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Cloud computing security	order improve search efficiency symmetrickey se generally builds keyword indexes answer user queries.obvious disadvantage providing multimodal access routes unauthorized data retrieval bypassing encryption algorithm subjecting framework alternative parameters within shared cloud environment.compliance numerous laws regulations pertain storage use data.us include privacy data protection laws payment card industry data security standard pci dss health insurance portability accountability act hipaa sarbanesoxley act federal information security management act fisma childrens online privacy protection act among others.similar standards exist jurisdictions e.g.
Cloud computing security	singapores multitier cloud security standard.similar laws may apply different legal jurisdictions may differ quite markedly enforced us.cloud service users may often need aware legal regulatory differences jurisdictions.example data stored cloud service provider may located say singapore mirrored us.many regulations mandate particular controls strong access controls audit trails require regular reporting.cloud customers must ensure cloud providers adequately fulfill requirements appropriate enabling comply obligations since large extent remain accountable.business continuity data recoverycloud providers business continuity data recovery plans place ensure service maintained case disaster emergency data loss recovered.plans may shared reviewed customers ideally dovetailing customers continuity arrangements.
Cloud computing security	joint continuity exercises may appropriate simulating major internet electricity supply failure instance.log audit trailin addition producing logs audit trails cloud providers work customers ensure logs audit trails properly secured maintained long customer requires accessible purposes forensic investigation e.g.ediscovery.unique compliance requirementsin addition requirements customers subject data centers used cloud providers may also subject compliance requirements.using cloud service provider csp lead additional security concerns around data jurisdiction since customer tenant data may remain system data center even within providers cloud.the european union’s gdpr regulation introduced new compliance requirements customer data.legal contractual issues aside security compliance issues enumerated cloud providers customers negotiate terms around liability stipulating incidents involving data loss compromise resolved example intellectual property endofservice data applications ultimately returned customer.addition considerations acquiring data cloud may involved litigation.
Cloud computing security	issues discussed servicelevel agreements sla.public records legal issues may also include recordskeeping requirements public sector many agencies required law retain make available electronic records specific fashion.may determined legislation law may require agencies conform rules practices set recordskeeping agency.public agencies using cloud computing storage must take concerns account.see also computer securitycommon vulnerabilities exposures references reading mowbray miranda april .
Cloud computing security	fog grimpen mire cloud computing law.scripted.–.doi.scrip...mather tim kumaraswamy subra latif shahed .cloud security privacy enterprise perspective risks compliance.
Cloud computing security	oreilly media inc. isbn .winkler vic .securing cloud cloud computer security techniques tactics.elsevier.isbn .ottenheimer davi .securing virtual environment defend enterprise attack.
Cloud computing security	wiley.isbn .bs isoiec information technology.security techniques.code practice information security controls based isoiec cloud services.bs isoiec information technology.
Cloud computing security	security techniques.code practice protection personally identifiable information pii public clouds acting pii processors.bs isoiec information technology.security techniques.information security supplier relationships.
Collective Security Treaty Organization	guidelines security cloud services external links cloud security alliancecheck point cloud securitycloud security solutionswhy cloud security requires multiple layersthe beginners guide cloud securitydod cloud computing security requirements guide cc srgarchived wayback machinetreaty origins soviet armed forces gradually replaced united armed forces commonwealth independent states.may six postsoviet states belonging commonwealth independent states—russia armenia kazakhstan kyrgyzstan tajikistan uzbekistan—signed collective security treaty also referred tashkent pact tashkent treaty.three postsoviet states—azerbaijan belarus georgia—signed treaty took effect .six nine—all azerbaijan georgia uzbekistan—agreed renew treaty five years.six agreed create collective security treaty organization military alliance.the csto charter reaffirmed desire participating states abstain use threat force.signatories would able join military alliances.
Collective Security Treaty Organization	csto holds yearly military command exercises csto nations opportunity improve interorganization cooperation.csto military exercise called rubezh hosted armenia combined total troops seven constituent csto member countries conducted operative strategic tactical training emphasis towards furthering efficiency collective security element csto partnership.the largest exercises held southern russia central asia consisting troops combat aircraft.order deploy military bases third country territory csto memberstates necessary obtain official consent members.also employs rotating presidency system country leading csto alternates every year.history foundation csto grew framework commonwealth independent states first began cis collective security treaty cst signed may armenia kazakhstan kyrgyzstan russian federation tajikistan uzbekistan city tashkent.
Collective Security Treaty Organization	azerbaijan signed treaty september georgia december belarus december.treaty came effect april .the csto set last year period unless extended.april six members cst signed protocol renewing treaty another fiveyear period – azerbaijan georgia uzbekistan refused sign withdrew treaty instead.time uzbekistan joined guam group established georgia ukraine azerbaijan moldova largely seen intending counter russian influence region.later csto partners conducted common military exercises.uzbekistan later withdrew guam joined csto full member membership later ratified uzbek parliament march .in june kyrgyzstan assumed rotating csto presidency.in october csto signed agreement shanghai cooperation organization sco tajik capital dushanbe broaden cooperation issues security crime drug trafficking.on october csto members agreed major expansion organization would create csto peacekeeping force could deploy u.n. mandate without one member states.
Collective Security Treaty Organization	expansion would also allow members purchase russian weapons price russia.on august russia announced would seek csto recognition independence abkhazia south ossetia.three days earlier august russia recognized independence georgias breakaway regions abkhazia south ossetia.on september armenia assumed rotating csto presidency csto meeting moscow russia.in belarus boycotted csto summit due milk war russia.refusing attend csto summit lukashenko said men fight kazakhstan mothers would ask sent sons fight far belarus.unified energy market lives depend on.noafter kurmanbek bakiyev ousted office president kyrgyzstan result riots kyrgyzstan april granted asylum belarus.
Collective Security Treaty Organization	belarusian president alexander lukashenko expressed doubt future csto failing prevent bakiyevs overthrow stating sort organization one bloodshed one member states anticonstitutional coup detat takes place body keeps silentlukashenko previously accused russia punishing belarus economic sanctions lukashenkos refusal recognize independence abkhazia south ossetia stating economy serves basis common security.belaruss closest csto ally trying ... destroy basis de facto put belarusians knees one talk consolidating collective security csto spaceduring trip ukraine extend russias lease crimean port sevastopol return discounted natural gas supplies russian president dmitry medvedev asked whether belarus could expect similar deal responded real partnership one thing declaration intentions another reaching agreement working seriously meeting halfway helping one thing making decisions granting permanent residence people lost job another.belarusian president defended criticism citing former russian president vladimir putins invitation askar akayev russia ousted president kyrgyzstan tulip revolution.the following month president medvedev ordered ceo russias natural gas monopoly gazprom cut gas supplies belarus dispute outstanding debts.subsequently russian television channel ntv run gazprom aired documentary film compared lukashenko bakiyev.russian presidents foreign policy adviser sergei prikhodko threatened publish transcript csto meeting lukashenko said administration would recognize abkhazian south ossetian independence.in june ethnic clashes broke ethnic kyrgyz uzbeks southern kyrgyzstan leading interim kyrgyz president roza otunbayeva request assistance russian troops quell disturbances.
