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Komodo dragon	komodo dragons observed knocking large pigs deer strong tails.able locate carcasses using keen sense smell locate dead dying animal range .km .mi.komodo dragons eat tearing large chunks flesh swallowing whole holding carcass forelegs.smaller prey size goat loosely articulated jaws flexible skulls expandable stomachs allow swallow prey whole.
Komodo dragon	undigested vegetable contents prey animals stomach intestines typically avoided.copious amounts red saliva komodo dragons produce help lubricate food swallowing still long process – minutes swallow goat.komodo dragon may attempt speed process ramming carcass tree force throat sometimes ramming forcefully tree knocked down.small tube tongue connects lungs allows breathe swallowing.after eating body weight one meal drags sunny location speed digestion food could rot poison dragon left undigested stomach long.slow metabolism large dragons survive meals year.
Komodo dragon	digestion komodo dragon regurgitates mass horns hair teeth known gastric pellet covered malodorous mucus.regurgitating gastric pellet rubs face dirt bushes get rid mucus suggesting relish scent excretions.the eating habits komodo dragons follow hierarchy larger animals generally eating smaller ones.largest male typically asserts dominance smaller males show submission use body language rumbling hisses.dragons equal size may resort wrestling.losers usually retreat though known killed eaten victors.the komodo dragons diet wideranging includes invertebrates reptiles including smaller komodo dragons birds bird eggs small mammals monkeys wild boar goats deer horses water buffalo.
Komodo dragon	young komodos eat insects eggs geckos small mammals adults prefer hunt large mammals.occasionally attack bite humans.sometimes consume human corpses digging bodies shallow graves.habit raiding graves caused villagers komodo move graves sandy clay ground pile rocks top deter lizards.komodo dragon may evolved feed extinct dwarf elephant stegodon lived flores according evolutionary biologist jared diamond.the komodo dragon drinks sucking water mouth via buccal pumping process also used respiration lifting head letting water run throat.
Komodo dragon	saliva although previous studies proposed komodo dragon saliva contains variety highly septic bacteria would help bring prey research suggested bacteria mouths komodo dragons ordinary similar found carnivores.komodo dragons good mouth hygiene.quote bryan fry done feeding spend minutes liplicking rubbing head leaves clean mouth ... unlike people led believe chunks rotting flesh meals teeth cultivating bacteria.komodo dragons wait prey die track distance vipers observations hunting deer boar cases buffalo reveal kill prey less half hour.the observation prey dying sepsis would explained natural instinct water buffalos native islands komodo dragon lives run water escaping attack.warm faecesfilled water would cause infections.
Komodo dragon	study used samples captive dragons adults six neonates three us zoos.antibacterial immune factor researchers isolated powerful antibacterial peptide blood plasma komodo dragons vk.based analysis peptide synthesized short peptide dubbed drgn tested multidrugresistant mdr pathogens.preliminary results tests show drgn effective killing drugresistant bacterial strains even fungi.added observed benefit significantly promoting wound healing uninfected mixed biofilm infected wounds.
Komodo dragon	venom late researchers university melbourne speculated perentie varanus giganteus species monitors agamids may somewhat venomous.team believes immediate effects bites lizards caused mild envenomation.bites human digits lace monitor v. varius komodo dragon spotted tree monitor v. scalaris produced similar effects rapid swelling localised disruption blood clotting shooting pain elbow symptoms lasting several hours.in researchers published evidence demonstrating komodo dragons possess venomous bite.mri scans preserved skull showed presence two glands lower jaw.researchers extracted one glands head terminally ill dragon singapore zoological gardens found secreted several different toxic proteins.
Komodo dragon	known functions proteins include inhibition blood clotting lowering blood pressure muscle paralysis induction hypothermia leading shock loss consciousness envenomated prey.result discovery previous theory bacteria responsible deaths komodo victims disputed.other scientists stated allegation venom glands effect underestimating variety complex roles played oral secretions biology reptiles produced narrow view oral secretions resulted misinterpretation reptilian evolution.according scientists reptilian oral secretions contribute many biological roles quickly dispatch prey.researchers concluded calling clade venomous implies overall potential danger exist misleads assessment medical risks confuses biological assessment squamate biochemical systems.evolutionary biologist schwenk says even lizards venomlike proteins mouths may using different function doubts venom necessary explain effect komodo dragon bite arguing shock blood loss primary factors.
Komodo dragon	reproduction mating occurs may august eggs laid september.period males fight females territory grappling one another upon hind legs loser eventually pinned ground.males may vomit defecate preparing fight.winner fight flick long tongue female gain information receptivity.females antagonistic resist claws teeth early phases courtship.
Komodo dragon	therefore male must fully restrain female coitus avoid hurt.courtship displays include males rubbing chins female hard scratches back licking.copulation occurs male inserts one hemipenes females cloaca.komodo dragons may monogamous form pair bonds rare behavior lizards.female komodos lay eggs august september may use several types locality one study laid eggs nests orangefooted scrubfowl moundbuilder megapode ground level hilly areas.females make many camouflage nestsholes prevent dragons eating eggs.
Komodo dragon	clutches contain average eggs incubation period – months.hatching exhausting effort neonates break eggshells egg tooth falls long.cutting hatchlings may lie eggshells hours starting dig nest.born quite defenseless vulnerable predation.sixteen youngsters single nest average .
Komodo dragon	cm long weighed .grams.young komodo dragons spend much first years trees relatively safe predators including cannibalistic adults juvenile dragons make diets.habit cannibalism may advantageous sustaining large size adults mediumsized prey islands rare.young approach kill roll around faecal matter rest intestines eviscerated animals deter hungry adults.komodo dragons take approximately years mature may live years.
Komodo dragon	parthenogenesis komodo dragon london zoo named sungai laid clutch eggs late separated male company two years.scientists initially assumed able store sperm earlier encounter male adaptation known superfecundation.december reported flora captive komodo dragon living chester zoo england second known komodo dragon laid unfertilised eggs laid eggs seven hatched male.scientists liverpool university england performed genetic tests three eggs collapsed moved incubator verified flora never physical contact male dragon.floras eggs condition discovered testing showed sungais eggs also produced without outside fertilization.
