc quinn made sculptures using frozen blood including cast head made using blood. |
Security categories in India | genealogical term blood used genealogical circles refer ones ancestry origins ethnic background word bloodline.terms blood used family history sense blueblood royal blood mixedblood blood relative.see also references external links blood groups red cell antigens.free online book ncbi bookshelf id nbkblood time bbcblood photomicrographsdepending threat perception person category divided six tiers spg z highest level z x. individuals security blanket include limited president vice president prime minister supreme court high court judges service chiefs indian armed forces governors state chief ministers cabinet ministers actors vips.spg elite force whose details classified provided prime minister india.z category security detail personnel including nsg commandos police personnel.z category security detail personnel including nsg commandos police personnel.y category security detail personnel including commandos police personnel.y category security detail personnel including commandos police personnel.x category security detail personnel commandos armed police personnel.the z level security provided national security guard commandos.armed heckler koch mp submachine guns modern communication equipment member team adept martial arts unarmed combat skills.currently vips provided protection.z category entails protection delhi police itbp crpf personnel one escort car.category encompasses two personal security officers psos x category one pso.in practice number police personnel deployed vip security often far exceeds officially allocated number. |
Security categories in India | example civil police counting armed police counted separate category privately hired security posted mulayam singh yadavs lucknow residence third term chief minister uttar pradesh.successor mayawati reportedly police officers security detail.the blue book details security given president vicepresident prime minister families yellow book details security given vips vvips.home ministry coordination different intelligence agencies issues guidelines security cover.the spg special protection group nsg national security guards itbp indotibetan border police crpf central reserve police force cisf central industrial security force agencies responsible providing securities vvips vips politicians highprofile celebrities sportspersons.nsg used extensively guard vips vvips especially z category.many nsg personnel seconded special protection group spg guards prime minister. |
Security categories in India | nsg spg commandos already served para military forces special forces.categories security president security president india ensured presidents bodyguard pbg .pbg senior unit indian armed forces also oldest.also serving horse riding military unit world.peace pbg serves ceremonial unit also deployed war trained paratroopers. |
Security categories in India | failures indira gandhi former prime minister assassinated members security detail.rajbir singh famous encounter specialist killed march despite zlevel security detail.protection security detail former union minister pramod mahajan shot dead brother.controversy cases placed category viewed status symbol politicians many use clout secure z security detail.criticised often media waste taxpayers money. |
FREAK | former home minister p. chidambaram phased use nsg vip protection serious cases.nevertheless controversies arose many politicians remained z category many bureaucrats moved y.the excessive use vip security results police stations effectively understaffed since officers diverted serving general public.police stations routinely operate less capacity one rural station near lucknow noted officers total available given time serve precinct people area square kilometres.in part z security personnel central reserve police force punjab police put attendance security ashutosh maharaj spiritual leader declared clinically dead doctors.referencesinvolved limiting exportable software use public key pairs rsa moduli bits less socalled rsaexport keys intention allowing broken easily national security agency nsa organizations lesser computing resources.however early increases computing power meant could broken anyone access relatively modest computing resources using wellknown number field sieve algorithm using little cloud computing services.combined ability maninthemiddle attack manipulate initial cipher suite negotiation endpoints connection fact finished hash depended master secret meant maninthemiddle attack modest amount computation could break security website allowed use bit exportgrade keys.exploit discovered underlying vulnerabilities present many years dating back s. vulnerability flaw found researchers imdea software institute inria microsoft research.freak attack openssl identifier cve.vulnerable software devices included apples safari web browser default browser googles android operating system microsofts internet explorer openssl. |
FREAK | microsoft also stated schannel implementation transportlayer encryption vulnerable version freak attack versions microsoft windows.cve id microsofts vulnerability schannel cve.cve id apples vulnerability secure transport cve.sites affected vulnerability included us federal government websites fbi.gov whitehouse.gov nsa.gov around httpsusing websites tested one security group shown vulnerable exploit.based geolocation analysis using iplocation lite vulnerable servers located us.press reports exploit described effects potentially catastrophic unintended consequence us government efforts control spread cryptographic technology.as march vendors process releasing new software would fix flaw.march apple released security updates ios os x operating systems fixed flaw. |