Collective Security Treaty Organization	kurmanbek bakiyev denied charges supporters behind ethnic conflict called csto intervene.askar akayev also called csto send troops saying priority task right extinguish flame enmity.likely need csto peacekeepers that.organisation considered paper tiger since failed intervene.russian president dmitry medvedev said case foreign intrusion attempt externally seize power state attack csto problems kyrgyzstan internal roots csto secretary general nikolai bordyuzha called violence purely domestic affair.later however bordyuzha admitted csto response may inadequate claimed foreign mercenaries provoked kyrgyz violence ethnic uzbek minorities.on july interim kyrgyz president roza otunbayeva called introduction csto police units southern kyrgyzstan saying think important introduce csto police forces since unable guarantee peoples rights own.
Collective Security Treaty Organization	also added im seeking cstos embrace dont feel like bringing stay bloodletting continue otherwise.weeks later deputy chairman otubayevas interim kyrgyz government complained appeals help csto ignored.csto unable agree providing military assistance kyrgyzstan meeting yerevan armenia attended roza otunbayeva well alexander lukashenko.on december member states approved declaration establishing csto peacekeeping force declaration csto member states addition signing package joint documents.since december treaty parties veto establishment new foreign military bases member states collective security treaty organization csto.additionally kazakhstan took rotating presidency csto belarus.on june uzbekistan suspended membership csto.in august soldiers members armenia belarus kazakhstan kyrgyzstan russia tajikistan participated psychological cyber warfare exercises kazakhstan war games managed csto.on march csto secretary general nikolai bordyuzha offered send peacekeeping mission donbas ukraine.csto peacekeeping capacity.
Collective Security Treaty Organization	peacekeepers continuously undergo corresponding training.decision taken united nations stand ready provide peacekeeping units.in july ctso secretarygeneral stanislav zas criticised armenian politicians calling incursion azerbaijani forces onto armenian territory border incident ctso remained inactive conflict.in july tajikistan appealed members csto help dealing security challenges emerging neighboring afghanistan.thousands afghans including police government troops fled tajikistan taliban insurgents took control many parts afghanistan.on january csto peacekeepers announced deployed kazakhstan response antigovernment unrest country.january csto forces began withdrawal kazakhstan.membership member states member states collective security treaty organization former member states observer states csto parliamentary assembly potential membership may csto secretarygeneral nikolai bordyuzha suggested iran could join csto saying csto open organization.
Collective Security Treaty Organization	iran applies accordance charter consider application.iran joined would first state outside former soviet union become member organization.the national assembly republic serbia wolesi jirga lower house national assembly islamic republic afghanistan accorded observer status csto parliamentary assembly .also parliamentary assembly union belarus russia observer status csto parliamentary assembly.unclear whether wolesi jirga lower house national assembly islamic republic afghanistan de facto ceased exist taliban takeover afghanistans capital kabul continue participate csto parliamentary assembly.in uzbekistan becoming observer eaeu december conducted bilateral military exercise russia trilateral military exercise russia tajikistan president joined csto meeting guest sparking rumours potential reentry csto.list secretariesgeneral following served heads csto russia – vladimir zemsky october – march russia – valeriy nikolayenko may – april russia – nikolay bordyuzha april – december russia – valery semerikov acting january – may armenia – yuri khatchaturov may – november russia – valery semerikov acting november – december belarus – stanislav zas since january policy agenda information technology cyber security member states adopted measures counter cyber security threats information technology crimes foreign ministers council meeting minsk belarus.
Collective Security Treaty Organization	foreign minister abdrakhmanov put forward proposal establishing cyber shield system.collective rapid reaction force february agreement create collective rapid reaction force ksor russian коллекти́вные си́лы операти́вного реаги́рования ксор reached five seven members plans finalized june.force intended used repulse military aggression conduct antiterrorist operations fight transnational crime drug trafficking neutralize effects natural disasters.belarus uzbekistan initially refrained signing agreement.belarus trade dispute russia uzbekistan due general concerns.belarus signed agreement following october uzbekistan never done so.
Collective Security Treaty Organization	source russian delegation said uzbekistan would participate collective force permanent basis would delegate detachments take part operations ad hoc basis.on august ministry foreign affairs uzbekistan criticized plans russia establish military base southern kyrgyzstan csto rapid reaction force stating implementation projects complex unpredictable territory borders three central asian republics directly converge may give impetus strengthening militarization processes initiate kinds nationalistic confrontations.… also could lead appearance radical extremist forces could lead serious destabilization vast region.military personnel following list sourced edition military balance published annually international institute strategic studies.see also notes references bibliography international institute strategic studies february .military balance .
WS-Security	london routledge.isbn .external links csto official site russiancsto official site englishofficial site parliamentary assembly csto russianthe charter cstofacebooktwitterinstagrammember web service specifications published oasis.the protocol specifies integrity confidentiality enforced messages allows communication various security token formats security assertion markup language saml kerberos x.. main focus use xml signature xml encryption provide endtoend security.features wssecurity describes three main mechanismshow sign soap messages assure integrity.signed messages also provide nonrepudiation.how encrypt soap messages assure confidentiality.how attach security tokens ascertain senders identity.the specification allows variety signature formats encryption algorithms multiple trust domains open various security token models asx.certificateskerberos ticketsuser idpassword credentialssaml assertions andcustomdefined tokens.the token formats semantics defined associated profile documents.wssecurity incorporates security features header soap message working application layer.these mechanisms provide complete security solution web services.instead specification building block used conjunction web service extensions higherlevel applicationspecific protocols accommodate wide variety security models security technologies.
WS-Security	general wss provide guarantee security.implementing using framework syntax implementor ensure result vulnerable.key management trust bootstrapping federation agreement technical details ciphers formats algorithms outside scope wssecurity.use cases endtoend security soap intermediary required intermediary less trusted messages need signed optionally encrypted.might case applicationlevel proxy network perimeter terminate tcp transmission control protocol connections.nonrepudiation one method nonrepudiation write transactions audit trail subject specific security safeguards.
WS-Security	digital signatures wssecurity supports provide direct verifiable nonrepudiation proof.alternative transport bindings although almost soap services implement http bindings theory bindings jms smtp could used case endtoend security would required.reverse proxycommon security token even web service relies upon transport layer security might required service know end user service relayed http reverse proxy.wss header could used convey end users token vouched reverse proxy.issues frequent message exchanges service provider consumer overhead xml sig xml enc significant.
WS-Security	endtoend security required protocol like wssecureconversation may reduce overhead.sufficient use encryption signing combination significantly slower mere sum single operations.see performance below.the merging several xml schemata like soap saml xml enc xml sig might cause dependencies different versions library functions like canonicalization parsing difficult manage application server.if cbc mode encryptiondecryption applied cbc mode decryption applied without verifying secure checksum signature mac decryption implementation likely vulnerable padding oracle attacks.performance wssecurity adds significant overhead soap processing due increased size message wire xml cryptographic processing requiring faster cpus memory bandwidth.an evaluation measured types soap messages different size complexity processed wssj wssecurity wssecureconversation pentium .ghz cpu.some findings wereencryption faster signing.encryption signing together – times slower signing alone produced significantly bigger documents.depending type message wssecureconversation either made difference reduced processing time half best case.it took less milliseconds sign encrypt array kilobytes took perform security operations soap.another benchmark resulted comparison history web services initially relied underlying transport security.
