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Social Security (United States) | retirement oasdi trust fund .trillion expected emptied one estimate new retirees become eligible join.disability di trust funds .billion exhausted medicare hi trust fund .billion exhausted supplemental medical insurance smi trust fund exhausted present rate withdrawals continues – even sooner increase. |
Social Security (United States) | total social security expenditures billion dollars .billion gnp .federal expenditures billion including .billion deficit.parts social security program medicare hi disability di supplemental medical smi trust funds already drawing trust funds projected go deficit present rate withdrawals continue. |
Social Security (United States) | trust funds exhausted either benefits cut fraud minimized taxes increased.in exhaustion oasdi trust fund projected occur social security administration congressional budget office cbo.thereafter however projection exhaustion date event moved slightly recession worsened u.s. economys financial picture.oasdi trustees report statedannual cost exceeded noninterest income projected continue larger throughout remainder year valuation period.nevertheless total trust fund income including interest income necessary cover costs trust fund assets continue grow time.beginning trust fund assets diminish become exhausted . |
Social Security (United States) | noninterest income projected sufficient support expenditures level percent scheduled benefits trust fund exhaustion decline percent scheduled benefits .in social security trustees suggested either payroll tax could increase .percent steadily increased .percent cut benefits percent steadily increased overall cut percent .the social security administration projects demographic situation stabilize.cash flow deficit social security system leveled share economy.projection come question. |
Social Security (United States) | demographers argue life expectancy improve projected social security trustees development would make solvency worse.economists believe future productivity growth higher current projections social security trustees.case social security shortfall would smaller currently projected.tables published governments national center health statistics show life expectancy birth .years rose .reached . |
Social Security (United States) | .latest annual report social security agency ssa trustees projects life expectancy increase six years next seven decades .separate set projections census bureau shows rapid growth.census bureau projection longer life spans projected social security administration reached .experts however think past gains life expectancy cannot repeated add adverse effect systems finances may partly offset health improvements reduced retirement benefits induce people stay workforce longer.actuarial science kind used project future solvency social security subject uncertainty. |
Social Security (United States) | ssa actually makes three predictions optimistic midline pessimistic late made four.social security crisis developing prior reforms resulted midline projections turned optimistic.argued overly pessimistic projections mid late partly result low economic growth according actuary david langer assumptions resulted pushing back projected exhaustion date successive trustees report.heavyboom years midline projections pessimistic.obviously projecting years significant challenge actual situation might much better much worse predicted.the social security advisory board three occasions since appointed technical advisory panel review methods assumptions used annual projections social security trust funds. |
Social Security (United States) | recent report technical advisory panel released june copyright date october includes number recommendations improving social security projections.as december current law congressional budget office reported disability insurance trust fund exhausted fiscal year oldage survivors insurance trust fund exhausted .costs social security already started exceed income since .means trust funds already begun empty fully depleted near future.projections made social security administration estimates social security program whole deplete reserves year .increased spending social security occur time increases medicare result aging baby boomers.one projection illustrates relationship two programsfrom combined spending social security medicare expected rise national income gross domestic product . |
Social Security (United States) | twothirds increase occurs medicare.in annually issued report released august u.s. treasury department announced oldage survivors trust fund projected able pay scheduled benefits disability insurance trust fund projected able pay benefits year years earlier respectively previous report found.ways eliminate projected shortfall social security predicted start running enough money pay prospective retirees todays benefit payouts .lift payroll ceiling.payroll ceiling adjusted inflation.robert reich former united states secretary labor suggests lifting ceiling income subject social security taxes .increase social security taxes.workers employers paid . |
Social Security (United States) | todays .would eliminate financing gap altogether..increase .selfemployed support surveys conducted national academy social insurance nasi.raise retirement ages. |
Social Security (United States) | raising early retirement option age would help reduce social security benefit payouts.meanstest benefits.phase social security benefits already income year month would eliminate funding gap.popular surveyed households favoring it.change costofliving adjustment cola.several proposals discussed.effects cola reductions would cumulative time would affect groups others. |
Social Security (United States) | poverty rates would increase.reduce benefits new retirees.social security benefits reduced new retirees percent funding gap would eliminated.average working years.social security benefits based average workers highest paid salaries zeros averaged fewer years covered wages.averaging period could increased years could potentially reduce deficit respectively.require newly hired people join social security.workers already pay fica seca taxes much gain this. |
Social Security (United States) | would early increase social security income would partially offset later benefits might collect retire.taxation tax wages selfemployment income benefits funded taxes imposed wages employees selfemployed persons.explained case employment employer employee responsible one half social security tax employees half withheld employees pay check.case selfemployed persons i.e.independent contractors selfemployed person responsible entire amount social security tax.the portion taxes collected employee social security referred trust fund taxes employer required remit government. |
Social Security (United States) | taxes take priority everything represent debts corporation llc impose personal liability upon officers managers.sole proprietor officers corporation managers llc held personally liable nonpayment income tax social security taxes whether actually collected employee.the federal insurance contributions act fica codified internal revenue code imposes social security withholding tax equal .gross wage amount exceeding social security wage base ..tax imposed employers. |
Social Security (United States) | employees contribution reduced .employers portion remained .. wage base increased .wage base increased .calendar year worker assessed fica contribution ssa credits wages years covered wages.income cutoff adjusted yearly inflation factors.a separate payroll tax . |
Social Security (United States) | employees income paid directly employer additional .deducted employees paycheck yielding total tax rate .. maximum limit portion tax.portion tax used fund medicare program primarily responsible providing health benefits retirees.the social security tax rates – accessed social security administrations website.the combined tax rate two federal programs ..paid employee . |
Social Security (United States) | paid employer.– temporarily dropped ..paid employee .paid employer.for selfemployed workers technically employees deemed earning wages federal tax purposes selfemployment tax imposed selfemployment contributions act codified chapter subtitle internal revenue code u.s.c. |
