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Wireless security	extent prevention relies known modes methods attack relevant methods suppression applied methods.however new mode operation create new options threatening.hence prevention requires steady drive improvement.described modes attack snapshot typical methods scenarios apply.accidental association violation security perimeter corporate network come number different methods intents.
Wireless security	one methods referred “accidental association”.user turns computer latches wireless access point neighboring companys overlapping network user may even know occurred.however security breach proprietary company information exposed could exist link one company other.especially true laptop also hooked wired network.accidental association case wireless vulnerability called misassociation.misassociation accidental deliberate example done bypass corporate firewall result deliberate attempts wireless clients lure connecting attackers aps.
Wireless security	malicious association “malicious associations” wireless devices actively made attackers connect company network laptop instead company access point ap.types laptops known “soft aps” created cyber criminal runs software makes hisher wireless network card look like legitimate access point.thief gained access heshe steal passwords launch attacks wired network plant trojans.since wireless networks operate layer level layer protections network authentication virtual private networks vpns offer barrier.wireless .x authentications help protection still vulnerable hacking.
Wireless security	idea behind type attack may break vpn security measures.likely criminal trying take client layer level.ad hoc networks ad hoc networks pose security threat.ad hoc networks defined peer peer networks wireless computers access point them.types networks usually little protection encryption methods used provide security.the security hole provided ad hoc networking ad hoc network bridge provides networks usually corporate environment unfortunate default settings versions microsoft windows feature turned unless explicitly disabled.
Wireless security	thus user may even know unsecured ad hoc network operation computer.also using wired wireless infrastructure network time providing bridge secured organizational network unsecured ad hoc connection.bridging two forms.direct bridge requires user actually configure bridge two connections thus unlikely initiated unless explicitly desired indirect bridge shared resources user computer.indirect bridge may expose private data shared users computer lan connections shared folders private network attached storage making distinction authenticated private connections unauthenticated adhoc networks.
Wireless security	presents threats already familiar openpublic unsecured wifi access points firewall rules may circumvented case poorly configured operating systems local settings.nontraditional networks nontraditional networks personal network bluetooth devices safe hacking regarded security risk.even barcode readers handheld pdas wireless printers copiers secured.nontraditional networks easily overlooked personnel narrowly focused laptops access points.identity theft mac spoofing identity theft mac spoofing occurs hacker able listen network traffic identify mac address computer network privileges.
Wireless security	wireless systems allow kind mac filtering allow authorized computers specific mac ids gain access utilize network.however programs exist network “sniffing” capabilities.combine programs software allow computer pretend mac address hacker desires hacker easily get around hurdle.mac filtering effective small residential soho networks since provides protection wireless device air..device air freely transmits unencrypted mac address .
Wireless security	headers requires special equipment software detect it.anyone .receiver laptop wireless adapter freeware wireless packet analyzer obtain mac address transmitting .within range.organizational environment wireless devices air throughout active working shift mac filtering provides false sense security since prevents casual unintended connections organizational infrastructure nothing prevent directed attack.
Wireless security	maninthemiddle attacks maninthemiddle attacker entices computers log computer set soft ap access point.done hacker connects real access point another wireless card offering steady flow traffic transparent hacking computer real network.hacker sniff traffic.one type maninthemiddle attack relies security faults challenge handshake protocols execute “deauthentication attack”.attack forces apconnected computers drop connections reconnect hackers soft ap disconnects user modem connect using password one extract recording event.maninthemiddle attacks enhanced software lanjack airjack automate multiple steps process meaning required skill done script kiddies.hotspots particularly vulnerable attack since little security networks.
Wireless security	denial service denialofservice attack dos occurs attacker continually bombards targeted ap access point network bogus requests premature successful connection messages failure messages andor commands.cause legitimate users able get network may even cause network crash.attacks rely abuse protocols extensible authentication protocol eap.the dos attack little expose organizational data malicious attacker since interruption network prevents flow data actually indirectly protects data preventing transmitted.usual reason performing dos attack observe recovery wireless network initial handshake codes retransmitted devices providing opportunity malicious attacker record codes use various cracking tools analyze security weaknesses exploit gain unauthorized access system.works best weakly encrypted systems wep number tools available launch dictionary style attack possibly accepted security keys based model security key captured network recovery.
Wireless security	network injection network injection attack hacker make use access points exposed nonfiltered network traffic specifically broadcasting network traffic “spanning tree” .d ospf rip hsrp.hacker injects bogus networking reconfiguration commands affect routers switches intelligent hubs.whole network brought manner require rebooting even reprogramming intelligent networking devices.caffe latte attack caffe latte attack another way defeat wep.necessary attacker area network using exploit.
Wireless security	using process targets windows wireless stack possible obtain wep key remote client.sending flood encrypted arp requests assailant takes advantage shared key authentication message modification flaws .wep.attacker uses arp responses obtain wep key less minutes.wireless intrusion prevention concepts three principal ways secure wireless network.for closed networks like home users organizations common way configure access restrictions access points.
Wireless security	restrictions may include encryption checks mac address.wireless intrusion prevention systems used provide wireless lan security network model.for commercial providers hotspots large organizations preferred solution often open unencrypted completely isolated wireless network.users first access internet local network resources.commercial providers usually forward web traffic captive portal provides payment andor authorization.another solution require users connect securely privileged network using vpn.wireless networks less secure wired ones many offices intruders easily visit hook computer wired network without problems gaining access network also often possible remote intruders gain access network backdoors like back orifice.
Wireless security	one general solution may endtoend encryption independent authentication resources shouldnt available public.there ready designed system prevent fraudulent usage wireless communication protect data functions wirelessly communicating computers entities.however system qualifying taken measures whole according common understanding shall seen state art.system qualifying international consensus specified isoiec .wireless intrusion prevention system wireless intrusion prevention system wips concept robust way counteract wireless security risks.however wips exist ready designed solution implement software package.
Wireless security	wips typically implemented overlay existing wireless lan infrastructure although may deployed standalone enforce nowireless policies within organization.wips considered important wireless security july payment card industry security standards council published wireless guidelines pci dss recommending use wips automate wireless scanning protection large organizations.security measures range wireless security measures varying effectiveness practicality.ssid hiding simple ineffective method attempt secure wireless network hide ssid service set identifier.provides little protection anything casual intrusion efforts.
