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Blue Coat Systems	appliances see types encrypted traffic block websites record website traffic.in october u.s. government examined claims made telecomix hacktivist group syria using blue coat systems products internet censorship.telecomix released gb log data alleged taken blue coat web gateway appliances depict search terms including israel proxy blocked country using appliances.company later acknowledged systems used syria asserted equipment sold intermediaries dubai use iraqi governmental agency.despite systems consistently sending heartbeat pings directly back blue coat company claimed monitoring logs identify country appliance communicating.blue coat announced would halt providing updates support services systems operating syria.april bureau industry security announced .
Blue Coat Systems	million civil settlement computerlinks fzco dubai reseller violations export administration regulations related transfer syria blue coat products.the companys devices also used block public viewing certain websites bahrain qatar u.a.e.among others.citizen lab published reports regarding companys devices found countries known using technology violate human rights.identified countries using blue coat devices including known censoring surveilling citizens internet activity china egypt russia venezuela.however remains unclear exactly technologies used experts say tools could empower repressive governments spy opponents.
Web services protocol stack	see also kaleidescape referencesweb service protocol stack typically stacks four protocolsservice transport protocol responsible transporting messages network applications includes protocols http smtp ftp well recent blocks extensible exchange protocol beep.xml messaging protocol responsible encoding messages common xml format understood either end network connection.currently area includes protocols xmlrpc wsaddressing soap.service description protocol used describing public interface specific web service.wsdl interface format typically used purpose.service discovery protocol centralizes services common registry network web services publish location description makes easy discover services available network.universal description discovery integration uddi intended purpose widely adopted.the protocol stack also include range higherlevel protocols business process execution language wsbpel wssecurity security extensions.external links alex nghiem basic web services stackethan cerami top ten faqs web servicesinnoq web services standards q lawrence wilkes updated feb web services protocol stackpavel kulchenko web services acronyms demystified
Operation Earnest Voice	initially program developed psychological weapon later thought directed jihadists across pakistan afghanistan countries middle east.details oev first used iraq.us government signed .million contract ntrepid websecurity company develop specialized software allowing agents government post propaganda foreignlanguage websites.aim initiative use sockpuppets spread proamerican propaganda social networking services based outside united states.main characteristics software stated software development request fifty user operator licenses sockpuppets controllable user.sockpuppets replete background history supporting details cyber presences technically culturally geographically consistent.
Operation Earnest Voice	sockpuppets able appear originate nearly part world.a special secure vpn allowing sockpuppets appear posting randomly selected ip addresses order hide existence operation.fifty static ip addresses enable government agencies manage persistent online personas identities government enterprise organizations protected allow different state agents use sockpuppet easily switch different sockpuppets look like ordinary users opposed one organization.nine private servers based geographic area operations customer operating within allow customers online personas appear originate from.servers use commercial hosting centers around world.virtual machine environments deleted session termination avoid interaction virus worm malicious software.statements uscc commander david petraeus congressional testimony stated operation earnest voice would reach countrys regional audiences traditional media well via web sites regional publicaffairs blogging effort counter extremist ideology propaganda.however successor jim mattis altered program regional blogging fall general uscc publicaffairs activity.would operate blogs petraeus explained bring moderate voices.
Secure Computing Corporation	amplify those.detail detect flag adversary hostile corrosive content opensource web forum engage web administrators show violates web site provider policies.see also statesponsored internet propagandainternet research agencywumao referencesmcafee acquired company .the company also developed filtering systems used governments iran saudi arabia blocks citizens accessing information internet.company history research group called secure computing technology center sctc formed honeywell minneapolis minnesota.centerpiece sctc work securityevaluated operating systems nsa.work included secure ada target sat logical coprocessing kernel lock designed meet stringent level trusted computer systems evaluation criteria tcsec.over next several years secure computing morphed small defense contractor commercial product vendor largely investment community much less interested purchasing security goods defense contractors commercial product vendors especially vendors growing internet space.secure computing became publicly traded company .following pattern internetrelated startups stock price tripled first day opened share closed .
Secure Computing Corporation	price peaked around next several weeks collapsed following year so.ranged roughly afterward company purchased mcafee.the company headquarters moved san jose california though bulk workforce remained twin cities.roseville employees completed move st. paul minnesota february .several sites exist largely result mergers.mergers acquisitions secure computing consisted several merged units one oldest enigma logic inc. started around .
Secure Computing Corporation	bob bosen founder claims created first security token provide challengeresponse authentication.bosen published computer game trs home computer called space raiders used simple challenge response mechanism copy protection.people used mechanism encouraged repackage remote authentication.bosen started enigma logic filed patents – patent issued united kingdom .ultimately challenge portion challenge response eliminated produce onetime password token similar securid product.
Secure Computing Corporation	enigma logic merged secure computing corporation .secure computing acquired smartfilter product line purchasing webster network strategies producer webtrack product .acquisition included domain name webster.com eventually sold publishers websters dictionary.shortly acquiring webstersmartfilter product secure computing merged border network technologies canadian company selling borderware firewall.border network technologies boasted excellent product highly developed set sales channels said sales channels major inducement merger.although plan completely merge borderware product sidewinder offer single product existing users products never quite succeeded.borderware business unit sold new company borderware technologies inc. formed one original borderware founders.by time mergers yielded highly distributed company offices minnesota florida california two three ontario.
Secure Computing Corporation	proved unwieldy company scaled back offices minnesota california.in company took gauntlet firewall product network associates.in secure computing acquired nh makers bess web filtering package.consolidation bess smartfilter bess referred smartfilter bess edition company literature.an acquisition cyberguard announced august approved january .year earlier cyberguard attempted acquire secure computing proposal rejected.largest merger secure computing time resulted addition several product lines including three classes firewalls content protocol filtering systems enterprisewide management system controlling products.several offices also added including cyberguards main facility deerfield beach florida well webwasher development office paderborn germany snapgear development office brisbane australia.in company merged atlantabased ciphertrust developer email security solutions.