Social Security (United States) | §§ – .net earnings selfemployment.essence selfemployed individual pays employee employer share tax although half selfemployment tax employer share deductible calculating individuals federal income tax.if employee overpaid payroll taxes one job switching jobs year excess taxes refunded employee files federal income tax return.excess taxes paid employers however refundable employers.by congressional budget office cbo calculations lowest income quintile – second quintile – households u.s. pay average income tax −.−. |
Social Security (United States) | social security taxes ..respectively.cbo calculations household incomes first quintile second quintile average total federal tax rate .. |
Social Security (United States) | respectively.wages subject tax workers required pay social security taxes wages certain types worka student working parttime university enrolled least halftime university relationship university primarily educational one.a student household employee college club fraternity sorority enrolled regularly attending classes university.a child age age domestic service employed parent.a person receives payments state local government services performed relieved unemployment.an incarcerated person works state local government operates prison person incarcerated.a person institution works state local government operates institution.an employee state local government hired temporary basis response specific unforeseen fire storm snow earthquake flood similar emergency employee intended become permanent employee.a newspaper carrier age .a real estate agent salespeoples compensation substantially compensation directly related sales output rather number hours worked written contract stating individual treated employee federal tax purposes.compensation exempt employees state local government entities alaska california colorado illinois louisiana maine massachusetts nevada ohio texas.earnings council member federally recognized indian tribe.a fishing worker member federally recognized indian tribe recognized fishing rights.a nonresident alien employee foreign government wages paid official capacities foreign government employees.a nonresident alien employed foreign employer crew member working foreign ship foreign aircraft.a nonresident alien student scholar professor teacher trainee researcher physician au pair summer camp worker temporarily united states f j q q nonimmigrant status wages paid services allowed visa status performed carry purposes visa status.a nonresident alien employee international organization wages paid international organization.a nonresident alien ha visa.a nonresident alien works guam resident philippines ha hb hr visa.a member certain religious groups mennonites amish consider insurance lack trust god see religious duty provide members sick disabled elderly.a person temporarily working outside country origin covered tax treaty country united states.net annual earnings selfemployment less .wages received service election worker less year .wages received working household employee less per year –.federal income taxation benefits originally benefits received retirees taxed income.beginning tax year reaganera reforms repair systems projected insolvency retirees incomes case married persons filing separately live spouse time year persons filing single combined incomes married filing jointly certain cases income amount married filing separately spouse year taxpayer lived spouse time generally saw part retiree benefits subject federal income tax. |
Social Security (United States) | portion benefits potentially subject tax .deficit reduction act set portion .moreover since taxable income threshold indexed inflation portion beneficiaries social security payments subject income tax risen significantly real terms since threshold set .criticisms claim discrimination poor middle class workers must pay .percent including . |
Social Security (United States) | percent employer contribution wages social security wage base tax income excess amount.therefore high earners pay lower percentage total income income caps fact tax unearned income social security taxes often viewed regressive.however benefits adjusted significantly progressive even accounting differences life expectancy.according nonpartisan congressional budget office people bottom fifth earnings distribution ratio benefits taxes almost three times high top fifth.despite regressive tax rate social security benefits calculated using progressive benefit formula replaces much higher percentage lowincome workers preretirement income higherincome workers although lowincome workers pay higher percentage preretirement income.supporters current system also point numerous studies show relative highincome workers social security disability survivor benefits paid behalf lowincome workers offset retirement benefits may lost shorter life expectancy offset would apply population level. |
Social Security (United States) | research asserts survivor benefits allegedly offset actually exacerbate problem survivor benefits denied single individuals including widowers married fewer nine months except certain situations divorced widowers married fewer ten years cohabiting samesex couples unless legally married state residence.unmarried individuals minorities tend less wealthy.social securitys benefit formula provides average indexed monthly earnings aime first bend point month aime first second bend points month aime excess second bend point ceiling cap .low income bias benefit calculation means lower paid worker receives much higher percentage salary benefit payments higher paid workers.fact married low salaried worker receive salary benefits retiring full retirement age.highsalaried workers receive less salary benefits despite paid system rate see benefit calculations above. |
Social Security (United States) | minimize impact social security taxes low salaried workers earned income tax credit child care tax credit passed largely refund fica seca payments lowsalaried workers income tax system.congressional budget office cbo calculations lowest income quintile – second quintile – households u.s. pay average federal income tax −.−.income social security taxes .. |
Social Security (United States) | income respectively.cbo calculations household incomes first second quintiles average total federal tax rate ..respectively.however groups also far smallest percentage american household incomes – first quintile earns . |
Social Security (United States) | income second quintile earns .income.higherincome retirees pay income taxes social security benefits retirement benefits may have.marital status social security act defines rules determining marital relationships ssi recipients.act requires couple cohabitating considered married purposes ssi program. |
Social Security (United States) | consequently claimant found disabled found holding claimant entitled reduced ssi benefits.however social security act accept claimant holding husband wife entitled survivor retirement widows benefits claimants husband wife dies.ssa rules regulations marital status either prohibit srdi program reduce ssi program benefits indigent claimants.claim politicians exempted tax critics social security said politicians created social security exempted pay social security tax.federal government created social security federal employees including president members congress exempt pay social security tax received social security benefits. |
Social Security (United States) | law changed social security amendments brought within social security system members congress president vice president federal judges certain executivelevel political appointees well federal employees hired capacity january .many state local government workers however exempt social security taxes contribute instead alternative retirement systems set employers.claim ponzi scheme critics drawn parallels social security ponzi schemes arguing sustenance social security due continuous contributions time.one criticism analogy ponzi schemes social security similar structures particular sustainability problem number new people paying declining different transparencies.case ponzi scheme fact returngenerating mechanism contributions new entrants obscured whereas social security payouts always openly underwritten incoming tax revenue interest treasury bonds held social security system. |
Social Security (United States) | sudden loss confidence resulting collapse conventional ponzi scheme schemes true nature revealed unlikely occur case social security system.private sector ponzi schemes also vulnerable collapse cannot compel new entrants whereas participation social security program condition joining u.s. labor force.connection issues robert e. wright calls social security quasi pyramid scheme book fubarnomics.estimated net benefits differing circumstances urban institute economists c. eugene steuerle adam carasso created webbased social security benefits calculator.using calculator possible estimate net social security benefits i.e. |