Wireless security	mac id filtering one simplest techniques allow access known preapproved mac addresses.wireless access points contain type mac id filtering.however attacker simply sniff mac address authorized client spoof address.static ip addressing typical wireless access points provide ip addresses clients via dhcp.requiring clients set addresses makes difficult casual unsophisticated intruder log onto network provides little protection sophisticated attacker.
Wireless security	.security ieee .x ieee standard authentication mechanisms devices wishing attach wireless lan.regular wep wired equivalent privacy wep encryption standard original encryption standard wireless since ratification wpa ieee declared deprecated often supported seldom never default modern equipment.concerns raised security early dramatically demonstrated fbi yet t.j. maxx admitted massive security breach due part reliance wep payment card industry took prohibit use – even allowed existing use continue june .wpav wifi protected access wpa wpa security protocols later created address problems wep.weak password dictionary word short character string used wpa wpa cracked.
Wireless security	using long enough random password e.g.random letters passphrase e.g.randomly chosen words makes preshared key wpa virtually uncrackable.second generation wpa security protocol wpa based final ieee .i amendment .standard eligible fips compliance.
Wireless security	encryption schemes client network knows keys read traffic.wifi protected access wpa softwarefirmware improvement wep.regular wlanequipment worked wep able simply upgraded new equipment needs bought.wpa trimmeddown version .i security standard developed ieee .replace wep.tkip encryption algorithm developed wpa provide improvements wep could fielded firmware upgrades existing .
Wireless security	devices.wpa profile also provides optional support aesccmp algorithm preferred algorithm .i wpa.wpa enterprise provides radius based authentication using .x.wpa personal uses preshared shared key psk establish security using character passphrase.psk may also entered character hexadecimal string.weak psk passphrases broken using offline dictionary attacks capturing messages fourway exchange client reconnects deauthenticated.
Wireless security	wireless suites aircrackng crack weak passphrase less minute.wepwpa crackers airsnort auditor security collection.still wpa personal secure used ‘good’ passphrases full character hexadecimal key.there information however erik tews man created fragmentation attack wep going reveal way breaking wpa tkip implementation tokyos pacsec security conference november cracking encryption packet – minutes.still announcement crack somewhat overblown media august best attack wpa becktews attack partially successful works short data packets cannot decipher wpa key requires specific wpa implementations order work.additions wpav addition wpav tkip wids eap may added alongside.
Wireless security	also vpnnetworks noncontinuous secure network connections may set .standard.vpn implementations include pptp ltp ipsec ssh.however extra layer security may also cracked tools anger deceit ettercap pptp ikescan ikeprobe ipsectrace ikecrack ipsecconnections.tkip stands temporal key integrity protocol acronym pronounced teekip.part ieee .i standard.
Wireless security	tkip implements perpacket key mixing rekeying system also provides message integrity check.avoid problems wep.eap wpaimprovement ieee .x standard already improved authentication authorization access wireless wired lans.addition extra measures extensible authentication protocol eap initiated even greater amount security.eap uses central authentication server.
Wireless security	unfortunately maryland professor discovered shortcomings.next years shortcomings addressed use tls enhancements.new version eap called extended eap available several versions include eapmd peapv peapv eapmschapv leap eapfast eaptls eapttls mschapv eapsim.eapversions eapversions include leap peap eaps.leapthis stands lightweight extensible authentication protocol.protocol based .x helps minimize original security flaws using wep sophisticated key management system.
Wireless security	eapversion safer eapmd.also uses mac address authentication.leap secure thcleapcracker used break cisco’s version leap used computers connected access point form dictionary attack.anwrap asleap finally crackers capable breaking leap.peapthis stands protected extensible authentication protocol.protocol allows secure transport data passwords encryption keys without need certificate server.
Wireless security	developed cisco microsoft rsa security.other eapsthere types extensible authentication protocol implementations based eap framework.framework established supports existing eap types well future authentication methods.eaptls offers good protection mutual authentication.client network authenticated using certificates persession wep keys.eapfast also offers good protection.
Wireless security	eapttls another alternative made certicom funk software.convenient one need distribute certificates users yet offers slightly less protection eaptls.restricted access networks solutions include newer system authentication ieee .x promises enhance security wired wireless networks.wireless access points incorporate technologies like often also routers built thus becoming wireless gateways.endtoend encryption one argue layer layer encryption methods good enough protecting valuable data like passwords personal emails.
Wireless security	technologies add encryption parts communication path still allowing people spy traffic gained access wired network somehow.solution may encryption authorization application layer using technologies like ssl ssh gnupg pgp similar.the disadvantage endtoend method may fail cover traffic.encryption router level vpn single switch encrypts traffic even udp dns lookups.endtoend encryption hand service secured must encryption turned often every connection must also turned separately.sending emails every recipient must support encryption method must exchange keys correctly.
Wireless security	web web sites offer https even browser sends ip addresses clear text.the prized resource often access internet.office lan owner seeking restrict access face nontrivial enforcement task user authenticate router..i security newest rigorous security implement wlans today .i rsnstandard.fullfledged .i standard uses wpav however require newest hardware unlike wpav thus potentially requiring purchase new equipment.new hardware required may either aeswrap early version .i newer better aesccmpequipment.
Wireless security	one make sure one needs wrap ccmpequipment hardware standards compatible.wpav wpa wifi alliance branded version final .i standard.primary enhancement wpa inclusion aesccmp algorithm mandatory feature.wpa wpa support eap authentication methods using radius servers preshared key psk.the number wpa wpa networks increasing number wep networks decreasing security vulnerabilities wep.wpa found least one security vulnerability nicknamed hole.vulnerability uses wpa group temporal key gtk shared key among users bssid launch attacks users bssid.
Wireless security	named page ieee .i specification vulnerability discussed.order exploit performed gtk must known attacker.additions wpav unlike .x .i already additional securityservices tkip.wpav wpav may work cooperation eap wids.wapi stands wlan authentication privacy infrastructure.
