Split (1)

train · 173k rows

title stringlengths 1 105	content stringlengths 5 58.1k
List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters	carol agrees rick reluctant noting seem illequipped protect themselves.however rick reluctantly complies group consensus gives guns tells meet back house two hours.rick carol later discover anas tattooed leg amputated distance away deceased body devoured walkers sam nowhere found.leon basset portrayed linds edwards deputy sheriff king county police department along partner lambert kendell works rick shane.car chase first episode leon along rick shane lambert prepare gunfire.shown leon new firearms rick instructs use one field.
List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters	postoutbreak leon becomes walker put rick outside station house rick leaves atlanta.allen portrayed daniel thomas may donnas husband bens father.three travel prison tyreeses group donna dies.rick banishes tyreeses group prison allen survives several days forest travels woodbury son ben join governors army.gradually allen shown dark intentions first made evident initial proposal take prison next grudge tyreese making donna revere instead allen ultimately willingness anything stay woodbury.allen among woodbury army attacks prison defeated ricks group leading retreat.
List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters	woodbury army retreats abandons plans takeover allen stands governors order return prison wanting avenge sons death.enraged governor kills civilian army members prompting shocked allen draw gun governor.allen shoot however governor shoots allen head killing him.ben portrayed tyler chase allen donnas son member tyreeses group.supports fathers plot take prison tyreese thwarts.rick banishes tyreeses group prison ben survives several days forest travels woodbury father joins governors army.
List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters	sorrowful life dies steps front bullet meant governor merle shoots chest.merle killed reanimated merle eats arm bens corpse.donna portrayed cherie dvorak allens wife bens mother.travels tyreeses group bitten right entering prison.sasha proposes putting outside prison allen ben beg tyreese spare her.tyreese complies forced carry proves heavy allen sits floor chased walkers gives up.
List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters	donna soon dies wound tyreese kills reanimateseastman portrayed john carroll lynch encountered morgan leaves king county.psychologist used analyze prisoners.eastman eventually rehabilitates morgan teaching life precious thus cementing morgans return sanity.former prison psychologist also helps morgan find inner peace use aikido.bitten eastman dies prevented reanimating morgan.felipe portrayed noel gugliemi tough guy associate guillermos grandson abuela portrayed gina morelli.
List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters	actually nurse practitioner retirement home decides stay behind rest help elderly vatos.guillermo portrayed neil brown jr. associate felipe others protect nursing home full elderly gets mostly abandoned.come conflict rick group fight weapons rick dropped downtown atlanta.deleted scene lies ahead reveals nursing home survivors killed execution style hinting handiwork humans walkers.dr.edwin jenner portrayed noah emmerich last surviving staff pathologist cdc atlanta.working surviving samples infected tissue attempts create possible cure repeatedly fails.
List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters	grimes group arrives cdc looking help survivors hesitates assist allows walkers surrounded.reveals wife succumbed disease provided tissue samples later accidentally destroys due fatigue.despairing attempts lock group cdc building programmed selfdestruct fuel runs out.however relents allows flee shortly building destroyed.jacqui elect die explosion.
List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters	parting ways rick last time jenner whispers shown ts everyone carries infection reanimate expiring matter die revealed beside dying fire.duane jones portrayed adrian kali turner morgans son.first episode finds rick knocks mistaking walker.duane stays father rick offers take atlanta.rick encounters morgan third season morgan explains duane killed undead mother.duane jones also happens name late actor starred heroic protagonist ben original zombie movie night living dead .
List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters	whether duane put morgan upon reanimating unknown remains ambiguous whether morgan put allowed survive walker like mother.lambert kendal portrayed jim coleman deputy sheriff working king county sheriffs department along partner leon basset coworkers rick shane.seen car chase rick shane leon first episode.sam portrayed robin lord taylor survivor encountered rick carol supply run holed bathroom abandoned house girlfriend ana.come refugee center became separated group left days.carol tends sams dislocated arm wounds sam ana volunteer help forage supplies.carol agrees rick reluctant noting pair seems illequipped protect themselves.
List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters	however rick reluctantly complies group consensus gives guns gives sam watch sam know two hours passed meet back house.rick carol later discover anas deceased body devoured walkers sam nowhere found.later revealed sam captured terminus gets hit head baseball bat gets throat slit bled trough along three captives.lieutenant welles portrayed julio cesar cedillo national guard pilot.helicopter crashes survivor.governor finds welles brings woodbury dr. stevens care him.
List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters	discovering whereabouts welles men governor takes enforcers kills soldiers appropriating food supplies equipment.later puts welles severed head aquarium alongside heads collection.unclear whether welles head among damaged governors struggle michonne.georgie portrayed jayne atkinson first appears key.leader mysterious humanitarian group helps maggie supplies food exchange vinyl records.georgie also gives maggie book would help build new civilization.