Social Security (United States) | estimated lifetime benefits minus estimated lifetime fica taxes paid different types recipients.book democrats republicans – rhetoric reality joseph fried used calculator create graphical depictions estimated net benefits men women different wage levels single married stayathome spouses retiring different years.graphs vividly show generalizations social security benefits may little predictive value given worker due wide disparity net benefits people different income levels different demographic groups.example graph figure shows impact wage level retirement date male worker.income goes net benefits get smaller – even negative.however impact much greater future retiree current retiree . |
Social Security (United States) | male earning per year retiring estimated lose participating social security system.in next graph figure depicted net benefits averaged people turning age anytime years .words disparities shown related retirement.however see impact gender wage level.women tend live longer generally collect social security benefits longer time.result get higher net benefit average matter wage level.the next image figure shows estimated net benefits married men women different wage levels. |
Social Security (United States) | particular scenario assumed spouse little earnings thus entitled collect spousal retirement benefit.according friedtwo significant factors evident first every column figure depicts net benefit higher column figure .words average married person stayathome spouse gets greater benefit per fica tax dollar paid average single person matter gender wage level.second limited progressivity among married workers stayathome spouses.review figure carefully net benefits drop wage levels increase however increase wage levels grow . |
Social Security (United States) | fact net benefits lowest earning per year.the last graph shown figure combination figures .graph clear generalizations value social security benefits meaningless.wage level married person could big winner getting net benefits .hand could lose estimated net benefits remains single.altogether swing based upon marriage decision division earnings spouses. |
Social Security (United States) | addition large disparity high net benefits married person earning versus relatively low net benefits man woman earning depending gender.words high earner scenario gets far greater return fica tax investment low earner.in book social security picks pocket factors affecting social security net benefits identified generally people work years get lower net benefit factors equal.people live long retirement age get much lower net benefit.finally people derive high percentage income nonwage sources get high social security net benefits appear poor not.progressive benefit formula social security blind income worker may nonwage sources spousal support dividends interest rental income. |
Social Security (United States) | current controversies proposals reform social security system led heated debate centering funding program.particular proposals privatize funding caused great controversy.contrast private pensions although social security sometimes compared private pensions two systems different number respects.argued social security insurance plan opposed retirement plan.unlike pension example social security pays disability benefits. |
Social Security (United States) | private pension fund accumulates money paid eventually using reserves pay pensions workers contributed fund private system universal.social security cannot prefund investing marketable assets equities federal law prohibits investing assets backed u.s. government.result investments date limited special nonnegotiable securities issued u.s. treasury although argue debt issued federal national mortgage association quasigovernmental organizations could meet legal standards.social security cannot law invest private equities although countries canada states permit pension funds invest private equities.universal system social security generally operates pipeline current tax receipts workers used pay current benefits retirees survivors disabled. |
Social Security (United States) | excess taxes withheld benefits paid law excess invested treasury securities private equities described above.two broad categories private pension plans defined benefit pension plans defined contribution pension plans.two social security similar defined benefit pension plan.defined benefit pension plan benefits ultimately received based sort predetermined formula one based years worked highest salary earned.defined benefit pension plans generally include separate accounts participant.contrast defined contribution pension plan participant specific account funds put account employer participant ultimate benefit based amount account time retirement. |
Social Security (United States) | proposed social security system modified provide option individual accounts effect make system least part like defined contribution pension plan.specifically february president george w. bush made social security prominent theme state union address.described social security system headed bankruptcy outlined general terms proposal based partial privatization.critics responded privatization would require huge new government borrowing fund benefit payments transition years.see social security debate united states.both defined benefit defined contribution private pension plans governed employee retirement income security act erisa requires employers provide minimum levels funding support defined benefits pensions. |
Social Security (United States) | purpose protect workers corporate mismanagement outright bankruptcy although practice many private pension funds fallen short recent years.terms financial structure current social security system analogous underfunded defined benefit pension underfunded meaning trouble savings enough pay future benefits without collecting future tax revenues.contrast insurance besides argument whether returns social security contributions compared returns private investment instruments question whether contributions nonetheless analogous pooled insurance premiums charged forprofit commercial insurance companies maintain generate return risk pool funds.like insurance program social security spreads risk program protects workers covered family members loss income wage earners retirement disability death.example worker becomes disabled young age could receive large return relative amount contributed fica becoming disabled since disability benefits continue life. |
Social Security (United States) | private insurance plans everyone particular insurance pool insured risks everyone benefit extent.the analogy insurance however limited fact paying fica taxes creates legal right benefits extent social security fact funded fica taxes.example fica tax revenue insufficient maintain social securitys solvency without transfers general revenues.transfers added general budget deficit like general program spending.private retirement savings crisis inflationadjusted stock market values generally rose higher march .caused workers supplemental retirement plans ks perform substantially poorly expected current retirees investing bulk savings them. |
Social Security (United States) | median household retirement account balance workers aged provide trivial supplement social security benefits third households retirement savings all.americans nearing retirement age less retirement accounts forbes called greatest retirement crisis american history.court interpretation act provide benefits united states court appeals seventh circuit indicated social security act moral purpose liberally interpreted favor claimants deciding counted covered wages purposes meeting quarters coverage requirement make worker eligible benefits.court also stated ... regulations liberally applied favor beneficiaries deciding case favor felon disability payments retroactively terminated upon incarceration.according court social security act liberally construed favor seeking benefits doubted. |