Wireless security	wireless security standard defined chinese government.smart cards usb tokens software tokens security token use method authentication relying upon authorized users possessing requisite token.smart cards physical tokens cards utilize embedded integrated circuit chip authentication requiring card reader.usb tokens physical tokens connect via usb port authenticate user.rf shielding practical cases apply specialized wall paint window film room building significantly attenuate wireless signals keeps signals propagating outside facility.
Wireless security	significantly improve wireless security difficult hackers receive signals beyond controlled area facility parking lot.denial service defense dos attacks easy detect.however lot difficult stop even detection.three common ways stop dos attack.black holing black holing one possible way stopping dos attack.
Wireless security	situation drop ip packets attacker.good longterm strategy attackers change source address quickly.this may negative effects done automatically.attacker could knowingly spoof attack packets ip address corporate partner.automated defenses could block legitimate traffic partner cause additional problems.validating handshake validating handshake involves creating false opens setting aside resources sender acknowledges.
Wireless security	firewalls address syn floods prevalidating tcp handshake.done creating false opens.whenever syn segment arrives firewall sends back synack segment without passing syn segment target server.only firewall gets back ack would happen legitimate connection would firewall send original syn segment server originally intended.firewall doesnt set aside resources connection syn segment arrives handling large number false syn segments small burden.rate limiting rate limiting used reduce certain type traffic amount reasonably dealt with.
Wireless security	broadcasting internal network could still used limited rate example.subtle dos attacks.good attack aimed single server keeps transmission lines least partially open communication.rate limiting frustrates attacker legitimate users.helps fully solve problem.dos traffic clogs access line going internet nothing border firewall help situation.
Wireless security	dos attacks problems community stopped help isps organizations whose computers taken bots used attack firms.mobile devices increasing number mobile devices .x interfaces security mobile devices becomes concern.open standards kismet targeted towards securing laptops access points solutions extend towards covering mobile devices also.host based solutions mobile handsets pdas .x interface.security within mobile devices fall three categoriesprotecting ad hoc networksconnecting rogue access pointsmutual authentication schemes wpa described abovewireless ips solutions offer wireless security mobile devices.mobile patient monitoring devices becoming integral part healthcare industry devices eventually become method choice accessing implementing health checks patients located remote areas.types ofpatient monitoring systems security reliability critical influence condition patients could leave medical professionals dark condition patient compromised.
Wireless security	implementing network encryption order implement .i one must first make sure routeraccess points well client devices indeed equipped support network encryption.done server radius ads nds ldap needs integrated.server computer local network access point router integrated authentication server remote server.apsrouters integrated authentication servers often expensive specifically option commercial usage like hot spots.hosted .x servers via internet require monthly fee running private server free yet disadvantage one must set server needs continuously.to set server server client software must installed.
Wireless security	server software required enterprise authentication server radius ads nds ldap.required software picked various suppliers microsoft cisco funk software meetinghouse data opensource projects.software includesaradial radius servercisco secure access control softwarefreeradius opensourcefunk software steel belted radius odysseymicrosoft internet authentication servicemeetinghouse data eagisskyfriendz free cloud solution based freeradiusclient software comes builtin windows xp may integrated oss using following softwareaegisclientcisco acuclientintel prosetwireless softwareodyssey clientxsupplicant openxproject radius remote authentication dial user service radius aaa authentication authorization accounting protocol used remote network access.radius developed originally proprietary published isoc documents rfc rfc .idea inside server act gatekeeper verifying identities username password already predetermined user.
Wireless security	radius server also configured enforce user policies restrictions well record accounting information connection time purposes billing.open access points today almost full wireless network coverage many urban areas – infrastructure wireless community network consider future internet already place.one could roam around always connected internet nodes open public due security concerns nodes encrypted users dont know disable encryption.many people consider proper etiquette leave access points open public allowing free access internet.others think default encryption provides substantial protection small inconvenience dangers open access fear may substantial even home dsl router.the density access points even problem – limited number channels available partly overlap.
Wireless security	channel handle multiple networks places many private wireless networks example apartment complexes limited number wifi radio channels might cause slowness problems.according advocates open access points shouldnt involve significant risks open wireless networks publicthe wireless network confined small geographical area.computer connected internet improper configurations security problems exploited anyone anywhere world clients small geographical range exploit open wireless access point.thus exposure low open wireless access point risks open wireless network small.however one aware open wireless router give access local network often including access file shares printers.the way keep communication truly secure use endtoend encryption.example accessing internet bank one would almost always use strong encryption web browser way bank – thus shouldnt risky banking unencrypted wireless network.
Wireless security	argument anyone sniff traffic applies wired networks system administrators possible hackers access links read traffic.also anyone knowing keys encrypted wireless network gain access data transferred network.if services like file shares access printers etc.available local net advisable authentication i.e.password accessing one never assume private network accessible outside.correctly set safe allow access local network outsiders.with popular encryption algorithms today sniffer usually able compute network key minutes.it common pay fixed monthly fee internet connection traffic – thus extra traffic detrimental.where internet connections plentiful cheap freeloaders seldom prominent nuisance.on hand countries including germany persons providing open access point may made partially liable illegal activity conducted via access point.
Wireless security	also many contracts isps specify connection may shared persons.see also aircrackngelectromagnetic shieldingkismetkracklist router firmware projectsmobile securitypayment card industry data security standardstealth wallpapertempest codenamewireless intrusion prevention systemwireless public key infrastructure wpkiexploits wireless networks references wifoo secrets wireless hacking – isbn real .security wifi protected access .i – isbn design implementation wlan authentication security – isbn evolution .wireless security pdf.itffroc.