Komodo dragon	january sedgwick county zoo wichita kansas became first zoo americas document parthenogenesis komodo dragons.zoo two adult female komodo dragons one laid eggs – may .two eggs incubated hatched due space issues first hatched january second hatched february.hatchlings males.komodo dragons zw chromosomal sexdetermination system opposed mammalian xy system.male progeny prove floras unfertilized eggs haploid n doubled chromosomes later become diploid n fertilized polar body chromosome duplication without cell division rather laying diploid eggs one meiosis reductiondivisions ovaries failing.
Komodo dragon	female komodo dragon zw sex chromosomes reproduces manner provides progeny one chromosome pairs chromosomes including one two sex chromosomes.single set chromosomes duplicated egg develops parthenogenetically.eggs receiving z chromosome become zz male receiving w chromosome become ww fail develop meaning males produced parthenogenesis species.it hypothesised reproductive adaptation allows single female enter isolated ecological niche island parthenogenesis produce male offspring thereby establishing sexually reproducing population via reproduction offspring result male female young.despite advantages adaptation zoos cautioned parthenogenesis may detrimental genetic diversity.incidents humans attacks humans rare komodo dragons responsible several human fatalities wild captivity.
Komodo dragon	according data komodo national park spanning year period reported attacks humans five fatal.victims local villagers living around national park.reports attacks include visiting swiss tourist baron rudolf von reding von biberegg disappeared komodo island may killed eaten komodo dragons.komodo dragon attacked phil bronstein investigative journalist former husband actress sharon stone los angeles zoo.yearold boy komodo island died injuries attacked one.
Komodo dragon	group five scuba divers stranded beach rinca island attacked komodo dragons.two days divers ordeal ended picked indonesian rescue boat.yearold komodo island local died injuries later attacked two dragons.fallen tree picking sugar apples.maen national park guide stationed rinca island ambushed bitten komodo dragon walked office lay desk.
Komodo dragon	despite suffering injuries guide survived.may lon lee alle yearold singaporean tourist loh lee aik said attacked komodo dragon komodo island.victim survived attack left leg severely injured.november yosef paska local construction worker attacked rinca island taken labuan bajo speedboat treatment.conservation komodo dragon classified iucn endangered listed iucn red list.species sensitivity natural manmade threats long recognized conservationists zoological societies indonesian government.komodo national park founded protect komodo dragon populations islands including komodo rinca padar.
Komodo dragon	later wae wuul wolo tado reserves opened flores aid komodo dragon conservation.komodo dragons generally avoid encounters humans.juveniles shy flee quickly hideout human comes closer metres ft. older animals also retreat humans shorter distance away.cornered may react aggressively gaping mouth hissing swinging tail.disturbed may attack bite.although anecdotes unprovoked komodo dragons attacking preying humans reports either reputable subsequently interpreted defensive bites.
Komodo dragon	cases truly result unprovoked attacks atypical individuals lost fear humans.volcanic activity earthquakes loss habitat fire tourism loss prey due poaching illegal poaching dragons contributed vulnerable status komodo dragon.major future threat species climate change via aridification sea level rise affect lowlying habitats valleys komodo dragon depends komodo dragons range higheraltitude regions islands inhabit.based projections climate change lead decline suitable habitat ..depending climate change scenario.
Komodo dragon	without effective conservation actions populations flores extirpated scenarios extreme scenarios populations komodo rinca persist highly reduced numbers.rapid climate change mitigation crucial conserving species wild.scientists disputed conclusions effects climate change komodo dragon populations.under appendix cites convention international trade endangered species commercial international trade komodo dragon skins specimens prohibited.despite occasional reports illegal attempts trade live komodo dragons.recent attempt march indonesian police east java city surabaya reported criminal network caught trying smuggle young komodo dragons indonesia.
Komodo dragon	plan said include shipping animals several countries southeast asia singapore.hoped animals could sold million rupiah around us each.believed komodo dragons smuggled east nusa tenggara province port ende central flores.in total population komodo dragons wild assessed individuals declining .populations remained relatively stable bigger islands komodo rinca decreased smaller islands nusa kode gili motang likely due diminishing prey availability.padar former population komodo dragons recently become extinct last individuals seen .
Komodo dragon	widely assumed komodo dragon died padar following major decline populations large ungulate prey poaching likely responsible.captivity komodo dragons long soughtafter zoo attractions size reputation make popular exhibits.however rare zoos susceptible infection parasitic disease captured wild readily reproduce captivity.first komodo dragons displayed london zoo .komodo dragon exhibited united states national zoo washington d.c. lived two years.
Komodo dragon	attempts exhibit komodo dragons made lifespan animals proved short averaging five years national zoological park.studies done walter auffenberg documented book behavioral ecology komodo monitor eventually allowed successful management breeding dragons captivity.may north american european one singaporean two african two australian institutions housed captive komodo dragons.a variety behaviors observed captive specimens.individuals become relatively tame within short time capable recognising individual humans discriminating familiar unfamiliar keepers.komodo dragons also observed engage play variety objects including shovels cans plastic rings shoes.
Komodo dragon	behavior seem foodmotivated predatory behavior.even seemingly docile dragons may become unpredictably aggressive especially animals territory invaded someone unfamiliar.june komodo dragon seriously injured phil bronstein thenhusband actress sharon stone entered enclosure los angeles zoo invited keeper.bronstein bitten bare foot keeper told take white shoes socks keeper stated could potentially excite komodo dragon colour white rats zoo fed dragon.although survived bronstein needed several tendons foot reattached surgically.see also asian water monitorkomodo indonesian fauna museum reptile parkpapua monitor varanus salvadorii monitor lizard often asserted longest extant lizardtoxicofera hypothetical clade encompassing venomous reptiles including komodo dragonvaranus priscus formerly known megalania prisca huge extinct varanid lizard pleistocene australia references reading attenborough david .
