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Microsoft 365
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microsoft operate office china instead vianet does.service differs features service offered elsewhere.comparison components office office service consists number products services.office components managed configured online portal users added manually imported csv file office set single signon local active directory using active directory federation services.advanced setup features requires use powershell scripts.
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Microsoft 365
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outlook email service task management calendar application contacts manager included business enterprise office subscriptions outlook web brand.includes outlook mail outlook calendar outlook people outlook tasks.in october existing outlook.com premium service discontinued folded exclusively office personal family subscribers subsequently upgraded gb storage.users microsoft family personal subscription entitled associate personalized email address outlook mailbox.office applications plans office also include access current versions office desktop applications windows office macos office mac period subscription.windows installed using clicktorun system allows users begin using applications almost instantaneously files downloaded background.updates software installed automatically covering security feature updates.
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Microsoft 365
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office subscription lapses applications enter readonly mode editing functionality disabled.full functionality restored new subscription purchased activated.publisher access infopath available windows available install mac operating systems.access office mobile apps android ios devices including smartphones tablets originally limited office subscribers basic editing document creation since made free personal use.however office still required unlock certain advanced editing features use apps devices screens larger .inches use apps business use.
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Microsoft 365
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outlook groups also made available app windows mobile.hosted services business enterpriseoriented plans office offer access cloudhosted versions offices server platforms software service basis including exchange skype business sharepoint browserbased office web apps suite.sharepoints onedrive business functionality formerly known sharepoint mysites skydrive pro distinct consumeroriented onedrive service user also receives tb online storage.certain plans also include unlimited personal cloud storage per user.in lieu microsofts enterprise software home plans office include premium enhancements microsofts consumerlevel online services including terabyte onedrive storage user along minutes phone calls per month microsoftowned skype voip service.on business plans office also includes cloudbased collaboration services delve microsoft teams yammer.office education office education formerly office education microsoft liveedu free suite hosted microsoft services applications intended educational needs.the program provides education institutions set hosted collaboration services communication tools mobile desktop webbased applications well data storage capabilities.
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Microsoft 365
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suite includes microsoft applications collaboration including office live workspace windows live skydrive windows live spaces microsoft sharedview beta microsoft outlook live windows live messenger windows live alerts.the suite part microsoft education solutions.microsoft live id student signin access multiple microsoft applications outlook live windows live messenger windows live spaces windows live skydrive windows live mobile others.universities colleges schools enroll program free registration process.in liveedu moved umbrella microsoft office service.former outlook live answers portal forum asking questions liveedu service discontinued december .transition intended complete september .
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Microsoft 365
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updates microsoft platform uses rolling release model updates online components service provided per quarter.launch versions server components used office .services automatically upgraded office counterparts upon release february .introduction office office division head kurt delbene stated minor incremental updates office desktop software would provided similarly periodic basis office users means streaming system opposed threeyear cycle major releases office used past.microsoft retains update model.although still onpremises perpetual releases office threeyear cycle used versions receive new features access new cloudbased services released office .
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Microsoft 365
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security december microsoft announced office platform compliant isoiec security standards european unions data protection directive signing model clauses health insurance portability accountability act health care environments united states.time microsoft also unveiled new trust center portal containing information privacy policies security practices service.may microsoft announced office compliant federal information security management act compliance act would allow office used u.s. government agencies.in spite claiming comply european data protection standards spite existing safe harbor agreements microsoft admitted refrain handing data stored european servers us authorities patriot act.in finland ficora warned office users phishing incidents breakins caused losses millions euros.september ncscfi national cyber security centre finland created detailed guide protect microsoft office phishing attempts data breaches.in july german state hesse outlawed use office educational institutions citing privacy risks.in december us department commerce breached via office .attackers spent several months able access staff emails.a july cybersecurity advisory british american nsa fbi cisa security agencies warned gru bruteforce campaign mid present july focused significant amount activity microsoft office cloud services.in september vulnerability discovered office applications actively exploited hackers could lead remote code execution identified cve.
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Web of trust
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reception office techradar gave update office .praising administration interfaces accessible users level expertise seamless integration skydrive pro office desktop applications service whole suitable small business environments still offering powerful options use larger companies data loss protection ability integrate local active directory instance.however service severely criticized handled update existing users lack integration services skype yammer.in fourth quarter fiscal year office revenue exceeded conventional license sales microsoft office software first time.see also windows google workspacemicrosoft endpoint manager references reading external links microsoft – official sitedecentralized trust model alternative centralized trust model public key infrastructure pki relies exclusively certificate authority hierarchy such.computer networks many independent webs trust user public key certificate part link multiple webs.the web trust concept first put forth pgp creator phil zimmermann manual pgp version .as time goes accumulate keys people may want designate trusted introducers.everyone else choose trusted introducers.everyone gradually accumulate distribute key collection certifying signatures people expectation anyone receiving trust least one two signatures.cause emergence decentralized faulttolerant web confidence public keys.note use word emergence context.
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Web of trust
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web trust makes use concept emergence.operation web trust openpgpcompliant implementations include certificate vetting scheme assist operation termed web trust.openpgp certificates include one public keys along owner information digitally signed users act endorse association public key person entity listed certificate.commonly done key signing parties.openpgpcompliant implementations also include vote counting scheme used determine public key – owner association user trust using pgp.instance three partially trusted endorsers vouched certificate included public key – owner binding one fully trusted endorser done association owner public key certificate trusted correct.
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Web of trust
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parameters useradjustable e.g.partials perhaps six partials completely bypassed desired.the scheme flexible unlike public key infrastructure designs leaves trust decisions hands individual users.perfect requires caution intelligent supervision users.essentially pki designs less flexible require users follow trust endorsement pki generated certificate authority casigned certificates.simplified explanation two keys pertaining person public key shared openly private key withheld owner.
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Web of trust
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owners private key decrypt information encrypted public key.web trust user ring group peoples public keys.users encrypt information recipients public key recipients private key decrypt it.user digitally signs information private key recipient verifies users public key confirm user question.ensure information came specific user tampered intended recipient read information know private key.contrast typical pki unlike wot typical x. pki enables certificate signed single party certificate authority ca.
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Web of trust
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cas certificate may signed different ca way selfsigned root certificate.root certificates must available use lowerlevel ca certificate typically distributed widely.instance distributed applications browsers email clients.way ssltlsprotected web pages email messages etc.authenticated without requiring users manually install root certificates.
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Web of trust
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applications commonly include one hundred root certificates dozens pkis thus default bestowing trust throughout hierarchy certificates lead back them.wot favors decentralization trust anchors prevent single point failure compromising ca hierarchy.notable project uses wot pki provide framework authentication areas internet monkeysphere utilities.problems loss private keys openpgp web trust essentially unaffected things company failures continued function little change.however related problem occur users whether individuals organizations lose track private key longer decrypt messages sent produced using matching public key found openpgp certificate.early pgp certificates include expiry dates certificates unlimited lives.
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Web of trust
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users prepare signed cancellation certificate time matching private key lost compromised.one prominent cryptographer still getting messages encrypted using public key long ago lost track private key.cant much messages except discard notifying sender unreadable requesting resending public key still matching private key.later pgp openpgp compliant certificates include expiry dates automatically preclude troubles eventually used sensibly.problem also easily avoided use designated revokers introduced early s. key owner may designate third party permission revoke key owners key case key owner loses private key thus loses ability revoke public key.