Secure Computing Corporation	merger announced july completed august .on july secure computing announced intention sell safeword authentication product line aladdin knowledge systems leaving company business focused webmail security firewalls.sale concluded later year.on september mcafee announced intention acquire secure computing.acquisition completed long afterwards combined company formed worlds largest dedicated security company time.products trustedsource reputation system trustedsource reputation system secure computing obtained part ciphertrust acquisition key technology company enabling product lines global intelligence capability based behavioral analysis traffic patterns companys email web firewall devices hosted services well numerous oem partners.trustedsource derived realtime reputation scores ips urls domains mailweb content based variety data mininganalysis techniques support vector machine random forest termfrequency inversedocument frequency tfidf classifiers.
Secure Computing Corporation	web security companys flagship web security product line secure web appliance formerly known webwasher.provided antimalware protection trustedsource reputationenabled url filtering controls content caching ssl scanning capabilities.in june secure computing launched secure web protection service inthecloud hosted web security service provided similar set features secure web appliance without requiring onpremises equipment software.mail security companys flagship email security product line secure mail appliance formerly known ironmail.provided trustedsource reputationenabled antispam dataleakage protection dlp encryption antimalware capabilities.secure firewalls companys flagship firewall product formerly known sidewinder renamed mcafee firewall enterprise mcafee sold sidewinder forcepoint january .
Secure Computing Corporation	years secure computing antecedent organizations offered following major lines firewall productsfirewall enterprise sidewinder – historically based secureos companys derivative bsdi previously bsdos later based freebsd.secure firewall reportersecure firewall commandcentercyberguardsecure snapgear – embedded system based μclinuxclassic – built unixwaretsp total stream protection – built linuxborderware – sold noted previouslysecurezone – discontinuedfirewall nt – discontinuedgauntlet – built solaris nearly phased outthe sidewinder firewall incorporated technical features highassurance lock system including type enforcement technology later applied selinux.however interaction secure computing open source community spotty due companys ownership patents related type enforcement.sidewinder never really tried achieve tcsec rating earn eal common criteria rating.along sidewinder gauntlet one earliest application layer firewalls developed large customer base united states department defense.gauntlet originally developed trusted information systems tis commercial version tis firewall toolkit early open source firewall package developed darpa contract.use company products governmental censorship opennet initiative studied filtering software used governments block access citizens found secure computings smartfilter program heavily used iranian saudi governments.
Secure Computing Corporation	according secure computing use software iran without consent—u.s.sanctions prohibit american companies dealings iran—and company said actively working stop illegal use.in response company jonathan zittrain codirector harvard law schools berkman center internet society stated fact remains software use extended period time there.weve seen secure computing software turn iran.weve seen saudi arabia well.in new york times reported secure computing one ten companies competing saudi governments contract software block citizens access websites deemed offensive.company already deal saudis due expire .
Secure Computing Corporation	defense secure computing always stated cannot control customers use product sold.according opennet initiatives report saudi governments censorship extensively covers religious social content though sites relating opposition groups regional political human rights issues also targeted.the governments united arab emirates oman sudan tunisia also actively use smartfilter.tunisian government goes far redirect blocked pages fake error page hide fact blocking software used.tunisian government generally recognized poor record comes right free expression.see also forcepoint references external links secure computing corporation web sitecost profile highly assured secure operating system overview lock system.
Wayback Machine	created launched public allows user go back time see websites looked past.founders brewster kahle bruce gilliat developed wayback machine provide universal access knowledge preserving archived copies defunct web pages.launched may wayback machine .million records end .one million web pages added daily.in brewster kahle founder internet archive bruce gilliat graduate student massachusetts institute technology mit developed wayback machine tool creating universally accessible digital library supporting internet archives mission universal access knowledge.history wayback machine began archiving cached web pages may goal making service public five years later.internet archive founders brewster kahle bruce gilliat launched wayback machine san francisco california october primarily address problem website content vanishing whenever gets changed website shut down.
Wayback Machine	service enables users see archived versions web pages across time archive calls threedimensional index.kahle gilliat created machine hoping archive entire internet provide universal access knowledge.name wayback machine reference fictional timetraveling translation device wayback machine used characters mister peabody sherman animated cartoon adventures rocky bullwinkle friends.one cartoons segments peabodys improbable history characters used machine witness participate often alter famous events history.from information kept digital tape kahle occasionally allowing researchers scientists tap clunky database.archive reached fifth anniversary unveiled opened public ceremony university california berkeley.
Wayback Machine	time wayback machine launched already contained billion archived pages.data stored internet archives large cluster linux nodes.revisits archives new versions websites occasion see technical details below.sites also captured manually entering websites url search box provided website allows wayback machine crawl save data.on october wayback machine began factchecking content.january domains ad servers disabled capturing.for internet archives th anniversary wayback machine introduced wayforward machine allowed users travel internet knowledge seige.
Wayback Machine	technical details software developed crawl web download publicly accessible information data files webpages gopher hierarchy netnews usenet bulletin board system downloadable software.information collected crawlers include information available internet since much data restricted publisher stored databases accessible.overcome inconsistencies partially cached websites archiveit.org developed internet archive means allowing institutions content creators voluntarily harvest preserve collections digital content create digital archives.crawls contributed various sources imported third parties others generated internally archive.example crawls contributed sloan foundation alexa crawls run ia behalf nara internet memory foundation mirrors common crawl.worldwide web crawls running since capture global web.documents resources stored time stamp urls .the frequency snapshot captures varies per website.
Wayback Machine	websites worldwide web crawls included crawl list site archived per crawl.crawl take months even years complete depending size.example wide crawl number started january completed july .however may multiple crawls ongoing one time site might included one crawl list often site crawled varies widely.as october users limited archival requests retrievals per minute.storage capacity growth technology developed years storage capacity wayback machine grown.