WS-Security	fact implementations still do.soap allows multiple transport bindings http smtp soaplevel security mechanism needed.lack endtoend security dependence transport security another factor.the protocol originally developed ibm microsoft verisign.original specification published april followed addendum august .in two proposals submitted oasis wss technical committee web service security wssecurity web services security addendum.result wssecurity publishedwssecurity .
WS-Security	released april .version .released february .the version .standard published oasis contained number significant differences standard proposed ibm microsoft verisign consortium.many systems developed using proposed standard differences made incompatible systems developed oasis standard.some refer preoasis specification wssecurity draft web services security core specification.however names widely known indeed today hard clearly identify whether application server using pre postoasis specification.
WS-Security	forum posts use keyword wsse refer preoasis version mandated use wsse xml namespace prefix url similar urls different versions.the protocol officially called wss developed via committee oasisopen.associated specifications following draft specifications associated wssecurity wsfederation wsprivacy wstest.the following approved specifications associated wssecurity wspolicy wssecureconversation wstrust idwsf.the following architectures make use wssecurity tas.alternative pointtopoint situations confidentiality data integrity also enforced web services use transport layer security tls example sending messages https.wssecurity however addresses wider problem maintaining integrity confidentiality messages message sent originating node providing socalled end end security.applying tls significantly reduce overhead involved removing need encode keys message signatures xml sending.challenge using tls would messages needed go applicationlevel proxy server would need able see request routing.
Robots exclusion standard	example server would see request coming proxy client could worked around proxy copy clients key certificate signing certificate trusted server could generate keycertificate pair matching client.however proxy operating message ensure endtoend security ensures pointtopoint security.see also wssecurity based products servicessamlwsi basic security profilex.xacml – standard finegrained dynamic authorization.xml firewall references external links web services security .. contains links download specification documents.wsi basic security profileweb services security documentationwssj wssecurity java implementation apacheapache rampart wssecurity java implementation apache axiswsit web services interoperability technologies wsit enable interoperability java platform windows communication foundation wcfpython wssecurity examplestandard specifies inform web robot areas website processed scanned.robots often used search engines categorize websites.robots cooperate standard email harvesters spambots malware robots scan security vulnerabilities may even start portions website told stay out.standard used conjunction sitemaps robot inclusion standard websites.history standard proposed martijn koster working nexor february wwwtalk mailing list main communication channel wwwrelated activities time.
Robots exclusion standard	charles stross claims provoked koster suggest robots.txt wrote badlybehaved web crawler inadvertently caused denialofservice attack kosters server.it quickly became de facto standard present future web crawlers expected follow complied including operated search engines webcrawler lycos altavista.on july google announced proposal robots exclusion protocol official standard internet engineering task force.draft undergo acceptance process.standard site owner wishes give instructions web robots place text file called robots.txt root web site hierarchy e.g.https text file contains instructions specific format see examples below.robots choose follow instructions try fetch file read instructions fetching file website.
Robots exclusion standard	file doesnt exist web robots assume website owner wish place limitations crawling entire site.a robots.txt file website function request specified robots ignore specified files directories crawling site.might example preference privacy search engine results belief content selected directories might misleading irrelevant categorization site whole desire application operates certain data.links pages listed robots.txt still appear search results linked page crawled.a robots.txt file covers one origin.websites multiple subdomains subdomain must robots.txt file.example.com robots.txt file a.example.com rules would apply example.com would apply a.example.com.
Robots exclusion standard	addition protocol port needs robots.txt file httpexample.comrobots.txt apply pages httpexample.com httpsexample.com.some major search engines following standard include ask aol baidu duckduckgo google yahoo yandex.bing still fully compatible standard cannot inherit settings wildcard .the volunteering group archive team explicitly ignores robots.txt part viewing obsolete standard hinders web archival efforts.according project leader jason scott unchecked left alone robots.txt file ensures mirroring reference items may general use meaning beyond websites context.for years internet archive crawl sites robots.txt april announced would longer honour directives robots.txt files.time observed robots.txt files geared toward search engine crawlers necessarily serve archival purposes.response entire domains tagged robots.txt content became obsolete.
Robots exclusion standard	security despite use terms allow disallow protocol purely advisory relies compliance web robot.malicious web robots unlikely honor robots.txt may even use robots.txt guide find disallowed links go straight them.sometimes claimed security risk sort security obscurity discouraged standards bodies.national institute standards technology nist united states specifically recommends practice system security depend secrecy implementation components.context robots.txt files security obscurity recommended security technique.
Robots exclusion standard	alternatives many robots also pass special useragent web server fetching content.web administrator could also configure server automatically return failure pass alternative content detects connection using one robots.some sites google host humans.txt file displays information meant humans read.sites github redirect humans.txt page.previously google joke file hosted killerrobots.txt instructing terminator kill company founders larry page sergey brin.examples example tells robots visit files wildcard stands robots disallow directive value meaning pages disallowed.useragent disallow result accomplished empty missing robots.txt file.this example tells robots stay websiteuseragent disallow example tells robots enter three directoriesuseragent disallow cgibindisallow tmpdisallow junkthis example tells robots stay away one specific fileuseragent disallow directoryfile.htmlall files specified directory processed.this example tells specific robot stay websiteuseragent badbot replace badbot actual useragent botdisallow example tells two specific robots enter one specific directoryuseragent badbot replace badbot actual useragent botuseragent googlebotdisallow privateexample demonstrating comments used comments appear symbol start line directiveuseragent match botsdisallow keep outit also possible list multiple robots rules.actual robot string defined crawler.
Robots exclusion standard	robot operators google support several useragent strings allow operator deny access subset services using specific useragent strings.example demonstrating multiple useragentsuseragent googlebot google servicesdisallow private disallow directoryuseragent googlebotnews news servicedisallow disallow everythinguseragent robotdisallow something disallow directory nonstandard extensions crawldelay directive crawldelay value supported crawlers throttle visits host.since value part standard interpretation dependent crawler reading it.used multiple burst visits bots slowing host.yandex interprets value number seconds wait subsequent visits.bing defines crawldelay size time window seconds bingbot access web site once.
Robots exclusion standard	google provides interface search console webmasters control googlebots subsequent visits.useragent bingbotallow crawldelay allow directive major crawlers support allow directive counteract following disallow directive.useful one tells robots avoid entire directory still wants html documents directory crawled indexed.standard implementation first matching robots.txt pattern always wins googles implementation differs allow patterns equal characters directive path win matching disallow pattern.bing uses either allow disallow directive whichever specific based length like google.in order compatible robots one wants allow single files inside otherwise disallowed directory necessary place allow directives first followed disallow exampleallow directorymyfile.htmldisallow directorythis example disallow anything directory except directorymyfile.html since latter match first.order important robots follow standard case google bing bots order important.