List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters	eighteen months later mentioned exchanging letters maggie wanting maggie join group fulltime.stradivarius revealed maggie left hilltop colony join georgies group aid new community somewhere far away.jocelyn portrayed rutina wesley old friend michonne leader cult orphaned children trained manipulated bidding.served primary antagonist episode scars.jocelyn shown cruel cunning manipulative psychopathic woman determined survivor effective leader children group.jocelyns group found group alexandria safezone woods brought community michonne recognizes friend college decides let group stay.
List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters	night michonne tells jocelyn shes impressed kids hunting skills jocelyn tells michonne kids capable anything.middle night jocelyn group kidnap judith alexandria children kill innocent resident ransack alexandrias food supply guns.next day michonne daryl search children eventually spot one jocelyns kids outside abandoned school.chase theyre met kids hallway daryl gets shot shoulder arrow michonne knocked unconscious.sometime later wake bloodied tied pipe iron x painfully branded backs.
List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters	left alone two manage get free escape.michonne finds exit immediately beaten wooden plank jocelyn.however michonne summons strength stab leg chest killing her.frank portrayed steve kazee lydias father alphas husband appears lydias flashback omega.frank refuses leave shelter lydia alpha cant leave friends behind alpha claims weak stabs neck leaves bleed death.stephanie vega portrayed margot bingham survivor unknown location communicates eugene radio.juanita princess sanchez portrayed paola lázaro quirky flamboyant survivor.joins group eugene ezekiel yumiko.
List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters	former first empathy eventually managed befriend princess.certain doom arrive rendezvous point meet stephanie group surrounded soldiers white armor.locked boxcar begins hallucinations.lucille portrayed hilarie burton negans late wife died pancreatic cancer early outbreak.leah portrayed lynn collins former owner dog time sixyear time jump formed love bond daryl.accepted insistence searching rick eventually disappeard unknown location.mays portrayed robert patrick deranged renegade survivor.lost trust people lives apparently abandoned warehouse.
List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters	unaware presence aaron gabriel subdued mays invading home.mays forces play russian roulette aaron manages convince people bad.gabriel soon bashes mays head spiky metal ball attached aarons prosthetic arm killing instantly.franklin portrayed miles mussenden altruistic doctor lauras adoptive father provides medication lucille.craven portrayed rodney rowland antagonistic leader motorcycle gang valaks vipers.served primary antagonist episode heres negan.notes walking dead comic book television series based regarded separate continuities.
History of France	therefore regardless possible similarities two media characters events etc.appearing one effect continuity other.referencesfrance made bulk region known romans gaul.greek writers noted presence three main ethnolinguistic groups area gauls aquitani belgae.gauls largest best attested group celtic people speaking known gaulish language.over course first millennium bc greeks romans carthaginians established colonies mediterranean coast offshore islands.roman republic annexed southern gaul province gallia narbonensis late nd century bc roman legions julius caesar conquered rest gaul gallic wars – bc.afterwards galloroman culture emerged gaul increasingly integrated roman empire.in later stages roman empire gaul subject barbarian raids migration importantly germanic franks.
History of France	frankish king clovis united gaul rule late th century setting stage frankish dominance region hundreds years.frankish power reached fullest extent charlemagne.medieval kingdom france emerged western part charlemagnes carolingian empire known west francia achieved increasing prominence rule house capet founded hugh capet .a succession crisis following death last direct capetian monarch led series conflicts known hundred years war house valois house plantagenet.war formally began following philip vis attempt seize duchy aquitaine hereditary holder edward iii england plantagenet claimant french throne.despite early plantagenet victories including capture ransom john ii france fortunes turned favor valois later war.
History of France	among notable figures war joan arc french peasant girl led french forces english establishing national heroine.war ended valois victory .victory hundred years war effect strengthening french nationalism vastly increasing power reach french monarchy.ancien régime period next centuries france transformed centralized absolute monarchy renaissance protestant reformation.height french wars religion france became embroiled another succession crisis last valois king henry iii fought rival factions house bourbon house guise.henry bourbon king navarre conflict established bourbon dynasty.
History of France	burgeoning worldwide colonial empire established th century.french monarchys political power reached zenith rule louis xiv sun king.in late th century monarchy associated institutions overthrown french revolution.country governed period republic napoleon bonapartes french empire declared.following defeat napoleonic wars france went several regime changes ruled monarchy briefly second republic second empire lasting french third republic established .france one triple entente powers world war germany central powers.france one allied powers world war ii conquered nazi germany .
History of France	third republic dismantled country controlled directly germany south controlled collaborationist vichy government.living conditions harsh germany drained away food manpower many jews killed.free france movement took colonial empire coordinated wartime resistance.following liberation fourth republic established.france slowly recovered enjoyed baby boom reversed low fertility rate.