Beach | march microsoft released patch fixed vulnerability supported versions windows server vista later.google chrome opera also mitigated flaw.mozilla firefox vulnerable flaw.the research paper explaining flaw published th ieee symposium security privacy awarded distinguished paper award.see also beast computer securitybreach security exploitcrime security exploitlogjam computer securitypoodleservergated cryptography references external links httpsparticles composing beach typically made rock sand gravel shingle pebbles etc.biological sources mollusc shells coralline algae.sediments settle different densities structures depending local wave action weather creating different textures colors gradients layers material.though beaches form freshwater locations beaches coastal areas wave current action deposits reworks sediments.erosion changing beach geologies happens natural processes like wave action extreme weather events.wind conditions correct beaches backed coastal dunes offer protection regeneration beach. |
Beach | however natural forces become extreme due climate change permanently altering beaches rapid rates.estimates describe much percent earths sandy beaches disappearing due climatechange driven sea level rise.sandy beaches occupy one third global coastlines.beaches popular recreation playing important economic cultural roles—often driving local tourism industries.support uses beaches manmade infrastructure lifeguard posts changing rooms showers shacks bars.may also hospitality venues resorts camps hotels restaurants nearby housing permanent seasonal residents.human forces significantly changed beaches globally direct impacts include bad construction practices dunes coastlines indirect human impacts include water pollution plastic pollution coastal erosion sea level rise climate change. |
Beach | coastal management practices designed preserve restore natural beach processes beaches actively restored practices like beach nourishment.wild beaches also known undeveloped undiscovered beaches developed tourism recreation.preserved beaches important biomes important roles aquatic marine biodiversity breeding grounds sea turtles nesting areas seabirds penguins.preserved beaches associated dune important protection extreme weather inland ecosystems human infrastructure.location profile although seashore commonly associated word beach beaches also found lakes alongside large rivers.beach may refer tosmall systems rock material moves onshore offshore alongshore forces waves currents orgeological units considerable size.the former described detail larger geological units discussed elsewhere bars.there several conspicuous parts beach relate processes form shape it.part mostly water depending upon tide less actively influenced waves point tide termed beach berm. |
Beach | berm deposit material comprising active shoreline.berm crest top face—the latter slope leading towards water crest.bottom face may trough seaward one long shore bars slightly raised underwater embankments formed waves first start break.the sand deposit may extend well inland berm crest may evidence one older crests storm beach resulting large storm waves beyond influence normal waves.point influence waves even storm waves material comprising beach stops particles small enough sand size smaller winds shape feature.wind force distributing grains inland deposit behind beach becomes dune.these geomorphic features compose called beach profile. |
Beach | beach profile changes seasonally due change wave energy experienced summer winter months.temperate areas summer characterised calmer seas longer periods breaking wave crests beach profile higher summer.gentle wave action season tends transport sediment beach towards berm deposited remains water recedes.onshore winds carry inland forming enhancing dunes.conversely beach profile lower storm season winter temperate areas due increased wave energy shorter periods breaking wave crests.higher energy waves breaking quick succession tend mobilise sediment shallows keeping suspension prone carried along beach longshore currents carried sea form longshore bars especially longshore current meets outflow river flooding stream. |
Beach | removal sediment beach berm dune thus decreases beach profile.if storms coincide unusually high tides freak wave event tidal surge tsunami causes significant coastal flooding substantial quantities material may eroded coastal plain dunes behind berm receding water.flow may alter shape coastline enlarge mouths rivers create new deltas mouths streams powerful enough overcome longshore movement sediment.the line beach dune difficult define field.significant period time sediment always exchanged them.drift line high point material deposited waves one potential demarcation.would point significant wind movement sand could occur since normal waves wet sand beyond area. |
Beach | however drift line likely move inland assault storm waves.formation beaches result wave action waves currents move sand loose sediments beach made particles held suspension.alternatively sand may moved saltation bouncing movement large particles.beach materials come erosion rocks offshore well headland erosion slumping producing deposits scree.coral reef offshore significant source sand particles. |
