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Amazon S3	dropbox stopped using amazon services developed cloud server.mojang hosts minecraft game updates player skins amazon s.tumblr formspring pinterest host images amazon s.swiftypes ceo mentioned company uses amazon s.amazon used enterprises long term archiving solution amazon glacier released august .the api become popular method store objects.result many applications built natively support amazon api includes applications write data amazon amazon scompatible object stores api competing services broad adoption amazon related tooling given rise competing services based api.services use standard programming interface however differentiated underlying technologies supporting business models.cloud storage standard like electrical networking standards enables competing service providers design services clients using different parts different ways yet still communicate provide following benefitsincrease competition providing set rules level playing field encouraging market entry smaller companies might otherwise precluded.encourage innovation cloud storage tool vendors developers focus improving products services instead focusing compatibility.allow economies scale implementation i.e.service provider encounters outage clients outgrow tools need faster operating systems tools easily swap solutions.provide timely solutions delivering functionality response demands marketplace i.e.
Amazon S3	business growth new locations increases demand clients easily change add service providers simply subscribing new service.history amazon web services introduced amazon .amazon reported store trillion objects march .billion objects october billion objects january billion objects october billion objects march billion objects august billion objects march trillion objects april .november aws added default encryption capabilities bucket level.see also amazon elastic block storage ebstimeline amazon web services references citations sources
Server (computing)	architecture called client–server model.servers provide various functionalities often called services sharing data resources among multiple clients performing computation client.single server serve multiple clients single client use multiple servers.client process may run device may connect network server different device.typical servers database servers file servers mail servers print servers web servers game servers application servers.client–server systems usually frequently implemented often identified request–response model client sends request server performs action sends response back client typically result acknowledgment.
Server (computing)	designating computer serverclass hardware implies specialized running servers it.often implies powerful reliable standard personal computers alternatively large computing clusters may composed many relatively simple replaceable server components.history use word server computing comes queueing theory dates mid th century notably used kendall along service paper introduced kendalls notation.earlier papers erlang concrete terms telephone operators used.in computing server dates least rfc one earliest documents describing arpanet predecessor internet contrasted user distinguishing two types host serverhost userhost.use serving also dates early documents rfc contrasting servinghost usinghost.the jargon file defines server common sense process performing service requests usually remote .. version readingserver n. kind daemon performs service requester often runs computer one server runs.
Server (computing)	operation strictly speaking term server refers computer program process running program.metonymy refers device used device dedicated running one several server programs.network device called host.addition server words serve service verb noun respectively frequently used though servicer servant not.word service noun may refer either abstract form functionality e.g.
Server (computing)	web service.alternatively may refer computer program turns computer server e.g.windows service.originally used servers serve users users use servers sense obey today one often says servers serve data sense give.instance web servers serve web pages users service requests.the server part client–server model model server serves data clients.
Server (computing)	nature communication client server request response.contrast peertopeer model relationship ondemand reciprocation.principle computerized process used called another process particularly remotely particularly share resource server calling process processes client.thus generalpurpose computer connected network host servers.example files device shared process process file server.
Server (computing)	similarly web server software run capable computer laptop personal computer host web server.while request–response common clientserver design others publish–subscribe pattern.publishsubscribe pattern clients register pubsub server subscribing specified types messages initial registration may done requestresponse.thereafter pubsub server forwards matching messages clients without requests server pushes messages client rather client pulling messages server requestresponse.purpose role server share data well share resources distribute work.server computer serve computer programs well depending scenario could part quid pro quo transaction simply technical possibility.
Server (computing)	following table shows several scenarios server used.almost entire structure internet based upon client–server model.highlevel root nameservers dns routers direct traffic internet.millions servers connected internet running continuously throughout world virtually every action taken ordinary internet user requires one interactions one servers.exceptions use dedicated servers example peertopeer file sharing implementations telephony e.g.premicrosoft skype.
Server (computing)	hardware hardware requirement servers vary widely depending servers purpose software.servers often powerful expensive clients connect them.since servers usually accessed network many run unattended without computer monitor input device audio hardware usb interfaces.many servers graphical user interface gui.configured managed remotely.remote management conducted via various methods including microsoft management console mmc powershell ssh browserbased outofband management systems dells idrac hps ilo.
Server (computing)	large servers large traditional single servers would need run long periods without interruption.availability would high making hardware reliability durability extremely important.missioncritical enterprise servers would fault tolerant use specialized hardware low failure rates order maximize uptime.uninterruptible power supplies might incorporated guard power failure.servers typically include hardware redundancy dual power supplies raid disk systems ecc memory along extensive preboot memory testing verification.
Server (computing)	critical components might hot swappable allowing technicians replace running server without shutting guard overheating servers might powerful fans use water cooling.often able configured powered rebooted remotely using outofband management typically based ipmi.server casings usually flat wide designed rackmounted either inch racks open racks.these types servers often housed dedicated data centers.normally stable power internet increased security.noise also less concern power consumption heat output serious issue.
Server (computing)	server rooms equipped air conditioning devices.clusters server farm server cluster collection computer servers maintained organization supply server functionality far beyond capability single device.modern data centers often built large clusters much simpler servers collaborative effort open compute project around concept.appliances class small specialist servers called network appliances generally low end scale often smaller common desktop computers.mobile mobile server portable form factor e.g.
Server (computing)	laptop.contrast large data centers rack servers mobile server designed ontheroad ad hoc deployment emergency disaster temporary environments traditional servers feasible due power requirements size deployment time.main beneficiaries socalled server go technology include network managers software database developers training centers military personnel law enforcement forensics emergency relief groups service organizations.facilitate portability features keyboard display battery uninterruptible power supply provide power redundancy case failure mouse integrated chassis.operating systems internet dominant operating systems among servers unixlike opensource distributions based linux freebsd windows server also significant share.