Komodo dragon	zoo quest dragon.london lutterworth press.auffenberg walter .behavioral ecology komodo monitor.gainesville university presses florida.isbn .burden w. douglas .
Komodo dragon	dragon lizards komodo expedition lost world dutch east indies.new york london g.p.putnums sons.eberhard jo king dennis green brian knight frank keith newgrain .monitors biology varanid lizards.malabar fla krieger publishing company.
Komodo dragon	isbn .lutz richard l lutz judy marie .komodo living dragon.salem dimi press.isbn .external links media related varanus komodoensis category wikimedia commons data related varanus komodoensis wikispecies
Database security	involves various types categories controls technical proceduraladministrative physical.security risks database systems include exampleunauthorized unintended activity misuse authorized database users database administrators networksystems managers unauthorized users hackers e.g.inappropriate access sensitive data metadata functions within databases inappropriate changes database programs structures security configurationsmalware infections causing incidents unauthorized access leakage disclosure personal proprietary data deletion damage data programs interruption denial authorized access database attacks systems unanticipated failure database servicesoverloads performance constraints capacity issues resulting inability authorized users use databases intendedphysical damage database servers caused computer room fires floods overheating lightning accidental liquid spills static discharge electronic breakdownsequipment failures obsolescencedesign flaws programming bugs databases associated programs systems creating various security vulnerabilities e.g.unauthorized privilege escalation data losscorruption performance degradation etc.data corruption andor loss caused entry invalid data commands mistakes database system administration processes sabotagecriminal damage etc.ross j. anderson often said nature large databases never free abuse breaches security large system designed ease access becomes insecure made watertight becomes impossible use.sometimes known andersons rule.many layers types information security control appropriate databases includingaccess controlauditingauthenticationencryptionintegrity controlsbackupsapplication securitydatabase security applying statistical methoddatabases largely secured hackers network security measures firewalls networkbased intrusion detection systems.
Database security	network security controls remain valuable regard securing database systems programsfunctions data within arguably become critical networks increasingly opened wider access particular access internet.furthermore system program function data access controls along associated user identification authentication rights management functions always important limit cases log activities authorized users administrators.words complementary approaches database security working outsidein insideout were.many organizations develop baseline security standards designs detailing basic security control measures database systems.may reflect general information security requirements obligations imposed corporate information security policies applicable laws regulations e.g.concerning privacy financial management reporting systems along generally accepted good database security practices appropriate hardening underlying systems perhaps security recommendations relevant database system software vendors.
Database security	security designs specific database systems typically specify security administration management functions administration reporting user access rights log management analysis database replicationsynchronization backups along various businessdriven information security controls within database programs functions e.g.data entry validation audit trails.furthermore various securityrelated activities manual controls normally incorporated procedures guidelines etc.relating design development configuration use management maintenance databases.privileges two types privileges important relating database security within database environment system privileges object privileges.
Database security	system privileges system privileges allow user perform administrative actions database.object privileges object privileges allow use certain operations database objects authorized another user.examples include usage select insert update references.the principal least privilege separation dutiesdatabases fall internal controls data used public reporting annual reports etc.subject separation duties meaning must segregation tasks development production.task validated via code walkthroughfresh eyes third person writing actual code.
Database security	database developer able execute anything production without independent review documentationcode work performed.typically role developer pass code dba however given cutbacks resulted economic downturn dba might readily available.dba involved important minimum peer conduct code review.ensures role developer clearly separate.another point internal control adherence principle providing least amount privileges especially production.allow developers access get work done much safer use impersonation exceptions require elevated privileges e.g.
Database security	execute sudo temporarily.often developers may dismiss “overhead” path coding glory.please aware however dbas must considered responsible de facto data stewards organization must comply regulations law.vulnerability assessments manage risk compliance one technique evaluating database security involves performing vulnerability assessments penetration tests database.testers attempt find security vulnerabilities could used defeat bypass security controls break database compromise system etc.
Database security	database administrators information security administrators may example use automated vulnerability scans search misconfiguration controls often referred drift within layers mentioned along known vulnerabilities within database software.results scans used harden database improve security close specific vulnerabilities identified vulnerabilities often remain unrecognized unaddressed.in database environments security critical continual monitoring compliance standards improves security.security compliance requires amongst procedures patch management review management permissions especially public granted objects within database.database objects may include table objects listed table link.permissions granted sql language commands objects considered process.
Database security	compliance monitoring similar vulnerability assessment except results vulnerability assessments generally drive security standards lead continuous monitoring program.essentially vulnerability assessment preliminary procedure determine risk compliance program process ongoing risk assessment.the compliance program take consideration dependencies application software level changes database level may effects application software application server.abstraction application level authentication authorization mechanisms may effective means providing abstraction database layer.primary benefit abstraction single signon capability across multiple databases platforms.single signon system stores database users credentials authenticates database behalf user.
Database security	abstraction idea making complex ideas easier understand.database activity monitoring dam another security layer sophisticated nature includes realtime database activity monitoring either analyzing protocol traffic sql network observing local database activity server using software agents both.use agents native logging required capture activities executed database server typically include activities database administrator.agents allow information captured fashion disabled database administrator ability disable modify native audit logs.analysis performed identify known exploits policy breaches baselines captured time build normal pattern used detection anomalous activity could indicative intrusion.systems provide comprehensive database audit trail addition intrusion detection mechanisms systems also provide protection terminating user sessions andor quarantining users demonstrating suspicious behavior.
Database security	systems designed support separation duties sod typical requirement auditors.sod requires database administrators typically monitored part dam able disable alter dam functionality.requires dam audit trail securely stored separate system administered database administration group.native audit addition using external tools monitoring auditing native database audit capabilities also available many database platforms.native audit trails extracted regular basis transferred designated security system database administrators doshould access.