Wayback Machine	two years public access wayback machine growing rate terabytesmonth.data stored petabox rack systems custom designed internet archive staff.first tb rack became fully operational june although soon became clear would need much storage that.the internet archive migrated customized storage architecture sun open storage hosts new data centre sun modular datacenter sun microsystems california campus.wayback machine contained approximately three petabytes data growing rate terabytes month.a new improved version wayback machine updated interface fresher index archived content made available public testing captures appear calendar layout circles whose width visualizes number crawls day marking duplicates asterisks advanced search page.top toolbar added facilitate navigating captures.
Wayback Machine	bar chart visualizes frequency captures per month years.features like changes summary graphical site map added subsequently.in march year said wayback machine forum beta new wayback machine complete uptodate index crawled materials continue updated regularly.index driving classic wayback machine little bit material past index updates planned phased year.also internet archive installed sixth pair petabox racks increased wayback machines storage capacity terabytes.in january company announced groundbreaking milestone billion urls.in october company introduced save page feature allows internet user archive contents url quickly generates permanent link unlike preceding liveweb feature.in december wayback machine contained billion web pages—almost nine petabytes data growing terabytes week.in march published security researchers became aware threat posed services unintentional hosting malicious binaries archived sites.in july wayback machine reportedly contained around petabytes data.in september wayback machine contained petabytes data.as december wayback machine contained petabytes data.between october march websites global alexa rank changed .march rank .
Wayback Machine	website exclusion policy historically wayback machine respected robots exclusion standard robots.txt determining website would crawled – already crawled archives would publicly viewable.website owners option optout wayback machine use robots.txt.applied robots.txt rules retroactively site blocked internet archive previously archived pages domain immediately rendered unavailable well.addition internet archive stated sometimes website owner contact us directly ask us stop crawling archiving site.comply requests.
Wayback Machine	addition website says internet archive interested preserving offering access web sites internet documents persons want materials collection.on april reports surfaced sites gone defunct became parked domains using robots.txt exclude search engines resulting inadvertently excluded wayback machine.internet archive changed policy require explicit exclusion request remove wayback machine.oakland archive policy waybacks retroactive exclusion policy based part upon recommendations managing removal requests preserving archival integrity published school information management systems university california berkeley gives website owner right block access sites archives.wayback complied policy help avoid expensive litigation.the wayback retroactive exclusion policy began relax stopped honoring robots.txt u.s. government military web sites crawling displaying web pages.april wayback ignoring robots.txt broadly u.s. government websites.
Wayback Machine	uses public launch wayback machine studied scholars ways stores collects data well actual pages contained archive.scholars written articles wayback machine mostly information technology library science social science fields.social science scholars used wayback machine analyze development websites mids present affected companys growth.when wayback machine archives page usually includes hyperlinks keeping links active easily could broken internets instability.researchers india studied effectiveness wayback machines ability save hyperlinks online scholarly publications found saved slightly half them.journalists use wayback machine view dead websites dated news reports changes website contents.content used hold politicians accountable expose battlefield lies.
Wayback Machine	archived social media page igor girkin separatist rebel leader ukraine showed boasting troops shot suspected ukrainian military airplane became known plane actually civilian malaysian airlines jet malaysia airlines flight deleted post blamed ukraines military downing plane.march science originated discussion reddit indicated someone visited archive.org discovered references climate change deleted white house website.response user commented needs scientists march washington.furthermore site used heavily verification providing access references content creation wikipedia editors.in september partnership announced cloudflare automatically archive websites served via always online service also allow direct users copy site cannot reach original host.limitations sixmonth lag time website crawled became available viewing wayback machine.currently lag time hours.
Wayback Machine	wayback machine offers limited search facilities.site search feature allows users find site based words describing site rather words found web pages themselves.the wayback machine include every web page ever made due limitations web crawler.wayback machine cannot completely archive web pages contain interactive features flash platforms forms written javascript progressive web applications functions require interaction host website.means since june wayback machine unable display youtube comments saving youtube pages according archive team comments longer loaded within page itself.wayback machines web crawler difficulty extracting anything coded html one variants often result broken hyperlinks missing images.
Wayback Machine	due web crawler cannot archive orphan pages linked pages.wayback machines crawler follows predetermined number hyperlinks based preset depth limit cannot archive every hyperlink every page.starting april administrative staff members wayback machines archive team enforced quarter month rule occasionally deleting time intervals days days month respectively reduce queue size.legal evidence civil litigation netbula llc v. chordiant software inc. case netbula llc v. chordiant software inc. defendant chordiant filed motion compel netbula disable robots.txt file website causing wayback machine retroactively remove access previous versions pages archived netbulas site pages chordiant believed would support case.netbula objected motion ground defendants asking alter netbulas website subpoenaed internet archive pages directly.employee internet archive filed sworn statement supporting chordiants motion however stating could produce web pages means without considerable burden expense disruption operations.magistrate judge howard lloyd northern district california san jose division rejected netbulas arguments ordered disable robots.txt blockage temporarily order allow chordiant retrieve archived pages sought.telewizja polska usa inc. v. echostar satellite october case telewizja polska usa inc. v. echostar satellite no.
Wayback Machine	c fed.r. evid.serv.n.d. ill. october litigant attempted use wayback machine archives source admissible evidence perhaps first time.telewizja polska provider tvp polonia echostar operates dish network.
Wayback Machine	prior trial proceedings echostar indicated intended offer wayback machine snapshots proof past content telewizja polskas website.telewizja polska brought motion limine suppress snapshots grounds hearsay unauthenticated source magistrate judge arlander keys rejected telewizja polskas assertion hearsay denied tvps motion limine exclude evidence trial.trial however district court judge ronald guzman trial judge overruled magistrate keys findings held neither affidavit internet archive employee underlying pages i.e.telewizja polska website admissible evidence.judge guzman reasoned employees affidavit contained hearsay inconclusive supporting statements purported web page printouts selfauthenticating.