Robots exclusion standard	sitemap crawlers support sitemap directive allowing multiple sitemaps robots.txt form sitemap fullurlsitemap http host crawlers yandex support host directive allowing websites multiple mirrors specify preferred domainhost hosting.example.comthis supported crawlers.universal match robot exclusion standard mention character disallow statement.meta tags headers addition rootlevel robots.txt files robots exclusion directives applied granular level use robots meta tags xrobotstag http headers.robots meta tag cannot used nonhtml files images text files pdf documents.hand xrobotstag added nonhtml files using .htaccess httpd.conf files.a noindex meta taga noindex http response headerthe xrobotstag effective page requested server responds robots meta tag effective page loaded whereas robots.txt effective page requested.
Web Cryptography API	thus page excluded robots.txt file robots meta tags xrobotstag headers effectively ignored robot see first place.see also references external links official websiterobots database list bot namesrobots.txt checker toolmicrosoft bingbot official documentationagnostic api would perform basic cryptographic operations hashing signature generation verification encryption well decryption within web application.description january wc released recommendation web cryptography api could perform basic cryptographic operations web applications.agnostic api would utilize javascript perform operations would increase security data exchange within web applications.api would provide lowlevel interface create andor manage public keys private keys hashing digital signature generation verification encryption decryption use web applications.the web cryptography api could used wide range uses includingproviding authentication users serviceselectronic signing documents codeprotecting integrity confidentiality communication digital data exchangebecause web cryptography api agnostic nature used platform.would provide common set interfaces would permit web applications progressive web applications conduct cryptographic functions without need access raw keying material.
Web Cryptography API	would done assistance subtlecrypto interface defines group methods perform cryptographic operations.additional interfaces within web cryptography api would allow key generation key derivation key import export.vision using web cryptography api wc’s specification web cryptography api places focus common functionality features currently exist platformspecific standardized cryptographic apis versus known implementations.group’s recommendation use web cryptography api dictate mandatory set algorithms must implemented.awareness cryptographic implementations vary amongst conforming user agents government regulations local policies security practices intellectual property concerns.there many types existing web applications web cryptography api would well suited use with.
Web Cryptography API	multifactor authentication today multifactor authentication considered one reliable methods verifying identity user web application online banking.many web applications currently depend authentication method protect user user agent.web cryptography api web application would ability provide authentication within instead rely transportlayer authentication secret keying material authenticate user access.process would provide richer experience user.the web cryptography api would allow application locate suitable client keys previously created user agent preprovisioned web application.application would able give user agent ability either generate new key reuse existing key event user key already associated account.
Web Cryptography API	binding process transport layer security user authenticating multifactor authentication process additionally strengthened derivation key based underlying transport.protected document exchange api used protect sensitive confidential documents unauthorized viewing within web application even previously securely received.web application would use web cryptography api encrypt document secret key wrap public keys associated users authorized view document.upon navigating web application authorized user would receive document encrypted would instructed use private key begin unwrapping process would allow decrypt view document.cloud storage many businesses individuals rely cloud storage.
Web Cryptography API	protection remote service provide might want web application give users ability protect confidential documents uploading documents data.web cryptography api would allow users tochoose select private secret keyderive encryption key key wishencrypt documentdataupload encrypted documentdata using service provider’s existing apis electronic document signing ability electronically sign documents saves time enhances security important documents serve legal proof user’s acceptance document.many web applications choose accept electronic signatures instead requiring written signatures.web cryptography api user would prompted choose key could generated preprovisioned specifically web application.key could used signing operation.
Web Cryptography API	protecting data integrity web applications often cache data locally puts data risk compromise offline attack occur.web cryptography api permits web application use public key deployed within verify integrity data cache.secure messaging web cryptography api enhance security messaging use offtherecord otr types messagesigning schemes use key agreement.message sender intended recipient would negotiate shared encryption message authentication code mac keys encrypt decrypt messages prevent unauthorized access.javascript object signing encryption jose web cryptography api used web applications interact message formats structures defined jose working group.
Web Cryptography API	application read import json web signature jwk keys validate messages protected electronic signing mac keys decrypt jwe messages.conformance web cryptography api wc recommends vendors avoid using vendorspecific proprietary extensions specifications web cryptography api.could reduce interoperability api break user base since users would able access particular content.recommended vendorspecific extension cannot avoided vendor prefix vendorspecific strings prevent clashes future generations api’s specifications.references external links official websiteweb crypto api mdn web docs
WebAssembly	open standard aims support language operating system practice popular languages already least level support.announced first released march webassembly became world wide web consortium recommendation december received programming languages software award acm sigplan .world wide web consortium wc maintains standard contributions mozilla microsoft google apple fastly intel red hat.history webassembly first announced first demonstration executing unitys angry bots firefox google chrome microsoft edge.precursor technologies asm.js mozilla google native client initial implementation based feature set asm.js.
WebAssembly	asm.js technology already provides nearnative code execution speeds considered viable alternative browsers dont support webassembly disabled security reasons.in march design minimum viable product mvp declared finished preview phase ended.late september safari released support.february webassembly working group published three public working drafts core specification javascript interface web api.in june chrome released enabled default webassembly threads.implementations webassembly initially designed enable nearnative code execution speed web browser considered valuable outside generalized contexts.since webassemblys runtime environments low level virtual stack machines akin jvm flash vm embedded host applications found way standalone runtime environments like wasmtime wasmer.
WebAssembly	web browsers november mozilla declared support major browsers webassembly enabled default edge .support includes mobile web browsers ios android.december installed browsers support webassembly.older browsers wasm compiled asm.js javascript polyfill.compilers webassembly implementations usually use either aheadoftime aot justintime jit compilation may also use interpreter.
WebAssembly	first implementations landed web browsers also nonbrowser implementations generalpurpose use including wasmer wasmtime wamr wasm wavm many others.because webassembly executables precompiled possible use variety programming languages make them.achieved either direct compilation wasm implementation corresponding virtual machines wasm.around programming languages reported support wasm compilation target.emscripten compiles c c wasm using binaryen llvm backend.emscripten sdk compile llvmsupported languages c c rust among others source code binary file runs sandbox javascript code.emscripten provides bindings several commonly used environment interfaces like webgl.
WebAssembly	version standalone clang compile c c wasm.its initial aim support compilation c c though support source languages rust .net languages assemblyscript typescriptlike also emerging.mvp release plans support multithreading garbage collection would make webassembly compilation target garbagecollected programming languages like c supported via blazor f supported via bolero help blazor python even javascript browsers justintime compilation speed considered slow.number languages support including python java julia zig ruby well go.limitations general webassembly allow direct interaction dom.interaction must flow javascript interop.absence garbage collection although plans address this.security considerations discussed belowwebassembly supported desktops mobile latter practice nonsmall memory allocations unity game engine grave limitations make many applications infeasible reliably deployed mobile browsers .. currently allocating mb memory reliable chrome android without resorting chromespecific workarounds safari ios.there direct document object model dom access however possible create proxy functions example stdweb websys using rust language.all major web browsers allow webassembly contentsecuritypolicy specified unsafeeval used otherwise major web browsers behave differently.