Beach | species fish feed algae attached coral outcrops rocks create substantial quantities sand particles lifetime nibble feeding digesting organic matter discarding rock coral particles pass digestive tracts.the composition beach depends upon nature quantity sediments upstream beach speed flow turbidity water wind.sediments moved moving water wind according particle size state compaction.particles tend settle compact still water.compacted resistant erosion.established vegetation especially species complex network root systems resist erosion slowing fluid flow surface layer. |
Beach | affected moving water wind particles eroded held suspension increase erosive power fluid holds increasing average density viscosity volume moving fluid.coastlines facing energetic wind wave systems tend hold large rocks smaller particles held suspension turbid water column carried calmer areas longshore currents tides.coastlines protected waves winds tend allow finer sediments clay mud precipitate creating mud flats mangrove forests.shape beach depends whether waves constructive destructive whether material sand shingle.waves constructive period wave crests long enough breaking water recede sediment settle succeeding wave arrives breaks.fine sediment transported lower beach profile compact receding water percolates soaks beach.compacted sediment resistant movement turbulent water succeeding waves. |
Beach | conversely waves destructive period wave crests short.sediment remains suspension following wave crest arrives able settle compact susceptible erosion longshore currents receding tides.nature sediments found beach tends indicate energy waves wind locality.constructive waves move material beach destructive waves move material beach.seasons destructive waves prevalent shallows carry increased load sediment organic matter suspension.sandy beaches turbulent backwash destructive waves removes material forming gently sloping beach. |
Beach | pebble shingle beaches swash dissipated quickly large particle size allows greater percolation thereby reducing power backwash beach remains steep.compacted fine sediments form smooth beach surface resists wind water erosion.during hot calm seasons crust may form surface ocean beaches heat sun evaporates water leaving salt crystallises around sand particles.crust forms additional protective layer resists wind erosion unless disturbed animals dissolved advancing tide.cusps horns form incoming waves divide depositing sand horns scouring sand form cusps.forms uneven face sand shorelines. |
Beach | white sand beaches look white quartz eroded limestone sand reflects scatters sunlight without absorbing colors.sand colors composition sand varies depending local minerals geology.types sand found beaches around world arewhite sand mostly made quartz limestone also contain minerals like feldspar gypsum .lightcolored sand sand gets color quartz iron common sand color southern europe regions mediterranean basin tunisia .tropical white sand tropical islands sand composed calcium carbonate shells skeletons marine organisms like corals mollusks found aruba .pink coral sand like composed calcium carbonate gets pink hue fragments coral bermuda bahama islands .black sand black sand composed volcanic rock like basalt obsidian give grayblack color.hawaii punaluu beach madeiras praia formosa fuerteventuras ajuy beach examples type sand.red sand kind sand created oxidation iron volcanic rocks.santorini kokkini beach beaches prince edward island canada examples kind sand.orange sand orange sand high iron. |
Beach | also combination orange limestone crushed shells volcanic deposits.ramla bay gozo malta porto ferro sardinia examples respectively.green sand kind sand mineral olivine separated volcanic fragments erosive forces.famous example hawaiis papakolea beach sand containing basalt coral fragments.olivine beaches high potential carbon sequestration artificial greensand beaches explored process project vesta .erosion accretion natural erosion accretion causes beaches changed shape chiefly movement water wind. |
Beach | weather event associated turbid fastflowing water high winds erode exposed beaches.longshore currents tend replenish beach sediments repair storm damage.tidal waterways generally change shape adjacent beaches small degrees every tidal cycle.time changes become substantial leading significant changes size location beach.effects flora changes shape beach may undermine roots large trees flora. |
Beach | many beach adapted species coconut palms fine root system large root ball tends withstand wave wind action tends stabilize beaches better trees lesser root ball.effects adjacent land erosion beaches expose less resilient soils rocks wind wave action leading undermining coastal headlands eventually resulting catastrophic collapse large quantities overburden shallows.material may distributed along beach front leading change habitat sea grasses corals shallows may buried deprived light nutrients.manmade erosion accretion coastal areas settled man inevitably become subject effects manmade structures processes.long periods time influences may substantially alter shape coastline character beach. |
Beach | destruction flora beachfront flora plays major role stabilizing foredunes preventing beach head erosion inland movement dunes.flora network root systems creepers grasses palms able become established provide effective coastal defense trap sand particles rainwater enrich surface layer dunes allowing plant species become established.also protect berm erosion high winds freak waves subsiding floodwaters.over long periods time wellstabilized foreshore areas tend accrete unstabilized foreshores tend erode leading substantial changes shape coastline.changes usually occur periods many years.freak wave events tsunami tidal waves storm surges may substantially alter shape profile location beach within hours.destruction flora berm use herbicides excessive pedestrian vehicle traffic disruption freshwater flows may lead erosion berm dunes. |