Wayback Machine	patent law provided additional requirements met e.g.providing authoritative statement archivist united states patent office european patent office accept date stamps internet archive evidence given web page accessible public.dates used determine web page available prior art instance examining patent application.limitations utility technical limitations archiving website consequence opposing parties litigation misuse results provided website archives.problem exacerbated practice submitting screenshots web pages complaints answers expert witness reports underlying links exposed therefore contain errors.
Wayback Machine	example archives wayback machine fill forms therefore include contents nonrestful ecommerce databases archives.legal status europe wayback machine could interpreted violating copyright laws.content creator decide content published duplicated archive would delete pages system upon request creator.exclusion policies wayback machine may found faq section site.some cases brought internet archive specifically wayback machine archiving efforts.archived content legal issues scientology late internet archive removed various sites critical scientology wayback machine.
Wayback Machine	error message stated response request site owner.later clarified lawyers church scientology demanded removal site owners want material removed.healthcare advocates inc. harding earley follmer frailey defended client trademark dispute using archives wayback machine.attorneys able demonstrate claims made plaintiff invalid based content website several years prior.plaintiff healthcare advocates amended complaint include internet archive accusing organization copyright infringement well violations dmca computer fraud abuse act.
Wayback Machine	healthcare advocates claimed since installed robots.txt file website even initial lawsuit filed archive removed previous copies plaintiff website wayback machine however material continued publicly visible wayback.lawsuit settled court wayback fixed problem.suzanne shell activist suzanne shell filed suit december demanding internet archive pay us archiving website profanejustice.org .internet archive filed declaratory judgment action united states district court northern district california january seeking judicial determination internet archive violate shells copyright.shell responded brought countersuit internet archive archiving site alleges violation terms service.
Wayback Machine	february judge united states district court district colorado dismissed counterclaims except breach contract.internet archive move dismiss copyright infringement claims shell asserted arising copying activities would also go forward.on april internet archive suzanne shell jointly announced settlement lawsuit.internet archive said ...has interest including materials wayback machine persons wish web content archived.recognize ms. shell valid enforceable copyright web site regret inclusion web site wayback machine resulted litigation.shell said respect historical value internet archives goal.
Wayback Machine	never intended interfere goal cause harm.daniel davydiuk pornographic actor named daniel davydiuk tried remove archived images wayback machines archive first sending multiple dmca requests archive appealing federal court canada.flexispy archives stalkerware application flexispys website removed wayback machine.company claimed contacted internet archive presumably remove archives website.censorship threats archive.org currently blocked china.
Wayback Machine	islamic state terrorist organization banned internet archive blocked entirety russia host outreach video organization short time –.since website back available entirety although local commercial lobbyists suing internet archive local court ban copyright grounds.alison macrina director library freedom project notes librarians deeply value individual privacy also strongly oppose censorship.there least one case article removed archive shortly removed original website.daily beast reporter written article outed several gay olympian athletes made fake profile posing gay man dating app.daily beast removed article met widespread furor long internet archive soon well emphatically stated reason protect safety outed athletes.other threats include natural disasters destruction remote physical manipulation archives contents see also cyberattack backup problematic copyright laws surveillance sites users.alexander rose executive director long foundation suspects long term multiple generations next nothing survive useful way stating continuity technological civilization suspect lot bare data remain findable searchable.suspect almost nothing format delivered recognizable sites deep backends contentmanagement systems like drupal ruby django harder archive.in article reflecting preservation human knowledge atlantic commented internet archive describes built longterm working furiously capture data disappears without longterm infrastructure speak of.
Wayback Machine	see also list web archiving initiativesheritrixlibrary genesisweb archivingtime capsuletime travel references external links official website internet history fragile.archive making sure doesn’t disappear.san francisco pbs newshour.archived original january .retrieved september .
IT security standards	environment includes users networks devices software processes information storage transit applications services systems connected directly indirectly networks.principal objective reduce risks including preventing mitigating cyberattacks.published materials consist tools policies security concepts security safeguards guidelines risk management approaches actions training best practices assurance technologies.history cybersecurity standards existed several decades users providers collaborated many domestic international forums effect necessary capabilities policies practices – generally emerging work stanford consortium research information security policy s.a us security framework adoption study reported surveyed organizations nist cybersecurity framework popular best practice information technology computer security many note requires significant investment.crossborder cyberexfiltration operations law enforcement agencies counter international criminal activities dark web raise complex jurisdictional questions remain extent unanswered.
IT security standards	tensions domestic law enforcement efforts conduct crossborder cyberexfiltration operations international jurisdiction likely continue provide improved cybersecurity norms.international standards subsections detail international standards related cybersecurity.isoiec isoiec part growing isoiec family standards information security management system isms standard last revision published october international organization standardization iso international electrotechnical commission iec.full name isoiec – information technology – security techniques – information security management systems – requirements.isoiec formally specifies management system intended bring information security explicit management control.isoiec incorporates part bs good security management practice standard.latest version bs bs .
IT security standards	sometimes isoiec therefore referred iso bs part sometimes refers part part .bs part provides outline good practice guide cybersecurity management whereas bs part isoiec normative therefore provide framework certification.isoiec highlevel guide cybersecurity.beneficial explanatory guidance management organisation obtain certification isoiec standard.certification obtained lasts three years.
IT security standards	depending auditing organisation intermediate audits may carried three years.isoiec isms replaces bs part since backwards compatible organization working toward bs part easily transition isoiec certification process.also transitional audit available make easier organization bs part certified organization become isoiec certified.isoiec provides best practice recommendations information security management use responsible initiating implementing maintaining information security management systems isms.states information security systems required implement isoiec control objectives.without isoiec isoiec control objectives ineffective.