National Security and Homeland Security Presidential Directive	.boyle randall panko raymond.corporate computer security.upper saddle river new jersey.external links wireless security curliehow secure wireless home network wikihowemergency defined incident regardless location results extraordinary levels mass casualties damage disruption severely affecting u.s. population infrastructure environment economy government functions.the unclassified portion directive replaced president bill clintons presidential decision directive posted white house website may without announcement press briefings although special assistant george w. bush gordon johndroe answered several questions matter asked members press early june .details presidential directive defines national essential functions federal government specifies continuity requirements departments agencies federal governments executive branch provides guidance state local territorial tribal governments private sector organizations.also provides national continuity coordinator oversee development implementation federal continuity policies.the source text indicates catastrophic emergency federal government cooperate matter comity order protect constitutione enduring constitutional government ecg means cooperative effort among executive legislative judicial branches federal government coordinated president matter comity respect legislative judicial branches proper respect constitutional separation powers among branches preserve constitutional framework nation governed capability three branches government execute constitutional responsibilities provide orderly succession appropriate transition leadership interoperability support national essential functions catastrophic emergencythe source text nspd repeatedly reaffirms constitutionality specifically states recognizing branch federal government responsible continuity programs official designated chief staff president shall ensure executive branchs continuity operations continuity government policies support enduring constitutional government efforts appropriately coordinated legislative judicial branches order ensure interoperability allocate national assets efficiently maintain functioning federal government.conservative activist jerome corsi marjorie cohn national lawyers guild said violation constitution united states three branches government separate equal single branch coordinating others.directive created president claims president power declare catastrophic emergency.specify power declare emergency over.the directive says case emergency new position national continuity coordinator would filled assistant president homeland security counterterrorism.
National Security and Homeland Security Presidential Directive	position currently held elizabeth sherwoodrandall.directive also specifies continuity policy coordination committee chaired senior director homeland security council staff selected national continuity coordinator shall main daytoday forum policy coordination.the directive ends describing number annexes annex described classified appear directives web pagethe national continuity policy annex categories departments agencies available financial banking information infrastructure committee website indicates executive departments agencies assigned one four categories commensurate coopcogecg responsibilities emergency.reception signing directive generally covered mainstream u.s. media discussed u.s. congress.similar executive security directives issued previous presidents texts kept secret first made public part.unclear national security homeland security presidential directive reconcile national emergencies act u.s. federal law passed gives congress oversight presidential emergency powers emergencies.
National Security and Homeland Security Presidential Directive	national emergencies act mentioned text national security homeland security presidential directive.after receiving concerned communications constituents july u.s. representative homeland security committee member peter defazio made official request examine classified continuity annexes described secure bubbleroom united states capitol request denied white house cited national security concerns.first time defazio denied access documents.quoted saying talking continuity government united states america ... would think would relevant member congress let alone member homeland security committee.denial defazio joined two colleagues bennie thompson chairman committee chris carney chairman homeland security oversight subcommittee renewed effort gain access documents.see also main corestate emergencycontinuity governmentcontinuity operations planpresidential directiveunited states department homeland securityrexposse comitatus actnational emergencies actstate secrets privilegeviolent radicalization homegrown terrorism prevention act directive noveltom clancys division references external links national security homeland security presidential directive white house websitenational continuity policy annex categories departments agencies financial banking information infrastructure committee website web archiveboston globe article june u.s. government report congress national emergency powers web archive including history development legislation limit them.who rule country next slate.com
Gili Raanan	raanan started sanctum invented first web application firewall appshield first web application penetration testing software appscan.later started nlayers acquired emc corporation pioneering science application discovery understanding.investor general partner sequoia capital founder cyberstarts board member adallom armis security onavo moovit innovid nysectv snaptu.biography gili raanan born kfar saba israel.earned bachelor computer science tel aviv university received master business administration degree recanati school tel aviv university.
Gili Raanan	business career raanan started sanctum invented first web application firewall appshield first web application penetration testing software appscan.as part research application security raanan coinvented captcha described patent application invention based applying human advantage applying sensory cognitive skills solving simple problems prove extremely hard computer software.skills include limited processing sensory information identification objects letters within noisy graphical environment.raanan later started nlayers acquired emc corporation pioneering science application discovery understanding.venture capitalist raanan joined sequoia capital israel general partner.raanan board member adallom onavo snaptu.raanan founded cyberstarts early stage vc focused cybersecurity.
Parliament Security Services	philanthropy raanan one early contributors spaceils beresheet israel’s privately funded engineered launched mission moon’s surface.referencesinitially men nominated access control complex.sergeant arms colin keppel designated controller another officials drawn delhi police metropolitan police deployment gallery watch ward officer appointed administer directions hon’ble speaker guidance secretary general.watch ward renamed parliament security service since april .parliament security service headed joint secretary security looks security set indian parliament house complex.director security rajya sabha secretariat exercises security operational control parliament security service rajya sabha sector administrative control rajya sabha secretariat.
Parliament Security Services	director security lok sabha secretariat exercises security operational control parliament security service lok sabha sector administrative control lok sabha secretariat.parliament security service inhouse system provides proactive preventive protective security vipsvvips building incumbents.parliament security services solely responsible management access control regulation people material vehicles within historical prestigious parliament house complex.being inhouse security service prime approach revolves around principles access control based proper authorization verification identification authentication human material resources entering parliament house complex help modern security gadgets.since threat perception increasing years due manifold growth various terrorist organizations outfits refinement planning intelligence actions surrogated warfare tactics employed organizations sponsoring nourishing terrorists new security procedures introduced security management counter everchanging modus operandi terrorist outfitsindividuals posing threat parliament house complex vips.the parliament security services nodal security organization responsible security parliament house complex objective ensured coordinating various security agencies.security agencies viz.
Parliament Security Services	delhi police parliament duty groupcentral reserve police forcedelhi fire service intelligence bureau spg nsg assist parliament security service.having expertise identification honble members parliament departmentsinstitutions call pss officers assistance identify vvip functions therefore parliament security service also assist president house oath ceremony athome functions army delhi police republic day january function rajpath independence day august functions organized red fort every year.the parliament security service plays important operational activity presidential election.also coordinates bureau civil aviation security delhi police airport security collection ballot boxes containing ballot papers respective state legislature airport safe transportation armed guards airport parliament house placed safe custody aegis returning officer lock key protection round clock armed guards completion counting declaration result ballot boxes duly returned election commission.one important operational activities parliament security service show around parliament house complex visitors coming see parliament house intersession period.sub officers parliament security service deputed ensure visitors foreign dignitaries delegations escorted properly given factual detailed information history parliament building procedures practiced conducting proceedings parliament.students designed less pattern educational tour.visitors also given brief statues portraits installed complex.