History of France	long wars indochina algeria drained french resources ended political defeat.wake algerian crisis charles de gaulle set french fifth republic.decolonization saw french colonial empire become independent smaller parts incorporated french state overseas departments collectivities.since world war ii france permanent member un security council nato.played central role unification process led european union.
History of France	despite slow economic growth recent years remains strong economic cultural military political factor st century.prehistory stone tools discovered chilhac lézignanlacèbe indicate prehuman ancestors may present france least .million years ago.neanderthals present europe bc died years ago possibly outcompeted modern humans period cold weather.earliest modern humans — homo sapiens — entered europe years ago upper palaeolithic.cave paintings lascaux gargas gargas hautespyrénées well carnac stones remains local prehistoric activity.
History of France	first written records history france appear iron age.france made bulk region known romans gaul.roman writers noted presence three main ethnolinguistic groups area gauls aquitani belgae.gauls largest best attested group celtic people speaking known gaulish language.over course st millennium bc greeks romans carthaginians established colonies mediterranean coast offshore islands.roman republic annexed southern gaul province gallia narbonensis late nd century bc roman forces julius caesar conquered rest gaul gallic wars – bc.
History of France	afterwards galloroman culture emerged gaul increasingly integrated roman empire.ancient history greek colonies bc ionian greeks phocaea founded colony massalia presentday marseille shores mediterranean sea making oldest city france.time celtic tribes penetrated eastern parts germania superior current territory france occupation spread rest france th rd century bc.gaul covering large parts modernday france belgium northwest germany northern italy gaul inhabited many celtic belgae tribes romans referred gauls spoke gaulish language roughly oise garonne gallia celtica according julius caesar.lower garonne people spoke aquitanian preindoeuropean language related direct ancestor basque whereas belgian language spoken north lutecia north loire according authors like strabo.
History of France	celts founded cities lutetia parisiorum paris burdigala bordeaux aquitanians founded tolosa toulouse.long roman settlements greek navigators settled would become provence.phoceans founded important cities massalia marseille nikaia nice bringing conflict neighboring celts ligurians.phocean great navigators pytheas born marseille.celts often fought aquitanians germans gaulish war band led brennus invaded rome c. bc following battle allia.however tribal society gauls change fast enough centralized roman state would learn counter them.gaulish tribal confederacies defeated romans battles sentinum telamon rd century bc.
History of France	early rd century bc belgae germani cisrhenani conquered surrounding territories somme northern gaul battles supposedly armoricani gauls near ribemontsurancre gournaysuraronde sanctuaries found.when carthaginian commander hannibal barca fought romans recruited several gaulish mercenaries fought side cannae.gaulish participation caused provence annexed bc roman republic.later consul gaul — julius caesar — conquered gaul.despite gaulish opposition led vercingetorix gauls succumbed roman onslaught.gauls success first gergovia ultimately defeated alesia bc.
History of France	romans founded cities lugdunum lyon narbonensis narbonne allow correspondence lucius munatius plancus cicero formalize existence cularo grenoble.roman gaul gaul divided several different provinces.romans displaced populations prevent local identities becoming threat roman control.thus many celts displaced aquitania enslaved moved gaul.strong cultural evolution gaul roman empire obvious one replacement gaulish language vulgar latin.
History of France	argued similarities gaulish latin languages favoured transition.gaul remained roman control centuries celtic culture gradually replaced galloroman culture.the gauls became better integrated empire passage time.instance generals marcus antonius primus gnaeus julius agricola born gaul emperors claudius caracalla.emperor antoninus pius also came gaulish family.decade following valerians capture persians postumus established shortlived gallic empire included iberian peninsula britannia addition gaul itself.
History of France	germanic tribes franks alamanni entered gaul time.gallic empire ended emperor aurelians victory châlons .a migration celts appeared th century armorica.led legendary king conan meriadoc came britain.spoke extinct british language evolved breton cornish welsh languages.in aquitanian province given goths exchange support vandals.goths sacked rome established capital toulouse.the roman empire difficulty responding barbarian raids flavius aëtius use tribes order maintain roman control.he first used huns burgundians mercenaries destroyed worms killed king gunther pushed burgundians westward.
History of France	burgundians resettled aëtius near lugdunum .huns united attila became greater threat aëtius used visigoths huns.conflict climaxed battle châlons romans goths defeated attila.the roman empire verge collapsing.aquitania definitely abandoned visigoths would soon conquer significant part southern gaul well iberian peninsula.burgundians claimed kingdom northern gaul practically abandoned franks.
History of France	aside germanic peoples vascones entered wasconia pyrenees bretons formed three kingdoms armorica domnonia cornouaille broërec.frankish kingdoms – clovis leader salian franks defeated syagrius soissons subsequently united northern central gaul rule.clovis recorded succession victories germanic tribes alamanni tolbiac.pagan clovis adopted catholicism.gave greater legitimacy power christian subjects granted clerical support arian visigoths.