IT security standards	isoiec controls objectives incorporated iso annex a.isoiec ssecmm – isoiec international standard based systems security engineering capability maturity model ssecmm measure maturity iso controls objectives.iso standard develops called “common criteria”.allows many different software hardware products integrated tested secure way.iec iec cybersecurity standard defines processes techniques requirements industrial automation control systems iacs.documents result iec standards creation process national committees involved agree upon common standard.
IT security standards	iec standards technical reports organized four general categories called general policies procedures system component.the first category includes foundational information concepts models terminology.the second category work products targets asset owner.address various aspects creating maintaining effective iacs security program.the third category includes work products describe system design guidelines requirements secure integration control systems.core zone conduit design model.the fourth category includes work products describe specific product development technical requirements control system products.isosae isosae road vehicles cybersecurity engineering new cybersecurity standard jointly developed iso sae working groups.proposes cybersecurity measures development lifecycle road vehicles.
IT security standards	standard published august .the standard related european union eu regulation cyber security currently developed.coordination eu unece developing certification cyber security management system csms mandatory type approval vehicles.isosae technical standard automotive development demonstrate compliance regulations.a derivative work unece wp provides regulations vehicle cybersecurity software updates.etsi en etsi en standard provides set baseline requirements security consumer internet things iot devices.contains technical controls organizational policies developers manufacturers internetconnected consumer devices.
IT security standards	standard released june intended complemented specific standards.many consumer iot devices handle personally identifiable information pii implementing standard helps complying general data protection regulation gdpr eu.the cybersecurity provisions european standard areno universal default passwordsimplement means manage reports vulnerabilitieskeep software updatedsecurely store sensitive security parameterscommunicate securelyminimize exposed attack surfacesensure software integrityensure personal data securemake systems resilient outagesexamine system telemetry datamake easy users delete user datamake installation maintenance devices easyvalidate input dataconformance assessment baseline requirements via standard ts allows selfcertification certification another group.national standards subsections detail national standards frameworks related cybersecurity.nerc initial attempt create information security standards electrical power industry created nerc known nerc css cyber security standards.subsequent css guidelines nerc evolved enhanced requirements.
IT security standards	widely recognized modern nerc security standard nerc modificationupdate nerc .newest version nerc called cip cip cipcritical infrastructure protection.standards used secure bulk electric systems although nerc created standards within areas.bulk electric system standards also provide network security administration still supporting bestpractice industry processes.nist nist cybersecurity framework nist csf provides high level taxonomy cybersecurity outcomes methodology assess manage outcomes.
IT security standards	intended help private sector organizations provide critical infrastructure guidance protect along relevant protections privacy civil liberties.special publication provides broad overview computer security control areas.also emphasizes importance security controls ways implement them.initially document aimed federal government although practices document applied private sector well.specifically written people federal government responsible handling sensitive systems.special publication describes common security principles used.
IT security standards	provides highlevel description incorporated within computer security policy.describes done improve existing security well develop new security practice.eight principles fourteen practices described within document.special publication provides advice manage security.superseded nist sp rev.
IT security standards	document emphasizes importance selfassessments well risk assessments.special publication updated provides new risk approach guide applying risk management framework federal information systemsspecial publication rev security privacy controls federal information systems organizations published april updated include updates january specifically addresses security controls applied system make secure.special publication digital identity guidelines published june updated include updates december provides guidelines implementing digital identity services including identity proofing registration authentication users.special publication revision guide industrial control system ics security revised may describes secure multiple types industrial control systems cyberattacks considering performance reliability safety requirements specific ics.fips series federal information processing standards fips u.s. government computer security standards specify requirements cryptography modules.fips fips accepted current active.
IT security standards	cyber essentials cyber essentials united kingdom government information assurance scheme operated national cyber security centre ncsc.encourages organizations adopt good practice information security.cyber essentials also includes assurance framework simple set security controls protect information threats coming internet.bsi itgrundschutz federal office information security german bundesamt für sicherheit der informationstechnik abbreviated bsi standards elementary component baseline protection german itgrundschutz methodology.contain recommendations methods processes procedures well approaches measures various aspects information security.
IT security standards	users public authorities companies well manufacturers service providers use bsi standards make business processes data secure.bsi standard covers business continuity management bcm.bsi standard defines general requirements information security management system isms.compatible iso considers recommendations iso standards iso .bsi standard forms basis bsis methodology establishing sound information security management system isms.establishes three procedures implementing baseline protection.bsi standard bundles riskrelated steps implementation baseline protection.industryspecific standards subsections detail cybersecurity standards frameworks related specific industries.pci dss payment card industry data security standard pci dss information security standard organizations handle branded credit cards major card schemes.
IT security standards	pci standard mandated card brands administered payment card industry security standards council.standard created increase controls around cardholder data reduce credit card fraud.ul ul series standards published ul.standards include general cybersecurity requirements ul well specific requirements medical products ul industrial systems ul security life safety signalling systems ul .ul requires manufacturers described documented attack surface technologies used products.requires threat modeling based intended use deployment environment.
IT security standards	standard requires implementation effective security measures protect sensitive personal data well assets command control data.also requires security vulnerabilities software eliminated security principles defenceindepth followed security software verified penetration testing.see also chief information security officercomputer securitycontrol system securityinformation securityinformation assurance notes references department homeland security comparison cyber security standards developed oil gas segment.november guttman m. swanson m. national institute standards technology technology administration u.s. department commerce.generally accepted principles practices securing information technology systems –.
IT security standards	september national institute standards technology technology administration u.s. department commerce.introduction computer security nist handbook special publication .swanson m. national institute standards technology technology administration u.s. department commerce.security selfassessment guide information technology systems –.grassi p. garcia m. fenton j.national institute standards technology u.s. department commerce.
IT security standards	digital identity guidelines .stouffer k. pillitteri v. lightman s. abrams m. hahn a. national institute standards technology u.s. department commerce.guide industrial control systems ics security –.north american electric reliability council nerc.http retrieved november .