WebAssembly	practice webassembly cant used chrome without unsafeeval worker thread workaround available.security considerations june security researcher presented possibility using webassembly circumvent browser mitigations spectre meltdown security vulnerabilities support threads shared memory added.due concern webassembly developers put feature hold.however order explore future language extensions google chrome added experimental support webassembly thread proposal october .webassembly criticized allowing greater ease hiding evidence malware writers scammers phishing attackers webassembly present users machine compiled form makes malware detection difficult.speed concealability webassembly led use hidden crypto mining website visitors device.
WebAssembly	coinhive defunct service facilitating cryptocurrency mining website visitors browsers claims miner uses webassembly runs performance native miner.june study technische universität braunschweig analyzed usage webassembly alexa top million websites found prevalent use malicious crypto mining malware accounted half webassemblyusing websites studied.april study universität stuttgart found since crypto mining marginalized falling webassembly modules gathered wide range sources also including alexa top million websites.the ability effectively obfuscate large amounts code also used disable ad blocking privacy tools prevent web tracking like privacy badger.as webassembly supports structured control flow amenable toward security verification techniques including symbolic execution.current efforts direction include manticore symbolic execution engine.wasi webassembly system interface wasi simple interface abi api designed mozilla intended portable platform.
WebAssembly	provides posixlike features like file io constrained capabilitybased security.also proposed abiapis.wasi influenced cloudabi capsicum.solomon hykes cofounder docker wrote wasmwasi existed wouldnt needed create docker.thats important is.webassembly server future computing.wasmer version .
WebAssembly	provides software containerization create universal binaries work anywhere without modification including operating systems like linux macos windows web browsers.wasm automatically sandboxes applications default secure execution.specification host environment general standard provides core specifications javascript api details embedding.virtual machine wasm code binary code i.e.bytecode intended run portable virtual stack machine vm.
WebAssembly	vm designed faster parse execute javascript compact code representation.external functionality like syscalls may expected wasm binary code stipulated standard.rather provides way deliver interfacing via modules host environment vm implementation runs in.wasm program wasm program designed separate module containing collections various wasmdefined values program type definitions.expressed either binary textual format see common structure.
WebAssembly	instruction set core standard binary format wasm program defines instruction set architecture isa consisting specific binary encodings types operations executed vm without specifying exactly must executed.list instructions includes standard memory loadstore instructions numeric parametric control flow instruction types wasmspecific variable instructions.the number opcodes used original standard mvp bit fewer possible opcodes.subsequent versions webassembly pushed number opcodes bit .webassembly simd proposal parallel processing introduces alternate opcode prefix xfd bit simd.concatenation simd prefix plus opcode valid simd prefix forms simd opcode.
WebAssembly	simd opcodes bring additional instructions minimum viable product mvp simd capability total around instructions.instructions finalized opcodes implemented googles v google chrome corresponding engine mozilla firefox enabled stable versions web browsers also additional proposal instructions later post simd mvp theres also separate relaxedsimd proposal table.these simd opcodes also portable translate native instruction sets like x arm.contrast neither javas jvm cil support simd opcode level i.e.standard parallel apis provide simd speedup.extension java adding intrinsics x simd isnt portable i.e.
WebAssembly	usable arm smartphones.smartphones support simd calling assembly code simd c similar support.code representation march webassembly community group reached consensus initial mvp binary format javascript api reference interpreter.defines webassembly binary format .wasm designed used humans well humanreadable webassembly text format .wat resembles cross sexpressions traditional assembly languages.the table shows example factorial function written c corresponding webassembly code compilation shown .wat text format humanreadable textual representation webassembly .wasm binary format raw bytecode expressed hexadecimal executed web browser runtime environment supports webassembly.all integer constants encoded using spaceefficient variablelength leb encoding.the webassembly text format canonically written folded format using sexpressions.instructions expressions format purely syntactic sugar behavioral differences linear format.
WebAssembly	wasmwat code decompiles tonote module implicitly generated compiler.function actually referenced entry type table binary hence type section type emitted decompiler.compiler decompiler accessed online.literature haas andreas rossberg andreas schuff derek l. titzer ben l. gohman dan wagner luke zakai alon bastien jf holman michael june .bringing web speed webassembly.
WebAssembly	proceedings th acm sigplan conference programming language design implementation.association computing machinery –.doi... isbn .watt conrad .mechanising verifying webassembly specification pdf.acm sigplan international conference certified programs proofs.
WebAssembly	acm.–.doi.. isbn .scid .jangda abhinav powers bobby berger emery d. guha arjun july .fast analyzing performance webassembly vs. native code pdf.
WebAssembly	usenix annual technical conference .isbn .cite journal cite journal requires journal help notes see also architecture neutral distribution format andfuncoljava bytecodecommon language runtimellvmcompilationsoftware portability references article incorporates text free content work.licensed apache license .license statementpermission.
WebAssembly	text taken text format jfbastien rossbergchromium kripken titzer sththompson sunfishcode lukewagner flagxor enricobacis cd binji andrewosh github.webassemblydesign.learn add open license text wikipedia articles please see howto page.information reusing text wikipedia please see terms use.external links official website wc community groupwebassembly designwebassembly mdn web docs – info browser compatibility specifications webassembly javascript api
Spoofed URL	sometimes applies mechanism exploits bugs web browser technology allowing malicious computer attack.attacks effective computers lack recent security patches.others designed purpose parody.during attack computer user innocently visits website sees familiar url address bar http reality sending information entirely different location would typically monitored information thief.sensitive information requested fraudulent website called phishing.the user typically enticed false website email hyperlink another website.in another variation website may look like original fact parody it.mostly harmless noticeably different original usually exploit bugs web browser technology.redirects also take place hosts file redirecting legitimate sites another ip spoofed url.
Spoofed URL	cyber security spoofing act deception hoaxing.urls address resource document website internet consists communications protocol followed name address computer network often includes additional locating information directory file names.simply spoofed url web address illuminates immense amount deception ability appear original site despite one.order prevent falling victim prevalent scams stemmed spoofed urls major software companies come forward advised techniques detect prevent spoofed urls.detection order prevent criminals accessing personal information credit card information bank accountrouting numbers one’s telephone number home address etc.
Spoofed URL	important learn understand spoof urls detected.important first verify name site digital certification use ssltls.always try identify actual url web page on.make sure able see full url hyperlink examine address.characters commonly found spoofed urls .
Spoofed URL	sometimes urls differ single letter number.addition set internet security level high ensure computer protected possible attacks spoofed sites.general input personal information website name verified digital certificate.also concern confidentiality website leave page immediately.prevention spoofed urls universal defining identity phishing scams pose serious threat endusers commercial institutions.