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Web of trust
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public key authenticity check nontechnical social difficulty web trust like one built pgpopenpgp type systems every web trust without central controller e.g.ca depends users trust.new certificates i.e.produced process generating new key pair likely readily trusted users systems personally met find enough endorsements new certificate.many web trust users certificate vetting set require one fully trusted endorsers otherwise unknown certificate perhaps several partial endorsers using public key certificate prepare messages believe signatures etc.despite wide use openpgp compliant systems easy availability online multiple key servers possible practice unable readily find someone several people endorse new certificate e.g.
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Web of trust
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comparing physical identification key owner information digitally signing new certificate.users remote areas undeveloped ones instance may find users scarce.others certificate also new endorsements others signature new certificate offer marginal benefit toward becoming trusted still parties systems able securely exchange messages them.key signing parties relatively popular mechanism resolve problem finding users install ones certificate existing webs trust endorsing it.websites also exist facilitate location openpgp users arrange keysignings.
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Web of trust
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gossamer spider web trust also makes key verification easier linking openpgp users via hierarchical style web trust end users benefit coincidental determined trust someone endorsed introducer explicitly trusting gswots toplevel key minimally level introducer toplevel key endorses level introducers.the possibility finding chains certificates often justified small world phenomenon given two individuals often possible find short chain people person chain knows preceding following links.however chain necessarily useful person encrypting email verifying signature find chain signatures private key correspondents also trust person chain honest competent signing keys judge whether people likely honestly follow guidelines verifying identity people signing keys.much stronger constraint.another obstacle requirement physically meet someone example key signing party verify identity ownership public key email address may involve travel expenses scheduling constraints affecting sides.software user may need verify hundreds software components produced thousands developers located around world.general population software users cannot meet person software developers establish direct trust must instead rely comparatively slower propagation indirect trust.obtaining pgpgpg key author developer publisher etc.
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Web of trust
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public key server also presents risks since key server thirdparty middleman vulnerable abuse attacks.avoid risk author instead choose publish public key key server i.e.web server accessible domain name owned securely located private office home require use hkpsencrypted connections transmission public key.details see wot assisting solutions below.strong set strong set refers largest collection strongly connected pgp keys.
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Web of trust
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forms basis global web trust.two keys strong set path islands sets keys sign disconnected group exist one member group needs exchange signatures strong set group also become part strong set.strong set size keys beginning year .mean shortest distance statistical analysis pgpgnupgopenpgp web trust mean shortest distance msd one measurement trusted given pgp key within strongly connected set pgp keys make web trust.msd become common metric analysis sets pgp keys.often see msd calculated given subset keys compared global msd generally refers keys ranking within one larger key analyses global web trust.
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Web of trust
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wot assisting solutions physically meeting original developer author always best way obtain distribute verify trust pgpgpg keys highest trust level remain best level best trustworthy way.publishing gpgpgp full key full key fingerprint onwith widely known physicalpapermaterial based book original authordeveloper nd best form sharing trustworthy key users.meeting developer author users research developer author book library via internet aware developers authors photo work pubkey fingerprint emailaddress etc.however practical millions users want communicate message securely physically meet recipient users also practical millions software users need physically meet hundreds software developers authors whose software file signing pgpgpg public key want verify trust ultimately use computers.therefore one trusted thirdparty authority ttpa type entity group need available users usable users entitygroup need capable providing trustedverification trustdelegation services millions users around world time.practically verify downloaded received content data email files authenticity user need verify downloaded main content main dataemail main files pgpgpg signature codefile asc sig.users would need use original developers original authors trustworthy verified publickey users would need use trustworthy filesigning publickey trustedby original owner publickey.
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Web of trust
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really trust specific pgpgpg key users would need physically meet every specific original author developer users would need physically meet originalreleaser filesigning pubkey users would need find another alternative trustworthy user trustedchain wot aka another user another developer another author trusted specific original author developer physically meet person verify real id hisher pgpgpg key also provide id key user side signcertify trust others pgpgpg key.whether software popular software users usually located around world different locations.physically possible original author developer filereleaser provide publickey trust id verification services millions users.neither practical millions software users physically meet every software every softwarelibrary every piece codes developer author releaser use need use computers.even multiple trusted peopleperson originalauthor trustedchain wot still physically practically possible every developer author meet every users also possible every users meet hundreds developers whose software using working on.
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Web of trust
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decentralized hierarchy based wot chain model become popular used nearby users physical meeting pubkey certify sign procedure wot easier.a solutions original authordeveloper need first set trustlevel signcertify filesigning key.updated publickeys updated filesigning publickeys must also published distributed made accessible users via online secure encrypted mediums user location world get correct trusted unmodified publickey.make sure users getting correct trusted publickeys signedcodefile original devauthor originalreleaser must publish updated publickeys key server force hkps encrypted connection usage publish updated full publickeys signedcodefile https encrypted webpage web server primary domain website notfrom subdomains located externalservers notfrom mirror notfrom externalshared forumwiki etc website servers notfrom public externalshared cloud hosting service servers must located kept securely inside premises ownhome ownhomeoffice ownoffice.way small pieces original keyscode travel intact internet remain unmodified transit encrypted connection reach destination without eavesdropped modified users side treated trustworthy publickeys single multi channel ttpa based verification.publickey obtained original developers webserver via one ttpa trusted third party authority based secured verified encrypted connection trustworthy.when original publickeyssignedcodes shown original devs authors web server key server encrypted connection encrypted webpage files data content transferred type nonencrypted connection like httpftp etc subdomain server mirror shared cloudhosting servers nonencrypted connection based downloaded itemsdatafiles authenticated later using original publickeyssignedcodes obtained original authorsdevelopers server secured encrypted trusted aka verified connectionchannels.using encrypted connection transfer keys signedsignature codefiles allow software users delegate trust pki ttpa trusted third party authority like public ca certificate authority help providing trusted connection original developerauthors web server millions worldwide users computers time.when original authordevelopers domainname nameserver signed dnssec used ssltls public certificate declaredshown tlsadane dnssec dns resourcerecord ssltls certs trust chain pinned used via hpkp technique web servers webservers webpage data also verified via another pki ttpa dnssec dns namespace maintainer icann public ca.
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Web of trust
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dnssec another form pgpgpg wot nameservers creates trustedchain nameservers first instead peopleperson peoplepersons pgpgpg keys fingerprints also added servers dnssec dns records.users want communicate securely software users effectively getreceive datakeycodewebpage etc.verified aka authenticated via two aka dualdouble trusted pki ttpaschannels time icann dnssec ca ssltls certificate.pgpgpg keysignedcode data file trusted solutions techniques used hkps hkpsdnssecdane https httpshpkp httpshpkpdnssecdane.if vast number users group create new dlv based dnssec registry users use new dlv along icanndnssec rootkey local dnssecbased dns resolverserver domainowners also use additional signing domainnames new third ttpa.case pgpgpg keysignedcode data webpage web data threetriplechannel verified.
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Web of trust
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iscs dlv used third ttpa still used widely active availability another new dlv become fourth ttpa.see also friendtofriend ff computer network.selfsovereign identitythawte stopped signing openpgp keys many years ago issues x. certificates.virtual community references reading ferguson niels bruce schneier .practical cryptography.john wiley sons.isbn .
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International Security (journal)
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external links explanation pgp web trustanalysis strong set pgp web trust longer maintained last archived link august .founded edited belfer center science international affairs harvard university published four times year mit press cambridge massachusetts.current editorinchief steven e. miller harvard university.international security considered among leading journals field international relations.according journal citation reports journal impact factor .ranking nd journals category international relations.along journal security studies prominent journal dedicated security studies.