Decentraleyes	referencesprimary task block connections major cdns cloudflare google privacy antitracking purposes serve popular web libraries jquery angularjs locally users machine.decentraleyes available microsoft edge mozilla firefox firefox esr google chrome pale moon opera web browsers.overview decentraleyes bundled javascript libraries angularjs backbone.js dojo ember.js ext core jquery jquery ui modernizr mootools prototype including script.aculo.us swfobject underscore.js web font loader.locally redirect connections google hosted libraries microsoft ajax cdn cdnjs cloudflare jquery cdn maxcdn jsdelivr maxcdn yandex cdn baidu cdn sina public resources upyun libraries networks.bundled resources software package served user locally machine opposed server.
Decentraleyes	blocking connections cdns claimed result faster loading times end user.reception lifehacker recommended decentraleyes solution help prevent users data tracked google.cloudpro ukbased cloud computing publication endorsed decentraleyes way blocking malicious maninthemiddle cdn attacks.history decentraleyes first released late compatible firefox browser.between spinoff extension called localcdn created.brought functionality decentraleyes chromium based browsers available time later year.in october decentraleyes .. released.
Shared web hosting service	new version rewritten scratch comply new firefox browser addon standards consistent user interface better support righttoleft languages.references external links official websitegenerally economical option hosting overall cost server maintenance spread many customers.choosing shared hosting website share physical server one websites.description service must include system administration since shared many users benefit users want deal hindrance power users want control.general shared hosting inappropriate users require extensive software development outside hosting provider supports.almost applications intended standard web server work fine shared web hosting service.
Shared web hosting service	hand shared hosting cheaper types hosting dedicated server hosting.shared hosting usually usage limits hosting providers extensive reliability features place.shared hosting services typically offer basic web statistics support email webmail services auto script installations updated php mysql basic aftersale technical support included monthly subscription.also typically uses webbased control panel system.large hosting companies use custom developed control panel.
Shared web hosting service	control panels web interfaces cause controversy however since web hosting companies sometimes sell right use control panel system others.attempting recreate functionality specific control panel common leads many lawsuits patent infringement.in shared hosting provider generally responsible managing servers installing server software security updates technical support aspects service.servers based linux operating system lamp software bundle.providers offer microsoft windowsbased freebsdbased solutions.serverside facilities either operating system os similar functionality example mysql database many serverside programming languages widely used php programming language linux proprietary sql server database asp.net programming language microsoft windows.there thousands shared hosting providers world.
Shared web hosting service	range momandpop shops small design firms multimilliondollar providers hundreds thousands customers.large portion shared web hosting market driven pay per click ppc advertising affiliate programs purely nonprofit.shared web hosting also done privately sharing cost running server colocation centre called cooperative hosting.implementation shared web hosting accomplished two ways namebased internet protocolbased ipbased although control panels allow mix namebased ipbased one server.ipbased ipbased virtual hosting also called dedicated ip hosting virtual host different ip address.web server configured multiple physical network interfaces virtual network interfaces physical interface.
Shared web hosting service	web server software uses ip address client connects order determine website show user.issue ipv address exhaustion means ip addresses increasingly scarce resource primary justification site use dedicated ip able use ssltls certificate rather shared certificate.namebased namebased virtual hosting also called shared ip hosting virtual hosts serve multiple hostnames single machine single ip address.possible web browser requests resource web server using http.includes requested hostname part request.
Shared web hosting service	server uses information determine website show user.understanding dns name servers dns stands domain name system.domain name system acts like large telephone directory master database associates domain name appropriate ip number.consider ip number something similar phone number someone calls isp looks dns server asks contact dns server responds example found ..... internet understands considered phone number server houses website.domain name registeredpurchased particular registrars name server dns settings kept server cases point domain name server hosting provider.
Addicted (web series)	name server ip number currently associated domain name resides.see also dedicated hosting servicefree web hosting servicevirtual machinevirtual private serverweb hosting serviceweb server referencesseries two sixteenyearold teenagers gu hai bai luo yin despite social differences personal history forge close love relationship.starring huang jingyu xu weizhou television debut premiered january aired three episodes weekly february banned chinese authorities.series groundbreaking success subsequent ban brought attention taboo topic homosexuality mainland china.series since developed cult following.production filming drama began november beijing china ended december .
Addicted (web series)	featuring firsttime director new actors drama production budget million yuan around us.due lowbudget cast makeup time supplied clothes filming.prior addicted boys love dramas understood belong specific boys love genre specific audience base hence series wasnt expected reach mainstream success.synopsis ever since young bai luo yin xu weizhou living careless loving father bai han qi sick grandmother.turned years old biological mother jiang yuan remarried.new husband highranking military official gu wei ting.because mothers death gu wei tings son gu hai huang jingyu harboring deep grudge towards father.
Addicted (web series)	random hand fate two stepbrothers wildly conflicting emotional backgrounds placed class beijing high school without knowing others background first.time slowly developed special feeling toward one another.classmates qi yang meng instrumental relationship.at times course series friends mention abbreviated combination boys names hai luo yin sound like “heroin”.cast episodes soundtrack reception audience viewership january series first episode premiered tencent video iqiyi video sites garnered million views span hours initial online release setting record highest number views first day chinas streaming television history.less month series reached million views became second mostwatched show iqiyi mostwatched show video sites.
Addicted (web series)	social media series became viral topic weibo social platforms.word 上瘾 shàngyǐn mentioned .million times weibo week – february hashtag 上阴网络剧 shàngyǐn web drama viewed million times.weibo user wrote series phenomenal successyou idea crazy was.... whole weibo talking it.
Addicted (web series)	everyone watching everyone talking it.four main actors particularly huang xu achieved overnight stardom.onscreen chemistry offscreen interactions backstage clips gained large number fans shipped real life romantic couple.censorship despite groundbreaking success february episodes drama abruptly removed chinese video streaming websites three episodes season finale order sapprft nrta due gay explicit content longer accessible chinese viewers much series viewers outrage.last three episodes first season uploaded days later official youtube channel huace film tv accessible viewers outside mainland china.