Social Security (United States) | hope behind statute save men women rigors poor house well haunting fear lot awaits journeys end near.constitutionality constitutionality social security intricately linked evolving nature supreme court jurisprudence federal power th century saw dramatic increase allowed congressional action.social security first passed significant questions constitutionality court found another pension scheme original railroad retirement act violate due process clause fifth amendment.university chicago law professor richard epstein harvard university professor robert nozick argued social security unconstitutional.in u.s. supreme court case helvering v. davis court examined constitutionality social security george davis edison electric illuminating company boston sued connection social security tax.u.s. district court district massachusetts first upheld tax. |
Social Security (United States) | district court judgment reversed circuit court appeals.commissioner guy helvering bureau internal revenue internal revenue service took case supreme court court upheld validity tax.during president franklin delano roosevelt midst promoting passage large number social welfare programs new deal supreme court struck many programs railroad retirement act national recovery act unconstitutional.modified versions affected programs afterwards approved court including social security.when helvering v. davis argued court larger issue constitutionality oldage insurance portion social security decided.case limited whether payroll tax suitable use congresss taxing power.despite serious challenges regarding systems constitutionality litigated congresss spending power may coextensive shown cases like south dakota v. dole reagan administration. |
Social Security (United States) | fraud abuse social security number theft social security numbers become useful identity theft forms crime various schemes perpetrated acquire valid social security numbers related identity information.in february social security administration received several reports email message circulated addressed dear social security number card owner purporting social security administration.message informs reader someone illegally using social security number assuming identity directs reader website designed look like social securitys internet website.i outraged someone would target unsuspecting public manner said commissioner jo anne b. barnhart.asked inspector general use resources command find prosecute whoever perpetrating fraud.once directed phony website individual reportedly asked confirm identity social security bank information.specific information individuals credit card number expiration date pin requested.whether online website phone social security never ask credit card information pin commissioner jo anne b. barnhart reported.social security administration inspector general ocarroll recommended people always take precautions giving personal information. |
Social Security (United States) | never provide social security number personal information internet telephone unless extremely confident source providing information ocarroll said.fraud acquisition use benefits given vast size program fraud sometimes occurs.social security administration investigatory unit combat prevent fraud cooperative disability investigations unit cdiu.cooperative disability investigations cdi program continues one successful initiatives contributing integrity ssas disability programs.addition investigating fraud ssa programs social security administration may request investigatory assistance federal law enforcement agencies including office inspector general fbi. |
Social Security (United States) | restrictions potentially deceptive communications importance social security millions americans many directmail marketers packaged mailings resemble official communications social security administration hoping recipients would likely open them.response congress amended social security act prohibit private use phrase social security several related terms way would convey false impression approval social security administration.constitutionality law u.s.c.§ upheld united seniors association inc. v. social security administration f.d th cir.cert den u.s. s.ct. |
Social Security (United States) | text findlaw.public economics current recipients annual report programs board trustees noted following million people receiving social security benefits million people paying fund receiving benefits million receiving retirement benefits million disability benefits.million beneficiaries million workers paying in.total income .billion expenditures . |
Social Security (United States) | billion meant total net increase assets .billion.assets .trillion amount expected adequate cover next ten years.total income interest earned assets projected longer cover expenditures social security demographic shifts burden system. |
Social Security (United States) | ratio potential retirees working age persons percent – less three potential income earners every retiree population.rate social security trust fund would exhausted .saving behavior social security affects saving behavior people three different ways.wealth substitution effect occurs person saving retirement recognizes social security system take care decreases expectations much needs personally save.retirement effect occurs taxpayer saves year effort reduce total number years must work accumulate enough savings retirement. |
Social Security (United States) | bequest effect occurs taxpayer recognizes decrease resources stemming social security tax compensates increasing personal savings cover future expected costs children.reducing cost living adjustment cola present retirees benefit annually adjusted inflation reflect changes consumer price index.economists argue consumer price index overestimates price increases economy therefore suitable metric adjusting benefits others argue cpi underestimates effect inflation retired people actually need buy live.the current cost living adjustment based consumer price index urban wage earners clerical workers cpiw.bureau labor statistics routinely checks prices different categories consumption items geographical areas compute itemarea indices.many indices computed weighted averages base indices. |
Social Security (United States) | cpiw based market basket goods services consumed urban wage earners clerical workers.weights index updated january every evennumbered year.people say cpiw overestimates inflation recommend updating weights month produces chained consumer price index urban consumers ccpiu.people say ccpiu unchained cpi urban consumers cpiu disadvantages elderly point seniors consume medical care younger people costs medical care rising faster inflation parts economy.according view costs things elderly buy rising faster market basket averaged obtain cpiw cpiu ccpiu. |
Social Security (United States) | recommended fixing using cpi elderly cpie.in economics researchers hobijn lagakos estimated social security trust fund would run money years using cpiw years using cpie.consumption according study american economic journal macroeconomics social security benefit increases large immediate significant positive response consumption.health outcomes according study expansion oldage assistance social security act reduced mortality among elderly .see also references sources reading external links oldage survivors disability insurance oasdisocial security administrationsocial security advisory boardsocial security retirement questions faqduties social security disability attorneyssocial security internet myths part social security internet myths part congressional budget office social security primer us government accountability office social security reform answers key questionssocial security act social security amendments calculatorssocial security benefit calculatorsurban institutes usa today lifetime social security medicare benefits calculatormore informationcommission strengthen social securitysocial security advisory boardpresidents commission strengthen social securityth anniversary social security franklin d. roosevelt presidential museum librarytimelines us ssi numbers years numbers statessocial security death index informationarticlesgenakoplos john mitchell olivia s. zeldes stephen p. .would privatized social security system really pay higher rate return. |
Social Security (United States) | arnold r. douglas graetz michael j. munnell alicia h. eds.. framing social security debate values politics economics.brookings institution press.pp.–.doi.w. |