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National Cyber Security Policy 2013
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articles international security tend deploy qualitative methods particular qualitative historical analysis.articles also likely include policy prescriptions leading ir journals.the first article international security hedley bulls arms control world order.issue average length pages.references external links official websitepolicy also intends safeguard information personal information web users financial banking information sovereign data.particularly relevant wake us national security agency nsa leaks suggested us government agencies spying indian users legal technical safeguards it.ministry communications information technology india defines cyberspace complex environment consisting interactions people software services supported worldwide distribution information communication technology.reason cyber security policies india cyber security policy .hindu newspaper citing documents leaked nsa whistleblower edward snowden alleged much nsa surveillance focused indias domestic politics strategic commercial interests.
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National Cyber Security Policy 2013
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sparked furore among people.pressure government unveiled national cyber security policy july .vision build secure resilient cyberspace citizens business government also protect anyone intervening users privacy.mission protect information information infrastructure cyberspace build capabilities prevent respond cyber threat reduce vulnerabilities minimize damage cyber incidents combination institutional structures people processes technology cooperation.objective ministry communications information technology india define objectives followsto create secure cyber ecosystem country generate adequate trust confidence system transactions cyberspace thereby enhance adoption sectors economy.to create assurance framework design security policies promotion enabling actions compliance global security standards best practices way conformity assessment product process technology people.to strengthen regulatory framework ensuring secure cyberspace ecosystem.to enhance create national sectoral level x mechanism obtaining strategic information regarding threats ict infrastructure creating scenarios response resolution crisis management effective predictive preventive protective response recovery actions.to improve visibility integrity ict products services establishing infrastructure testing validation security product.to create workforce professionals skilled next years capacity building skill development training.to provide fiscal benefit businesses adoption standard security practices processes.to enable protection information process handling storage transit safeguard privacy citizens data reducing economic losses due cyber crime data theft.to enable effective prevention investigation prosecution cybercrime enhancement law enforcement capabilities appropriate legislative intervention.
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Script kiddie
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strategies creating secured ecosystem.creating assurance framework.encouraging open standards.strengthening regulatory framework.creating mechanism security threats early warning vulnerability management response security threats.securing egovernance services.protection resilience critical information infrastructure.promotion research development cyber security.reducing supply chain riskshuman resource development fostering education training programs formal informal sectors support nations cyber security needs build capacity.creating cyber security awareness.developing effective publicprivate partnerships.to develop bilateral multilateral relationships area cyber security another country.information sharing cooperationa prioritized approach implementation.see also national security strategy india references external links national cyber security policy pdf.department information technology ministry communications information technology.indian cyber securitygenerally assumed script kiddies juveniles lack ability write sophisticated programs exploits objective try impress friends gain credit computerenthusiast communities.however term necessarily relate actual age participant.term considered derogatory.characteristics carnegie mellon report prepared u.s. department defense script kiddies defined immature unfortunately often dangerous exploiter security lapses internet.typical script kiddy uses existing frequently well known easytofind techniques programs scripts search exploit weaknesses computers internet—often randomly little regard perhaps even understanding potentially harmful consequences.script kiddies disposal large number effective easily downloadable programs capable breaching computers networks.script kiddies vandalize websites thrill increase reputation among peers.
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Script kiddie
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malicious script kiddies used virus toolkits create propagate anna kournikova love bug viruses.script kiddies lack developing programming skills sufficient understand effects side effects actions.result leave significant traces lead detection directly attack companies detection countermeasures already place cases leave automatic crash reporting turned on.one common types attack utilized script kiddies involves form social engineering whereby attacker somehow manipulates tricks user sharing information.often done creation fake websites users input login form phishing thus allowing script kiddie access account.game hacking subculture hacking programming communities cheat developers responsible development maintenance clients.individuals must circumvent target programs security features become undetected anticheat.
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Script kiddie
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script kiddies known download slightly modify something cheat developer created.. see also black hat hackerexploit computer securityhacker computer securityhacktivismlamerlist convicted computer criminalslusernoobweb shell tool script kiddies frequently use references reading samuel chng han yu lu ayush kumar david yau mar .hacker types motivations strategies comprehensive framework.computers human behavior reports..issn .
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Application server
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retrieved jan .cite journal cs maint multiple names authors list linktapeworm .hxr hndbk.sams publishing.isbn .the art intrusion real stories behind exploits hackers intruders deceivers isbn external links honeynet.org know enemy essay script kiddies preserved internet archivecracking hacker mindsetapplication server framework provides facilities create web applications server environment run them.an application server framework contains comprehensive service layer model.includes set components accessible software developer standard api defined platform itself.web applications components usually run environment web servers main job support construction dynamic pages.however many application servers generate web pages implement services clustering failover loadbalancing developers focus implementing business logic.in case java application servers jakarta ee server behaves like extended virtual machine running applications transparently handling connections database one side often connections web client other.other uses term may refer services server makes available computer hardware services run.history term originally used discussing early client–server systems differentiate servers contain application logic sql services middleware servers distinct types dataservers.currently despite fact webbrowsers become ubiquitous typically client endusers many application deployment strategies browserbased web apps represent subset applicationserver technologies.
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Application server
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definition application servers system software upon web applications desktop applications run.application servers consist ofweb server connectorscomputer programming languagesruntime librariesdatabase connectors andthe administration code needed deploy configure manage connect components web host.an application server runs behind web server e.g.apache microsoft internet information services iis almost always front sql database e.g.postgresql mysql oracle.web applications computer code run atop application servers written languages application server supports call runtime libraries components application server offers.many application servers exist.choice impacts cost performance reliability scalability maintainability web application.proprietary application servers provide system services welldefined proprietary manner.
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Application server
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application developers develop programs according specification application server.dependence particular vendor drawback approach.an opposite analogous case jakarta ee platform.jakarta ee application servers provide system services welldefined open industry standard.application developers develop programs according jakarta ee specifications according application server.jakarta ee application developed according jakarta ee standards deployed jakarta ee application server making vendorindependent.
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Application server
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java application servers jakarta ee formerly java ee jee defines core set api features java application servers.the jakarta ee infrastructure partitioned logical containers.ejb container enterprise beans used manage transactions.according java blueprints business logic application resides enterprise beans—a modular server component providing many features including declarative transaction management improving application scalability.web container web modules include jakarta servlets jakarta server pages jsp.jca container jakarta connectorsjms provider jakarta messagingsome java application servers leave many jakarta ee features like ejb jakarta messaging jms.focus jakarta servlets jakarta server pages.there many open source java application servers support jakarta ee.commercial java application servers dominated weblogic application server oracle websphere application server ibm open source jboss enterprise application platform jboss eap red hat.a jakarta server page jsp executes web container.jsps provide way create html pages embedding references server logic within page.html coders java programmers work side side referencing others code within own.the application servers mentioned mainly serve web applications services via rmi ejb jms soap.
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Application server
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application servers target networks webbased ones session initiation protocol servers instance target telephony networks..net microsoft microsoft positions middletier applications services infrastructure windows server operating system .net framework technologies role application server.windows application server role includes internet information services iis provide web server support .net framework provide application support asp.net provide server side scripting com application component communication message queuing multithreaded processing windows communication foundation wcf application communication.thirdparty mono cross platform opensource implementation .net supporting nearly features exception windows osspecific features sponsored microsoft released mit license php application servers php application servers used running managing php applications.zend server built zend provides application server functionality phpbased applications.appserver.io built techdivision gmbh multithreaded application server php written php.roadrunner built spiral scout highperformance php application server loadbalancer process manager written go.mobile application servers mobile app server mobile middleware makes backend systems accessible mobile apps support mobile app development.