Spoofed URL	email continues favorite vehicle perpetrate scams mainly due widespread use combined ability easily spoof them.several approaches generic specialized proposed address problem.however phishing techniques growing ingenuity well sophistication render solutions weak.order prevent users future victimization stemmed spoofed url internet vigilantes published numerous tips help users identify spoof.common using authentication based key exchange machines network using access control list deny private ip addresses downstream interface implementing filters inbound outbound traffic configuring routers switches support configuration reject packets originating outside local network claim originate within enable encryption sessions router trusted hosts outside network securely communicate local hosts.
Spoofed URL	ultimately protection comes individual user.keeping new spoofing techniques scams readily allow one identify scam importantly keep information secure personal.susceptible targets paypal ecommerce business allows money transactions made internet common target spoofed urls.forgery legitimate paypal website allows hackers gain personal financial information thus steal money fraud.along spoof fake emails appear generic greetings misspellings false sense urgency spoofed urls easy way hackers violate one’s paypal privacy.
Spoofed URL	example includes name spoofed url designed deceive.remember always log paypal new window browser never log email.case receive suspected spoofed url forward entire email spoofpaypal.com help prevent url tricking paypal users.common crimes major crime associated spoofed urls identity theft.thief create website similar appearance popular site user accesses spoofed url inadvertently give thief credit card personal details.
Spoofed URL	spoofed urls might use “too good true” prices lure looking good deal.crimes like happen quite often frequently festive holidays heavy online shopping periods year.another crime associated spoofed urls setting fake antimalware software.example would ransomware fake antimalware software locks important files computer run forces user pay ransom get files back.user refuses pay certain period time ransomware delete files computer essentially making computer unusable.ads programs usually appear popular websites dating sites social media sites like facebook twitter.
Spoofed URL	also come form attachments emails.phishing scams also another major way users get tricked scams see below.phishing phishing scam email user duped revealing personal confidential information scammer use illicitly.phishing action fraudsters sending email individual hoping seek private information used identity theft falsely asserting reputable legal business.phishing performed emails containing spoofed url links website.since usually appears form email crucial rely address “from” field order prevent phishing.
Spoofed URL	computer users also look spelling mistakes within websites urls another common sign look phishing email.website whose urls emails requests individuals enter personal information businesses update system.information often includes passwords credit card numbers social security bank account numbers.turn email recipients giving fake businesses information real businesses already have.see also computer insecurityhosts fileidn homograph attackinternet fraud preventionsocial engineering computer securityspoofing attack references
Kerberos (protocol)	referencesdesigners aimed primarily client–server model provides mutual authentication—both user server verify others identity.kerberos protocol messages protected eavesdropping replay attacks.kerberos builds symmetrickey cryptography requires trusted third party optionally may use publickey cryptography certain phases authentication.kerberos uses udp port default.the protocol named character kerberos cerberus greek mythology ferocious threeheaded guard dog hades.history development massachusetts institute technology mit developed kerberos protect network services provided project athena.protocol based earlier needham–schroeder symmetrickey protocol.
Kerberos (protocol)	several versions protocol exist versions – occurred internally mit.kerberos version primarily designed steve miller clifford neuman.published late version also targeted project athena.neuman john kohl published version intention overcoming existing limitations security problems.version appeared rfc made obsolete rfc .authorities united states classified kerberos auxiliary military equipment us munitions list banned export used data encryption standard des encryption algorithm bit keys.kerberos implementation developed royal institute technology sweden named kthkrb rebranded heimdal version made system available outside us us changed cryptography export regulations around .swedish implementation based limited version called ebones.
Kerberos (protocol)	ebones based exported mit bones release stripped encryption functions calls based version kerberos patchlevel .in internet engineering task force ietf kerberos working group updated specifications.updates includedencryption checksum specifications rfc .advanced encryption standard aes encryption kerberos rfc .a new edition kerberos v specification kerberos network authentication service v rfc .version obsoletes rfc clarifies aspects protocol intended use detailed clearer explanation.a new edition generic security services application program interface gssapi specification kerberos version generic security service application program interface gssapi mechanism version rfc .mit makes implementation kerberos freely available copyright permissions similar used bsd.mit formed kerberos consortium foster continued development.founding sponsors include vendors oracle apple inc. google microsoft centrify corporation teamf inc. academic institutions royal institute technology sweden stanford university mit vendors cybersafe offering commercially supported versions.
Kerberos (protocol)	microsoft windows windows later versions use kerberos default authentication method.microsoft additions kerberos suite protocols documented rfc microsoft windows kerberos change password set password protocols.rfc documents microsofts use rc cipher.microsoft uses extends kerberos protocol use mit software.kerberos used preferred authentication method general joining client windows domain means enabling kerberos default protocol authentications client services windows domain domains trust relationships domain.in contrast either client server joined domain part trusted domain environment windows instead use ntlm authentication client server.intranet web applications enforce kerberos authentication method domainjoined clients using apis provided sspi.microsoft windows windows server include setspn commandline utility used read modify delete service principal names spn active directory service account.unix operating systems many unixlike operating systems including freebsd openbsd apples macos red hat enterprise linux oracles solaris ibms aix hpux others include software kerberos authentication users services.
Kerberos (protocol)	variety nonunix like operating systems zos ibm openvms also feature kerberos support.embedded implementation kerberos v authentication protocol client agents network services running embedded platforms also available companies.protocol description client authenticates authentication server forwards username key distribution center kdc.kdc issues ticketgranting ticket tgt time stamped encrypts using ticketgranting services tgs secret key returns encrypted result users workstation.done infrequently typically user logon tgt expires point although may transparently renewed users session manager logged in.when client needs communicate service another node principal kerberos parlance client sends tgt tgs usually shares host kdc.
Kerberos (protocol)	service must already registered tgs service principal name spn.client uses spn request access service.verifying tgt valid user permitted access requested service tgs issues ticket session keys client.client sends ticket service server ss along service request.the protocol described detail below.user clientbased login without kerberos user enters username password client machines.
Kerberos (protocol)	credential mechanisms like pkinit rfc allow use public keys place password.client transforms password key symmetric cipher.either uses builtin key scheduling oneway hash depending ciphersuite used.the server receives username symmetric cipher compares data database.login success cipher matches cipher stored user.client authentication client sends cleartext message user id authentication server requesting services behalf user.
Kerberos (protocol)	note neither secret key password sent as.the checks see client database.generates secret key hashing password user found database e.g.active directory windows server sends back following two messages clientmessage clienttgs session key encrypted using secret key clientuser.message b ticketgrantingticket tgt includes client id client network address ticket validity period clienttgs session key encrypted using secret key tgs.once client receives messages b attempts decrypt message secret key generated password entered user.user entered password match password database clients secret key different thus unable decrypt message a. valid password secret key client decrypts message obtain clienttgs session key.session key used communications tgs.
Kerberos (protocol)	note client cannot decrypt message b encrypted using tgss secret key.point client enough information authenticate tgs.client service authorization requesting services client sends following messages tgsmessage c composed message b encrypted tgt using tgs secret key id requested service.message authenticator composed client id timestamp encrypted using clienttgs session key.upon receiving messages c tgs retrieves message b message c. decrypts message b using tgs secret key.gives clienttgs session key client id tgt.using clienttgs session key tgs decrypts message authenticator compares client ids messages b match server sends following two messages clientmessage e clienttoserver ticket includes client id client network address validity period clientserver session key encrypted using services secret key.message f clientserver session key encrypted clienttgs session key.