History of France	defeated alaric ii vouillé annexed aquitaine thus toulouse frankish kingdom.the goths retired toledo would become spain.clovis made paris capital established merovingian dynasty kingdom would survive death .frankish inheritance traditions sons inherit part land four kingdoms emerged centered paris orléans soissons rheims.time borders numbers frankish kingdoms fluid changed frequently.also time mayors palace originally chief advisor kings would become real power frankish lands merovingian kings would reduced little figureheads.by time muslims conquered hispania septimania became part alandalus threatening frankish kingdoms.
History of France	duke odo great defeated major invading force toulouse failed repel raiding party .mayor palace charles martel defeated raiding party battle tours earned respect power within frankish kingdom.assumption crown pepin short son charles martel established carolingian dynasty kings franks.carolingian power reached fullest extent pepins son charlemagne.charlemagne reunited frankish domains period division subsequently conquering lombards desiderius northern italy incorporating bavaria realm defeating avars danubian plain advancing frontier alandalus far south barcelona subjugating lower saxony prolonged campaign .in recognition successes political support papacy charlemagne crowned emperor romans roman emperor west pope leo iii .charlemagnes son louis pious emperor – kept empire united however carolingian empire would survive louis death.
History of France	two sons — charles bald louis german — swore allegiance brother — lothair — oaths strasbourg empire divided among louiss three sons treaty verdun .last brief reunification – imperial title ceased held western realm form basis future french kingdom.eastern realm would become germany elected saxon dynasty henry fowler.under carolingians kingdom ravaged viking raiders.struggle important figures count odo paris brother king robert rose fame became kings.emerging dynasty whose members called robertines predecessors capetian dynasty.
History of France	led rollo vikings settled normandy granted land first counts dukes king charles simple order protect land raiders.people emerged interactions new viking aristocracy already mixed franks galloromans became known normans.state building kingdom france – kings period capetian dynasty house capethugh capet –robert pious –henry –philip –louis vi fat –louis vii young –philip ii augustus –louis viii lion –saint louis ix –philip iii bold –philip iv fair –louis x quarreller –john posthumous five days philip v tall –charles iv fair –house valoisphilip vi valois –john ii good –charles v wise –charles vi mad –english interlude charles vi viihenry v englandhenry vi england francecharles vii well served – strong princes france decentralised state middle ages.authority king religious administrative.th century france marked apogee princely power expense king states like normandy flanders languedoc enjoyed local authority comparable kingdoms name.
History of France	capetians descended robertians formerly powerful princes successfully unseated weak unfortunate carolingian kings.the carolingian kings nothing royal title capetian kings added principality title.capetians way held dual status king prince king held crown charlemagne count paris held personal fiefdom best known îledefrance.the fact capetians held lands prince king gave complicated status.involved struggle power within france princes also religious authority roman catholicism france king.capetian kings treated princes enemies allies subordinates royal title recognised yet frequently disrespected.capetian authority weak remote places bandits effective power.some kings vassals would grow sufficiently powerful would become strongest rulers western europe.
History of France	normans plantagenets lusignans hautevilles ramnulfids house toulouse successfully carved lands outside france themselves.important conquests french history norman conquest william conqueror following battle hastings immortalised bayeux tapestry linked england france normandy.although normans vassals french kings equals kings england zone political activity remained centered france.an important part french aristocracy also involved crusades french knights founded ruled crusader states.example legacy left middle east nobles krak des chevaliers enlargement counts tripoli toulouse.rise monarchy monarchy overcame powerful barons ensuing centuries established absolute sovereignty france th century.
History of France	number factors contributed rise french monarchy.dynasty established hugh capet continued uninterrupted laws primogeniture ensured orderly successions power.secondly successors capet came recognised members illustrious ancient royal house therefore socially superior politically economically superior rivals.thirdly capetians support church favoured strong central government france.alliance church one great enduring legacies capetians.
History of France	first crusade composed almost entirely frankish princes.time went power king expanded conquests seizures successful feudal political battles.the history france starts election hugh capet – assembly summoned reims .capet duke franks became king franks rex francorum.hughs lands extended little beyond paris basin political unimportance weighed powerful barons elected him.many kings vassals included long time kings england ruled territories far greater own.
History of France	recorded recognised king gauls bretons danes aquitanians goths spanish gascons.count borell barcelona called hughs help islamic raids even hugh intended help borell otherwise occupied fighting charles lorraine.loss spanish principalities followed spanish marches grew independent.hugh capet first capetian king well documented figure greatest achievement certainly survive king defeating carolingian claimant thus allowing establish would become one europes powerful house kings.hughs son—robert pious—was crowned king franks capets demise.hugh capet decided order succession secured.robert ii king franks met emperor henry ii borderline.