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Application server
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much like web server stores processes delivers web pages clients mobile app server bridges gap existing infrastructure mobile devices.purpose although standardsbased infrastructure including soas designed connect independent vendor product technology enterprises trouble connecting backend systems mobile applications mobile devices add following technological challengeslimited resources – mobile devices limited power bandwidthintermittent connectivity – cellular service wifi coverage often continuousdifficult secure – mobility byod make hard secure mobile devicesthe purpose mobile application server build existing infrastructure accommodate mobile devices.common features core capabilities mobile application services includedata routing– data packaged smaller rest objects business logic minimize demands bandwidth batteryorchestration– transactions data integration across multiple sourcesauthentication service– secure connectivity backend systems managed mobile middlewareoffline support– allows users access use data even though device connectedsecurity– data encryption device control ssl call logging mobile application servers vs. application servers vs. web servers mobile application servers application servers web servers serve similar purposes pieces middleware connect backend systems users need access technology three differs.application servers application servers developed ubiquity webbased applications—expose backend business logic various protocols sometimes including http manage security transaction processing resource pooling messaging.webbased applications grew popularity application servers meet needs developers webserver created fill gap.
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Application server
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web servers web servers provide caching scaling functionality demanded web access provided application servers.convert requests static content serve http content.mobile application servers mobile application servers similar path.emergence mobile devices presents need functionality anticipated developers traditional application server developers mobile application servers fill gap.take care security data management offline requirements met existing infrastructure present content exclusively rest.over time three categories may fully merge available single product root functions differ.
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Web-based SSH
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deployment models application server deployedon premisescloudprivate cloudplatform service paas see also application service provider asplist application servers referencesrespective clients typically based javascriptajax javascriptwebsockets work together ajaxwebsockettossh proxy used access ssh servers behind firewall proxy allows http traffic allow ssh traffic.technology webbased ssh clients basically consist following partsclientside typically javascript dynamic html pages used capture keystrokes transmit messages tofrom server display results users web browser.serversideweb application incoming requests processed web application server.keyboard events forwarded secure shell client communicating connected ssh server.terminal output either passed client converted html via javascript translated html server transmitted client.clientside terminal emulation webbased ssh servers utilize clientside terminal emulation typically transmit raw terminal output ssh server directly client.
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Web-based SSH
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advantage offloading process translating terminal output html client.disadvantage method limited capabilities javascript use nontrivial amount clients cpu memory process incoming character stream.also relies client keep track terminal state respond escape sequences.clientside terminal emulator example vt.js serverside terminal emulation webbased ssh servers utilize serverside terminal emulation typically keep track terminal screen state memory convert html either screen update occurs client expressly requests update.advantage method state terminal remains persistent even user connects existing sessions different web browser.also enables server act upon terminal output even user disconnected.
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Web-based SSH
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disadvantage method uses cpu memory server.serverside terminal emulator example terminal.py advantages main advantages webbased ssh summarized followsaccessibility webbased ssh described article requires local installation client software.thus possible access ssh servers web browser anywhere.communication based http https also possible access ssh servers behind firewall proxy restricts internet access ports http https.anonymous access ssh access tunneled intermediary web application server server actually communicates ssh server.means ssh server aware ip address web application server keeping actual clients ip address hidden.auditability communication client ssh server must pass web application server communication logged.prevents malicious client deleting logs activities.
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Web-based SSH
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situation exactly traditional ssh server.resuming sessions webbased ssh implementations allow user resume ssh sessions disconnected.possible traditional ssh client.embeddable webbased ssh implementations embedded web page allowing integrated webbased applications.unique features many webbased ssh tools unique features ability share terminals users display images within terminals useful capabilities.important issues following issues considered important using webbased ssh clientsecurity important make sure https used communicating web application server.otherwise data sent would readable use simple packet sniffers could reveal sensitive information.trust data sent web application server decrypted there.necessary order forward issued commands actual ssh server.
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Web-based SSH
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even though operators webbased ssh solutions usually dont log sensitive data data theoretically available plain form.unlikely cause security issue web application server ssh server run server controlled entity.tunneling unlike traditional application based ssh clients webbased ssh clients unable tunnel forward tcp traffic.example running x session webbased ssh session possible.however lack ability caused implementation issues inherent way.free open source examples googles secure shell extension chrome chromium pairs javascript hterm terminal emulator openssh client code running native client.
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Shoulder surfing (computer security)
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secure shell extension works nongoogle httptossh proxies via proxy hooks thirdparty application nasshrelay use hooks enable secure shell extension establish ssh connection xmlhttprequest websocket transport.shellinabox operates standalone service conjunction nginx provide https access login shell packaged debian redhat derived linux distributions.webssh similar solution written python.bastillion self hosted webbased bastion host auditing key management capabilities.users connect centralized server https ssh connections proxied secure websocket transport.firessh browser plugin works firefox esr waterfox.webconsole open source tool install server.referencesunauthorized users watch keystrokes inputted device listen sensitive information spoken also known eavesdropping.methods history attack performed either close range directly looking victims shoulder longer range example pair binoculars similar hardware.attackers need technical skills order perform method keen observation victims surroundings typing pattern sufficient.early shoulder surfing practiced near public pay phones steal calling card digits make longdistance calls sell market cheaper prices original purchaser paid.however advent modernday technologies like hidden cameras secret microphones makes shoulder surfing easier gives attacker scope perform long range shoulder surfing.
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Shoulder surfing (computer security)
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hidden camera allows attacker capture whole login process confidential data victim ultimately could lead financial loss identity theft.shoulder surfing likely occur crowded places easier observe information without getting victims attention.two types shouldersurfing attack direct observation attacks authentication information obtained person directly monitoring authentication sequence recording attacks authentication information obtained recording authentication sequence later analysis open device.apart threats password pin entry shoulder surfing also occurs daily situations uncover private content handheld mobile devices shoulder surfing visual content found leak sensitive information user even private information thirdparties.countermeasures gazebased password entry basic procedure gazebased password entry similar normal password entry except place typing key touching screen user looks desired character trigger region sequence eye typing.
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Shoulder surfing (computer security)
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approach therefore used characterbased passwords using onscreen keyboard graphical password schemes surveyed in.variety considerations important ensuring usability security.eye tracking technology come long way since origins early s. state art eye trackers offers nonencumbering remote videobased eye tracking accuracy ˚ visual angle.eye trackers specialized application computer vision.camera used monitor users eyes.
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Shoulder surfing (computer security)
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one infrared light sources illuminate users face produce glint – reflection light source cornea.user looks different directions pupil moves location glint cornea remains fixed.relative motion position center pupil glint used estimate gaze vector mapped coordinates screen plane.researchers proposed ways counter shoulder surfing mobile devices leveraging frontfacing camera gazebased password entry.example gazetouchpin gazetouchpass combine gaze input form eye movements leftright touch input tapping onscreen buttons.methods secure traditional touchbased input e.g.
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Shoulder surfing (computer security)
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pin lock patterns require shoulder surfers observe users eyes observe users touch input combine observations.painting album mechanism painting album mechanism antishoulder surfing mechanism characteristics recall recognition graphical techniques.rather using regular pin password involving alphanumeric characters users select remembered colour picture selected favourite picture setup system unlock system.antishoulder surfing security method developed based survey results users affinity choices observation way children paint pictures.resulting mechanism developed survey user choices outcome created three input schemes named swipe scheme colour scheme scot scheme methods password creation.