Mobile security	federal financial institutions examination council ffiec.https retrieved april .external links iec cyber securityiso information securitynerc cip standardspresentation professor william sanders university illinoisglobal cybersecurity policy conferencea minute guide nist cybersecurity frameworkfederal financial institutions examination councils ffiec web sitecis critical security controlsbecome increasingly important mobile computing.particular concern security personal business information stored smartphones.more users businesses use smartphones communicate also plan organize users work also private life.within companies technologies causing profound changes organization information systems therefore become source new risks.indeed smartphones collect compile increasing amount sensitive information access must controlled protect privacy user intellectual property company.all smartphones computers preferred targets attacks.devices family photos pictures pets passwords more.
Mobile security	attackers items digital passport access everything would need know person.attacks mobile devices rise.attacks exploit weaknesses inherent smartphones come communication mode—like short message service sms aka text messaging multimedia messaging service mms wifi bluetooth gsm de facto global standard mobile communications.also exploits target software vulnerabilities browser operating system malicious software relies weak knowledge average user.security countermeasures developed applied smartphones security different layers software dissemination information end users.good practices observed levels design use development operating systems software layers downloadable apps.
Mobile security	challenges smartphone mobile security threats smartphone user exposed various threats use phone.last twoquarters number unique mobile threats grew according abi research.threats disrupt operation smartphone transmit modify user data.applications must guarantee privacy integrity information handle.addition since apps could malware functionality activities limited example restricting apps accessing location information via gps blocking access users address book preventing transmission data network sending sms messages billed user etc.. since recent rise mobile attacks hackers increasingly targeted smartphones credential theft snooping.
Mobile security	number attacks targeting smartphones devices risen percent.according study mobile banking applications responsible increase attacks.malware distributed attackers take targets transaction information rights log money.various types malware also developed antidetection techniques avoid detection.triade malware comes preinstalled mobile devices.
Mobile security	addition haddad lotoor exploits vulnerabilities system repackage legitimate applications.devices also vulnerable due spyware leaky behaviors applications.devices connected public networks risk attacks.mobile devices also effective conveyance systems malware threats breaches information thefts.potential attackers looking possible weak points apples iphone first android devices came onto market.
Mobile security	department homeland securitys cybersecurity department claims number vulnerable points smartphone operating systems increased.mobile phones connected utilities appliances hackers cybercriminals even intelligence officials access devices.it became increasingly popular let employees use devices workrelated purposes .crowd research partners study published reports businesses mandated use mobile devices subjected malware attacks breaches.become common rogue applications installed user devices without users permission.breach privacy hinders effectiveness devices.
Mobile security	well affecting device hidden malware harmful.mobile malware developed exploit vulnerabilities mobile devices.ransomware worms botnets trojans viruses types.since introduction mobile banking apps apps vital targets hackers malware rampant.trojandroppers also avoid detection malware.
Mobile security	attackers use malware device able avoid detection hiding malicious code.despite fact malware inside device change dropper generates new hashes time.additionally droppers also create multitude files lead creation viruses.android mobile devices prone trojandroppers.banking trojans also enable attacks banking applications phone leads theft data use stealing money funds.
Mobile security	additionally jailbreaks ios devices work disabling signing codes iphones applications downloaded app store operated.way protection layers offered ios disrupted exposing device malware.outside applications dont run sandbox result exposes potential security problems.installing malicious credentials virtual private networks direct information malicious systems attack vectors developed change mobile devices configuration settings.addition spyware tends installed mobile devices order track individual.
Mobile security	target devices installed apps without owners permission knowledge.wifi interference technologies also attack mobile devices potentially insecure networks.compromising network hackers able gain access key data.vpn hand used secure networks.soon system threatened active vpn operate.
Mobile security	also social engineering techniques phishing.phishing unsuspecting victims sent links lead malicious websites.attackers hack victims device copy information.however mobile device attacks prevented technologies.containerization example allows creation hardware infrastructure separates business data data.
Mobile security	detecting malicious traffic rogue access points network protection.data security also ensured authentication.there three prime targets attackersdata smartphones devices data management may contain sensitive data like credit card numbers authentication information private information activity logs calendar call logsidentity smartphones highly customizable device contents easily associated specific person.availability attacking smartphone limit access deprive owner use.there number threats mobile devices including annoyance stealing money invading privacy propagation malicious tools.vulnerability mobile devices weak spot allow attacker decrease systems security.three elements intercepts vulnerability occurs system weakness attacker access flaw attacker competence exploit flaw.botnets attackers infect multiple machines malware victims generally acquire via email attachments compromised applications websites.malware gives hackers remote control zombie devices instructed perform harmful acts.malicious applications hackers upload malicious programs games thirdparty smartphone application marketplaces.
Mobile security	programs steal personal information open backdoor communication channels install additional applications cause problems.malicious links social networks effective way spread malware hackers place trojans spyware backdoors.spyware hackers use hijack phones allowing hear calls see text messages emails well track someones location gps updates.the source attacks actors found nonmobile computing spaceprofessionals whether commercial military focus three targets mentioned above.steal sensitive data general public well undertake industrial espionage.also use identity attacked achieve attacksthieves want gain income data identities stolen.thieves attack many people increase potential incomeblack hat hackers specifically attack availability.goal develop viruses cause damage device.
Mobile security	cases hackers interest stealing data devices.grey hat hackers reveal vulnerabilities.goal expose vulnerabilities device.grey hat hackers intend damaging device stealing data.consequences smartphone infected attacker attacker attempt several thingsthe attacker manipulate smartphone zombie machine say machine attacker communicate send commands used send unsolicited messages spam via sms emailthe attacker easily force smartphone make phone calls.example one use api library contains basic functions present smartphone phonemakecall microsoft collects telephone numbers source yellow pages call them.