History of France	agreed end claims others realm setting new stage capetian ottonian relationships.although king weak power robert iis efforts considerable.surviving charters imply relied heavily church rule france much like father did.although lived mistress—bertha burgundy—and excommunicated regarded model piety monks hence nickname robert pious.reign robert ii quite important involved peace truce god beginning cluniac reforms.under king philip kingdom enjoyed modest recovery extraordinarily long reign –.
History of France	reign also saw launch first crusade regain holy land heavily involved family although personally support expedition.it louis vi reigned – onward royal authority became accepted.louis vi soldier warmongering king scholar.way king raised money vassals made quite unpopular described greedy ambitious corroborated records time.regular attacks vassals although damaging royal image reinforced royal power.onward louis assistance skilled religious statesman abbot suger.
History of France	abbot son minor family knights political advice extremely valuable king.louis vi successfully defeated military politically many robber barons.louis vi frequently summoned vassals court show often land possessions confiscated military campaigns mounted them.drastic policy clearly imposed royal authority paris surrounding areas.louis vi died much progress made towards strengthening capetian authority.thanks abbot sugers political advice king louis vii junior king – senior king – enjoyed greater moral authority france predecessors.
History of France	powerful vassals paid homage french king.abbot suger arranged marriage louis vii eleanor aquitaine bordeaux made louis vii duke aquitaine gave considerable power.however couple disagreed burning thousand people vitry conflict count champagne.king louis vii deeply horrified event sought penitence going holy land.later involved kingdom france second crusade relationship eleanor improve.marriage ultimately annulled pope eleanor soon married duke normandy — henry fitzempress would become king england henry ii two years later.
History of France	louis vii powerful monarch facing much stronger vassal equal king england strongest prince duke normandy aquitaine.abbot sugers vision construction became known gothic architecture.style became standard european cathedrals built late middle ages.late capetians – late direct capetian kings considerably powerful influential earliest ones.philip could hardly control parisian barons philip iv could dictate popes emperors.late capetians although often ruled shorter time earlier peers often much influential.
History of France	period also saw rise complex system international alliances conflicts opposing dynasties kings france england holy roman emperor.philip ii augustus reign philip ii augustus junior king – senior king – marked important step history french monarchy.reign saw french royal domain influence greatly expanded.set context rise power much powerful monarchs like saint louis philip fair.philip ii spent important part reign fighting socalled angevin empire probably greatest threat king france since rise capetian dynasty.first part reign philip ii tried using henry ii englands son him.
History of France	allied duke aquitaine son henry ii—richard lionheart—and together launched decisive attack henrys castle home chinon removed power.richard replaced father king england afterward.two kings went crusading third crusade however alliance friendship broke crusade.two men odds fought france richard verge totally defeating philip ii.adding battles france kings france england trying install respective allies head holy roman empire.philip ii augustus supported philip swabia member house hohenstaufen richard lionheart supported otto iv member house welf.otto iv upper hand became holy roman emperor expense philip swabia.
History of France	crown france saved richards demise wound received fighting vassals limousin.john lackland richards successor refused come french court trial lusignans louis vi done often rebellious vassals philip ii confiscated johns possessions france.johns defeat swift attempts reconquer french possession decisive battle bouvines resulted complete failure.philip ii annexed normandy anjou plus capturing counts boulogne flanders although aquitaine gascony remained loyal plantagenet king.additional aftermath battle bouvines johns ally holy roman emperor otto iv overthrown frederick ii member house hohenstaufen ally philip.philip ii france crucial ordering western european politics england france.philip augustus founded sorbonne made paris city scholars.prince louis future louis viii reigned – involved subsequent english civil war french english rather anglonorman aristocracies one split allegiances.
History of France	french kings struggling plantagenets church called albigensian crusade.southern france largely absorbed royal domains.saint louis – france became truly centralised kingdom louis ix reigned –.saint louis often portrayed onedimensional character flawless example faith administrative reformer cared governed.however reign far perfect everyone made unsuccessful crusades expanding administrations raised opposition burned jewish books popes urging.
History of France	louis strong sense justice always wanted judge people applying sentence.said louis french clergy asking excommunications louis vassalsfor would god contrary right justice compelled man seek absolution clergy wrong.louis ix twelve years old became king france.mother — blanche castile — effective power regent although formally use title.blanches authority strongly opposed french barons yet maintained position louis old enough rule himself.in king struggle long lasting strike university paris.quartier latin strongly hit strikes.the kingdom vulnerable war still going county toulouse royal army occupied fighting resistance languedoc.