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Shoulder surfing (computer security)
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input scheme identical user choose input scheme prefer.swipe scheme implemented microsoft windows later versions known picture password however drawn criticism requiring user use secure enough gesture.secret tap method access sensitive information low risk shoulder surfing secret tap method technique expose authentication information entry even individuals try view input process.additionally risk camera recordings also poses threat.therefore necessary make authentication process complex order prevent authentication information smartphones biometrics fingerprint scanning facial recognition cannot replicated shoulder surfer.the secret tap authentication method use icons form system.
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Shoulder surfing (computer security)
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goals secret tap system arecovert observation resistance maintain resistance strength level prevents authentication information revealed individuals even authentication operation performed numerous times.recording attack resistance maintain resistance strength level prevents authentication information analyzed individuals even authentication operation fully recorded.bruteforce attack resistance maintain resistance strength level prevents authentication process broken easily bruteforce attack four digit pin.policy follows standard put forth iso .usability maintain level usability permits operators perform authentication operation ease.comparison risks alphanumeric graphical passwords primary benefit graphical passwords compared alphanumeric passwords improved memorability.however potential detriment advantage increased risk shouldersurfing.graphical passwords use graphics pictures passfaces jiminy vip passpoints combination graphics audio avap likely subject increased risk unless somehow mitigated implementation.
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Shoulder surfing (computer security)
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results indicate fact alphanumeric graphical passwordbased authentication mechanisms may significant vulnerability shouldersurfing unless certain precautions taken.despite common belief nondictionary passwords secure type passwordbased authentication results demonstrate fact vulnerable configuration shouldersurfing.pin entry personal identification number pin short used authenticate oneself various situations withdrawing depositing money automatic teller machine unlocking phone door laptop pda.though method authentication two step verification process situations vulnerable shoulder surfing attack.attacker obtain pin either directly looking victims shoulder recording whole login process.
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Shoulder surfing (computer security)
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items mobile phones glass glossy screens user could leave smudges screen revealing pin.highly advanced attacks use thermal cameras see thermal signature pin entered.various shoulder surfing resistant pin entry methodologies used make authentication process secure.examples include pin pads covers protect privacy user system implemented atms.another example used atms entry systems use metal pin pads making thermal camera attacks nearly impossible due material.
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Form (HTML)
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countermeasure testing cognitive trapdoor game three groups involved machine verifier human prover human observer.goal group human prover input pin answering questions posed machine verifier observer attempts shoulder surf pin.countermeasures design harder easily usurp easy observer remember whole login process unless observer recording device.see also social engineering securityinformation divingcredit card fraudphishing referencesforms resemble paper database forms web users fill forms using checkboxes radio buttons text fields.example forms used enter shipping credit card data order product used retrieve search results search engine.description forms enclosed html form element.element specifies communication endpoint data entered form submitted method submitting data get post.elements forms made standard graphical user interface elementstext — simple text box allows input single line text.email type text requires partially validated email addressnumber type text requires numberpassword — similar text used security purposes characters typed invisible replaced symbols radio — radio buttonfile — file select control uploading filereset — reset button activated tells browser restore values initial values.submit — button tells browser take action form typically send servertextarea — much like text input field except textarea allows multiple rows data shown enteredselect — dropdown list displays list items user select fromthe sample image right shows elementsa text box asking namea pair radio buttons asking pick sexa select box giving list eye colors choose froma pair check boxes click apply youa text area describe athletic abilitya submit button send serverthese basic elements provide common graphical user interface gui elements all.
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Form (HTML)
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example equivalents tree view grid view.a grid view however mimicked using standard html table cell containing text input element.tree view could also mimicked nested tables semantically appropriately nested lists.cases serverside process responsible processing information javascript handles userinteraction.implementations interface elements available javascript libraries jquery.html introduced label tag intended represent caption user interface associated specific form control specifying id attribute control label tags attribute.allows labels stay elements window resized allow desktoplike functionality e.g.
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Form (HTML)
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clicking radio button checkboxs label activate associated input element.html introduces number input tags represented interface elements.based upon text input fields intended input validate specific common data.include email enter email addresses tel telephone numbers number numeric values.additional attributes specify required fields fields keyboard focus web page containing form loaded placeholder text displayed within field user input search text displayed many search input fields search term entered.tasks used handled javascript become common support added standard.
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Form (HTML)
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date input type displays calendar user select date date range.color input type represented input text simply checking value entered correct hexadecimal representation color according specification color picker widget latter solution used browsers support attribute.submission data entered html forms submitted names values form elements encoded sent server http request message using get post.historically email transport also used.default mime type internet media type applicationxwwwformurlencoded based early version general uri percentencoding rules number modifications newline normalization replacing spaces instead .
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Form (HTML)
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another possible encoding internet media type multipartformdata also available common postbased file submissions.use programming languages forms usually combined programs written various programming language allow developers create dynamic web sites.popular languages include clientside andor serverside languages.although programming language used server process forms data commonly used languages scripting languages tend stronger string handling functionality programming languages c also automatic memory management helps prevent buffer overrun attacks.clientside de facto clientside scripting language web sites javascript.using javascript document object model dom leads method dynamic html allows dynamic creation modification web page within browser.while clientside languages used conjunction forms limited often serve prevalidation form data andor prepare form data send serverside program.usage replaced however htmls new input field types required attribute.
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Form (HTML)
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serverside execution serverside code vast assortment tasks create dynamic web sites technical security reasons clientside code cannot — authenticating login retrieving storing data database spell checking sending email.significant advantage serverside clientside execution concentration functionality onto server rather relying different web browsers implement various functions consistent standardized ways.addition processing forms server often results increased security serverside execution designed trust data supplied client includes techniques html sanitization.one disadvantage server side code scalability—server side processing users occurs server client side processing occurs individual client computers.interpreted languages interpreted languages commonly used design interactive forms web development php python ruby perl jsp adobe coldfusion compiled languages commonly used java c asp.net.
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Form (HTML)
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php php one common language used serverside programming one languages created specifically web programming.to use php html form url php script specified action attribute form tag.target php file accesses data passed form phps post get variables depending value method attribute used form.basic form handler php script display contents firstname input field pageform.htmlformhandler.phpthe sample code uses phps filterinput function sanitize users input inserting onto page.simply printing echoing user input browser without checking first something avoided secure forms processors user entered javascript code scriptalertscript firstname field browser would execute script formhandler.php page coded developer malicious code could executed way.filterinput introduced php .. users earlier php versions could use htmlspecialchars function regular expressions sanitize user input anything it.
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Form (HTML)
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perl programming language perl another language often used web development.perl scripts traditionally used common gateway interface applications cgis.fact perl common way write cgis two often confused.cgis may written languages perl compatibility multiple languages design goal cgi protocol ways make perl scripts interoperate web server using cgi fastcgi plack apaches modperl.perl cgis common way write web applications.however many web hosts today effectively support php developers web applications often seek compatibility them.a modern perl cgi using cgi module form similar one might look likeformhandler.pl formtoemail scripts among simplest commonly needed types serverside script simply emails contents submitted form.