Kerberos (protocol)	client service request upon receiving messages e f tgs client enough information authenticate service server ss.client connects ss sends following two messagesmessage e previous step clienttoserver ticket encrypted using services secret key.message g new authenticator includes client id timestamp encrypted using clientserver session key.the ss decrypts ticket message e using secret key retrieve clientserver session key.using sessions key ss decrypts authenticator compares client id messages e g match server sends following message client confirm true identity willingness serve clientmessage h timestamp found clients authenticator plus version necessary version encrypted using clientserver session key.the client decrypts confirmation message h using clientserver session key checks whether timestamp correct.client trust server start issuing service requests server.the server provides requested services client.drawbacks limitations kerberos strict time requirements means clocks involved hosts must synchronized within configured limits.
Kerberos (protocol)	tickets time availability period host clock synchronized kerberos server clock authentication fail.default configuration per mit requires clock times five minutes apart.practice network time protocol daemons usually used keep host clocks synchronized.note servers microsofts implementation one may return krbaperrskew result containing encrypted server time clocks offset greater configured maximum value.case client could retry calculating time using provided server time find offset.
Kerberos (protocol)	behavior documented rfc .the administration protocol standardized differs server implementations.password changes described rfc .in case symmetric cryptography adoption kerberos work using symmetric asymmetric publickey cryptography since authentications controlled centralized key distribution center kdc compromise authentication infrastructure allow attacker impersonate user.each network service requires different host name need set kerberos keys.complicates virtual hosting clusters.kerberos requires user accounts services trusted relationship kerberos token server.the required client trust makes creating staged environments e.g.separate domains test environment preproduction environment production environment difficult either domain trust relationships need created prevent strict separation environment domains additional user clients need provided environment.vulnerabilities data encryption standard des cipher used combination kerberos longer internet standard weak.
Information security operations center	security vulnerabilities exist many legacy products implement kerberos updated use newer ciphers like aes instead des.in november microsoft released patch ms rectify exploitable vulnerability windows implementation kerberos key distribution center kdc.vulnerability purportedly allows users elevate abuse privileges domain level.see also single signonidentity managementspnegoskeysecure remote password protocol srpgeneric security services application program interface gssapihost identity protocol hiplist single signon implementations references generalrfcsrfc kerberos network authentication service v obsoleterfc kerberos version gssapi mechanismrfc encryption checksum specifications kerberos rfc advanced encryption standard aes encryption kerberos rfc kerberos network authentication service v currentrfc kerberos version generic security service application program interface gssapi mechanism version rfc kerberos cryptosystem negotiation extensionrfc public key cryptography initial authentication kerberos pkinitrfc online certificate status protocol ocsp support public key cryptography initial authentication kerberos pkinitrfc rchmac kerberos encryption types used microsoft windows obsoleterfc extended kerberos version key distribution center kdc exchanges tcprfc elliptic curve cryptography ecc support public key cryptography initial authentication kerberos pkinitrfc problem statement crossrealm operation kerberosrfc generic security service application program interface gssapi delegate approved policyrfc additional kerberos naming constraintsrfc anonymity support kerberosrfc generalized framework kerberos preauthenticationrfc using kerberos version transport layer security tls protocolrfc unencrypted form kerberos krbcred messagerfc kerberos version generic security service application program interface gssapi channel binding hash agilityrfc onetime password otp preauthenticationrfc deprecate des rchmacexp weak cryptographic algorithms kerberosrfc kerberos options dhcpvrfc camellia encryption kerberos rfc kerberos principal name canonicalization crossrealm referralsrfc information model kerberos version reading external links kerberos consortiumkerberos page mit websitekerberos working group ietf websitekerberos sequence diagram archived wayback machineheimdalkerberos implementationobjective soc related people processes technologies provide situational awareness detection containment remediation threats order manage enhance organizations security posture.soc handle behalf institution company threatening incident ensure properly identified analyzed communicated investigated reported.soc also monitors applications identify possible cyberattack intrusion event determines genuine malicious threat incident could affect business.regulatory requirements establishing operating soc expensive difficult organisations need good reason it.may includeprotecting sensitive datacomplying industry rules pci dss.complying government rules cesg gpg.
Information security operations center	alternative names security operations center soc also called security defense center sdc security analytics center sac network security operations center nsoc security intelligence center cyber security center threat defense center security intelligence operations center sioc.canadian federal government term infrastructure protection center ipc used describe soc.technology socs typically based around security information event management siem system aggregates correlates data security feeds network discovery vulnerability assessment systems governance risk compliance grc systems web site assessment monitoring systems application database scanners penetration testing tools intrusion detection systems ids intrusion prevention system ips log management systems network behavior analysis cyber threat intelligence wireless intrusion prevention system firewalls enterprise antivirus unified threat management utm.siem technology creates single pane glass security analysts monitor enterprise.people soc staff includes analysts security engineers soc managers seasoned networking professionals.
Information security operations center	usually trained computer engineering cryptography network engineering computer science may credentials cissp giac.soc staffing plans range eight hours day five days week x twenty four hours day seven days week x. shifts include least two analysts responsibilities clearly defined.organization large organizations governments may operate one soc manage different groups information communication technology provide redundancy event one site unavailable.soc work outsourced instance using managed security service.term soc traditionally used governments managed computer security providers although growing number large corporations organizations also centers.the soc network operations center noc complement work tandem.noc usually responsible monitoring maintaining overall network infrastructure primary function ensure uninterrupted network service.
Information security operations center	soc responsible protecting networks well web sites applications databases servers data centers technologies.likewise soc physical security operations center coordinate work together.physical soc facility large organizations security staff monitor control security officersguards alarms cctv physical access lighting vehicle barriers etc.not every soc role.three different focus areas soc may active combined combinationcontrol focusing state security compliancy testing penetration testing vulnerability testing etc.monitoring focusing events response log monitoring siem administration incident responseoperational focusing operational security administration identity access management key management firewall administration etc.in cases soc noc physical soc may housed facility organizationally combined especially focus operational tasks.soc originates cert organisation focus usually monitoring control case soc operates independently noc maintain separation duties.
Information security operations center	typically larger organizations maintain separate soc ensure focus expertise.soc collaborates closely network operations physical security operations.facilities socs usually well protected physical electronic computer personnel security.centers often laid desks facing video wall displays significant status events alarms ongoing incidents corner wall sometimes used showing news weather tv channel keep soc staff aware current events may affect information systems.security engineer security analyst may several computer monitors desk.
Information security operations center	process procedures processes procedures within soc clearly spell roles responsibilities well monitoring procedures.processes include business technology operational analytical processes.lay steps taken event alert breach including escalation procedures reporting procedures breach response procedures.cloudsoc cloud security operations center cloudsoc may set monitor cloud service use within enterprise keep shadow problem control parse audit infrastructure application logs via siem technologies machine data platforms provide alerts details suspicious activity.smart soc smart soc security operations center comprehensive technology agnostic cybersecurity solution utilizes leadingedge technology tools highly skilled experienced human talent composed cyber intelligence gatherers analysts security experts proactive cyberwarfare principles prevent neutralize threats organization’s digital infrastructure assets data.