Database security	ensures certain level segregation duties may provide evidence native audit trails modified authenticated administrators conducted securityoriented senior dba group read rights production.turning native impacts performance server.generally native audit trails databases provide sufficient controls enforce separation duties therefore network andor kernel module level host based monitoring capabilities provides higher degree confidence forensics preservation evidence.process procedures good database security program includes regular review privileges granted user accounts accounts used immediate processes.individual accounts twofactor authentication system improves security adds complexity cost.
Social Security (United States)	accounts used automated processes require appropriate controls around password storage sufficient encryption access controls reduce risk compromise.in conjunction sound database security program appropriate disaster recovery program ensure service interrupted security incident incident results outage primary database environment.example replication primary databases sites located different geographical regions.after incident occurs database forensics employed determine scope breach identify appropriate changes systems processes.see also negative databasedatabase firewallfips us federal standard authenticating cryptography modulevirtual private database references external links httpsweb.archive.orgwebhttpiase.disa.milstigschecklistindex.htmlhttpsweb.archive.orgwebhttpiase.disa.milstigsstigindex.htmloriginal social security act signed law franklin d. roosevelt current version act amended encompasses several social welfare social insurance programs.the average monthly social security benefit december .total cost social security program year .trillion percent u.s. gdp .social security funded primarily payroll taxes called federal insurance contributions act tax fica self employed contributions act tax seca.wage salary earnings covered employment amount specifically determined law see tax rate table subject social security payroll tax.wage salary earnings amount taxed.
Social Security (United States)	maximum amount taxable earnings .social security nearly universal percent individuals paid employment united states working covered employment.however .million state local government workers united states percent state local workers covered social security rather pension plans operated state local level.social security payroll taxes collected internal revenue service irs formally entrusted federal oldage survivors insurance oasi trust fund federal disability insurance di trust fund two social security trust funds.social security revenues exceeded expenditures increased trust fund balances.retirement large babyboom generation however lower balances.
Social Security (United States)	without legislative changes trust fund reserves projected depleted years oasi di funds respectively.depletion occur incoming payroll tax revenue would sufficient pay percent oasi benefits starting percent di benefits starting .exceptions legal residents working united states individual social security number.history social security timeline page social security act signed august president franklin d. roosevelt.legislation included unemployment insurance aid dependent children old age insurance oai old age assistance oaa.
Social Security (United States)	old age insurance program gradually developed old age survivors disability insurance program americans typically associate social security with.new social security board contracts post office department late november distribute collect applications.twenty million social security cards issued.ernest ackerman receives first lumpsum payout cents january.two new categories beneficiaries added spouse minor children retired worker first monthly benefit check issued ida may fuller .
Social Security (United States)	benefits increased cost living adjustments colas made irregular intervals – cola disability program added social security flemming v. nestor.landmark u.s. supreme court ruling gave congress power amend revise schedule benefits.court also ruled recipients contractual right receive payments.early retirement age lowered age reduced benefits medicare health care benefits added social security – twenty million joined three years medicare tax .added pay increased medicare expenses supplemental security income ssi program federalized assigned social security administration automatic cost living adjustments colas mandated cola adjustments brought back sustainable levels amendments made disability program help solve problems fraud taxation social security benefits introduced new federal hires required social security retirement age increased younger workers years congress passed disability benefits reform act modifying several aspects disability program drug addiction alcoholism disability benefits could longer eligible disability benefits.
Social Security (United States)	earnings limit doubled exemption amount retired social security beneficiaries.terminated ssi eligibility noncitizens law requires establishment federal standards stateissued birth certificates requires ssa develop prototype counterfeitresistant social security card – still worked on.temporary assistance needy families tanf replaces aid families dependent children afdc program placed ssa state childrens health insurance program low income citizens – schip added social security administration voluntary drug benefits supplemental medicare insurance payments recipients added social security benefits prisoners act signed.a limited form social security program began president franklin d. roosevelts first term measure implement social insurance great depression s. act attempt limit unforeseen unpreparedfor dangers modern life including old age disability poverty unemployment burdens widowers without children.opponents however decried proposal socialism.senate finance committee hearing senator thomas gore dok asked secretary labor frances perkins isnt socialism said continued isnt teenyweeny bit socialismthe provisions social security changing since shifting response economic worries well coverage poor dependent children spouses survivors disabled.debates moved away occupational groups included get enough taxpayers fund social security provide benefits.
Social Security (United States)	changes social security reflected balance promoting equality efforts provide adequate affordable protection low wage workers.major programs larger better known programs social security act arefederal oldage retirement survivors disability insurance oasditemporary assistance needy families tanfhealth insurance aged disabled medicaregrants states medical assistance programs low income citizens medicaidstate childrens health insurance program low income citizens schipsupplemental security income ssithe social security administration ssa administers two programs oasdi ssi.benefits benefit types social security program united states pays benefits three broad categories individuals retired individuals family members disabled persons family members survivors.within broad categories program defines specific types beneficiaries.example spouses divorced spouses distinct categories somewhat different eligibility requirements.
Social Security (United States)	survivor benefits include several categories including aged widowers aged surviving divorced spouses disabled widowers disabled surviving divorced spouses paternal maternal orphans widowers caring minor disabled children.as million individuals receiving social security benefits.individuals receiving retirement insurance benefits constitute largest group beneficiaries .million retired workers family members receiving monthly payments.social security disability insurance benefits paid .million disabled workers .
Social Security (United States)	million dependents children spouses..million individuals including .million children received type survivor benefit social security.some individuals qualify one type benefit program rules dual entitlement generally prevent payment two full benefits.example person eligible retirement benefit higher spouse benefit receive full retirement benefit partial spouse benefit.
Social Security (United States)	dual entitlement rules disproportionately affect women .million women historically earned less current former husbands leads retirement benefits women often lower full spouse benefit qualify.in addition social security beneficiaries low income limited resources may qualify additional income supplemental security income ssi program.ssi separate social security program administered ssa..million social security beneficiaries received additional income ssi.