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Form (HTML)
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kind script frequently exploited spammers however many popular formtoemail scripts use vulnerable hijacking purpose sending spam emails.one popular scripts type formmail.pl made matts script archive.today script longer widely used new development due lack updates security concerns difficulty configuration.form builders companies offer forms hosted service.usually companies give kind visual editor reporting tools infrastructure create host forms embedded webpages.
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European Security Academy
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web hosting companies provide templates clients addon service.form hosting services offer free contact forms user install website pasting services code sites html.history html forms first implemented viola browser.see also captchapostbackxformshtml references external links forms html documents wcs spec page forms html .html forms specificationwikibooks hypertext markup languageformstry html properties.performs also securityrelated consultancy services.esa training centre located west poland.history organization presented first time iwa trade fair nuremberg.company also presented laad fair brazil milipol qatar defence expo thailand.in european security academy organised comprehensive training libyan government protection bureau.fourmonth project preparing agents service state vips including muammar gaddafi members family.in discovery channel broadcast program secret world bodyguards.
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Zoom (software)
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included six episodes showing training activities european security academy.one year later canal broadcast another ten episodes series titled elite bodyguards sequel secret bodyguards showing activities esa trainers trainees operations world – among others iraq brazil colombia gulf aden.the european security academy accredited british awarding bodies city guilds pearson highfield.esa trains police officers soldiers trained units european union special intervention squad military police poland dutch special task force bsbkmar.referencesfree plan allows concurrent participants minute time restriction.users option upgrade subscribing paid plan.highest plan supports concurrent participants meetings lasting hours.during covid pandemic major increase use zoom remote work distance education online social relations.increase led zoom th downloaded mobile app worldwide .million downloads.
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Zoom (software)
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history zoom originally founded .headquarters located san jose california.zoom also offices europe asia australia.a beta version zoom—that could host conferences video participants—was launched august .january version .program released increase number participants per conference .
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Zoom (software)
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end first month zoom users rose one million users may .start covid pandemic february zoom gained .million users – users amassed entirety companys share price spiking percent.march zoom app downloaded .million times.
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Zoom (software)
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april zoom million daily meeting participants.on august zoom experienced widespread outages several hours service restored.features zoom compatible windows macos ios android chrome os linux.noted simple interface usability regardless technological expertise.features include oneonone meetings group video conferences screen sharing plugins browser extensions ability record meetings automatically transcribed.computers operating systems users able select virtual background downloaded different sites use backdrop behind themselves.use platform free video conferences participants minute time limit two participants.
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Zoom (software)
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longer larger conferences features paid subscriptions available costing – per month.features geared towards business conferences zoom rooms available – per month.people seen desktop laptop screen people per screen iphone android mobile phones tablet computers people per screen ipad.zoom several tiers basic pro business enterprise.participants download app using google chrome firefox click link join browser.
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Zoom (software)
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users download software tablet computers mobile phones android ios.zoom security features include passwordprotected meetings user authentication waiting rooms locked meetings disabling participant screen sharing randomly generated ids ability host remove disruptive attendees.june zoom began offering endtoend encryption business enterprise users aes gcm encryption enabled users.october zoom added endtoend encryption free paid users.available platforms except official zoom web client.zoom also offers transcription service using otter.ai software allows businesses store transcriptions zoom meetings online search including separating labeling different speakers.as july zoom rooms zoom phone also became available hardware service products.zoom phone available domestic telephone service countries august .
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Zoom (software)
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january company disclosed sold million seats zoom phone service.zoom home category products designed home use became available august .in september zoom added new accessibility features make app easier use deaf hard hearing visually impaired.new features include ability move around video windows gallery view pin video windows spotlighted improved keyboard shortcuts new tools adjust size closed captioning text sign language interpreters windows sit directly next speaker.in october zoomtopia zooms annual user conference company unveiled onzoom virtual event marketplace integrated payment system users host promote free paid live events.onzoom users able schedule host onetime events event series attendees sell tickets online.company also announced zoom apps feature integrating thirdparty apps used within zoom interface meetings.
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Zoom (software)
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first apps expected available around end companies including slack salesforce dropbox.qatalog.october zoom gave users better security upgrade endtoend encryption online meetings network.on march zoom announced would start selling videoconferencing technology whitelabel product companies embed products calls running zoom carrying companys brand name.in august zoom launched new feature called focus mode.designed use digital classrooms educational settings.active mode hide participants screens though see others names host retains ability see everyones camera stream screen share.
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Zoom (software)
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feature available across zoom accounts including free ones.in september zoomtopia company announced endtoend encryption would available upgrade zoom phone users.company also announced bring key byok users manage encryption keys zoom cannot access see verified identity multifactor authentication feature working okta allows users confirm identity meeting participants video engagement center businesses digitally interact customers.announced updates include revamped virtual whiteboard features including touchscreen whiteboards digitized remote participants improved collaboration zoom meetings zoom chat.in october option automatically generate closed captions english zoom meetings expanded accounts including free ones.feature previously available premium users.usage since start covid pandemic zoom used banks schools universities government agencies around world uk parliament healthcare professionals telemedicine barbershops ceremonies birthday parties funeral services bar bat mitzvah services.
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Zoom (software)
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zoom formed partnership formula one create virtual club fans go behind scenes take part virtual activities zoom beginning hungarian grand prix july .article published july san francisco chronicle noted new real estate trend san francisco oakland listings include zoom rooms backdrops zoom calls.people complaining zoom fatigue many video calls zoom happy hour online social meeting friends colleagues.richard nelsons play need talk takes place zoom main characters congregating online covid pandemic using zoom.written directed nelson commissioned public theater premiered youtube april benefit performance.new yorker called first great original play quarantine.
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Zoom (software)
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oprahs life focus vision forward live virtual experience hosted oprah winfrey zoom may june .source materials play uncertain times directed samantha shay characters communicate zoom.play premiered zoom july .british foundfootage zoombased horror film host directed rob savage group young people remote séance try contacting spirits zoom.premiered shudder july .
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Zoom (software)
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live reading kristoffer diazs play elaborate entrance chad deity zoom streamed playperview august – .film locked directed doug liman starring anne hathaway chiwetel ejiofor characters communicate zoom conferences.on july – using zoom webinar international association constitutional law alma mater europaea organized first roundtheclock roundtheglobe event traveled time zones featuring speakers countries.soon format conferences virtually travel globe sun east west became common running several days.on september live table read script film fast times ridgemont high hosted dane cook performers including brad pitt jennifer aniston julia roberts original cast member sean penn matthew mcconaughey shia labeouf morgan freeman served narrator jimmy kimmel ray liotta john legend raise money charity core.broadcast nd primetime emmy awards september hosted jimmy kimmel featured nominees participating zoom.alternate music video single ice cream blackpink featuring selena gomez artists appeared via zoom homes.
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Zoom (software)
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series zoom happens airing zoom partnership zoom black female artists launched september virtual table read episode golden girls reimagined allblack cast.second episode featured allblack cast table read episode friends hosted gabrielle union featuring sterling k. brown uzo aduba.reception zoom criticized security lapses poor design choices resulted heightened scrutiny software.many zooms issues surround deliberate features designed reduce friction meetings citizen lab found also design reduce privacy security.march new york state attorney general letitia james launched inquiry zooms privacy security practices inquiry closed may zoom admitting wrongdoing agreeing take added security measures.
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Zoom (software)
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april ceo yuan apologized security issues stating issues result zooms designed large institutions full support noted december zoom maximum million daily users march software million daily users bringing company increased challenges.zoom agreed focus data privacy issue transparency report.april company released zoom version .addressed number security privacy concerns.includes passwords default improved encryption new security icon meetings.