Addicted (web series)	reaction censorship series sparked criticisms questions discussions taboo topic homosexuality acceptance lgbt community authoritarian mainland china.online discussions weibo hashtag removal addiction received million views within day cancellation.american news media wall street journal time also published articles censorship.matthew baren shanghai pride told time “disappointing” addiction gone offline “it’s encouraging see shows homosexuality made china chinese talents chinese audiences.” weibo user quoted south china morning post “why take away drama ... millions reasons cover move truth afraid gay issues.chinese activist li maizi argued regarding series censorship recent hit gaythemed web dramas show lgbt market broad.... sapprft better face rather implementing unspoken rules using traditional values shield.
Addicted (web series)	banning huang xu despite series cancellation two main actors continued skyrocket popularity individually screen couple interviews magazine photoshoots together also continued publicly interacting teasing weibo fans delight.however april revealed planned second season permanently shelved china unofficially banned two actors appearing television event together.filmed appearances chinese television variety shows happy camp run time avenue stars subsequently never aired.april fan meeting thailand brief moment come together quickly pulled apart security guards.last public appearance together.official announcement banning actors contrary previous official announcement ordering series immediately pulled offair puzzlement disappointment fans.
Addicted (web series)	xu stopped receiving work offers period time repercussion ban.legacy may series episodes huace film tv youtube channel total million views.series remains popular boys love series ever made mainland china.the series developed active cult following boys love genre fandom casual fans since cancellation locally internationally.october weibo forum fans series especially fans huang xu couple known 双超 shuangchao followers still active.the term eightyear promise used series fans wait day huang xu able share stage together photographed together more.fans chose eight years couple separated eight years original novel.
Authentication	future june jidan posted pictures weibo responded users questions saying filming season two started taiwan.rumored cast changed.references external links chinese addicted web series official weiboaddicted playlist china huace film tv official channel youtubecontrast identification act indicating person things identity authentication process verifying identity.might involve validating personal identity documents verifying authenticity website digital certificate determining age artifact carbon dating ensuring product document counterfeit.methods authentication relevant multiple fields.art antiques anthropology common problem verifying given artifact produced certain person certain place period history.computer science verifying users identity often required allow access confidential data systems.authentication considered three typesthe first type authentication accepting proof identity given credible person firsthand evidence identity genuine.
Authentication	authentication required art physical objects proof could friend family member colleague attesting items provenance perhaps witnessed item creators possession.autographed sports memorabilia could involve someone attesting witnessed object signed.vendor selling branded items implies authenticity may evidence every step supply chain authenticated.centralized authoritybased trust relationships back secure internet communication known public certificate authorities decentralized peerbased trust also known web trust used personal services email files pretty good privacy gnu privacy guard trust established known individuals signing others cryptographic key key signing parties instance.the second type authentication comparing attributes object known objects origin.example art expert might look similarities style painting check location form signature compare object old photograph.
Authentication	archaeologist hand might use carbon dating verify age artifact chemical spectroscopic analysis materials used compare style construction decoration artifacts similar origin.physics sound light comparison known physical environment used examine authenticity audio recordings photographs videos.documents verified created ink paper readily available time items implied creation.attribute comparison may vulnerable forgery.general relies facts creating forgery indistinguishable genuine artifact requires expert knowledge mistakes easily made amount effort required considerably greater amount profit gained forgery.in art antiques certificates great importance authenticating object interest value.certificates however also forged authentication poses problem.
Authentication	instance son han van meegeren wellknown artforger forged work father provided certificate provenance well see article jacques van meegeren.criminal civil penalties fraud forgery counterfeiting reduce incentive falsification depending risk getting caught.currency financial instruments commonly use second type authentication method.bills coins cheques incorporate hardtoduplicate physical features fine printing engraving distinctive feel watermarks holographic imagery easy trained receivers verify.the third type authentication relies documentation external affirmations.criminal courts rules evidence often require establishing chain custody evidence presented.accomplished written evidence log testimony police detectives forensics staff handled it.antiques accompanied certificates attesting authenticity.
Authentication	signed sports memorabilia usually accompanied certificate authenticity.external records problems forgery perjury also vulnerable separated artifact lost.in computer science user given access secure systems based user credentials imply authenticity.network administrator give user password provide user key card access device allow system access.case authenticity implied guaranteed.consumer goods pharmaceuticals perfume fashion clothing use three forms authentication prevent counterfeit goods taking advantage popular brands reputation damaging brand owners sales reputation.mentioned item sale reputable store implicitly attests genuine first type authentication.
Authentication	second type authentication might involve comparing quality craftsmanship item expensive handbag genuine articles.third type authentication could presence trademark item legally protected marking identifying feature aids consumers identification genuine brandname goods.software companies taken great steps protect counterfeiters including adding holograms security rings security threads color shifting ink.authentication factors ways someone may authenticated fall three categories based known factors authentication something user knows something user something user is.authentication factor covers range elements used authenticate verify persons identity prior granted access approving transaction request signing document work product granting authority others establishing chain authority.security research determined positive authentication elements least two preferably three factors verified.
Authentication	three factors classes elements factor arethe knowledge factors something user knows e.g.password partial password pass phrase personal identification number pin challenge response user must answer question pattern security question.the ownership factors something user e.g.wrist band id card security token implanted device cell phone builtin hardware token software token cell phone holding software token.the inherence factors something user e.g.fingerprint retinal pattern dna sequence assorted definitions sufficient signature face voice unique bioelectric signals biometric identifier.singlefactor authentication weakest level authentication single component one three categories factors used authenticate individual’s identity.
Authentication	use one factor offer much protection misuse malicious intrusion.type authentication recommended financial personally relevant transactions warrant higher level security.multifactor authentication multifactor authentication involves two authentication factors something know something something are.twofactor authentication special case multifactor authentication involving exactly two factors.for example using bankcard something user along pin something user knows provides twofactor authentication.business networks may require users provide password knowledge factor pseudorandom number security token ownership factor.
Authentication	access veryhighsecurity system might require mantrap screening height weight facial fingerprint checks several inherence factor elements plus pin day code knowledge factor elements still twofactor authentication.authentication types frequent types authentication available use authenticating online users differ level security provided combining factors one three categories factors authentication strong authentication u.s. governments national information assurance glossary defines strong authentication aslayered authentication approach relying two authenticators establish identity originator receiver information.european central bank ecb defined strong authentication procedure based two three authentication factors.factors used must mutually independent least one factor must nonreusable nonreplicable except case inherence factor must also incapable stolen internet.european well usamerican understanding strong authentication similar multifactor authentication fa exceeding rigorous requirements.the fast identity online fido alliance striving establish technical specifications strong authentication.