Internet of things | isbn .social security major decisions house senate since congressional research service social securitys financial outlook reforms independent evaluation jagadeesh gokhale member social security advisory board advising congress presidenttime archives collection regarding social securitys progression perception timetraditional fields embedded systems wireless sensor networks control systems automation including home building automation independently collectively enable internet things.consumer market iot technology synonymous products pertaining concept smart home including devices appliances lighting fixtures thermostats home security systems cameras home appliances support one common ecosystems controlled via devices associated ecosystem smartphones smart speakers.iot also used healthcare systems.there number concerns risks growth iot technologies products especially areas privacy security consequently industry governmental moves address concerns begun including development international local standards guidelines regulatory frameworks.history main concept network smart devices discussed early modified cocacola vending machine carnegie mellon university becoming first arpanetconnected appliance able report inventory whether newly loaded drinks cold not.mark weisers paper ubiquitous computing computer st century well academic venues ubicomp percom produced contemporary vision iot. |
Internet of things | reza raji described concept ieee spectrum moving small packets data large set nodes integrate automate everything home appliances entire factories.several companies proposed solutions like microsofts work novells nest.field gained momentum bill joy envisioned devicetodevice communication part six webs framework presented world economic forum davos .the concept internet things term first appeared speech peter t. lewis congressional black caucus foundation th annual legislative weekend washington d.c published september .according lewis internet things iot integration people processes technology connectable devices sensors enable remote monitoring status manipulation evaluation trends devices.the term internet things coined independently kevin ashton procter gamble later mits autoid center though prefers phrase internet things.point viewed radiofrequency identification rfid essential internet things would allow computers manage individual things. |
Internet of things | main theme internet things embed shortrange mobile transceivers various gadgets daily necessities enable new forms communication people things things themselves.defining internet things simply point time things objects connected internet people cisco systems estimated iot born thingspeople ratio growing ...applications extensive set applications iot devices often divided consumer commercial industrial infrastructure spaces.consumer applications growing portion iot devices created consumer use including connected vehicles home automation wearable technology connected health appliances remote monitoring capabilities. |
Internet of things | smart home iot devices part larger concept home automation include lighting heating air conditioning media security systems camera systems.longterm benefits could include energy savings automatically ensuring lights electronics turned making residents home aware usage.a smart home automated home could based platform hubs control smart devices appliances.instance using apples homekit manufacturers home products accessories controlled application ios devices iphone apple watch.could dedicated app ios native applications siri.demonstrated case lenovos smart home essentials line smart home devices controlled apples home app siri without need wifi bridge. |
Internet of things | also dedicated smart home hubs offered standalone platforms connect different smart home products include amazon echo google home apples homepod samsungs smartthings hub.addition commercial systems many nonproprietary open source ecosystems including home assistant openhab domoticz.elder care one key application smart home provide assistance elderly individuals disabilities.home systems use assistive technology accommodate owners specific disabilities.voice control assist users sight mobility limitations alert systems connected directly cochlear implants worn hearingimpaired users. |
Internet of things | also equipped additional safety features.features include sensors monitor medical emergencies falls seizures.smart home technology applied way provide users freedom higher quality life.the term enterprise iot refers devices used business corporate settings.estimated eiot account .billion devices. |
Internet of things | organizational applications medical healthcare internet medical things iomt application iot medical health related purposes data collection analysis research monitoring.iomt referenced smart healthcare technology creating digitized healthcare system connecting available medical resources healthcare services.iot devices used enable remote health monitoring emergency notification systems.health monitoring devices range blood pressure heart rate monitors advanced devices capable monitoring specialized implants pacemakers fitbit electronic wristbands advanced hearing aids.hospitals begun implementing smart beds detect occupied patient attempting get up.also adjust ensure appropriate pressure support applied patient without manual interaction nurses. |
Internet of things | goldman sachs report indicated healthcare iot devices save united states billion annual healthcare expenditures increasing revenue decreasing cost.moreover use mobile devices support medical followup led creation mhealth used analyzed health statistics.specialized sensors also equipped within living spaces monitor health general wellbeing senior citizens also ensuring proper treatment administered assisting people regain lost mobility via therapy well.sensors create network intelligent sensors able collect process transfer analyze valuable information different environments connecting inhome monitoring devices hospitalbased systems.consumer devices encourage healthy living connected scales wearable heart monitors also possibility iot.endtoend health monitoring iot platforms also available antenatal chronic patients helping one manage health vitals recurring medication requirements.advances plastic fabric electronics fabrication methods enabled ultralow cost useandthrow iomt sensors. |
Internet of things | sensors along required rfid electronics fabricated paper etextiles wireless powered disposable sensing devices.applications established pointofcare medical diagnostics portability low systemcomplexity essential.as iomt applied clinical laboratory industry also healthcare health insurance industries.iomt healthcare industry permitting doctors patients others guardians patients nurses families similar part system patient records saved database allowing doctors rest medical staff access patient information.moreover iotbased systems patientcentered involves flexible patients medical conditions.iomt insurance industry provides access better new types dynamic information. |
Internet of things | includes sensorbased solutions biosensors wearables connected health devices mobile apps track customer behavior.lead accurate underwriting new pricing models.the application iot healthcare plays fundamental role managing chronic diseases disease prevention control.remote monitoring made possible connection powerful wireless solutions.connectivity enables health practitioners capture patients data applying complex algorithms health data analysis.transportation iot assist integration communications control information processing across various transportation systems. |
Internet of things | application iot extends aspects transportation systems i.e.vehicle infrastructure driver user.dynamic interaction components transport system enables inter intravehicular communication smart traffic control smart parking electronic toll collection systems logistics fleet management vehicle control safety road assistance.vx communications vehicular communication systems vehicletoeverything communication vx consists three main components vehicle vehicle communication vv vehicle infrastructure communication vi vehicle pedestrian communications vp.vx first step autonomous driving connected road infrastructure. |
Internet of things | building home automation iot devices used monitor control mechanical electrical electronic systems used various types buildings e.g.public private industrial institutions residential home automation building automation systems.context three main areas covered literaturethe integration internet building energy management systems order create energyefficient iotdriven smart buildings.the possible means realtime monitoring reducing energy consumption monitoring occupant behaviors.the integration smart devices built environment might used future applications.industrial applications also known iiot industrial iot devices acquire analyze data connected equipment operational technology ot locations people.combined operational technology ot monitoring devices iiot helps regulate monitor industrial systems. |