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Zoom (software)
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september zoom added support twofactor authentication desktop mobile apps security feature previously webonly.as april businesses schools government entities restricted prohibited use zoom networks include google siemens australian defence force german ministry foreign affairs indian ministry home affairs spacex new york city department education.may new york city department education lifted ban zoom company addressed security privacy concerns.by september zoom institutional customers employees percent quarter year before.companys revenue rose percent .million topping analysts average estimate .million.
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Zoom (software)
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able raise annual revenue forecast percent many free users converted paid subscriptions.during pandemic zooms profit increased despite paying zero taxes according report institute taxation economic policy leading controversies.privacy zoom criticized privacy corporate data sharing policies well enabling video hosts potentially violate privacy participating calls.may also issues unauthorized surveillance students possible violations students rights family educational rights privacy act ferpa.according company video services ferpacompliant collects stores user data tech support.in march motherboard article found companys ios app sending device analytics data facebook startup regardless whether facebook account used service without disclosing user.zoom responded recently made aware issue patched app remove sdk learning collecting unnecessary device data.
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Zoom (software)
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company stated sdk collecting information users device specifications model names operating system versions order optimize service collecting personal information.month zoom sued user u.s. federal court illegally secretly disclosing personal data third parties including facebook.zoom responded never sold user data past intention selling users data going forward.in april zoom information gathering feature found automatically sent user names email addresses linkedin allowing participants surreptitiously access linkedin profile data users without express consent.companies disabled integration.may federal trade commission announced looking zooms privacy practices.
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Zoom (software)
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ftc alleged complaint since least zoom maintained cryptographic keys could allow zoom access content customers meetings provide advertised endtoend encryption falsely claimed hipaa compliance installed zoomopener webserver without adequate consent uninstall web server uninstalling zoom app secured zoom meetings lower level encryption promised.november settlement reached requiring company stop misrepresenting security features create information security program obtain biannual assessments third party implement additional security measures.security november security vulnerability discovered allowed remote unauthenticated attacker spoof udp messages allowed attacker remove attendees meetings spoof messages users hijack shared screens.company released fixes shortly vulnerability discovered.in july security researcher jonathan leitschuh disclosed zeroday vulnerability allowing website force macos user join zoom call video camera activated without users permission.attempts uninstall zoom client macos would prompt software reinstall automatically background using hidden web server set machine first installation remains active even attempting remove client.
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Zoom (software)
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receiving public criticism zoom removed vulnerability hidden webserver allow complete uninstallation.in april security researchers found vulnerabilities windows users credentials could exposed.another vulnerability allowing unprompted access cameras microphones made public.zoom issued fix april .month zoombombing phenomenon unwanted participants joining meeting cause disruption prompted warning federal bureau investigation.motherboard reported two zoom zerodays macos windows respectively selling april .
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Zoom (software)
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security bug brokers selling access zoom security flaws could allow remote access users computers.hackers also put zoom user names passwords sale dark web.response multitude security privacy issues found zoom began comprehensive security plan included consulting luta security trail bits former facebook cso alex stamos former google global lead privacy technology lea kissner bishopfox ncc group johns hopkins university cryptographer matthew d. green.april new york times reported dropbox engineers traced zooms security vulnerabilities back two years pushing zoom address issues quickly paying top hackers find problems zooms software.article new york times noted security researchers praised zoom improving response times quickly patching recent bugs removing features could privacy risks.
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Zoom (software)
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april zoom made many security settings default settings advised users ways mitigate zoombombing.blog post april yuan announced day freeze releasing new features focus fixing privacy security issues within platform.company created new report user zoom button intended catch behind zoombombing attacks.july end freeze company stated released new safety features day period.efforts include endtoend encryption users turning meeting passwords default giving users ability choose data centers calls routed consulting security experts forming ciso council improved bug bounty program working third parties help test security.
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Zoom (software)
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yuan also stated zoom would sharing transparency report later .on november zoom announced new security feature combat disruptions session.new feature said default free paid users made available zoom clients mac pc linux well zoom mobile apps.encryption practices zoom encrypts public data streams using tls .aes advanced encryption standard protect signaling aes protect streaming media.security researchers reporters criticized company lack transparency poor encryption practices.zoom initially claimed use endtoend encryption marketing materials later clarified meant zoom end point zoom end point meaning effectively zoom servers zoom clients intercept described misleading dishonest.
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Zoom (software)
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alex stamos zoom advisor formerly security chief facebook noted lack endtoend encryption common products also true google hangouts microsoft teams cisco webex.may zoom announced acquired keybase company specializing endtoend encryption part effort strengthen security practices moving forward.later month zoom published document peer review detailing plans ultimately bring endtoend encryption software.in april citizen lab researchers discovered single servergenerated aes key shared participants ecb mode deprecated due patternpreserving characteristics ciphertext.test calls participants canada united states key provisioned servers located mainland china subject china internet security law.on june zoom announced users free tier access endtoend encryption could cooperate fbi law enforcement.later said proactively monitor meeting content.
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Zoom (software)
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june company reversed course announced free users would access endtoend encryption all.on september cryptography researcher nadim kobeissi accused zooms security team failing credit opensource protocol analysis research software verifpal instrumental design phase zooms new encryption protocol described whitepaper published june .kobeissi published weeks worth conversations zooms security leadership support claim including max krohn included eight verifpal models zooms team asked feedback promises citation credit kobeissi contributions admission verifpal citation pulled whitepaper last moment unspecified reasons.kobeissi also linked tweet zoom security consultant lea kissner described public character assassination attempt issued response repeated requests work cited research paper published zoom.data routing zoom admitted calls early april prior mistakenly routed servers mainland china prompting governments businesses cease usage zoom.company later announced data free users outside china would never routed china paid subscribers able customize data center regions want use.
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Zoom (software)
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company data centers europe asia north america latin america.censorship april citizen lab report warned much zooms research development china could open zoom pressure chinese authorities.lee cheuk yans chairman hong kong labour party account also closed early may human rights activist zhou fengsuos closed june held event discussing tiananmen square protests massacre.june zoom acknowledged terminated two accounts belonging u.s. users one user hong kong connected meetings discussing tiananmen square protests accounts later reopened company stating future new process handling similar situations.zoom also announced upcoming technology could prevent participants specific countries joining calls deemed illegal areas.in september zoom blocked san francisco state university using video conferencing software host popular front liberation palestine pflp militant hijacker leila khaled response vigorous lobbying jewish coalition group end jewish hatred.
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Zoom (software)
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justifying decision zoom cited pflps designation terrorist organization united states government efforts comply u.s. export control sanctions antiterrorism laws.facebook youtube also joined zoom denying platforms conference organizers.professor rabab ibrahim abdulhadi one conference organizers criticized zoom facebook google allegedly censoring palestinian voices.transparency december zoom announced would issuing first transparency report.reports published twice year beginning .
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Zoom (software)
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reports supposed show zoom responds user data requested law enforcement government officials.zoom states produces user data governments response valid lawful requests accordance government requests guide relevant legal policies.first report covers may december .regulatory issues august data protection regulatory body hamburg germany ruled zoom operating european union breach general data protection regulation gdpr.due fact per schrems ii ruling data transferred eu must given protections provided gdpr.