Server (computing)	proprietary operating systems zos macos server also deployed much smaller numbers.specialist serveroriented operating systems traditionally features asgui available optionalability reconfigure update hardware software extent without restartadvanced backup facilities permit regular frequent online backups critical datatransparent data transfer different volumes devicesflexible advanced networking capabilitiesautomation capabilities daemons unix services windowstight system security advanced user resource data memory protection.advanced detection alerting conditions overheating processor disk failure.in practice today many desktop server operating systems share similar code bases differing mostly configuration.energy consumption data centers servers cooling electrical infrastructure responsible .. electrical energy consumption worldwide .. united states.one estimate total energy consumption information communications technology saves times carbon footprint rest economy increasing efficiency.global energy consumption increasing due increasing demand data bandwidth.natural resources defense council nrdc states data centers used billion kilowatt hours kwh electrical energy accounts global electricity usage.environmental groups placed focus carbon emissions data centers accounts million metric tons carbon dioxide year.see also peertopeer notes references reading
Management features new to Windows Vista	notable changes include complete replacement windows setup windows startup processes completely rewritten deployment mechanisms new diagnostic health monitoring tools random access memory diagnostic program support perapplication remote desktop sessions completely new task scheduler range new group policy settings covering many features new windows vista.subsystem unix applications provides posixcompatible environment also introduced.setup setup process windows vista completely rewritten imagebased instead sectorbased previous versions windows were.windows preinstallation environment winpe updated host entire setup process graphical environment opposed textbased environments previous versions windows allows use input devices keyboard throughout entire setup process.new interface resembles windows vista features cleartype fonts windows aero visual effects.
Management features new to Windows Vista	prior copying setup image disk users create format graphically resize disk partitions.new imagebased setup also reduces duration installation procedure contrasted windows xp microsoft estimates windows vista install minutes despite three times size predecessor.windows xp supported loading storage drivers floppy diskettes initialization setup process windows vista supports loading drivers sata scsi raid controllers external source addition floppy diskettes prior installation.at end setup process windows vista also automatically download apply security devicedriver updates windows update.previous versions windows could configure updates installed operating system installation.system recovery new windows recovery environment winre detects repairs various operating system problems presents set options dedicated diagnostics including startup repair system restore backup restore windows memory diagnostic tool command prompt options specific original equipment manufacturers.winre accessible pressing f operating system boot booting windows installation source optical media.
Management features new to Windows Vista	startup repair startup repair formerly system recovery troubleshooter wizard diagnostic feature designed repair systems cannot boot due operating system corruption incompatible drivers damaged hardware scans corruption operating system components boot configuration data windows registry also checks boot sectors file system metadata master boot records partition tables errors whether root cause failure originated installation windows.microsoft designed startup repair repair eighty percent issues users may experience.windows vista service pack enhances startup repair replace additional system files repair process may damaged missing due corruption.component based servicing package manager part windows vista servicing stack replaces previous package installer update.exe update installer hotfix.exe.microsoft delivers updates windows vista files resources only.
Management features new to Windows Vista	package manager windows update control panel item turn windows features use windows vista servicing stack.package manager also install updates offline windows image including updates bootcritical device drivers language packs.windows vista introduced componentbased servicing cbs architecture installation servicing.deployment deployment windows vista uses hardwareindependent image windows imaging format wim.image file contains necessary bits operating system contents copied target system.system specific software device drivers applications installed configured afterwards.
Management features new to Windows Vista	reduces time taken installation windows vista.corporations author image files using wim format might include applications organization wants deploy.also multiple images kept single image file target multiple scenarios.ability used microsoft include editions windows vista disc install proper version based provided product key.addition initial configuration locale settings account names etc.supplied xml answer files automate installation.microsoft provides tool called imagex support creation custom images edit images created.
Management features new to Windows Vista	also used generate image running installation including data applications backup purposes.wim images also controlled using windows system image manager used edit images create xml answer files unattended installations.sysprep also included part windows vista halindependent.also included windows vista improved version files settings transfer wizard known windows easy transfer allows settings inherited previous installations.user state migration tool allows migrating user accounts large automated deployments.clickonce deployment technology smart client applications enables selfupdating windowsbased applications installed run minimal user interaction fashion require administrator access.the activex installer service optional component included business enterprise ultimate editions provides method network administrators domain authorize installation upgrade specific activex controls operating standard user.activex components listed group policy installed without user account control consent dialog displayed.
Management features new to Windows Vista	event logging reporting windows vista includes number selfdiagnostic features help identify various problems possible suggest corrective actions.event logging subsystem windows vista also completely overhauled rewritten around xml allow applications precisely log events.event viewer also rewritten take advantage new features.large number different types event logs monitored including administrative operational analytic debug log types.instance selecting application logs node scope pane reveals numerous new subcategorized event logs including many labeled diagnostic logs.
Management features new to Windows Vista	event logs configured automatically forwarded systems running windows vista windows server .event logs also remotely viewed computers multiple event logs centrally logged managed single computer.event logs filtered one criteria custom views created one events.categorizing advanced filtering allows viewing logs related certain subsystem issue certain component.events also directly associated tasks via redesigned event viewer.
Management features new to Windows Vista	windows error reporting windows error reporting improved significantly windows vista.importantly new set public apis created reporting failures application crashes hangs.developers create custom reports customize reporting user interface.new apis documented msdn.architecture windows error reporting revamped focus reliability user experience.
Management features new to Windows Vista	wer report errors even process bad state example process encountered stack exhaustions pebteb corruptions heap corruptions etc.windows xp process terminated silently without generating error report conditions.a new feature called problem reports solutions also added.control panel applet keeps record system application errors issues well presents probable solutions problems.performance monitoring diagnostics performance monitor includes several new performance counters various tools tuning monitoring system performance resources.shows activities cpu disk io network memory resources resource view.