Internet of things | also implementation carried automated record updates asset placement industrial storage units size assets vary small screw whole motor spare part misplacement assets cause percentile loss manpower time money.manufacturing iot connect various manufacturing devices equipped sensing identification processing communication actuation networking capabilities.network control management manufacturing equipment asset situation management manufacturing process control allow iot used industrial applications smart manufacturing.iot intelligent systems enable rapid manufacturing optimization new products rapid response product demands.digital control systems automate process controls operator tools service information systems optimize plant safety security within purview iiot.iot also applied asset management via predictive maintenance statistical evaluation measurements maximize reliability. |
Internet of things | industrial management systems integrated smart grids enabling energy optimization.measurements automated controls plant optimization health safety management functions provided networked sensors.in addition general manufacturing iot also used processes industrialization construction.agriculture numerous iot applications farming collecting data temperature rainfall humidity wind speed pest infestation soil content.data used automate farming techniques take informed decisions improve quality quantity minimize risk waste reduce effort required manage crops.example farmers monitor soil temperature moisture afar even apply iotacquired data precision fertilization programs. |
Internet of things | overall goal data sensors coupled farmers knowledge intuition farm help increase farm productivity also help reduce costs.in august toyota tsusho began partnership microsoft create fish farming tools using microsoft azure application suite iot technologies related water management.developed part researchers kindai university water pump mechanisms use artificial intelligence count number fish conveyor belt analyze number fish deduce effectiveness water flow data fish provide.farmbeats project microsoft research uses tv white space connect farms also part azure marketplace now.maritime iot devices use monitoring environments systems boats yachts.many pleasure boats left unattended days summer months winter devices provide valuable early alerts boat flooding fire deep discharge batteries. |
Internet of things | use global internet data networks sigfox combined longlife batteries microelectronics allows engine rooms bilge batteries constantly monitored reported connected android apple applications example.infrastructure applications monitoring controlling operations sustainable urban rural infrastructures like bridges railway tracks offshore windfarms key application iot.iot infrastructure used monitoring events changes structural conditions compromise safety increase risk.iot benefit construction industry costsaving time reduction better quality workday paperless workflow increase productivity.help taking faster decisions save money realtime data analytics. |
Internet of things | also used scheduling repair maintenance activities efficient manner coordinating tasks different service providers users facilities.iot devices also used control critical infrastructure like bridges provide access ships.usage iot devices monitoring operating infrastructure likely improve incident management emergency response coordination quality service uptimes reduce costs operation infrastructure related areas.even areas waste management benefit automation optimization could brought iot.metropolitan scale deployments several planned ongoing largescale deployments iot enable better management cities systems. |
Internet of things | example songdo south korea first kind fully equipped wired smart city gradually built approximately percent business district completed june .much city planned wired automated little human intervention.another application currently undergoing project santander spain.deployment two approaches adopted.city inhabitants already seen downloads city smartphone app.app connected sensors enable services like parking search environmental monitoring digital city agenda more. |
Internet of things | city context information used deployment benefit merchants spark deals mechanism based city behavior aims maximizing impact notification.other examples largescale deployments underway include sinosingapore guangzhou knowledge city work improving air water quality reducing noise pollution increasing transportation efficiency san jose california smart traffic management western singapore.using rpma random phase multiple access technology san diegobased ingenu built nationwide public network lowbandwidth data transmissions using unlicensed .gigahertz spectrum wifi.ingenus machine network covers third us population across major cities including san diego dallas.french company sigfox commenced building ultra narrowband wireless data network san francisco bay area first business achieve deployment u.s. subsequently announced would set total base stations cover total cities u.s. end making largest iot network coverage provider country thus far. |
Internet of things | cisco also participates smart cities projects.cisco started deploying technologies smart wifi smart safety security smart lighting smart parking smart transports smart bus stops smart kiosks remote expert government services regs smart education five km area city vijaywada.another example large deployment one completed new york waterways new york city connect citys vessels able monitor live .network designed engineered fluidmesh networks chicagobased company developing wireless networks critical applications.nyww network currently providing coverage hudson river east river upper new york bay.wireless network place ny waterway able take control fleet passengers way previously possible. |
Internet of things | new applications include security energy fleet management digital signage public wifi paperless ticketing others.energy management significant numbers energyconsuming devices e.g.lamps household appliances motors pumps etc.already integrate internet connectivity allow communicate utilities balance power generation also helps optimize energy consumption whole.devices allow remote control users central management via cloudbased interface enable functions like scheduling e.g. |
Internet of things | remotely powering heating systems controlling ovens changing lighting conditions etc.. smart grid utilityside iot application systems gather act energy powerrelated information improve efficiency production distribution electricity.using advanced metering infrastructure ami internetconnected devices electric utilities collect data endusers also manage distribution automation devices like transformers.environmental monitoring environmental monitoring applications iot typically use sensors assist environmental protection monitoring air water quality atmospheric soil conditions even include areas like monitoring movements wildlife habitats.development resourceconstrained devices connected internet also means applications like earthquake tsunami earlywarning systems also used emergency services provide effective aid.iot devices application typically span large geographic area also mobile. |
Internet of things | argued standardization iot brings wireless sensing revolutionize area.living labanother example integrating iot living lab integrates combines research innovation processes establishing within publicprivatepeoplepartnership.currently living labs use iot collaborate share knowledge stakeholders cocreate innovative technological products.companies implement develop iot services smart cities need incentives.governments play key roles smart city projects changes policies help cities implement iot provides effectiveness efficiency accuracy resources used.instance government provides tax incentives cheap rent improves public transports offers environment startup companies creative industries multinationals may cocreate share common infrastructure labor markets take advantage locally embedded technologies production process transaction costs. |