Social Security (United States)	system financing social security payments beneficiaries totaled .trillion generally financed payroll taxes workers social security covered employment trust fund reserves income taxation social security benefits.payroll tax rate totals .percent earnings taxable maximum rate .percent workers .
Social Security (United States)	percent employers .percent selfemployed.oasi trust fund di trust fund legally separate.employees employers combined oasi payroll taxes .percent di payroll taxes .
Social Security (United States)	percent.trust fund reserves oasi di programs .trillion billion respectively.income taxation social security benefits brought .billion oasi .
Social Security (United States)	billion di .assessments system financing often focus combined programs together oasi di focus key measures trust fund depletion date actuarial balance year period comparisons program costs u.s. gdp.regarding trust fund depletion social security trustees based technical work social security administrations actuaries project combined oasdi trust fund depleted year .penn wharton budget model university pennsylvania projects depletion depending shape economic recovery u.s. following covid pandemic.with regard actuarial balance social security trustees estimate year actuarial deficit .percent payroll.approximately total payroll tax increase would necessary keep system solvent years.
Social Security (United States)	figure designed illustrate size deficit.legislation could close deficit ways raising payroll tax rate.because taxable earnings fraction gdp sometimes systems finances put context using gdp.social securitys cost currently .percent u.s. gdp.program costs rise .
Social Security (United States)	percent gdp approximately remain level .in past legislation enacted prevent trust fund depletion.trust funds depleted social security would still revenue coming system payroll taxes.social security trustees estimate revenue would sufficient pay percent programs benefits.debate trust fund depletion scenario however regarding whether monthly benefits would lowered whether full amounts would paid timely basis.the amount monthly social security benefit worker entitled currently depends upon earnings record paid fica seca taxes upon age retiree chooses begin receiving benefits.said u.s. supreme court ruled flemming v. nestor one contractual right social security benefits.medicare separate program social security although disabled aged older social security beneficiaries qualify medicare.
Social Security (United States)	financing medicare united states also based payroll taxes trust fund reserves taxation social security benefits.total benefits paid year primary insurance amount monthly benefit amount calculations workers social security covered employment pay fica federal insurance contributions act seca self employed contributions act taxes earn quarters coverage earnings minimum amounts specified law.workers quarters coverage qc fully insured eligible retirement benefits.retirement benefit amounts depend upon average persons highest years adjusted indexed earnings.persons payrolltaxable earnings earlier years adjusted economywide wage growth using national average wage index awi averaged.
Social Security (United States)	worker fewer years covered earnings noncontributory years assigned zero earnings.sum highest years adjusted indexed earnings divided years times months per year produces persons average indexed monthly earnings aime.the aime used calculate primary insurance amount pia.workers turn pia computation formula isa percent first average indexed monthly earnings plusb percent average indexed monthly earnings plusc percent average indexed monthly earnings workers turn future percent factors computation formula remain dollar amounts formula called bend points increase wage growth national economy measured awi.aime pia calculation incorporate awi social security benefits said wage indexed.wages typically grow faster prices pias workers turning future tend higher real terms similar relative average earnings economy time age attained.
Social Security (United States)	monthly benefit amounts based pia.pia computed indexed price inflation time.thus social security monthly benefit amounts retain purchasing power throughout persons retirement years.a worker first starts receiving retirement benefit full retirement age receives monthly benefit amount equal percent pia.worker claims retirement benefit full retirement age receives reduced monthly benefit amount worker claims age full retirement age age receives increased monthly amount.the percent factors pia computation lead higher replacement rates persons lower career earnings.example retired individual whose average earnings first bend point receive monthly benefit full retirement age equals percent persons average monthly earnings retirement.
Social Security (United States)	table shows replacement rates workers turned .the pia computation formula disabled workers parallels retired workers except aime based fewer years reflect disablement age .monthly benefit amount disabled worker percent pia.benefits spouses children widowers depend pias spouse deceased spouse.aged spouse divorced spouse beneficiaries receive percent pia.survivor benefit rates higher aged widowers aged surviving divorced spouses receive percent pia.federal state local employees elected could pay fica taxes eligible reduced fica benefits full medicare coverage forty quarters qualifying social security covered work.
Social Security (United States)	minimize social security payments contributed fica years eligible federal state local benefits usually generous congress passed windfall elimination provision wep.wep provision eliminate social security medicare eligibility worker quarters qualifying income calculates benefit payments reducing multiplier first pia bendpoint – depending number years coverage.foreign pensions subject wep.a special minimum benefit based alternative pia calculation available workers long careers low earnings.however rarely higher regularlycomputed pia thus workers qualify special minimum benefit.individuals received special minimum benefit .the benefits someone eligible potentially complicated potential retirees consult social security administration directly advice.
Social Security (United States)	many questions addressed least partially answered many online publications online calculators.workers get estimates benefits social security administration ssa provides benefit estimates workers social security statement.statement accessed online opening online account ssa called social security.account workers also construct scenarios helping understand effect monthly benefits work additional years delay start retirement benefits.social security account also offers services allowing individuals request replacement social security card check status application.a printed copy social security statement mailed workers age older.
Social Security (United States)	ssa began producing retirement ready fact sheets available online part online statement tailor retirement planning information different age groups young middle age older workers.ssa also benefits calculators web page several standalone online calculators help individuals estimate benefits prepare retirement.include benefit calculators spouses calculators persons affected windfall elimination provision government pension offset calculators determine persons full retirement age effect earnings test benefits.ssa also provides life expectancy calculator help retirement planning.full retirement age fra person first claims retirement benefit full retirement age fra individual receive monthly benefit amount equal percent individuals primary insurance amount pia.first claimed fra monthly benefit amount smaller percent pia claimed fra monthly amount higher percent pia.sometimes full retirement age referred normal retirement age.historically fra age .