Management features new to Windows Vista	supports new graph types selection multiple counters retrieval counter values point graph saving graphed counter values log file option line graph continuously scroll graph window instead wrappingaround itself.windows task manager presents detailed system information monitoring.the perfmon report command produces comprehensive system diagnostics report.a new feature called resource exhaustion prevention detect memory low determine applications causing this.memory leak diagnostic provide information application may memory leaks.the reliability monitor tracks applications driver installations along date installation.uses system reliability statistics reliability analysis component rac present graphical view variation system reliability stability.rac updates computers stability index daily.windows vista introduced new help support architecture interface based assistance platform client maml new architecture backwardcompatible previous versions windows.remote management remote desktop protocol .
Management features new to Windows Vista	incorporates support applicationlevel remoting improved security tls .support connections via ssl gateway improved remoting devices support .net remoting including support remoting windows presentation foundation applications wmi scripting bit color support dualmonitor support network level authentication more.remote assistance helps troubleshooting remotely fullfledged standalone application use help support center windows messenger.based windows desktop sharing api.two administrators connect remote computer simultaneously.also session automatically reconnects restarting computer.
Management features new to Windows Vista	also supports session pausing builtin diagnostics xmlbased logging.reworked use less bandwidth lowspeed connections.nat traversals also supported session established even user behind nat device.remote assistance configurable using group policy supports commandline switches custom shortcuts deployed.windows vista also includes windows remote management winrm microsofts implementation wsmanagement standard allows remote computers easily managed soapbased web service.winrm allows obtaining data including wmi management information local remote computers running windows xp windows server winrm installed computers windows server wsmanagement protocol implementations operating systems.
Management features new to Windows Vista	using winrm scripting objects along compatible commandline tools winrm winrs allows administrators remotely run management scripts.winrm session authenticated minimize security risks.system tools new b switch chkdsk ntfs volumes clears marked bad sectors volume reevaluates them.windows system assessment tool builtin benchmarking tool analyzes different subsystems graphics memory etc.produces windows experience index formerly windows performance rating uses results allow comparison windows vista systems software optimizations.optimizations made windows thirdparty software.windows backup codenamed safedocs allows automatic backup files recovery specific files folders recovery specific file types recovery files.
Management features new to Windows Vista	windows vista business enterprise ultimate entire disk backed complete pc backup restore image restored required.complete pc restore initiated within windows vista windows vista installation disc event windows cannot start normally hard disk.backups created virtual pc format therefore mounted using microsoft virtual pc.backup restore center gives users ability schedule periodic backups files computer well recovery previous backups.windows update revised runs completely control panel application web application prior versions windows.system restore based shadow copy technology instead filebased filter therefore proactive creating useful restore points.
Management features new to Windows Vista	restore points volumelevel meaning performing restore capture state entire system point time.also restored using windows recovery environment booting windows vista dvd undo restore point created prior restore case user wishes return prerestored state.system file checker integrated windows resource protection protects registry keys folders besides critical system files.using sfc.exe specific folder paths checked including windows folder boot folder.also scans performed offline windows installation folder replace corrupt files case windows installation bootable.performing offline scans system file checker must run another working installation windows vista later operating system windows setup dvd gives access windows recovery environment.system configuration msconfig allows configuring various switches windows boot manager boot configuration data.
Management features new to Windows Vista	also launch variety tools system information network diagnostics etc.enable disable user account control.windows installer .msi .includes support features user account control restart manager multilingual user interface.problem reports solutions new control panel user interface windows error reporting allows users see previously sent problems solutions additional information available.windows task manager new services tab gives access list windows services offers ability start stop service well enabledisable uac file registry virtualization process.additionally file properties full path command line started processes dep status processes viewed.
Management features new to Windows Vista	also allows creating dump file useful debugging.disk defragmenter configured automatically defragment hard drive regular basis.features cancellable low io priority shadow copyaware defragmentation.also defragment ntfs master file table mft.user interface simplified color graph progress indicator information file system free space etc.removed entirely.
Management features new to Windows Vista	chunks data mb size defragmented microsoft stated discernible performance benefit so.defragmenter based mmc snapin.command line utility defrag.exe offers control defragmentation process.utility used defragment specific volumes analyze volumes defragmenter would windows xp.windows vista service pack adds back ability specify volumes defragmented gui.the disk management console improved allow creation resizing disk volumes without data loss.
Management features new to Windows Vista	partitions volumes resized starting windows vista setup installation.group policy settings let administrators set acls volume interface disks cd dvd drives tape floppy disk drives usb flash drives portable devices.management console windows vista includes microsoft management console .mmc introduced several enhancements including support writing .net snapins using windows forms running multiple tasks parallel.addition snapins present ui different thread operation runs thus keeping snapin responsive even computationally intensive task.the new mmc interface includes support better graphics well featuring task pane shows actions available snapin selected.task scheduler windows firewall also thoroughly configurable management console.print management enables centralized installation management printers organization.
Management features new to Windows Vista	allows installation networkattached printers group clients simultaneously provides continually updated status information printers print servers.also supports finding printers needing operator attention filtering display printers based error conditions outofpaper also send email notifications run scripts printer encounters error condition.group policy windows vista introduces new xml based file format admx replacement legacy adm files manage group policy settings well new adml file format administrative templates.windows vista additionally introduces central store admx files group policy tools use admx files central store files replicated domain controllers domain.windows vista includes options group policy many relate new features allow administrators specify configuration connected groups computers especially .windows vista supports multiple local group policy objects allows setting different levels local group policy individual users.
Management features new to Windows Vista	new xml based policy definition file format known admx introduced.admx files contain configuration settings individual group policy objects gpo.domain based gpos admx files centrally stored computers domain retrieve configure using file replication service used replicate files configured system remote location.group policy service longer attached winlogon service rather runs service own.group policy event messages logged system event log.
Management features new to Windows Vista	group policy uses network location awareness refresh policy configuration soon network configuration change detected.new categories policy settings include power management device installations security settings internet explorer settings printer settings among others.group policy settings also need used enable two way communication filtering windows firewall default enables incoming data filtering.printer settings used install printers based network location.whenever user connects different network available printers updated new network.group policy settings specify printer available network.