History of France	count raymond vii toulouse finally signed treaty paris retained much lands life daughter married count alfonso poitou produced heir county toulouse went king france.king henry iii england yet recognized capetian overlordship aquitaine still hoped recover normandy anjou reform angevin empire.landed saintmalo massive force.henry iiis allies brittany normandy fell dare fight king led counterstrike himself.evolved saintonge war .ultimately henry iii defeated recognise louis ixs overlordship although king france seize aquitaine henry iii.louis ix important landowner france adding royal title.
History of France	opposition rule normandy yet proved remarkably easy rule especially compared county toulouse brutally conquered.conseil du roi would evolve parlement founded times.conflict king henry iii england louis established cordial relation plantagenet king.saint louis also supported new forms art gothic architecture saintechapelle became famous gothic building also credited morgan bible.kingdom involved two crusades saint louis seventh crusade eighth crusade.proved complete failures french king.
History of France	philip iii philip iv – philip iii became king saint louis died eighth crusade.philip iii called bold basis abilities combat horseback character ruling abilities.philip iii took part another crusading disaster aragonese crusade cost life .more administrative reforms made philip iv also called philip fair reigned –.king responsible end knights templar signed auld alliance established parlement paris.philip iv powerful could name popes emperors unlike early capetians.
History of France	papacy moved avignon contemporary popes french philip ivs puppet bertrand de goth pope clement v. early valois kings hundred years war – tensions houses plantagenet capet climaxed socalled hundred years war actually several distinct wars period plantagenets claimed throne france valois.also time black death well several civil wars.french population suffered much wars.treaty troyes henry v made heir charles vi.henry v failed outlive charles henry vi england france consolidated dualmonarchy england france.it argued difficult conditions french population suffered hundred years war awakened french nationalism nationalism represented joan arc –.
History of France	although debatable hundred years war remembered francoenglish war succession feudal struggles.war france evolved politically militarily.although francoscottish army successful battle baugé humiliating defeats poitiers agincourt forced french nobility realise could stand armoured knights without organised army.charles vii reigned – established first french standing army compagnies dordonnance defeated plantagenets patay using cannons formigny .battle castillon last engagement war calais channel islands remained ruled plantagenets.early modern france – kings period early modern period french history spans following reigns revolution breaking house valoislouis xi prudent –charles viii affable –louis xii –francis –henry ii –francis ii –charles ix – – regency catherine de medicihenry iii –house bourbonhenry iv great –the regency marie de medici –louis xiii minister cardinal richelieu –the regency anne austria minister cardinal mazarin –louis xiv sun king minister jeanbaptiste colbert –the régence period regency philip ii orléans –louis xv beloved minister cardinal andréhercule de fleury –louis xvi – life early modern period french identity france ancien régime covered territory around square kilometres sq mi.
History of France	land supported million people million people .france second largest population europe around .britain million spain million austrian habsburgs around million.russia populated european country time.frances lead slowly faded countries grew faster.the sense french uncommon people clung local identities.
History of France	however people starting call bon françois.estates power political power widely dispersed.law courts parlements powerful especially france.however king officials royal service – indeed large country slow internal communications inadequate road system.travel usually faster ocean ship river boat.
History of France	different estates realm — clergy nobility commoners — occasionally met together estates general practice estates general power could petition king could pass laws.the catholic church controlled wealth tied longterm endowments could added reduced.king pope nominated bishops typically negotiate noble families close ties local monasteries church establishments.the nobility came second terms wealth unity.noble lands network regional connections military force.the cities quasiindependent status largely controlled leading merchants guilds.paris far largest city people history steady growth.lyon rouen population lyon powerful banking community vibrant culture good access mediterranean sea.
History of France	bordeaux next population .peasants made vast majority population many cases wellestablished rights authorities respect.frances million people lived rural villages least million people population peasants.in th century peasants ties market economy provided much capital investment necessary agricultural growth frequently moved village village town.geographic mobility directly tied market need investment capital main path social mobility.stable core french society town guildspeople village labourers included cases staggering social geographic continuity even core required regular renewal.accepting existence two societies constant tension extensive geographic social mobility tied market economy holds key clearer understanding evolution social structure economy even political system early modern france.annales school paradigm underestimated role market economy failed explain nature capital investment rural economy grossly exaggerated social stability.
History of France	language although peasants france spoke local dialects official language emerged paris french language became preferred language europes aristocracy lingua franca diplomacy international relations.holy roman emperor charles v quipped speak spanish god italian women french men german horse.because international status desire regulate french language.several reforms french language worked make uniform.renaissance writer françois rabelais helped shape french literary language rabelais french characterised reintroduction greek latin words.jacques peletier du mans one scholars reformed french language.
History of France	improved nicolas chuquets long scale system adding names intermediate numbers milliards instead thousand million etc.. consolidation th th centuries death charles bold france habsburgs began long process dividing rich burgundian lands leading numerous wars.brittany incorporated kingdom france.france engaged long italian wars – marked beginning early modern france.francis faced powerful foes captured pavia.french monarchy sought allies found one ottoman empire.ottoman admiral barbarossa captured nice handed francis i.during th century spanish austrian habsburgs dominant power europe.