Internet of things | relationship technology developers governments manage citys assets key provide open access resources users efficient way.military applications internet military things iomt application iot technologies military domain purposes reconnaissance surveillance combatrelated objectives.heavily influenced future prospects warfare urban environment involves use sensors munitions vehicles robots humanwearable biometrics smart technology relevant battlefield.internet battlefield things internet battlefield things iobt project initiated executed u.s. army research laboratory arl focuses basic science related iot enhance capabilities army soldiers.arl launched internet battlefield things collaborative research alliance iobtcra establishing working collaboration industry university army researchers advance theoretical foundations iot technologies applications army operations. |
Internet of things | ocean things ocean things project darpaled program designed establish internet things across large ocean areas purposes collecting monitoring analyzing environmental vessel activity data.project entails deployment floats house passive sensor suite autonomously detect track military commercial vessels part cloudbased network.product digitalization several applications smart active packaging qr code nfc tag affixed product packaging.tag passive however contains unique identifier typically url enables user access digital content product via smartphone.strictly speaking passive items part internet things seen enablers digital interactions. |
Internet of things | term internet packaging coined describe applications unique identifiers used automate supply chains scanned large scale consumers access digital content.authentication unique identifiers thereby product possible via copysensitive digital watermark copy detection pattern scanning scanning qr code nfc tags encrypt communication.trends characteristics iots major significant trend recent years explosive growth devices connected controlled internet.wide range applications iot technology mean specifics different one device next basic characteristics shared most.the iot creates opportunities direct integration physical world computerbased systems resulting efficiency improvements economic benefits reduced human exertions.the number iot devices increased yearoveryear .billion year estimated billion devices . |
Internet of things | global market value iot projected reach .trillion .intelligence ambient intelligence autonomous control part original concept internet things.ambient intelligence autonomous control necessarily require internet structures either.however shift research companies intel integrate concepts iot autonomous control initial outcomes towards direction considering objects driving force autonomous iot. |
Internet of things | promising approach context deep reinforcement learning iot systems provide dynamic interactive environment.training agent i.e.iot device behave smartly environment cannot addressed conventional machine learning algorithms supervised learning.reinforcement learning approach learning agent sense environments state e.g.sensing home temperature perform actions e.g. |
Internet of things | turn hvac learn maximizing accumulated rewards receives long term.iot intelligence offered three levels iot devices edgefog nodes cloud computing.need intelligent control decision level depends time sensitiveness iot application.example autonomous vehicles camera needs make realtime obstacle detection avoid accident.fast decision making would possible transferring data vehicle cloud instances return predictions back vehicle.instead operation performed locally vehicle. |
Internet of things | integrating advanced machine learning algorithms including deep learning iot devices active research area make smart objects closer reality.moreover possible get value iot deployments analyzing iot data extracting hidden information predicting control decisions.wide variety machine learning techniques used iot domain ranging traditional methods regression support vector machine random forest advanced ones convolutional neural networks lstm variational autoencoder.in future internet things may nondeterministic open network autoorganized intelligent entities web services soa components virtual objects avatars interoperable able act independently pursuing objectives shared ones depending context circumstances environments.autonomous behavior collection reasoning context information well objects ability detect changes environment faults affecting sensors introduce suitable mitigation measures constitutes major research trend clearly needed provide credibility iot technology.modern iot products solutions marketplace use variety different technologies support contextaware automation sophisticated forms intelligence requested permit sensor units intelligent cyberphysical systems deployed real environments. |
Internet of things | architecture iot system architecture simplistic view consists three tiers tier devices tier edge gateway tier cloud.devices include networked things sensors actuators found iot equipment particularly use protocols modbus bluetooth zigbee proprietary protocols connect edge gateway.edge gateway layer consists sensor data aggregation systems called edge gateways provide functionality preprocessing data securing connectivity cloud using systems websockets event hub even cases edge analytics fog computing.edge gateway layer also required give common view devices upper layers facilitate easier management.final tier includes cloud application built iot using microservices architecture usually polyglot inherently secure nature using httpsoauth. |
Internet of things | includes various database systems store sensor data time series databases asset stores using backend data storage systems e.g.cassandra postgresql.cloud tier cloudbased iot system features event queuing messaging system handles communication transpires tiers.experts classified threetiers iot system edge platform enterprise connected proximity network access network service network respectively.building internet things web things architecture application layer internet things looking convergence data iot devices web applications create innovative usecases.order program control flow information internet things predicted architectural direction called bpm everywhere blending traditional process management process mining special capabilities automate control large numbers coordinated devices. |
Internet of things | network architecture internet things requires huge scalability network space handle surge devices.ietf lowpan would used connect devices ip networks.billions devices added internet space ipv play major role handling network layer scalability.ietfs constrained application protocol zeromq mqtt would provide lightweight data transport.fog computing viable alternative prevent large burst data flow internet.edge devices computation power analyse process data extremely limited. |
Internet of things | limited processing power key attribute iot devices purpose supply data physical objects remaining autonomous.heavy processing requirements use battery power harming iots ability operate.scalability easy iot devices simply supply data internet server sufficient processing power.decentralized iot decentralized internet things decentralized iot modified iot.utilizes fog computing handle balance requests connected iot devices order reduce loading cloud servers improve responsiveness latencysensitive iot applications like vital signs monitoring patients vehicletovehicle communication autonomous driving critical failure detection industrial devices.conventional iot connected via mesh network led major head node centralized controller. |
Internet of things | head node decides data created stored transmitted.contrast decentralized iot attempts divide iot systems smaller divisions.head node authorizes partial decision making power lower level subnodes mutual agreed policy.performance improved especially huge iot systems millions nodes.decentralized iot attempts address limited bandwidth hashing capacity batterypowered wireless iot devices via lightweight blockchain.cyberattack identification done early detection mitigation edge nodes traffic monitoring evaluation.complexity semiopen closed loops i.e. |