Social Security (United States)	amendments social security act gradually increased fra individuals born later fra .early retirement age age changed monthly benefit amount paid early retirement age lower person higher fra.example fra age early retirement benefit percent workers pia.person fra early retirement benefit percent pia.individuals first claim retirement benefits fra age receive delayed retirement credits increase monthly benefit amount percent per year delayed claiming.example person fra waits age claim retirement benefits individuals monthly benefit amount percent pia.when retirement beneficiary dies widower surviving divorced spouse generally eligible monthly benefit amount equal received retirement beneficiary.
Social Security (United States)	thus worker delays retirement increases monthly benefit amount retirement benefit ultimately benefit survivor receives.many press articles guides studies focused whether optimal claim benefits full retirement age age.social security administration produces publication called start receiving retirement benefits designed help individuals understand issues involved deciding begin benefits.center retirement research boston college produced guide designed help individuals make informed claiming decisions.between claiming retirement benefits early retirement age became much less common claiming full retirement age later common.individuals claimed early retirement age.percentage men claiming retirement benefits full retirement age increased .
Social Security (United States)	percent .percent.effects covid pandemic ensuing recession recovery benefit claiming however yet known.the full retirement age relevant benefit types retirement benefits.example aged spouses aged survivors claim spouse survivor benefits full retirement age receive reduced spouse survivor benefits.increase full retirement age amendments social security act phased slightly different pace survivor benefits full retirement age survivors born later.many aged survivors however well past full retirement age worker dies thus receive full survivor benefits immediately upon workers death.for types social security benefits benefits reduced increased based age benefits first claimed.
Social Security (United States)	example full monthly benefit amount percent pia paid disabled workers regardless age benefits start.full retirement age social security administration reclassifies disabled workers retired workers individuals monthly benefit amount affected.delayed benefits worker delays receiving social security retirement benefits reach full retirement age benefit increase twothirds one percent pia per month.age increases result delaying benefits.social security uses average survival rate full retirement age prorate increase amount benefit increase total benefits roughly whenever retire.
Social Security (United States)	women may benefit men delayed benefit increase since average survival rates based men women women live approximately three years longer men.consideration workers limited number years good health left reach full retirement age unless enjoy job may passing opportunity something else may enjoy still relatively healthy.benefits continuing work due changing needs personal preferences person may go back work retiring.case possible get social security retirement survivors benefits work time.worker full retirement age older may spouse keep benefits taxes regardless earnings.
Social Security (United States)	worker workers spouse younger full retirement age receiving benefits earn much benefits reduced.working full retirement age entire year receiving benefits social security deducts workers benefit payments every earned annual limit .deductions cease benefits reduced zero worker get one year income age credit slightly increasing future benefits retirement.example receiving benefits month average benefit paid year income year limit year would lose benefits.made year would lose benefits.
Social Security (United States)	would get benefits months work deduction income squeeze satisfied.first social security check delayed several months – first check may fraction full amount.benefit deductions change year reach full retirement age still working – social security deducts one dollar benefits every three earn year deduction thereafter.income limits change presumably inflation year year.spouses benefit government pension offsets spouse divorced spouse retirement beneficiary eligible social security spouse benefit spouse divorced spouse older.
Social Security (United States)	benefit amount equal percent retirement beneficiarys primary insurance amount spouse claims benefit full retirement age later.person eligible retirement benefit based persons work social security covered employment spouse benefit based spouses work covered employment ssa pay total amount approximately equal higher two benefits.example full retirement age spouse claims retirement benefit spouse benefit ssa pay person retirement benefit dollar partial spouse benefit total benefit .a spouse eligible oneyear duration marriage requirement met divorced spouse eligible spousal benefits marriage lasted least ten years person applying currently married.payment benefits divorced spouse reduce social security benefits retired worker family members retired worker workers current spouse.divorced person claim spousal benefits former spouse eligible retirement benefits regardless whether former spouse claimed retirement benefits.spousal benefits reduced claimed full retirement age.
Social Security (United States)	reduction per month first months additional month earlier full retirement age.typically works .retirement beneficiarys primary insurance amount.increase starting spousal benefits full retirement age.although social security rules genderneutral spousal benefits disproportionately paid women.
Social Security (United States)	trends marriage workforce participation retirement benefits projected become increasingly important women spouse survivor benefits still common.because spouse benefits percent benefit divorced individuals share resources current husband wife divorced spouse beneficiaries poverty rates quite high.percent divorced spouse beneficiaries poverty compared .percent married spouse beneficiaries.there social security government pension offset reduce eliminate spousal exspouse widowers benefits spouse widower also receiving government federal state local pension work require paying social security taxes.basic rule social security benefits reduced twothirds spouses widowers government pension.spouses widowers government pension exceeds normal spousal widowers benefit spousal benefit eliminated.
Social Security (United States)	example normal spousal widowers benefit month would reduced .spouse widowers already drawing nonfica taxed government pension month per month.pensions work social security taxes paid reduce social security spousal widowers benefits.pensions received foreign countries cause gpo however foreign pension may subject wep.widower benefits worker covered social security dies surviving spouse receive survivors benefits month duration marriage met.
Social Security (United States)	widow waits full retirement age eligible percent deceased spouses pia.death worker accidental duration marriage test may waived.divorced spouse may qualify duration marriage least ten full years widower currently married remarried attainment age disabled eligible specific types benefits prior date marriage.father mother age child age disabled adult child care may eligible benefits.earliest age nondisabled widowers benefit age .
Social Security (United States)	worker received retirement benefits prior death benefit amount may exceed amount worker receiving time death .pia deceased worker whichever more.surviving spouse starts benefits full retirement age actuarial reduction.worker earned delayed retirement credits waiting start benefits full retirement age surviving spouse credits applied benefit.worker died year attainment age earnings indexed year surviving spouse attained age .