Mobile security	attacker also use method call paid services resulting charge owner smartphone.also dangerous smartphone could call emergency services thus disrupt servicesa compromised smartphone record conversations user others send third party.cause user privacy industrial security problemsan attacker also steal users identity usurp identity copy users sim card even telephone thus impersonate owner.raises security concerns countries smartphones used place orders view bank accounts used identity cardthe attacker reduce utility smartphone discharging battery.example launch application run continuously smartphone processor requiring lot energy draining battery.
Mobile security	one factor distinguishes mobile computing traditional desktop pcs limited performance.frank stajano ross anderson first described form attack calling attack battery exhaustion sleep deprivation torturethe attacker prevent operation andor starting smartphone making unusable.attack either delete boot scripts resulting phone without functioning os modify certain files make unusable e.g.script launches startup forces smartphone restart even embed startup application would empty batterythe attacker remove personal photos music videos etc.professional data contacts calendars notes user.
Mobile security	attacks based communication attack based sms mms attacks derive flaws management sms mms.some mobile phone models problems managing binary sms messages.possible sending illformed block cause phone restart leading denial service attacks.user siemens received text message containing chinese character would lead denial service.in another case standard requires maximum size nokia mail address characters nokia phones verify standard user enters email address characters leads complete dysfunction email handler puts commission.attack called curse silence.a study safety sms infrastructure revealed sms messages sent internet used perform distributed denial service ddos attack mobile telecommunications infrastructure big city.attack exploits delays delivery messages overload network.another potential attack could begin phone sends mms phones attachment.
Mobile security	attachment infected virus.upon receipt mms user choose open attachment.opened phone infected virus sends mms infected attachment contacts address book.realworld example attack virus commwarrior uses address book sends mms messages including infected file recipients.user installs software received via mms message.
Mobile security	virus began send messages recipients taken address book.attacks based communication networks attacks based gsm networks attacker may try break encryption mobile network.gsm network encryption algorithms belong family algorithms called a. due policy security obscurity possible openly test robustness algorithms.originally two variants algorithm stream ciphers former designed relatively strong latter designed weak purpose allow easy cryptanalysis eavesdropping.etsi forced countries typically outside europe use a. since encryption algorithm made public proved possible break encryption could broken fly hours .
Mobile security	july gpp approved change request prohibit implementation new mobile phones means decommissioned longer implemented mobile phones.stronger public algorithms added gsm standard block ciphers otherwise known kasumi uea published etsi.network support algorithm implemented phone base station specify null algorithm whereby radio traffic sent unencrypted.even case mobile phones able use g g much stronger encryption g gsm base station downgrade radio communication g gsm specify encryption .basis eavesdropping attacks mobile radio networks using fake base station commonly called imsi catcher.in addition tracing mobile terminals difficult since time mobile terminal accessing accessed network new temporary identity tmsi allocated mobile terminal.
Mobile security	tmsi used identity mobile terminal next time accesses network.tmsi sent mobile terminal encrypted messages.once encryption algorithm gsm broken attacker intercept unencrypted communications made victims smartphone.attacks based wifi attacker try eavesdrop wifi communications derive information e.g.username password.type attack unique smartphones vulnerable attacks often wifi means communication access internet.
Mobile security	security wireless networks wlan thus important subject.initially wireless networks secured wep keys.weakness wep short encryption key connected clients.addition several reductions search space keys found researchers.wireless networks protected wpa security protocol.wpa based temporal key integrity protocol tkip designed allow migration wep wpa equipment already deployed.
Mobile security	major improvements security dynamic encryption keys.small networks wpa preshared key based shared key.encryption vulnerable length shared key short.limited opportunities input i.e.numeric keypad mobile phone users might define short encryption keys contain numbers.
Mobile security	increases likelihood attacker succeeds bruteforce attack.successor wpa called wpa supposed safe enough withstand brute force attack.free wifi usually provided organizations airports coffee shops restaurants number reasons.addition spending time premises wifi access helps stay productive.likely theyll end spending money spend time premises.
Mobile security	enhancing customer tracking another reason.lot restaurants coffee shops compile data customers target advertisements directly devices.means customers know services facility provides.generally individuals filter business premises based internet connections another reason gain competitive edge.ability access free fast wifi gives business edge not.
Mobile security	network security responsibility organizations.numerous risks associated unsecured wifi networks however.maninthemiddle attack entails interception modification data parties.additionally malware distributed via free wifi network hackers exploit software vulnerabilities smuggle malware onto connected devices.also possible eavesdrop sniff wifi signals using special software devices capturing login credentials hijacking accounts.as gsm attacker succeeds breaking identification key possible attack phone also entire network connected to.many smartphones wireless lans remember already connected mechanism prevents user reidentify connection.
Mobile security	however attacker could create wifi access point twin parameters characteristics real network.using fact smartphones remember networks could confuse two networks connect network attacker intercept data transmit data encrypted form.lasco worm initially infects remote device using sis file format.sis file format software installation script script file executed system without user interaction.smartphone thus believes file come trusted source downloads infecting machine.principle bluetoothbased attacks security issues related bluetooth mobile devices studied shown numerous problems different phones.
Mobile security	one easy exploit vulnerability unregistered services require authentication vulnerable applications virtual serial port used control phone.attacker needed connect port take full control device.another example phone must within reach bluetooth discovery mode.attacker sends file via bluetooth.recipient accepts virus transmitted.
Mobile security	example cabir worm spreads via bluetooth connection.worm searches nearby phones bluetooth discoverable mode sends target device.user must accept incoming file install program.installing worm infects machine.attacks based vulnerabilities software applications attacks based flaws os applications phone.
Mobile security	web browser mobile web browser emerging attack vector mobile devices.common web browsers mobile web browsers extended pure web navigation widgets plugins completely native mobile browsers.jailbreaking iphone firmware .. based entirely vulnerabilities web browser.result exploitation vulnerability described underlines importance web browser attack vector mobile devices.case vulnerability based stackbased buffer overflow library used web browser libtiff.a vulnerability web browser android discovered october .iphone vulnerability due obsolete vulnerable library.