STRIDE (security)	types references addition many commonly referenced terms related original isoc title including followingsnoc security network operations centerasoc advanced security operations centergsoc global security operations centervsoc virtual security operations center see also data centermanaged security service referencesprovides mnemonic security threats six categories.the threats arespoofingtamperingrepudiationinformation disclosure privacy breach data leakdenial serviceelevation privilegethe stride initially created part process threat modeling.stride model threats used help reason find threats system.used conjunction model target system constructed parallel.includes full breakdown processes data stores data flows trust boundaries.today often used security experts help answer question go wrong system working oneach threat violation desirable property system notes threats repudiation unusual threat viewed security perspective desirable property privacy systems example goldbergs record messaging system.useful demonstration tension security design analysis must sometimes grapple with.elevation privilege often called escalation privilege privilege escalation.
Web traffic	synonymous.see also attack tree – another approach security threat modeling stemming dependency analysiscyber security countermeasuredread risk assessment model – another mnemonic security threatsowasp – organization devoted improving web application security educationcia also known aic – another mnemonic security model build security systems references external links uncover security design flaws using stride approachamount necessarily include traffic generated bots.since mids web traffic largest portion internet traffic.result determined number visitors number pages visit.sites monitor incoming outgoing traffic see parts pages site popular apparent trends one specific page viewed mostly people particular country.many ways monitor traffic gathered data used help structure sites highlight security problems indicate potential lack bandwidth.
Web traffic	web traffic welcomed.some companies offer advertising schemes return increased web traffic visitors pay screen space site.also fake traffic bot traffic generated third party.type traffic damage websites reputation visibility google overall domain authority.sites also often aim increase web traffic inclusion search engines search engine optimization.analysis web analytics measurement behavior visitors website.commercial context especially refers measurement aspects website work towards business objectives internet marketing initiatives example landing pages encourage people make purchase.
Web traffic	notable vendors web analytics software services include google analytics ibm digital analytics formerly coremetrics adobe omniture.several types research done evaluate overall performance website.instance shanshan qi presented framework assess sites technical service performance.however said framework wasnt able measure user satisfaction help key metrics.pages per visitaverage visit durationbounce rateexit pagesnew visitorsreturning visitorsconversion funnelwebmasters get data google analytics key metrics help evaluate website traffic measurement web traffic measured see popularity websites individual pages sections within site.done viewing traffic statistics found web server log file automatically generated list pages served.
Web traffic	hit generated file served.page considered file images also files thus page images could generate hits images page itself.page view generated visitor requests page within website – visitor always generate least one page view main page could generate many more.tracking applications external website record traffic inserting small piece html code every page website.web traffic also sometimes measured packet sniffing thus gaining random samples traffic data extrapolate information web traffic whole across total internet usage.the following types information often collated monitoring web trafficthe number visitors.the average number page views per visitor – high number would indicate average visitors go deep inside site possibly like find useful.average visit duration – total length users visit.rule time spend theyre interested company prone contact.average page duration – long page viewed for.pages viewed better company.domain classes – levels ip addressing information required deliver web pages content.busy times – popular viewing time site would show would best time promotional campaigns would ideal perform maintenancemost requested pages – popular pagesmost requested entry pages – entry page first page viewed visitor shows pages attracting visitorsmost requested exit pages – requested exit pages could help find bad pages broken links exit pages may popular external linktop paths – path sequence pages viewed visitors entry exit top paths identifying way customers go sitereferrers host track apparent source links determine sites generating traffic particular page.websites produce traffic rankings statistics based people access sites using toolbars means online measurements.
Web traffic	difficulty look complete traffic picture site.large sites usually hire services companies nielsen netratings quantcast reports available subscription.control amount traffic seen website measure popularity.analysing statistics visitors possible see shortcomings site look improve areas.also possible increase popularity site number people visit it.
Web traffic	limiting access sometimes important protect parts site password allowing authorized people visit particular sections pages.some site administrators chosen block page specific traffic geographic location.reelection campaign site u.s. president george w. bush georgewbush.com blocked internet users outside u.s. october reported attack site.it also possible limit access web server based number connections bandwidth expended connection.apache http servers accomplished limitipconn module others.search engines majority website traffic driven search engines.millions people use search engines every day research various topics buy products go daily surfing activities.
Web traffic	search engines use keywords help users find relevant information major search engines developed unique algorithm determine websites placed within search results.user clicks one listings search results directed corresponding website data transferred websites server thus counting visitors towards overall flow traffic website.search engine optimization seo ongoing practice optimizing website help improve rankings search engines.several internal external factors involved help improve sites listing within search engines.higher site ranks within search engines particular keyword traffic receive.increasing traffic web traffic increased placement site search engines purchase advertising including bulk email popup ads inpage advertisements.
Web traffic	web traffic also increased purchasing web traffic providers experts delivering targeted traffic however buying traffic past seen many websites penalized search engines.web traffic increased attracting visitors site also encouraging individual visitors linger site viewing many pages visit.see outbrain example practiceif web page listed first pages search odds someone finding diminishes greatly especially competition first page.people go past first page percentage go subsequent pages substantially lower.consequently getting proper placement search engines practice known seo important website itself.. traffic overload much web traffic dramatically slow prevent access website.caused file requests going server handle may intentional attack site simply caused overpopularity.
Web traffic	largescale websites numerous servers often cope traffic required likely smaller services affected traffic overload.sudden traffic load may also hang server may result shutdown services.denial service attacks denialofservice attacks dos attacks forced websites close malicious attack flooding site requests could cope with.viruses also used coordinate largescale distributed denialofservice attacks.sudden popularity sudden burst publicity may accidentally cause web traffic overload.
Web traffic	news item media quickly propagating email link popular site may cause boost visitors sometimes called flash crowd slashdot effect.overall worldwide according mozilla since january half web traffic encrypted https.according estimates cited interactive advertising bureau around one third web traffic generated internet bots malware.see also data mininghit internetinternet trafficpage viewunique userweb traffic generation model references bibliography machlis sharon june .measuring web site traffic computerworld.com – retrieved january matt johnson may .bbc news look case freelance journalist glenn fleishman site linked maccentral – retrieved july
F5, Inc.	notable office locations include spokane washington new york new york boulder colorado london england san jose california san francisco california.fs originally offered application delivery controller adc technology expanded application layer automation multicloud security services.ransomware data leaks ddos attacks businesses sizes arising companies f continued reinvent themselves.majority fs revenue continues attributed hardware products bigip iseries systems company begun offer additional modules proprietary operating system tmos traffic management operating system.modules listed include limited local traffic manager ltm advanced web application firewall awaf dns previously named gtm access policy manager apm.offer organizations running bigip ability deploy load balancing layer application firewalls single signon azure ad active directory ldap okta well enterpriselevel vpns.

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