Authentication	continuous authentication conventional computer systems authenticate users initial login session cause critical security flaw.resolve problem systems need continuous user authentication methods continuously monitor authenticate users based biometric traits.study used behavioural biometrics based writing styles continuous authentication method.recent research shown possibility using smartphones’ sensors accessories extract behavioral attributes touch dynamics keystroke dynamics gait recognition.attributes known behavioral biometrics could used verify identify users implicitly continuously smartphones.authentication systems built based behavioral biometric traits known active continuous authentication systems.
Authentication	digital authentication term digital authentication also known electronic authentication eauthentication refers group processes confidence user identities established presented via electronic methods information system.digital authentication process creates technical challenges need authenticate individuals entities remotely network.the american national institute standards technology nist created generic model digital authentication describes processes used accomplish secure authenticationenrollment – individual applies credential service provider csp initiate enrollment process.successfully proving applicant’s identity csp allows applicant become subscriber.authentication – becoming subscriber user receives authenticator e.g.token credentials user name.permitted perform online transactions within authenticated session relying party must provide proof possesses one authenticators.lifecycle maintenance – csp charged task maintaining user’s credential course lifetime subscriber responsible maintaining authenticators.the authentication information pose special problems electronic communication vulnerability maninthemiddle attacks whereby third party taps communication stream poses two communicating parties order intercept information each.
Authentication	extra identity factors required authenticate partys identity.product authentication counterfeit products often offered consumers authentic.counterfeit consumer goods electronics music apparel counterfeit medications sold legitimate.efforts control supply chain educate consumers help ensure authentic products sold used.even security printing packages labels nameplates however subject counterfeiting.in anticounterfeiting technology guide euipo observatory infringements intellectual property rights categorizes main anticounterfeiting technologies market currently five main categories electronic marking chemical physical mechanical technologies digital media.
Authentication	products packaging include variable qr code.qr code alone easy verify offers weak level authentication offers protection counterfeits unless scan data analysed system level detect anomalies.increase security level qr code combined digital watermark copy detection pattern robust copy attempts authenticated smartphone.secure key storage device used authentication consumer electronics network authentication license management supply chain management etc.generally device authenticated needs sort wireless wired digital connection either host system network.
Authentication	nonetheless component authenticated need electronic nature authentication chip mechanically attached read connector host e.g.authenticated ink tank use printer.products services secure coprocessors applied offer solution much difficult counterfeit options time easily verified.packaging packaging labeling engineered help reduce risks counterfeit consumer goods theft resale products.package constructions difficult copy pilferindicating seals.
Authentication	counterfeit goods unauthorized sales diversion material substitution tampering reduced anticounterfeiting technologies.packages may include authentication seals use security printing help indicate package contents counterfeit subject counterfeiting.packages also include antitheft devices dyepacks rfid tags electronic article surveillance tags activated detected devices exit points require specialized tools deactivate.anticounterfeiting technologies used packaging includetaggant fingerprinting – uniquely coded microscopic materials verified databaseencrypted microparticles – unpredictably placed markings numbers layers colors visible human eyeholograms – graphics printed seals patches foils labels used point sale visual verificationmicroprinting – secondline authentication often used currenciesserialized barcodesuv printing – marks visible uv lighttrack trace systems – use codes link products database tracking systemwater indicators – become visible contacted waterdna tracking – genes embedded onto labels tracedcolorshifting ink film – visible marks switch colors texture tiltedtamper evident seals tapes – destructible graphically verifiable point saled barcodes – data codes trackedrfid chipsnfc chips information content literary forgery involve imitating style famous author.original manuscript typewritten text recording available medium packaging – anything box email headers help prove disprove authenticity document.
Authentication	however text audio video copied new media possibly leaving informational content use authentication.various systems invented allow authors provide means readers reliably authenticate given message originated relayed them.involve authentication factors likea difficulttoreproduce physical artifact seal signature watermark special stationery fingerprint.a shared secret passphrase content message.an electronic signature publickey infrastructure often used cryptographically guarantee message signed holder particular private key.the opposite problem detection plagiarism information different author passed persons work.common technique proving plagiarism discovery another copy similar text different attribution.cases excessively high quality style mismatch may raise suspicion plagiarism.
Authentication	literacy literature authentication literacy authentication readers’ process questioning veracity aspect literature verifying questions via research.fundamental question authentication literature – one believe related authentication project therefore reading writing activity students documents relevant research process .builds students critical literacy.documentation materials literature go beyond narrative texts likely include informational texts primary sources multimedia.process typically involves internet handson library research.
Authentication	authenticating historical fiction particular readers consider extent major historical events well culture portrayed e.g.language clothing food gender roles believable period.history stateoftheart historically fingerprints used authoritative method authentication court cases us elsewhere raised fundamental doubts fingerprint reliability.outside legal system well fingerprints shown easily spoofable british telecoms top computersecurity official noting fingerprint readers already tricked one spoof another.hybrid twotiered authentication methods offer compelling solution private keys encrypted fingerprint inside usb device.in computer data context cryptographic methods developed see digital signature challenge–response authentication currently spoofable originators key compromised.
Authentication	originator anyone attacker knows doesnt know compromise irrelevant.known whether cryptographically based authentication methods provably secure since unanticipated mathematical developments may make vulnerable attack future.occur may call question much authentication past.particular digitally signed contract may questioned new attack cryptography underlying signature discovered.authorization process authorization distinct authentication.
Authentication	whereas authentication process verifying say authorization process verifying permitted trying do.authorization often happens immediately authentication e.g.logging computer system mean authorization presupposes authentication anonymous agent could authorized limited action set.access control one familiar use authentication authorization access control.computer system supposed used authorized must attempt detect exclude unauthorized.