Internet of things | value chains whenever global finality settled iot often considered studied complex system due huge number different links interactions autonomous actors capacity integrate new actors.overall stage full open loop likely seen chaotic environment since systems always finality.as practical approach elements internet things run global public space.subsystems often implemented mitigate risks privacy control reliability.example domestic robotics domotics running inside smart home might share data within available via local network.managing controlling high dynamic ad hoc iot thingsdevices network tough task traditional networks architecture software defined networking sdn provides agile dynamic solution cope special requirements diversity innovative iot applications. |
Internet of things | size considerations internet things would encode trillion objects able follow movement objects.human beings surveyed urban environments surrounded trackable objects.already million smart devices peoples homes.number expected grow million devices .the figure online capable devices grew reach .billion. |
Internet of things | space considerations internet things precise geographic location thing—and also precise geographic dimensions thing—will critical.therefore facts thing location time space less critical track person processing information decide whether information important action taken add missing information decide take action.note things internet things sensors sensor location usually important.geoweb digital earth promising applications become possible things become organized connected location.however challenges remain include constraints variable spatial scales need handle massive amounts data indexing fast search neighbour operations. |
Internet of things | internet things things able take actions initiative humancentric mediation role eliminated.thus timespace context humans take granted must given central role information ecosystem.standards play key role internet web geospatial standards play key role internet things.solution basket remotes many iot devices potential take piece market.jeanlouis gassée apple initial alumni team beos cofounder addressed topic article monday note predicts likely problem calls basket remotes problem well hundreds applications interface hundreds devices dont share protocols speaking one another. |
Internet of things | improved user interaction technology leaders joining forces create standards communication devices solve problem.others turning concept predictive interaction devices collected data used predict trigger actions specific devices making work together.social internet things social internet things siot new kind iot focuses importance social interaction relationship iot devices.siot pattern crossdomain iot devices enabling application application communication collaboration without human intervention order serve owners autonomous services realized gained lowlevel architecture support iot software hardware engineering.social network iot devices human iot defines device identity like citizen community connect internet provide services users. |
Internet of things | siot defines social network iot devices interact different goals serve human.siot different iot siot different original iot terms collaboration characteristics.iot passive set serve dedicated purposes existing iot devices predetermined system.siot active programmed managed ai serve unplanned purposes mix match potential iot devices different systems benefit users.siot works iot devices builtin sociability broadcast abilities functionalities time discovers navigates groups iot devices nearby network useful service compositions order help users proactively every days life especially emergency. |
Internet of things | social iot examples iotbased smart home technology monitors health data patients aging adults analyzing physiological parameters prompt nearby health facilities emergency medical services needed.case emergency automatically ambulance nearest available hospital called pickup location provided ward assigned patients health data transmitted emergency department display doctors computer immediately action.iot sensors vehicles road traffic lights monitor conditions vehicles drivers alert attention needed also coordinate automatically ensure autonomous driving working normally.unfortunately accident happens iot camera inform nearest hospital police station help.social iot challenges internet things multifaceted complicated.one main factors hindering people adopting use internet things iot based products services complexity. |
Internet of things | installation setup challenge people therefore need iot devices mix match configure automatically provide different services different situation.system security always concern technology crucial siot security oneself need considered also mutual trust mechanism collaborative iot devices time time place place.another critical challenge siot accuracy reliability sensors.circumstances iot sensors would need respond nanoseconds avoid accidents injury loss life.enabling technologies iot many technologies enable iot.crucial field network used communicate devices iot installation role several wireless wired technologies may fulfill addressability original idea autoid center based rfidtags distinct identification electronic product code.evolved objects ip address uri. |
Internet of things | alternative view world semantic web focuses instead making things electronic smart rfidenabled addressable existing naming protocols uri.objects converse may referred agents powerful centralised servers acting human owners.integration internet implies devices use ip address distinct identifier.due limited address space ipv allows .billion different addresses objects iot use next generation internet protocol ipv scale extremely large address space required.internetofthings devices additionally benefit stateless address autoconfiguration present ipv reduces configuration overhead hosts ietf lowpan header compression. |
Internet of things | large extent future internet things possible without support ipv consequently global adoption ipv coming years critical successful development iot future.application layer adrc defines application layer protocol supporting framework implementing iot applications.shortrange wireless bluetooth mesh networking – specification providing mesh networking variant bluetooth low energy ble increased number nodes standardized application layer models.lightfidelity lifi – wireless communication technology similar wifi standard using visible light communication increased bandwidth.nearfield communication nfc – communication protocols enabling two electronic devices communicate within cm range.radiofrequency identification rfid – technology using electromagnetic fields read data stored tags embedded items.wifi – technology local area networking based ieee .standard devices may communicate shared access point directly individual devices.zigbee – communication protocols personal area networking based ieee .. standard providing low power consumption low data rate low cost high throughput.zwave – wireless communications protocol used primarily home automation security applications mediumrange wireless lteadvanced – highspeed communication specification mobile networks.provides enhancements lte standard extended coverage higher throughput lower latency.g g wireless networks used achieve high communication requirements iot connect large number iot devices even move. |
Internet of things | longrange wireless lowpower widearea networking lpwan – wireless networks designed allow longrange communication low data rate reducing power cost transmission.available lpwan technologies protocols lorawan sigfox nbiot weightless rpma.very small aperture terminal vsat – satellite communication technology using small dish antennas narrowband broadband data.wired ethernet – general purpose networking standard using twisted pair fiber optic links conjunction hubs switches.powerline communication plc – communication technology using electrical wiring carry power data.specifications homeplug g.hn utilize plc networking iot devices.standards standards organizations list technical standards iot open standards standards organizations aspire successfully setting them. |
Internet of things | politics civic engagement scholars activists argue iot used create new models civic engagement device networks open user control interoperable platforms.philip n. howard professor author writes political life democracies authoritarian regimes shaped way iot used civic engagement.happen argues connected device able divulge list ultimate beneficiaries sensor data individual citizens able add new organisations beneficiary list.addition argues civil society groups need start developing iot strategy making use data engaging public.government regulation iot one key drivers iot data. |
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