Management features new to Windows Vista	also printer settings used allow standard users install printers.group policy also used specifying quality service qos settings.device installation settings used prevent users connecting external storage devices means prevent data theft.windows vista improves folder redirection introducing ability independently redirect user profile subfolders network location.windows xp application data desktop documents pictures start menu folders redirected file server.also management console snapin windows vista allow users configure folder redirection clients running windows vista windows xp windows .
Management features new to Windows Vista	task scheduler redesigned task scheduler based management console used automate management configuration tasks.already number preconfigured systemlevel tasks scheduled run various times.addition timebased triggers task scheduler also supports calendar eventbased triggers starting task particular event logged event log even multiple events occurred.also several tasks triggered event configured run either simultaneously predetermined chained sequence series actions instead create multiple scheduled tasks.tasks also configured run based system status idle preconfigured amount time startup logoff specified time.
Management features new to Windows Vista	tasks triggered xpath expression filtering events windows event log.tasks also delayed specified time triggering event occurred repeat event occurs.actions need done task fails also configured.several actions defined across various categories applications components.task scheduler keeps history log execution details tasks.
Management features new to Windows Vista	features task scheduler includeseveral new actions task scheduled send email show message box start executable fire com handler triggered.task scheduler schema task scheduler allows creating managing tasks xmlformatted documents.new security features including using credential manager store passwords tasks workgroup computers using active directory task credentials domainjoined computers cannot retrieved easily.also scheduled tasks executed session instead session system services current user.ability wake machine remotely using bios timer sleep hibernation execute scheduled task run previously scheduled task machine gets turned on.ability attach tasks events directly event viewer.the task scheduler .api fully available vbscript jscript powershell scripting languages.commandline tools several new commandline tools included windows vista.several existing tools also updated tools windows resource kit builtin operating system.auditpol — configure create back restore audit policies computer organization command line verbose logging.
Management features new to Windows Vista	replaces auditusr.exe.bcdedit — create delete reorder bootloader boot.ini longer used.bitsadmin — bits administration utility.chglogon — enable disable session logins.chgport — list change com port mappings dos application compatibility.chgusr — change install mode.choice — allows users select one item list choices returns index selected choice.clip — redirects output command line tools windows clipboard.text output pasted programs.cmdkey — creates displays deletes stored user names passwords credentials manager.diskpart — expanded support hard disks guid partition table usb media new shrink command added facilitates shrinking preexisting ntfs partition.diskraid — launches diskraid application.dispdiag — display diagnostics.expand — updated version expand.exe allows extracting .msu files.msu selfcontained update format known microsoft update standalone installer.msu files use intrapackage delta ipd compression technology.ipd technology reduces download size msu file still delivers selfcontained package contains updated files.forfiles — selects file set files executes command file.
Management features new to Windows Vista	helpful batch jobs.icacls — updated version cacls.displays modifies access control lists acls dacls files directories.also backup restore set mandatory labels object interaction mandatory integrity control.iscsicli — microsoft iscsi initiator.mklink — create modify delete junctions hard links symbolic links.muiunattend — multilingual user interface unattend actions.netcfg — winpe network installer.ocsetup — windows optional component setup.pkgmgr — windows package manager.pnpunattend — audit system unattended online driver install.pnputil — microsoft pnp utility.query — query processsessiontermserveruserquser — display information users logged system.robocopy — next version xcopy additional features.compared freely available technet magazine version xp windows vista version additionally supports efsraw switch copy encrypted files without decrypting sl switch copy symbolic links instead target.rpcping — pings server using rpc.setx — creates modifies environment variables user system environment.set variables based arguments registry keys file input.sxstrace — winsxs tracing utility.takeown — allows administrators take ownership file access denied.timeout — accepts timeout parameter wait specified time period seconds key pressed.
Management features new to Windows Vista	also accepts parameter ignore key press.tracerpt — microsoft tracerpt.waitfor — sends waits signal system.specified signal broadcast systems domain.specified signal sent specified system.wbadmin — backup commandline tool.wecutil — windows event collector utility.wevtutil — windows event command line utility.where — displays location files match search pattern.default search done along current directory paths specified path environment variable.whoami — used get user name group information along respective security identifiers sid privileges logon identifier logon id current user access token local system.i.e.
Management features new to Windows Vista	current logged user.switch specified tool displays user name ntlm format domainusername.winrm.cmd — windows remote management command line utility.winrs — windows remote shell winrs allows establishing secure windows remote management sessions multiple remote computers single console.winsat — windows system assessment tool command line.services unix renamed subsystem unixbased applications included enterprise ultimate editions windows vista.network file system nfsv client support also included.however utilities sdk required downloaded separately.also server components sfu product line namely server nfs user name mapping server nis password synchronization etc.
Management features new to Windows Vista	included.scripting windows vista supports scripting automation capabilities using windows powershell objectoriented commandline shell released microsoft included operating system.also wmi classes expose controllable features operating system accessed scripting languages.new wmi providers included.addition dhtml coupled scripting languages even powershell used create desktop gadgets gadgets also created configuration various aspects system.
Malware	referencescontrast software causes harm due deficiency typically described software bug.malware poses serious problems individuals businesses.according symantec’s internet security threat report istr malware variants number increased twice many malware variants .many types malware exist including computer viruses worms trojan horses ransomware spyware adware rogue software wiper scareware.defense strategies malware differs according type malware thwarted installing antivirus software firewalls applying regular patches reduce zeroday attacks securing networks intrusion regular backups isolating infected systems.malware designed evade antivirus software detection algorithms.
Malware	history notion selfreproducing computer program traced back initial theories operation complex automata.john von neumann showed theory program could reproduce itself.constituted plausibility result computability theory.fred cohen experimented computer viruses confirmed neumanns postulate investigated properties malware detectability selfobfuscation using rudimentary encryption.doctoral dissertation subject computer viruses.