Security-focused operating system	access therefore usually controlled insisting authentication procedure establish degree confidence identity user granting privileges established identity.see also references external links national institute standards technology u.s. department commerce august .electronic authentication guideline – nist special publication pdf.new nist publications describe standards identity credentials authentication systemsoperating systems generalpurpose usage may secure without specific focus security.similar concepts include securityevaluated operating systems achieved certification auditing organization trusted operating systems provide sufficient support multilevel security evidence correctness meet particular set requirements.linux androidbased grapheneos free open source privacy security focused android custom romkali nethunter free open source kali linux based mobile operating system usually android devices debianbased subgraph linuxbased operating system designed resistant surveillance interference sophisticated adversaries internet.subgraph os designed features aim reduce attack surface operating system increase difficulty required carry certain classes attack.accomplished system hardening proactive ongoing focus security attack resistance.subgraph os also places emphasis ensuring integrity installed software packages deterministic compilation.
Security-focused operating system	subgraph os features kernel hardened grsecurity pax patchset linux namespaces xpra application containment mandatory file system encryption using luks resistance cold boot attacks configured default isolate network communications installed applications independent circuits tor anonymity network.tails securityfocused linux distribution aimed preserving privacy anonymity.meant run livecd usb drive write kind data drive unless specified persistence set.way lives ram everything purged system whenever powered off.tails designed emergency shutdown erase data ram medium resides expelled.whonix anonymous general purpose operating system based virtualbox debian linux tor.whonix design ip dns leaks impossible.
Security-focused operating system	even malware superuser find users real ip addresslocation.whonix consists two virtual machines.one machine solely runs tor acts gateway called whonixgateway.machine called whonixworkstation completely isolated network.also possible use multiple whonix workstations simultaneously one gateway provide stream isolation though necessarily endorsed.
Security-focused operating system	connections forced tor whonix gateway virtual machine therefore ip dns leaks impossible.fedorabased qubes os desktop operating system based around xen hypervisor allows grouping programs number isolated sandboxes virtual machines provide security.windows programs running within sandboxes security domains color coded easy recognition.security domains configurable transient changes file system preserved network connection routed special virtual machines example one provides tor networking.operating system provides secure mechanisms copy paste copying files security domains gentoobased pentoo live cd live usb designed penetration testing security assessment.
Security-focused operating system	based gentoo linux pentoo provided bit installable live cd.built hardened gentoo linux including hardened kernel toolchain.tin hat linux derived hardened gentoo linux.aims provide secure stable fast desktop environment lives purely ram.linux distributions alpine linux actively maintained lightweight musl busyboxbased distribution.uses pax grsecurity patches default kernel compiles packages stacksmashing protection.annvix originally forked mandriva provide securityfocused server distribution employs propolice protection hardened configuration small footprint.
Security-focused operating system	plans include full support rsbac mandatory access control system.annvix dormant however last version released december .engarde secure linux secure platform designed servers.browserbased tool mac using selinux since .additionally accompanied web dns email enterprise applications specifically focusing security without unnecessary software.community platform engarde secure linux bleedingedge version freely available download.immunix commercial distribution linux focused heavily security.
Security-focused operating system	supplied many systems making including stackguard cryptographic signing executables race condition patches format string exploit guarding code.immunix traditionally releases older versions distribution free noncommercial use.immunix distribution licensed two licenses immunix commercial noncommercial licenses.many tools within gpl however kernel.solar designers openwall project owl first distribution nonexecutable userspace stack tmp race condition protection access control restrictions proc data way kernel patch.also features peruser tmp directory via pammktemp pam module supports blowfish password encryption.
Security-focused operating system	bsdbased trustedbsd subproject freebsd designed add trusted operating system extensions targeting common criteria information technology security evaluation see also orange book.main focuses working access control lists event auditing extended attributes mandatory access controls finegrained capabilities.since access control lists known confronted confused deputy problem capabilities different way avoid issue.part trustedbsd project also port nsas flaskte implementation run freebsd.many trusted extensions integrated main freebsd branch starting .x.openbsd research operating system developing security mitigations.
Security-focused operating system	objectcapability systems operating systems engineered around objectcapabilities security paradigm instead system deciding access request granted bundling authority designation makes impossible request anything legitimate.caproserosgenodefiasco.ockeykossel solarisbased trusted solaris securityfocused version solaris unix operating system.aimed primarily government computing sector trusted solaris adds detailed auditing tasks pluggable authentication mandatory access control additional physical authentication devices finegrained access control.trusted solaris common criteria certified.recent version trusted solaris released received eal certification level augmented number protection profiles.telnet vulnerable buffer overflow exploits patched april .
National Intelligence and Security Service	see also referencescounterterrorism country informing federal police gathering intelligence ethiopian national defense force information local law enforcement.niss provision ministry peace.reports ministry tasks missions.reestablished renamed national intelligence security service.duties mission national intelligence security service mission regarded deal counterterrorism gathering information public safety.
National Intelligence and Security Service	legal authority national intelligence security service showed legal authority imposed travel ban individuals moving countries.disclosed mps visited headquarters institution.cooperation counterterrorism foreign law enforcement spy agencies cooperation foreign law enforcement spy agencies extended countries like u.s russia israel.august niss u.s federal bureau investigation fbi signed memorandum understanding jointly combat terrorism.november niss israeli intelligence agency mossad agreed fight counterterrorism operations jointly.
National Intelligence and Security Service	june russian government niss agreed strengthen cooperation joint counterterrorism.rebranding changes niss three decades existence made politically motivated arrests torture journalists oppose governments points views individuals.niss rebranding allowed parliamentary sight conductions duties day day works.news media agencies allowed also report parliamentary oversight niss even media government owned state affiliated one private media allowed also reporter.effort rebrand institution niss new name— national intelligence center nic — well new logo demelash former director niss said.
National Intelligence and Security Service	going merits restructuring demelash talked draft law currently scrutiny council ministers expected refer house people’s representatives ratified.according demelash new law clearly demarcate powers functions intelligence service ensure activities subject institutional oversight appropriate safeguards.bill also incorporates article prevent officers agency affiliation political parties intelligence service operation fully independent professional integrity.officers intelligence service general engagement activities supporting promoting influencing political objectives kind advanced lawful political party organization group.bill also plans suspend intelligence service conducting security vetting monitoring works legal political parties institutions connected freedom expression.

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