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Penetration test
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data gathered zoom sent united states.see also list video telecommunication services product brandsimpact covid pandemic science technologyzoom fatiguezoom town references external links official websitepopup window user believes part targeted session used steal user data way phishing attacks.the advantage insession phishing attacker need targeted website compromised way relying instead combination data leakage within web browser capacity web browsers run active content ability modern web browsers support one session time social engineering user.the technique exploited vulnerability javascript handling major browsers found amit klein cto security vendor trusteer ltd. subsequent security updates browsers may made technique impossible.references external links new phishing attack targets online banking sessions phony popupsnew insession phishing attack could fool experienced userstest performed identify weaknesses also referred vulnerabilities including potential unauthorized parties gain access systems features data well strengths enabling full risk assessment completed.the process typically identifies target systems particular goal reviews available information undertakes various means attain goal.penetration test target may white box background system information provided advance tester black box basic information—if any—other company name provided.gray box penetration test combination two limited knowledge target shared auditor.penetration test help identify systems vulnerabilities attack estimate vulnerable is.security issues penetration test uncovers reported system owner.penetration test reports may also assess potential impacts organization suggest countermeasures reduce risk.the uk national cyber security center describes penetration testing method gaining assurance security system attempting breach systems security using tools techniques adversary might.the goals penetration test vary depending type approved activity given engagement primary goal focused finding vulnerabilities could exploited nefarious actor informing client vulnerabilities along recommended mitigation strategies.penetration tests component full security audit.
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Penetration test
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example payment card industry data security standard requires penetration testing regular schedule system changes.penetration testing also support risk assessments outlined nist risk management framework sp .several standard frameworks methodologies exist conducting penetration tests.include open source security testing methodology manual osstmm penetration testing execution standard ptes nist special publication information system security assessment framework issaf owasp testing guide.flaw hypothesis methodology systems analysis penetration prediction technique list hypothesized flaws software system compiled analysis specifications documentation system.list hypothesized flaws prioritized basis estimated probability flaw actually exists ease exploiting extent control compromise.prioritized list used direct actual testing system.
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Penetration test
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different types penetration testing depending upon goal organization include network external internal wireless web application social engineering remediation verification.history mid growing popularity timesharing computer systems made resources accessible communication lines created new security concerns.scholars deborah russell g. t. gangemi sr. explain marked true beginning age computer security.june example several u.s.s leading computer security experts held one first major conferences system security—hosted government contractor system development corporation sdc.conference someone noted one sdc employee able easily undermine various system safeguards added sdcs anfsq timesharing computer system.
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Penetration test
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hopes system security study would useful attendees requested ...studies conducted areas breaking security protection timeshared system.words conference participants initiated one first formal requests use computer penetration tool studying system security.– spring joint computer conference many leading computer specialists met discuss system security concerns.conference computer security experts willis ware harold petersen rein turn rand corporation bernard peters national security agency nsa used phrase penetration describe attack computer system.paper ware referred militarys remotely accessible timesharing systems warning deliberate attempts penetrate computer systems must anticipated.
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Penetration test
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colleagues petersen turn shared concerns observing online communication systems ...are vulnerable threats privacy including deliberate penetration.bernard peters nsa made point insisting computer input output ...could provide large amounts information penetrating program.conference computer penetration would become formally identified major threat online computer systems.threat computer penetration posed next outlined major report organized united states department defense dod late .essentially dod officials turned willis ware lead task force experts nsa cia dod academia industry formally assess security timesharing computer systems.
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Penetration test
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relying many papers presented spring joint computer conference task force largely confirmed threat system security computer penetration posed.wares report initially classified many countrys leading computer experts quickly identified study definitive document computer security.jeffrey r. yost charles babbage institute recently described ware report ...by far important thorough study technical operational issues regarding secure computing systems time period.effect ware report reaffirmed major threat posed computer penetration new online timesharing computer systems.to better understand system weaknesses federal government contractors soon began organizing teams penetrators known tiger teams use computer penetration test system security.deborah russell g. t. gangemi sr. stated ...tiger teams first emerged computer scene.
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Penetration test
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tiger teams government industrysponsored teams crackers attempted break defenses computer systems effort uncover eventually patch security holes.leading scholar history computer security donald mackenzie similarly points rand done penetration studies experiments circumventing computer security controls early timesharing systems behalf government.jeffrey r. yost charles babbage institute work history computer security also acknowledges rand corporation sdc engaged first socalled penetration studies try infiltrate timesharing systems order test vulnerability.virtually early studies tiger teams successfully broke targeted computer systems countrys timesharing systems poor defenses.of early tiger team actions efforts rand corporation demonstrated usefulness penetration tool assessing system security.time one rand analyst noted tests ...demonstrated practicality systempenetration tool evaluating effectiveness adequacy implemented data security safeguards.
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Penetration test
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addition number rand analysts insisted penetration test exercises offered several benefits justified continued use.noted one paper penetrator seems develop diabolical frame mind search operating system weaknesses incompleteness difficult emulate.reasons others many analysts rand recommended continued study penetration techniques usefulness assessing system security.presumably leading computer penetration expert formative years james p. anderson worked nsa rand government agencies study system security.early u.s. air force contracted andersons private company study security timesharing system pentagon.
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Penetration test
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study anderson outlined number major factors involved computer penetration.anderson described general attack sequence stepsfind exploitable vulnerability.design attack around it.test attack.seize line use.enter attack.exploit entry information recovery.over time andersons description general computer penetration steps helped guide many security experts relied technique assess timesharing computer system security.following years computer penetration tool security assessment became refined sophisticated.early journalist william broad briefly summarized ongoing efforts tiger teams assess system security.broad reported dodsponsored report willis ware ...showed spies could actively penetrate computers steal copy electronic files subvert devices normally guard topsecret information.
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Penetration test
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study touched decade quiet activity elite groups computer scientists working government tried break sensitive computers.succeeded every attempt.while various studies may suggested computer security u.s. remained major problem scholar edward hunt recently made broader point extensive study computer penetration security tool.hunt suggests recent paper history penetration testing defense establishment ultimately ...created many tools used modern day cyberwarfare carefully defined researched many ways computer penetrators could hack targeted systems.tools wide variety security assessment tools available assist penetration testing including freeofcharge free software commercial software.specialized os distributions several operating system distributions geared towards penetration testing.
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Penetration test
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distributions typically contain prepackaged preconfigured set tools.penetration tester hunt individual tool might increase risk complications—such compile errors dependency issues configuration errors.also acquiring additional tools may practical testers context.notable penetration testing os examples includeblackarch based arch linuxbackbox based ubuntukali linux replaced backtrack december based debianparrot security os based debianpentoo based gentoowhax based slackwaremany specialized operating systems facilitate penetration testing—each less dedicated specific field penetration testing.a number linux distributions include known os application vulnerabilities deployed targets practice against.systems help new security professionals try latest security tools lab environment.examples include damn vulnerable linux dvl owasp web testing environment wtw metasploitable.
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Penetration test
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software frameworks backboxhpingmetasploit projectnessusnmapowasp zapsaintwaf penetration testing phases process penetration testing may simplified following five phasesreconnaissance act gathering important information target system.information used better attack target.example open source search engines used find data used social engineering attack.scanning uses technical tools attackers knowledge system.example nmap used scan open ports.gaining access using data gathered reconnaissance scanning phases attacker use payload exploit targeted system.example metasploit used automate attacks known vulnerabilities.maintaining access maintaining access requires taking steps involved able persistently within target environment order gather much data possible.covering tracks attacker must clear trace compromising victim system type data gathered log events order remain anonymous.once attacker exploited one vulnerability may gain access machines process repeats i.e.
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