Beach | destruction flora may gradual process imperceptible regular beach users often becomes immediately apparent storms associated high winds freak wave events rapidly move large volumes exposed unstable sand depositing inland carrying permanent water forming offshore bars lagoons increasing area beach exposed low tide.large rapid movements exposed sand bury smother flora adjacent areas aggravating loss habitat fauna enlarging area instability.adequate supply sand weather conditions allow vegetation recover stabilize sediment windblown sand continue advance engulfing permanently altering downwind landscapes.sediment moved waves receding floodwaters deposited coastal shallows engulfing reed beds changing character underwater flora fauna coastal shallows.burning clearance vegetation land adjacent beach head farming residential development changes surface wind patterns exposes surface beach wind erosion.farming residential development also commonly associated changes local surface water flows.flows concentrated stormwater drains emptying onto beach head may erode beach creating lagoon delta.dense vegetation tends absorb rainfall reducing speed runoff releasing longer periods time.destruction burning clearance natural vegetation tends increase speed erosive power runoff rainfall.runoff tend carry silt organic matter land onto beach sea. |
Beach | flow constant runoff cleared land arriving beach head tend deposit material sand changing color odor fauna.creation beach access points concentration pedestrian vehicular traffic accessing beach recreational purposes may cause increased erosion access points measures taken stabilize beach surface highwater mark.recognition dangers loss beach front flora caused many local authorities responsible managing coastal areas restrict beach access points physical structures legal sanctions fence foredunes effort protect flora.measures often associated construction structures access points allow traffic pass dunes without causing damage.concentration runoff beaches provide filter runoff coastal plain. |
Beach | runoff naturally dispersed along beach water borne silt organic matter retained land feed flora coastal area.runoff dispersed along beach tend percolate beach may emerge beach low tide.the retention freshwater may also help maintain underground water reserves resist salt water incursion.surface flow runoff diverted concentrated drains create constant flows beach sea river level beach eroded ultimately form inlet unless longshore flows deposit sediments repair breach.once eroded inlet may allow tidal inflows salt water pollute areas inland beach may also affect quality underground water supplies height water table.deprivation runoff flora naturally occurring beach head requires freshwater runoff land.diversion freshwater runoff drains may deprive plants water supplies allow sea water incursion increasing saltiness groundwater. |
Beach | species able survive salt water may die replaced mangroves species adapted salty environments.inappropriate beach nourishment beach nourishment importing deposition sand sediments effort restore beach damaged erosion.beach nourishment often involves excavation sediments riverbeds sand quarries.excavated sediment may substantially different size appearance naturally occurring beach sand.in extreme cases beach nourishment may involve placement large pebbles rocks effort permanently restore shoreline subject constant erosion loss foreshore.often required flow new sediment caused longshore current disrupted construction harbors breakwaters causeways boat ramps creating new current flows scour sand behind structures deprive beach restorative sediments. |
Beach | causes erosion addressed beach nourishment become necessary permanent feature beach maintenance.during beach nourishment activities care must taken place new sediments new sediments compact stabilize aggressive wave wind action erode them.material concentrated far beach may form temporary groyne encourage scouring behind it.sediments fine light may eroded compacted integrated established vegetation.foreign unwashed sediments may introduce flora fauna usually found locality.brighton beach south coast england shingle beach nourished large pebbles effort withstand erosion upper area beach.large pebbles made beach unwelcoming pedestrians period time natural processes integrated naturally occurring shingle pebble base. |
Beach | use recreation history even roman times wealthy people spent free time coast.also built large villa complexes bathing facilities socalled maritime villas particularly beautiful locations.excavations roman architecture still found today example amalfi coast near naples barcola trieste.the development beach popular leisure resort midth century first manifestation global tourist industry.first seaside resorts opened th century aristocracy began frequent seaside well fashionable spa towns recreation health.one earliest seaside resorts scarborough yorkshire fashionable spa town since stream acidic water discovered running one cliffs south town th century. |
Beach | first rolling bathing machines introduced .the opening resort brighton reception royal patronage king george iv extended seaside resort health pleasure much larger london market beach became centre upperclass pleasure frivolity.trend praised artistically elevated new romantic ideal picturesque landscape jane austens unfinished novel sanditon example that.later queen victorias longstanding patronage isle wight ramsgate kent ensured seaside residence considered highly fashionable possession wealthy enough afford one home.seaside resorts working class extension form leisure middle working classes began development railways offered cheap fares fastgrowing resort towns.particular completion branch line small seaside town blackpool poulton led sustained economic demographic boom. |