Malware	combination cryptographic technology part payload virus exploiting attack purposes initialized investigated mid includes initial ransomware evasion ideas.before internet access became widespread viruses spread personal computers infecting executable programs boot sectors floppy disks.inserting copy machine code instructions programs boot sectors virus causes run whenever program run disk booted.early computer viruses written apple ii macintosh became widespread dominance ibm pc msdos system.first ibm pc virus wild boot sector virus dubbed cbrain created farooq alvi brothers pakistan.malware distributors would trick user booting running infected device medium.
Malware	example virus could make infected computer add autorunnable code usb stick plugged it.anyone attached stick another computer set autorun usb would turn become infected also pass infection way.older email software would automatically open html email containing potentially malicious javascript code.users may also execute disguised malicious email attachments.data breach investigations report verizon cited cso online states emails primary method malware delivery accounting malware delivery around world.the first worms networkborne infectious programs originated personal computers multitasking unix systems.first wellknown worm internet worm infected sunos vax bsd systems.
Malware	unlike virus worm insert programs.instead exploited security holes vulnerabilities network server programs started running separate process.behavior used todays worms well.with rise microsoft windows platform flexible macros applications became possible write infectious code macro language microsoft word similar programs.macro viruses infect documents templates rather applications executables rely fact macros word document form executable code.many early infectious programs including morris worm first internet worm written experiments pranks.today malware used black hat hackers governments steal personal financial business information.
Malware	today device plugs usb port – even lights fans speakers toys peripherals digital microscope – used spread malware.devices infected manufacturing supply quality control inadequate.purposes malware sometimes used broadly government corporate websites gather guarded information disrupt operation general.however malware used individuals gain information personal identification numbers details bank credit card numbers passwords.since rise widespread broadband internet access malicious software frequently designed profit.since majority widespread viruses worms designed take control users computers illicit purposes.
Malware	infected zombie computers used send email spam host contraband data child pornography engage distributed denialofservice attacks form extortion.programs designed monitor users web browsing display unsolicited advertisements redirect affiliate marketing revenues called spyware.spyware programs spread like viruses instead generally installed exploiting security holes.also hidden packaged together unrelated userinstalled software.sony bmg rootkit intended prevent illicit copying also reported users listening habits unintentionally created extra security vulnerabilities.ransomware prevents user accessing files ransom paid.two variations ransomware crypto ransomware locker ransomware.
Malware	locker ransomware locks computer system without encrypting contents whereas crypto ransomware locks system encrypts contents.example programs cryptolocker encrypt files securely decrypt payment substantial sum money.some malware used generate money click fraud making appear computer user clicked advertising link site generating payment advertiser.estimated active malware used kind click fraud adclicks fraudulent.in addition criminal moneymaking malware used sabotage often political motives.stuxnet example designed disrupt specific industrial equipment.politically motivated attacks spread shut large computer networks including massive deletion files corruption master boot records described computer killing.
Malware	attacks made sony pictures entertainment november using malware known shamoon w.disttrack saudi aramco august .types categories mutually exclusive malware may use multiple techniques.trojan horse trojan horse harmful program misrepresents masquerade regular benign program utility order persuade victim install it.trojan horse usually carries hidden destructive function activated application started.term derived ancient greek story trojan horse used invade city troy stealth.trojan horses generally spread form social engineering example user duped executing email attachment disguised unsuspicious e.g.
Malware	routine form filled driveby download.although payload anything many modern forms act backdoor contacting controller phoning home unauthorized access affected computer potentially installing additional software keylogger steal confidential information cryptomining software adware generate revenue operator trojan.trojan horses backdoors easily detectable computers may appear run slower emit heat fan noise due heavy processor network usage may occur cryptomining software installed.cryptominers may limit resource usage andor run idle times attempt evade detection.unlike computer viruses worms trojan horses generally attempt inject files otherwise propagate themselves.in spring mac users hit new version proton remote access trojan rat trained extract password data various sources browser autofill data macos keychain password vaults.rootkits malicious software installed system essential stays concealed avoid detection.
Malware	software packages known rootkits allow concealment modifying hosts operating system malware hidden user.rootkits prevent harmful process visible systems list processes keep files read.some types harmful software contain routines evade identification andor removal attempts merely hide themselves.early example behavior recorded jargon file tale pair programs infesting xerox cpv time sharing systemeach ghostjob would detect fact killed would start new copy recently stopped program within milliseconds.way kill ghosts kill simultaneously difficult deliberately crash system.backdoors backdoor method bypassing normal authentication procedures usually connection network internet.
Malware	system compromised one backdoors may installed order allow access future invisibly user.the idea often suggested computer manufacturers preinstall backdoors systems provide technical support customers never reliably verified.reported us government agencies diverting computers purchased considered targets secret workshops software hardware permitting remote access agency installed considered among productive operations obtain access networks around world.backdoors may installed trojan horses worms implants methods.infectious malware bestknown types malware viruses worms known manner spread rather specific types behavior likened biological viruses.worm worm standalone malware software actively transmits network infect computers copy without infecting files.
Malware	definitions lead observation virus requires user run infected software operating system virus spread whereas worm spreads itself.virus computer virus software usually hidden within another seemingly innocuous program produce copies insert programs files usually performs harmful action destroying data.example portable execution infection technique usually used spread malware inserts extra data executable code pe files.computer virus software embeds executable software including operating system target system without users knowledge consent run virus spread executable files.ransomware screenlocking ransomware lockscreens screen lockers type “cyber police” ransomware blocks screens windows android devices false accusation harvesting illegal content trying scare victims paying fee.jisut slocker impact android devices lockscreens jisut making nearly percent android ransomware detections.
Malware	encryptionbased ransomware encryptionbased ransomware like name suggests type ransomware encrypts files infected machine.types malware display popup informing user files encrypted must pay usually bitcoin recover them.examples encryptionbased ransomware cryptolocker wannacry.grayware grayware sometimes spelled greyware term coming use around applies unwanted application file worsen performance computers may cause security risks typically considered malware.greyware applications behave annoying undesirable manner yet less serious troublesome malware.