Mobile security	significant difference iphone vulnerability androids sandboxing architecture limited effects vulnerability web browser process.smartphones also victims classic piracy related web phishing malicious websites software run background etc.big difference smartphones yet strong antivirus software available.the internet offers numerous interactive features ensure higher engagement rate capture relevant data increase brand loyalty.blogs forums social networks wikis common interactive websites.due tremendous growth internet rapid rise number security breaches experienced individuals businesses past years.
Mobile security	users balance need utilize interactive features also maintaining caution regarding security issues several ways.reviewing computer security regularly correcting upgrading replacing necessary features ways this.installation antivirus antispyware programs effective way protecting computer offer protection malware spyware viruses.well use firewalls typically installed internet computer network order find balance.acting web server firewall prevents external users accessing internal computer system.
Mobile security	also secure passwords sharing help maintain balance.operating system sometimes possible overcome security safeguards modifying operating system itself.realworld examples section covers manipulation firmware malicious signature certificates.attacks difficult.in vulnerabilities virtual machines running certain devices revealed.possible bypass bytecode verifier access native underlying operating system.
Mobile security	results research published detail.firmware security nokias symbian platform security architecture psa based central configuration file called swipolicy.possible manipulate nokia firmware installed fact downloadable versions file humanreadable possible modify change image firmware.vulnerability solved update nokia.in theory smartphones advantage hard drives since os files rom cannot changed malware.however systems possible circumvent symbian os possible overwrite file file name.
Mobile security	windows os possible change pointer general configuration file editable file.when application installed signing application verified series certificates.one create valid signature without using valid certificate add list.symbian os certificates directory cresourceswicertstoredat.firmware changes explained easy insert seemingly valid malicious certificate.attacks based hardware vulnerabilities electromagnetic waveforms researchers french government agency agence nationale de la sécurité des systèmes dinformation anssi demonstrated capability trigger voice interface certain smartphones remotely using specific electromagnetic waveforms.
Mobile security	exploit took advantage antennaproperties headphone wires plugged audiooutput jacks vulnerable smartphones effectively spoofed audio input inject commands via audio interface.juice jacking juice jacking physical hardware vulnerability specific mobile platforms.utilizing dual purpose usb charge port many devices susceptible data exfiltrated malware installed onto mobile device utilizing malicious charging kiosks set public places hidden normal charge adapters.jailbreaking rooting jailbreaking also physical access vulnerability mobile device users initiate hack devices unlock exploit weaknesses operating system.mobile device users take control device jailbreaking customize interface installing applications change system settings allowed devices.
Mobile security	thus allowing tweak mobile devices operating systems processes run programs background thus devices expose variety malicious attack lead compromise important private data.password cracking researcher university pennsylvania investigated possibility cracking devices password smudge attack literally imaging finger smudges screen discern users password.researchers able discern device password time certain conditions.outsiders may perform overtheshoulder victims watching specific keystrokes pattern gestures unlock device password passcode.malicious software malware smartphones permanent point access internet mostly compromised easily computers malware.
Mobile security	malware computer program aims harm system resides.mobile malware variants increased year .trojans worms viruses considered malware.trojan program smartphone allows external users connect discreetly.worm program reproduces multiple computers across network.
Mobile security	virus malicious software designed spread computers inserting legitimate programs running programs parallel.however must said malware far less numerous important smartphones computers.nonetheless recent studies show evolution malware smartphones rocketed last years posing threat analysis detection.three phases malware attacks typically attack smartphone made malware takes place phases infection host accomplishment goal spread malware systems.malware often uses resources offered infected smartphones.use output devices bluetooth infrared may also use address book email address person infect users acquaintances.
Mobile security	malware exploits trust given data sent acquaintance.infection infection means used malware get smartphone either use one faults previously presented may use gullibility user.infections classified four classes according degree user interactionexplicit permissionthe benign interaction ask user allowed infect machine clearly indicating potential malicious behavior.typical behavior proof concept malware.implied permissionthis infection based fact user habit installing software.trojans try seduce user installing attractive applications games useful applications etc.
Mobile security	actually contain malware.common interactionthis infection related common behavior opening mms email.no interactionthe last class infection dangerous.indeed worm could infect smartphone could infect smartphones without interaction would catastrophic.accomplishment goal malware infected phone also seek accomplish goal usually one following monetary damage damage data andor device concealed damagemonetary damagesthe attacker steal user data either sell user sell third party.damagemalware partially damage device delete modify data device.concealed damagethe two aforementioned types damage detectable malware also leave backdoor future attacks even conduct wiretaps.spread systems malware infected smartphone always aims spread one way anotherit spread proximate devices using wifi bluetooth infraredit also spread using remote networks telephone calls sms emails.examples malware various malware exist world smartphones short description each.
Mobile security	viruses trojans cabir also known caribe sybmoscabir symbiancabir epoc.cabir name computer worm developed designed infect mobile phones running symbian os.believed first computer worm infect mobile phonescommwarrior found march first worm infect many machines mms.sent commwarrior.zip containing file commwarrior.sis.file executed commwarrior attempts connect nearby devices bluetooth infrared random name.attempts send mms message contacts smartphone different header messages person receive mms often open without verification.phage first palm os virus discovered.
Mobile security	transfers palm pc via synchronization.infects applications smartphone embeds code function without user system detecting it.system detect usual applications functioning.redbrowser trojan based java.trojan masquerades program called redbrowser allows user visit wap sites without wap connection.application installation user sees request phone application needs permission send messages.
Mobile security	user accepts redbrowser send sms paid call centers.program uses smartphones connection social networks facebook twitter etc.get contact information users acquaintances provided required permissions given send messages.wince.pmcryptic.a malicious software windows mobile aims earn money authors.uses infestation memory cards inserted smartphone spread effectively.cardtrap virus available different types smartphone aims deactivate system third party applications.works replacing files used start smartphone applications prevent executing.

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