Beach | sudden influx visitors arriving rail led entrepreneurs build accommodation create new attractions leading visitors rapid cycle growth throughout s.the growth intensified practice among lancashire cotton mill owners closing factories week every year service repair machinery.became known wakes weeks.towns mills would close different week allowing blackpool manage steady reliable stream visitors prolonged period summer.prominent feature resort promenade pleasure piers eclectic variety performances vied peoples attention.north pier blackpool completed rapidly becoming centre attraction upper class visitors. |
Beach | central pier completed theatre large openair dance floor.many popular beach resorts equipped bathing machines even allcovering beachwear period considered immodest.end century english coastline large resort towns populations exceeding .expansion around world development seaside resort abroad stimulated welldeveloped english love beach.french riviera alongside mediterranean already become popular destination british upper class end th century.first railway nice completed making riviera accessible visitors europe. |
Beach | residents foreign enclaves nice british numbered .coastline became renowned attracting royalty europe including queen victoria king edward vii.continental european attitudes towards gambling nakedness tended lax britain british french entrepreneurs quick exploit possibilities.charles iii prince monaco françois blanc french businessman arranged steamships carriages take visitors nice monaco large luxury hotels gardens casinos built.place renamed monte carlo.commercial sea bathing spread united states parts british empire end th century.first public beach united states revere beach opened . |
Beach | time henry flagler developed florida east coast railway linked coastal sea resorts developing st. augustine fl miami beach fl winter travelers northern united states canada east coast railway.early th century surfing developed hawaii australia spread southern california early s. cheap affordable air travel led growth truly global tourism market benefited areas mediterranean australia south africa coastal sun belt regions united states.today beaches popular warm sunny days.victorian era many popular beach resorts equipped bathing machines even allcovering beachwear period considered immodest.social standard still prevails many muslim countries. |
Beach | end spectrum topfree beaches nude beaches clothing optional allowed.countries social norms significantly different beach hot weather compared adjacent areas similar behavior might tolerated might even prosecuted.in thirty countries europe south africa new zealand canada costa rica south america caribbean best recreational beaches awarded blue flag status based criteria water quality safety provision.subsequent loss status severe effect tourism revenues.beaches often dumping grounds waste litter necessitating use beach cleaners cleanup projects.significantly many beaches discharge zone untreated sewage underdeveloped countries even developed countries beach closure occasional circumstance due sanitary sewer overflow.cases marine discharge waterborne disease fecal pathogens contamination certain marine species frequent outcome. |
Beach | artificial beaches beaches artificial either permanent temporary examples see copenhagen hong kong manila monaco nottingham paris rotterdam singapore tianjin toronto.the soothing qualities beach pleasant environment offered beachgoer replicated artificial beaches beach style pools zerodepth entry wave pools recreate natural waves pounding upon beach.zerodepth entry pool bottom surface slopes gradually water depth.another approach involves socalled urban beaches form public park becoming common large cities.urban beaches attempt mimic natural beaches fountains imitate surf mask city noises cases used play park.beach nourishment involves pumping sand onto beaches improve health.beach nourishment common major beach cities around world however beaches nourished still appear quite natural often many visitors unaware works undertaken support health beach. |
Beach | beaches often recognized consumers artificial.famous example beach nourishment came replenishment waikīkī beach honolulu hawaii sand manhattan beach california transported via ship barge throughout th century order combat waikikis erosion problems.surfrider foundation debated merits artificial reefs members torn desire support natural coastal environments opportunities enhance quality surfing waves.similar debates surround beach nourishment snow cannon sensitive environments.restrictions access public access beaches restricted parts world. |
Beach | example beaches jersey shore restricted people purchase beach tags.many beaches indonesia private public require admission fees.some beaches also restrict dogs periods year.private beaches private beaches may belong owners abutting land neighborhood associations.signs usually posted entrance.permit special use occasion event may granted upon executing proper channels legally obtain one.in places florida always clear parts beach public private. |