Malware	grayware encompasses spyware adware fraudulent dialers joke programs jokeware remote access tools unwanted programs may harm performance computers cause inconvenience.example one point sony bmg compact discs silently installed rootkit purchasers computers intention preventing illicit copying.potentially unwanted program pup potentially unwanted programs pups potentially unwanted applications puas applications would considered unwanted despite downloaded often user possibly failing read download agreement.pups include spyware adware fraudulent dialers.many security products classify unauthorised key generators grayware although frequently carry true malware addition ostensible purpose.
Malware	malwarebytes lists several criteria classifying program pup.types adware using stolen certificates turn antimalware virus protection technical remedies available.evasion since beginning sizable portion malware utilizing combination many techniques designed avoid detection analysis.common least commonevasion analysis detection fingerprinting environment executed.confusing automated tools detection methods.allows malware avoid detection technologies signaturebased antivirus software changing server used malware.timingbased evasion.
Malware	malware runs certain times following certain actions taken user executes certain vulnerable periods boot process remaining dormant rest time.obfuscating internal data automated tools detect malware.an increasingly common technique adware uses stolen certificates disable antimalware virus protection technical remedies available deal adware.nowadays one sophisticated stealthy ways evasion use information hiding techniques namely stegomalware.survey stegomalware published cabaj et al..another type evasion technique fileless malware advanced volatile threats avts.fileless malware require file operate.runs within memory utilizes existing system tools carry malicious acts.
Malware	files system executable files antivirus forensic tools analyze making malware nearly impossible detect.way detect fileless malware catch operating real time.recently types attacks become frequent increase makeup attacks .attacks easy perform becoming prevalent help exploitkits.risks vulnerable software vulnerability weakness flaw software bug application complete computer operating system computer network exploited malware bypass defences gain privileges requires run.
Malware	example testdisk .earlier contained vulnerability allowed attackers inject code windows.malware exploit security defects security bugs vulnerabilities operating system applications browsers e.g.older versions microsoft internet explorer supported windows xp vulnerable versions browser plugins adobe flash player adobe acrobat reader java se.example common method exploitation buffer overrun vulnerability software designed store data specified region memory prevent data buffer accommodate supplied.
Malware	malware may provide data overflows buffer malicious executable code data end payload accessed attacker legitimate software determines.malware exploit recently discovered vulnerabilities developers time release suitable patch.even new patches addressing vulnerability released may necessarily installed immediately allowing malware take advantage systems lacking patches.sometimes even applying patches installing new versions automatically uninstall old versions.security advisories plugin providers announce securityrelated updates.common vulnerabilities assigned cve ids listed us national vulnerability database.
Malware	secunia psi example software free personal use check pc vulnerable outofdate software attempt update it.approaches involve using firewalls intrusion prevention systems monitor unusual traffic patterns local computer network.excessive privileges users programs assigned privileges require malware take advantage this.example android apps sampled one third asked privileges required.apps targeting android platform major source malware infection one solution use third party software detect apps assigned excessive privileges.some systems allow users modify internal structures users today would considered overprivileged users.
Malware	standard operating procedure early microcomputer home computer systems distinction administrator root regular user system.systems nonadministrator users overprivileged design sense allowed modify internal structures system.environments users overprivileged inappropriately granted administrator equivalent status.users tend demand privileges need often end assigned unnecessary privileges.some systems allow code executed user access rights user known overprivileged code.also standard operating procedure early microcomputer home computer systems.
Malware	malware running overprivileged code use privilege subvert system.almost currently popular operating systems also many scripting applications allow code many privileges usually sense user executes code system allows code rights user.weak passwords credential attack occurs user account administrative privileges cracked account used provide malware appropriate privileges.typically attack succeeds weakest form account security used typically short password cracked using dictionary brute force attack.using strong passwords enabling twofactor authentication reduce risk.
Malware	latter enabled even attacker crack password cannot use account without also token possessed legitimate user account.use operating system homogeneity vulnerability.example computers network run operating system upon exploiting one one worm exploit particular microsoft windows mac os x large share market exploited vulnerability concentrating either operating system could subvert large number systems.estimated approximately malware infections january march spread via systems running windows .risk mitigated segmenting networks different subnetworks setting firewalls block traffic them.
Malware	mitigation antivirus antimalware software antimalware sometimes also called antivirus programs block remove types malware.example microsoft security essentials windows xp vista windows windows defender windows provides realtime protection.windows malicious software removal tool removes malicious software system.additionally several capable antivirus software programs available free download internet usually restricted noncommercial use.tests found free programs competitive commercial ones.typically antivirus software combat malware following waysrealtime protection provide real time protection installation malware software computer.
Malware	type malware protection works way antivirus protection antimalware software scans incoming network data malware blocks threats comes across.removal antimalware software programs used solely detection removal malware software already installed onto computer.type antimalware software scans contents windows registry operating system files installed programs computer provide list threats found allowing user choose files delete keep compare list list known malware components removing files match.sandboxing provide sandboxing apps considered dangerous web browsers vulnerabilities likely installed from.realtime protection specific component antimalware software commonly referred onaccess realtime scanner hooks deep operating systems core kernel functions manner similar certain malware would attempt operate though users informed permission protecting system.time operating system accesses file onaccess scanner checks file infected not.typically infected file found execution stopped file quarantined prevent damage intention prevent irreversible system damage.
Malware	avs allow users override behaviour.considerable performance impact operating system though degree impact dependent many pages creates virtual memory.sandboxing many malware components installed result browser exploits user error using security software antimalware though many sandbox browsers essentially isolate browser computer hence malware induced change also effective helping restrict damage done.website security scans website vulnerability scans check website detect malware may note outdated software may report known security issues order reduce risk site compromised.network segregation structuring network set smaller networks limiting flow traffic known legitimate hinder ability infectious malware replicate across wider network.
Malware	software defined networking provides techniques implement controls.air gap isolation parallel network last resort computers protected malware risk infected computers disseminating trusted information greatly reduced imposing air gap i.e.completely disconnecting networks applying enhanced controls entry exit software data outside world.however malware still cross air gap situations least due need introduce software airgapped network damage availability integrity assets thereon.stuxnet example malware introduced target environment via usb drive causing damage processes supported environment without need exfiltrate data.airhopper bitwhisper gsmem fansmitter four techniques introduced researchers leak data airgapped computers using electromagnetic thermal acoustic emissions.