Social Security (United States)	childrens benefits children retired disabled deceased worker receive benefits dependent survivor age long attending primary secondary school age years months age disabled age .the benefit child living parents record pia surviving child benefit pia.benefit amount may reduced total benefits record exceed family maximum.in astrue v. capato supreme court unanimously held children conceived parents death vitro fertilization procedure entitled social security survivors benefits laws state parents signed provide benefits.disability worker worked long enough recently enough based quarters coverage within recent past covered receive disability benefits.benefits start five full calendar months disability regardless age.eligibility formula requires certain number credits based earnings earned overall certain number within ten years immediately preceding disability morelenient provisions younger workers become disabled chance compile long earnings history.the worker must unable continue previous job unable adjust work age education work experience taken account furthermore disability must longterm lasting twelve months expected last twelve months resulting death expected result death.
Social Security (United States)	retirement benefit amount disability benefit payable depends workers age record covered earnings.supplemental security income ssi uses disability criteria insured social security disability program ssi based upon insurance coverage.instead system meanstesting used determine whether claimants income net worth fall certain income asset thresholds.severely disabled children may qualify ssi.standards child disability different adults.disability determination social security administration created largest system administrative courts united states.depending state residence claimant whose initial application benefits denied request reconsideration hearing administrative law judge alj.hearings sometimes involve participation independent vocational expert medical expert called upon alj.reconsideration involves reexamination evidence cases opportunity hearing nonattorney disability hearing officer.
Social Security (United States)	hearing officer issues decision writing providing justification hisher finding.claimant denied reconsideration stage may request hearing administrative law judge.states ssa implemented pilot program eliminates reconsideration step allows claimants appeal initial denial directly administrative law judge.because number applications social security disability large approximately applications per year number hearings requested claimants often exceeds capacity administrative law judges.number hearings requested availability administrative law judges varies geographically across united states.areas country possible claimant hearing administrative law judge within days hisher request.
Social Security (United States)	areas waiting times months uncommon.after hearing administrative law judge alj issues decision writing.decision fully favorable alj finds claimant disabled date alleges application present partially favorable alj finds claimant disabled point date alleged application alj finds claimant disabled improved unfavorable alj finds claimant disabled all.claimants appeal decisions social securitys appeals council virginia.appeals council hold hearings accepts written briefs.response time appeals council range twelve weeks three years.if claimant disagrees appeals councils decision appeal case federal district court hisher jurisdiction.
Social Security (United States)	federal court cases unfavorable district court decision appealed appropriate united states court appeals unfavorable appellate court decision appealed united states supreme court.the social security administration maintained goal judges resolve – cases per year administrative law judges struggle meet goal.administrative law judges met productivity level achieved case disposition target .office hearing operations staffing work procedure disruptions related covid pandemic doubtlessly contributed lower administrative law judge productivity .the debate social security system united states ongoing decades much concern sustainability.current operation joining quitting obtaining social security number child voluntary.general legal requirement individuals join social security program unless want work.
Social Security (United States)	normal circumstances fica taxes seca taxes collected wages.way avoid paying either fica seca taxes join religion believe insurance amish religion whose members taken vow poverty see irs publication .federal workers employed various state local workers including school districts retirement disability programs given onetime option joining social security.many employees retirement disability systems opted keep social security system cost limited benefits.often much cheaper obtain much higher retirement disability benefits staying original retirement disability plans.
Social Security (United States)	plans allow new hires join existing plans without also joining social security.social security administration estimated u.s. workers covered system remaining mostly minority government employees enrolled public employee pensions subject social security taxes due historical exemptions.it possible railroad employees get coordinated retirement disability benefits.u.s. railroad retirement board rrb independent agency executive branch united states government created administer social insurance program providing retirement benefits countrys railroad workers.railroad retirement tier payroll taxes coordinated social security taxes employees employers pay tier taxes rate social security taxes benefits.addition workers employers pay tier ii taxes .
Social Security (United States)	used finance railroad retirement disability benefit payments social security levels.tier ii benefits supplemental retirement disability benefit system pays .times years service times average highest five years employment salary addition social security benefits.the fica taxes imposed nearly workers selfemployed persons.employers required report wages covered employment social security processing forms w w. specific wages part social security program discussed below.internal revenue code provisions section imposes payroll taxes individuals employer matching taxes.
Social Security (United States)	section mandates employers deduct payroll taxes workers wages paid.generally payroll tax imposed everyone employment earning wages defined internal revenue code.also taxes net earnings selfemployment.trust fund social security taxes paid social security trust fund maintained u.s. treasury technically federal oldage survivors insurance trust fund established u.s.c.§ a. current year expenses paid current social security tax revenues.
Social Security (United States)	revenues exceed expenditures excess invested special series nonmarketable u.s. government bonds.thus social security trust fund indirectly finances federal governments general purpose deficit spending.cumulative excess social security taxes interest received benefits paid stood .trillion.regard trust fund accounting construct economic significance.
Social Security (United States)	others argue specific legal significance treasury securities holds backed full faith credit u.s. government obligation repay debt.the social security administrations authority make benefit payments granted congress extends current revenues existing trust fund balance i.e.redemption holdings treasury securities.therefore social securitys ability make full payments annual benefits exceed revenues depends part federal governments ability make good bonds issued social security trust funds.federal obligation federal governments ability repay social security based power tax borrow commitment congress meet obligations.in office chief actuary social security administration calculated unfunded obligation .trillion social security program.
Social Security (United States)	unfunded obligation difference future cost social security based several demographic assumptions mortality work force participation immigration age expectancy total assets trust fund given expected contribution rate current scheduled payroll tax.unfunded obligation expressed present value dollars part funds longrange actuarial estimates necessarily certainty occur long run.actuarial note calculation says term obligation used lieu term liability liability generally indicates contractual obligation case private pensions insurance cannot altered plan sponsor without agreement plan participants.office hearings operations oho formerly odar oha august acting commissioner nancy a. berryhill informed employees office disability adjudication review odar would renamed office hearings operations oho.hearing offices known odar since office hearings appeals oha that.