History of France	many domains charles v encircled france.spanish tercio used great success french knights.finally january duke guise seized calais english.beautiful th century economic historians call era beautiful th century return peace prosperity optimism across nation steady growth population.paris example flourished never population rose .
History of France	toulouse renaissance th century brought wealth transformed architecture town building great aristocratic houses.henri ii france signed approval ferdinand holy roman emperor two treaties peace cateaucambrésis one elizabeth england one philip ii spain.ended longlasting conflicts france england spain.protestant huguenots wars religion – protestant reformation inspired france mainly john calvin began challenge legitimacy rituals catholic church.reached elite audience.calvin based securely geneva switzerland frenchman deeply committed reforming homeland.
History of France	protestant movement energetic lacked central organizational direction.financial support church geneva calvin turned enormous energies toward uplifting french protestant cause.one historian explainshe supplied dogma liturgy moral ideas new religion also created ecclesiastical political social institutions harmony it.born leader followed work personal appeals.vast correspondence french protestants shows much zeal infinite pains considerable tact driving home lessons printed treatises.between ministers sent france.
History of France	nevertheless french king henry ii severely persecuted protestants edict chateaubriand french authorities complained missionary activities city fathers geneva disclaimed official responsibility.two main calvinist strongholds southwest france normandy even districts catholics majority.renewed catholic reaction — headed powerful francis duke guise — led massacre huguenots vassy starting first french wars religion english german spanish forces intervened side rival protestant huguenot catholic forces.king henry ii died jousting tournament succeeded turn three sons assumed throne minors weak ineffectual rulers.power vacuum entered henrys widow catherine de medici became central figure early years wars religion.often blamed st. bartholomews day massacre thousands huguenots murdered paris provinces france.the wars religion culminated war three henrys – height bodyguards king henry iii assassinated henry de guise leader spanishbacked catholic league december .
History of France	revenge priest assassinated henry iii .led ascension huguenot henry iv order bring peace country beset religious succession wars converted catholicism.paris worth mass reputedly said.issued edict nantes guaranteed religious liberties protestants thereby effectively ending civil war.main provisions edict nantes follows huguenots allowed hold religious services certain towns province b allowed control fortify eight cities including la rochelle montauban c special courts established try huguenot offenders huguenots equal civil rights catholics.henry iv assassinated fanatical catholic.when huguenots proclaimed constitution republic reformed churches france chief minister cardinal richelieu – invoked entire powers state stop it.
History of France	religious conflicts therefore resumed louis xiii richelieu forced protestants disarm army fortresses.conflict ended siege la rochelle – protestants english supporters defeated.following peace alais confirmed religious freedom yet dismantled protestant military defences.in face persecution huguenots dispersed widely throughout protestant kingdoms europe america.thirty years war – religious conflicts plagued france also ravaged habsburgled holy roman empire.thirty years war eroded power catholic habsburgs.
History of France	although cardinal richelieu powerful chief minister france mauled protestants joined war side raison détat national interest.imperial habsburg forces invaded france ravaged champagne nearly threatened paris.richelieu died succeeded cardinal mazarin louis xiii died one year later succeeded louis xiv.france served efficient commanders louis ii de bourbon condé henry de la tour dauvergne turenne.french forces decisive victory rocroi spanish army decimated tercio broken.truce ulm peace westphalia brought end war.some challenges remained.
History of France	france hit civil unrest known fronde turn evolved francospanish war .louis ii de bourbon joined spanish army time suffered severe defeat dunkirk henry de la tour dauvergne.terms peace inflicted upon spanish kingdoms treaty pyrenees harsh france annexed northern catalonia.amidst turmoil rené descartes sought answers philosophical questions use logic reason formulated would called cartesian dualism .colonies th th centuries th century king began claim north american territories established several colonies.jacques cartier one great explorers ventured deep american territories th century.the early th century saw first successful french settlements new world voyages samuel de champlain.
History of France	largest settlement new france towns quebec city montreal fur trading post roman catholic mission established colony founded .louis xiv – louis xiv known sun king reigned france although strongest period personal rule begin death italian chief minister cardinal mazarin.louis believed divine right kings asserts monarch everyone except god therefore answerable people aristocracy church.louis continued predecessors work creating centralized state governed paris sought eliminate remnants feudalism france subjugated weakened aristocracy.means consolidated system absolute monarchical rule france endured french revolution.
History of France	however louis xivs long reign saw france involved many wars drained treasury.his reign began thirty years war francospanish war.military architect vauban became famous pentagonal fortresses jeanbaptiste colbert supported royal spending much possible.french dominated league rhine fought ottoman turks battle saint gotthard .battle christians chiefly brave attack french troops led la feuillade coligny.france fought war devolution spain .frances defeat spain invasion spanish netherlands alarmed england sweden.