Percona Server for MySQL	see also references external links malicious software curliefurther reading research papers documents malware idmarch int.digital media archiveadvanced malware cleaning – microsoft videopercona server mysql open source relational database management system rdbms.free fully compatible drop replacement oracle mysql.software includes number scalability availability security backup features available mysqls commercial enterprise edition.software includes xtradb enhanced distribution innodb storage engine.the developers aim retain close compatibility official mysql releases focusing performance increased visibility server operations.see also comparison relational database management systems references
Windows NT	processorindependent multiprocessing multiuser operating system.the first version windows nt windows nt .produced workstations server computers.commercially focused operating system intended complement consumer versions windows based msdos including windows .windows .x.gradually windows nt family expanded microsofts generalpurpose operating system product line personal computers deprecating windows x family.nt formerly expanded new technology longer carries specific meaning.
Windows NT	starting windows nt removed product name included product version string along several lowlevel places within system.nt first purely bit version windows whereas consumeroriented counterparts windows .x windows x bitbit hybrids.multiarchitecture operating system.initially supported several instruction set architectures including ia mips dec alpha support powerpc itanium x arm added later.latest versions support x including ia x arm.major features windows nt family include windows shell windows api native api active directory group policy hardware abstraction layer ntfs bitlocker windows store windows update hyperv.
Windows NT	naming suggested dave cutler intended initialism wnt play vms incrementing letter one.however project originally intended followon os referred nt os receiving windows brand.one original nt developers mark lucovsky states name taken original target processor—the intel codenamed n nten.questionandanswer qa session bill gates revealed letters previously expanded new technology longer carry specific meaning.letters dropped names releases windows later though microsoft described product built nt technology.
Windows NT	major features one main purposes nt hardware software portability.various versions nt family operating systems released variety processor architectures initially ia mips dec alpha powerpc itanium x arm supported later releases.initial idea common code base custom hardware abstraction layer hal platform.however support mips alpha powerpc later dropped windows .broad software compatibility initially achieved support several api personalities including windows api posix os apis – latter two phased starting windows xp.
Windows NT	partial msdos windows bit compatibility achieved ia via integrated dos virtual machine – although feature available architectures.nt supported perobject file function role access control lists allowing rich set security permissions applied systems services.nthas also supported windows network protocols inheriting previous os lan manager networking well tcpip networking microsoft used implement tcpip stack derived first streamsbased stack spider systems later rewritten inhouse.windows nt .first version windows use bit flat virtual memory addressing bit processors.companion product windows .used segmented addressing switches bit bit addressing pages.windows nt .
Windows NT	featured core kernel providing system api running supervisor mode ring x referred windows nt kernel mode platforms set userspace environments apis included new win environment os .textmode environment posix environment.full preemptive multitasking kernel could interrupt running tasks schedule tasks without relying user programs voluntarily give control cpu windows .windows applications although msdos applications preemptively multitasked windows starting windows.notably windows nt .x several io driver subsystems video printing usermode subsystems.windows nt video server printer spooler subsystems moved kernel mode.
Windows NT	windows nts first gui strongly influenced programmatically compatible windows .windows nt interface redesigned match brand new windows moving program manager windows shell design.ntfs journaled secure file system major feature nt.windows nt also allows installable file systems since versions .nt may installed fat hpfs file systems.windows nt introduced driver model windows nt driver model incompatible older driver frameworks.windows windows nt driver model enhanced become windows driver model first introduced windows based nt driver model.
Windows NT	windows vista added native support windows driver foundation also available windows xp windows server extent windows .development microsoft decided create portable operating system compatible os posix supporting multiprocessing october .development started november windows nt known os .third version operating system developed jointly microsoft ibm.ensure portability initial development targeted intel ixr risc processor switching mips r late intel .
Windows NT	microsoft also continued parallel development dosbased less resourcedemanding windows environment resulting release windows .may .windows .eventually successful microsoft decided change primary application programming interface still unreleased nt os known extended os api extended windows api.decision caused tension microsoft ibm collaboration ultimately fell apart.ibm continued os development alone microsoft continued work newly renamed windows nt.though neither operating system would immediately popular microsofts msdos windows products windows nt would eventually far successful os.microsoft hired group developers digital equipment corporation led dave cutler build windows nt many elements design reflect earlier dec experience cutlers vms vaxeln rsx also unreleased objectbased operating system developed dave cutler digital codenamed mica.
Windows NT	team joined selected members disbanded os team including moshe dunie.the vms kernel primarily written vax macro windows nt designed run multiple instruction set architectures multiple hardware platforms within architecture.platform dependencies hidden rest system hal hardware abstraction layer.while creating windows nt microsoft developers rewrote vms c. although added win api ntfs file system gui backwards compatibility dos os win dec engineers almost immediately noticed two operating systems internal similarities parts vaxvms internals data structures published digital press accurately describe windows nt internals using vms terms.instead lawsuit microsoft agreed pay dec – million help market vms train digital personnel windows nt continue windows nt support dec alpha.windows nt vms memory management processes scheduling similar.windows nts process management differs implementing threading dec implement vms .likely compete microsoft.like vms windows nts kernel mode code distinguishes kernel whose primary purpose implement processor architecturedependent functions executive.
Windows NT	designed modified microkernel windows nt kernel influenced mach microkernel developed richard rashid carnegie mellon university meet criteria pure microkernel.kernel executive linked together single loaded module ntoskrnl.exe outside module little distinction kernel executive.routines directly accessible example kernelmode device drivers.api sets windows nt family implemented subsystems atop publicly undocumented native api allowed late adoption windows api win subsystem.windows nt one earliest operating systems use unicode internally.releases windows nt .