Social Security (United States)	oho administers alj hearings social security administration.administrative law judges aljs conduct hearings issue decisions.alj decision appeals council considers requests review alj decisions acts final level administrative review social security administration stage exhaustion could occur prerequisite federal court review.benefit payout comparisons federal state local education government employees pay social security retirement disability systems nearly always pay much better retirement disability benefits social security.plans typically require vesting working – years employer becoming eligible retirement.
Social Security (United States)	retirement typically depends average best – years salaries times retirement factor typically .–.times years employed.retirement benefit reasonably good – salary retirement close monthly salary last employed at.example person joined university california retirement system age worked years could receive ..
Social Security (United States)	× average highest three year salary full medical coverage age .police firefighters joined worked years could receive .× average salary full medical coverage age .retirements cost living adjustments cola applied year limited maximum average income year less.spousal survivor benefits available – primary benefits rate .
Social Security (United States)	.reduction retirement benefits respectively.ucrp retirement disability plan benefits funded contributions members university typically salary compounded investment earnings accumulated totals.contributions earnings held trust fund invested.retirement benefits much generous social security believed actuarially sound.
Social Security (United States)	main difference state local government sponsored retirement systems social security state local retirement systems use compounded investments usually heavily weighted stock market securities historically returned .year average despite years losses.short term federal government investments may secure pay much lower average percentages.nearly federal state local retirement systems work similar fashion different benefit retirement ratios.plans combined social security piggy backed top social security benefits.example current federal employees retirement system covers vast majority federal civil service employees hired combines social security modest definedbenefit pension .
Social Security (United States)	per year service definedcontribution thrift savings plan.the current social security formula used calculating benefit level primary insurance amount pia progressive visàvis lower average salaries.anyone worked oasdi covered employment retirement would entitled alternative nonoasdi pension old age retirement benefit social security.limited time working oasdi covered employment sum covered salaries times inflation factor divided months yields low adjusted indexed monthly salary years aime.progressive nature pia formula would effect allow workers also get slightly higher social security benefit percentage low average salary.congress passed windfall elimination provision minimize social security benefits recipients.
Social Security (United States)	basic provision first salary bracket –month normal benefit percentage reduced – – see social security exact percentage.reduction limited roughly would eligible always worked oasdi taxes.benefit percentage factor reduced years substantial earnings.the average social security payment month year slightly federal poverty level one – yr poverty guideline yr two.for reason financial advisers often encourage option supplement social security contributions private retirement plans.one good supplemental retirement plan option employersponsored k b plan offered employer.american workers access plans.
Social Security (United States)	many employers match portion employees savings dollarfordollar certain percentage employees salary.even without employer matches individual retirement accounts iras portable selfdirected taxdeferred retirement accounts offer potential substantially increase retirement savings.limitations include financial literacy tell good investment account less advantageous one savings barrier faced lowwage employment burdened debt requirement selfdiscipline allot early age required percentage salary good investment accounts self–discipline needed leave earn compound interest needed retirement.financial advisers often suggest longterm investment horizons used historically shortterm investment losses self correct investments continue deliver good average investment returns.irs tax penalties withdrawals iras ks etc.
Social Security (United States)	age ⁄ requires mandatory withdrawals retiree reaches restrictions may also apply amount taxdeferred income one put accounts.people access selfdirected retirement savings plans potential match even exceed benefits earned federal state local government retirement plans.international agreements people sometimes relocate one country another either permanently limitedtime basis.presents challenges businesses governments individuals seeking ensure future benefits deal taxation authorities multiple countries.end social security administration signed treaties often referred totalization agreements social insurance programs various foreign countries.overall agreements serve two main purposes.
Social Security (United States)	first eliminate dual social security taxation situation occurs worker one country works another country required pay social security taxes countries earnings.second agreements help fill gaps benefit protection workers divided careers united states another country.the following countries signed totalization agreements ssa date agreement became effective social security number side effect social security program united states nearuniversal adoption programs identification number social security number de facto u.s. national identification number.social security number ssn issued pursuant section c social security act codified u.s.c.§ c. government originally stated ssn would means identification currently multitude u.s. entities use social security number personal identifier.include government agencies internal revenue service well military addition private agencies banks colleges universities health insurance companies employers.although social security act require person social security number ssn live work united states internal revenue code generally require use social security number individuals federal tax purposesthe social security account number issued individual purposes section ca social security act shall except shall otherwise specified regulations secretary treasury delegate used identifying number individual purposes title.importantly parents apply social security numbers dependent children order include income tax returns dependent.
Social Security (United States)	everyone filing tax return taxpayer spouse must social security number taxpayer identification number tin since irs unable process returns post payments anyone without ssn tin.the privacy act part intended limit usage social security number means identification.paragraph subsection section privacy act uncodified provision states part shall unlawful federal state local government agency deny individual right benefit privilege provided law individuals refusal disclose social security account number.however social security act providesit policy united states state political subdivision thereof may administration tax general public assistance drivers license motor vehicle registration law within jurisdiction utilize social security account numbers issued commissioner social security purpose establishing identification individuals affected law may require individual appears affected furnish state political subdivision thereof agency thereof administrative responsibility law involved social security account number numbers one number issued commissioner social security.further paragraph subsection section privacy act provides part provisions paragraph subsection shall apply respect –a disclosure required federal statute orb disclosure social security number federal state local agency maintaining system records existence operating january disclosure required statute regulation adopted prior date verify identity individual.the exceptions section privacy act include internal revenue code requirement social security numbers used taxpayer identification numbers individuals.demographic revenue projections year since oasdi tax receipts interest payments income exceeded benefit payments expenditures example billion .baby boomers move work force retirement however expenses come exceed tax receipts several years exceed oasdi trust income including interest.point system begin drawing trust fund treasury notes continue pay benefits current levels trust fund exhausted.
Social Security (United States)	oasdi retirement insurance fund collected .billion spent .billion disability program di collected .billion spent .billion medicare hi collected .
Social Security (United States)	billion spent .billion supplementary medical insurance smi collected .billion spent .billion.social security programs except retirement trust fund oasdi spent brought relied significant withdrawals respective trust funds pay bills.

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