Beach | public beaches first public beach united states opened july town revere massachusetts people attending opening day.beach run bay metropolitan parks commission new beach bandstand public bathhouses shade pavilions lined broad boulevard ran along beach.public access beaches protected law u.s. state oregon thanks state law oregon beach bill guaranteed public access columbia river california state line public may free uninterrupted use.public access beaches hawaii owned federal government also protected state law.access design beach access important consideration substantial numbers pedestrians vehicles require access beach.allowing random access across delicate foredunes seldom considered good practice likely lead destruction flora consequent erosion fore dunes.a welldesigned beach access shouldprovide durable surface able withstand traffic flowaesthetically complement surrounding structures natural landformsbe located area convenient users consistent safe traffic flowsbe scaled match traffic flow i.e. |
Beach | wide strong enough safely carry size quantity pedestrians vehicles intended use itbe maintained appropriately andbe signed lit discourage beach users creating alternative crossings may destructive beachhead.concrete ramp steps concrete ramp follow natural profile beach prevent changing normal flow waves longshore currents water wind.ramp beach profile tend become buried cease provide good surface vehicular traffic.ramp stair protrudes beach profile tend disrupt longshore currents creating deposits front ramp scouring behind.concrete ramps expensive vehicular beach accesses construct requiring use quickdrying concrete cofferdam protect tidal water concrete curing process. |
Beach | concrete favored traffic flows heavy access required vehicles adapted soft sand e.g.road registered passenger vehicles boat trailers.concrete stairs commonly favored beaches adjacent population centers beach users may arrive beach street shoes foreshore roadway substantially higher beach head ramp would steep safe use pedestrians.composite stair ramp may incorporate central side stair one ramps allowing pedestrians lead buggies small boat dollies onto beach without aid powered vehicle winch.concrete ramps steps maintained prevent buildup moss algae may make wet surfaces slippery dangerous pedestrians vehicles. |
Beach | corduroy beach ladder corduroy road beach ladder board chain array planks usually hardwood treated timber laid close together perpendicular direction traffic flow secured end chain cable form pathway ramp sand dune.corduroys cheap easy construct quick deploy relocate.commonly used pedestrian access paths light duty vehicular access ways.naturally conform shape underlying beach dune profile adjust well moderate erosion especially longshore drift.however cease effective access surface become buried undermined erosion surface runoff coming beach head. |
Beach | corduroy wide enough vehicles using sediment either side may displaced creating spoon drain accelerates surface runoff quickly lead serious erosion.significant erosion sediment beside corduroy render completely ineffective make dangerous pedestrian users may fall planks.fabric ramp fabric ramps commonly employed military temporary purposes underlying sediment stable hard enough support weight traffic.sheet porous fabric laid sand stabilize surface prevent vehicles bogging.fabric ramps usually cease useful one tidal cycle easily washed away buried sediment. |
Beach | foliage ramp foliage ramp formed planting resilient species hardy plants grasses wellformed sediment ramp.plants may supported become established placement layers mesh netting coarse organic material vines branches.type ramp ideally suited intermittent use vehicles low wheel loading dune buggies agricultural vehicles large tyres.foliage ramp require minimal maintenance initially formed follow beach profile overused.gravel ramp gravel ramp formed excavating underlying loose sediment filling excavation layers gravel graduated sizes defined john loudon mcadam. |
Beach | gravel compacted form solid surface according needs traffic.gravel ramps less expensive construct concrete ramps able carry heavy road traffic provided excavation deep enough reach solid subsoil.gravel ramps subject erosion water.edges retained boards walls profile matches surrounding beach profile gravel ramp may become stable finer sediments deposited percolating water.longest beaches amongst worlds longest beaches areeighty mile beach kilometres mi northwest australiapraia cassino kilometres mi brazilpadre island beach kilometres mi gulf mexico texas.ninety mile beach victoria kilometres mi victoria australiacoxs bazar bangladesh kilometres mi unbrokenplaya novillera beach kilometres mi mexico. |
Beach | mile beach new zealand kilometres mifraser island beach kilometres mi queensland australiatroiasines beach kilometres mi portugalthe jersey shore km miles andlong beach washington kilometres mi.wildlife beach unstable environment exposes plants animals changeable potentially harsh conditions.animals burrow sand feed material deposited waves.crabs insects shorebirds feed beach dwellers.endangered piping plover tern species rely beaches nesting. |
Beach | sea turtles also bury eggs ocean beaches.seagrasses beach plants grow undisturbed areas beach dunes.ocean beaches habitats organisms adapted salt spray tidal overwash shifting sands.organisms found beaches.examples beach organisms southeast us include plants like sea oats sea rocket beach elder beach morning glory ipomoea pescaprae beach peanut animals mole crabs hippoidea coquina clams donax ghost crabs white beach tiger beetles.see also references works cited andrews robert . |
Beach | rough guide britain.rough guides.isbn .reading bascom w. .waves beaches. |
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