Windows NT	.incorporated program manager file manager windows .x series.windows nt .onwards replaced programs windows explorer including taskbar start menu originally appeared windows .the first release given version number .match contemporary bit windows magazines era claimed number also used make version seem reliable .
Windows NT	release.also novell ipx protocol apparently licensed .versions windows software.the nt version number generally used marketing purposes still used internally said reflect degree changes core operating system.however application compatibility reasons microsoft kept major version number releases following vista changed later windows .build number internal identifier used microsofts developers beta testers.starting windows .
Windows NT	microsoft changed version api helper functions behavior.application manifested windows .later api always return version .version number windows .manifest feature introduced windows .
Windows NT	replace getversion related functions.programming language windows nt written c c small amount written assembly language.c mostly used kernel code c mostly used usermode code.assembly language avoided possible would impede portability.supported platforms bit platforms order prevent intel xspecific code slipping operating system developers used developing x chips windows nt .
Windows NT	initially developed using nonx development systems ported x architecture.work initially based intel ibased dazzle system later mips rbased jazz platform.systems designed internally microsoft.windows nt .released intel x pc compatible pc dec alpha arccompliant mips platforms.windows nt .
Windows NT	added support powerpc processor specifically prepcompliant systems ibm power series desktopslaptops motorola powerstack series despite meetings michael spindler bill gates power macintosh prep compliant power macintosh project failed ship.intergraph corporation ported windows nt clipper architecture later announced intention port windows nt .sun microsystems sparc architecture conjunction companys planned introduction ultrasparc models neither version sold public retail product.only two windows nt .variants ia alpha full set service packs available.ports done third parties motorola intergraph etc.publicly available updates.windows nt .
Windows NT	last major release support alpha mips powerpc though development windows alpha continued august compaq stopped support windows nt architecture three days later microsoft also canceled alphant program even though alpha nt windows release reached rc status.on january microsoft announced next major version windows nt family include support arm architecture.microsoft demonstrated preliminary version windows version .. running armbased computer consumer electronics show.eventually led commercial release windows derived windows rt october implementation nt ce windows phone .according microsoft common misconception xbox xbox use modified windows kernel.reality xbox operating system built scratch implements subset windows apis.xbox one xbox series xs however use modified version windows .windows first nonserver version windows nt support bit platforms.
Windows NT	bit platforms bit versions windows nt originally intended run itanium dec alpha latter used internally microsoft early development bit windows.continued time microsoft publicly announced cancelling plans ship bit windows alpha.alpha versions windows nt bit only.while windows supports intel ia bit windows xp server server server r one edition dedicated itaniumbased systems.comparison itanium microsoft adopted x greater scale every version windows since windows xp dedicated x edition x editions.hardware requirements minimum hardware specification required run release professional workstation version windows nt fairly slowmoving .
Linode	vista release requires minimum gb free disk space fold increase free disk space alone previous version.see also architecture windows ntf diskwindows server domainreactos open source project goal providing binary device driverlevel compatibility windows ntwindows nt startup processwindows preinstallation environmentmicrosoft servers notes references external links windows official page microsoft.russinovich mark windows nt vms rest story win discussion ancestry nt archived original may .a brief history windows nt operating system fact sheet microsoft presspass archived original june .based philadelphia pennsylvania.history linode portmanteau words linux node founded christopher aker launching mid .aker graduate full sail university florida.linode transitioned uml xen virtualization march kvm mid.launched data backup service .
Linode	nodebalancer loadbalancing service launched july .linode released linode managed incident response service designed businesses .linode opened first data centers fremont california dallas .subsequently opened data centers atlanta newark new jersey london tokyo frankfurt singapore toronto mumbai sydney .in christopher aker purchased historic corn exchange bank building north rd street arch street old city neighborhood philadelphia.renovations linode moved headquarters .aker said company trouble attracting workers previous suburban location galloway township new jersey hoped philadelphia location would help draft talent.on february th akamai technologies announced acquired linode approximately million.
Linode	products services flagship products cloudhosting services multiple packages different price points.november linode offers five kinds compute services geared towards specific needs customers like high memory requirements dedicated cpu gpu general purpose usage.linode block storage allows users extend server storage capacity volumes demand.linode backup allows customers backup servers daily weekly monthly basis.linode manager nodebalancer allow users manage multiple server instances across single system.in september linode launched longview analysis package linux.
Linode	linode launched scompatible object storage service late october enable customers store large unstructured data.highly requested feature customers.november cncf kubecon linode announced availability managed kubernetes engine service.linode offers multiple products services clients.compute linode kubernetes engine lke kubernetes containers service application.gpu ondemand cloud gpu graphical processing unit compute configurations parallel processing workloads machine learning scientific computing video processing.dedicated cpu dedicated cpu instances run cpu cores linode infrastructure.sharing processor customers.high memory high memory compute configurations run memoryintensive applications.shared linodes balanced compute configuration wide range cloud applications.nanode month entry level compute package run fully functioning linux distribution.
Linode	storage linode object storage highly available scalable scompatible object storage store unstructured data.linode block storage block storage store data volumes blocks act individual hard disk drives hdd.linode backups automatic data backup service.networking vpc virtual private cloud managing software defined network cloud resources.vlan virtual local area networkddos protection detection mitigation distributed denialofservice ddos infrastructure attacks.nodebalancers softwaredefined managed service load balancing traffic.dns manager managed domain name system dns service linode infrastructure.next generation network linodes modern worldwide network infrastructure interconnects global data centers via private fiber backbone.management tools cloud manager user mobilefriendly interface deploy manage linode virtual machines configure networking control user accounts.linode api api application programming interface programmatic access linode platform.linode cli cli command line interface account access managing linode infrastructure.images create customer linux images make scaling easier.stackscripts automatically customize linode infrastructure deployments stackscripts.monitoring analyze infrastructure performance track transfer usage create custom alerts.professional services managed incident response service help businesses cut costly downtime.professional services cloud consulting help architect services carry site migrations deploy software.awards linode recipient stevie award sales customer service.

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