History of France	dutch republic formed triple alliance check louis xivs expansion.louis ii de bourbon captured franchecomté face indefensible position louis xiv agreed peace aachen.terms louis xiv annex franchecomté gain lille.peace fragile war broke france dutch republic francodutch war –.louis xiv asked dutch republic resume war spanish netherlands republic refused.france attacked dutch republic joined england conflict.
History of France	targeted inundations polders breaking dykes french invasion dutch republic brought halt.dutch admiral michiel de ruyter inflicted strategic defeats anglofrench naval alliance forced england retire war .netherlands could resist indefinitely agreed peace treaties nijmegen according france would annex francecomté acquire concessions spanish netherlands.on may royal court moved lavish palace versailles louis xiv greatly expanded.time louis xiv compelled many members nobility especially noble elite inhabit versailles.controlled nobility elaborate system pensions privileges replaced power himself.peace last war france spain resumed.
History of France	war reunions broke – spain ally holy roman empire defeated.meanwhile october louis signed edict fontainebleau ordering destruction protestant churches schools france.immediate consequence large protestant exodus france.two million people died two famines .france would soon involved another war war grand alliance.time theatre europe also north america.
History of France	although war long difficult also called nine years war results inconclusive.treaty ryswick confirmed french sovereignty alsace yet rejected claims luxembourg.louis also evacuate catalonia palatinate.peace considered truce sides thus war start again.in war spanish succession began.bourbon philip anjou designated heir throne spain philip v. habsburg emperor leopold opposed bourbon succession power succession would bring bourbon rulers france would disturb delicate balance power europe.
History of France	therefore claimed spanish thrones himself.england dutch republic joined leopold louis xiv philip anjou.allied forces led john churchill st duke marlborough prince eugene savoy.inflicted resounding defeats french army battle blenheim first major land battle lost france since victory rocroi .yet extremely bloody battles ramillies malplaquet proved pyrrhic victories allies lost many men continue war.
History of France	led villars french forces recovered much lost ground battles denain .finally compromise achieved treaty utrecht .philip anjou confirmed philip v king spain emperor leopold get throne philip v barred inheriting france.louis xiv wanted remembered patron arts like ancestor louis ix.invited jeanbaptiste lully establish french opera tumultuous friendship established lully playwright actor molière.jules hardouin mansart became frances important architect period bringing pinnacle french baroque architecture.the wars expensive inconclusive although france gained territory east enemies gained strength did.
History of France	vauban frances leading military strategist warned king hostile alliance powerful sea.recommended best way france fight back license french merchants ships privateer seize enemy merchant ships avoiding naviesfrance declared enemies germany states embraces spain dependencies europe asia africa america duchy savoy england scotland ireland colonies east west indies holland possessions four corners world great establishments.france has… undeclared enemies indirectly hostile hostile envious greatness denmark sweden poland portugal venice genoa part swiss confederation states secretly aid frances enemies troops hire money lend protecting covering trade.vauban pessimistic frances socalled friends allies recommended expensive land wars hopeless naval warsfor lukewarm useless impotent friends france pope indifferent king england james ii expelled country living exile paris grand duke tuscany dukes mantua mokena parma italy faction swiss.sunk softness comes years peace others cool affections….the english dutch main pillars alliance support making war us concert powers keep going means money pay every year to… allies….must therefore fall back privateering method conducting war feasible simple cheap safe cost least state since losses felt king risks virtually nothing….it enrich country train many good officers king short time force enemies sue peace.
History of France	major changes france europe north america – louis xiv died succeeded fiveyearold great grandson reigned louis xv death .france war philip ii orléanss regency joined war quadruple alliance spain.king philip v spain withdraw conflict confronted reality spain longer great power europe.cardinal fleurys administration peace maintained long possible.however another war broke central europe time polish succession france joined war austrian empire.time invasion netherlands britain remained neutral.
History of France	consequence austria left alone francospanish alliance faced military disaster.peace settled treaty vienna according france would annex inheritance duchy lorraine.two years later war broke austrian succession france seized opportunity join conflict.war played north america india well europe inconclusive terms agreed treaty aixlachapelle .one regarded peace rather mere truce.prussia becoming new threat gained substantial territory austria.
History of France	led diplomatic revolution alliances seen previous war mostly inverted.france allied austria russia britain allied prussia.in north american theatre france allied various native american peoples seven years war despite temporary success battles great meadows monongahela french forces defeated disastrous battle plains abraham quebec.europe repeated french attempts overwhelm hanover failed.russia france austria verge crushing prussia angloprussian alliance saved miracle house brandenburg.sea naval defeats british fleets lagos quiberon bay crippling blockade forced france keep ships port.
History of France	finally peace concluded treaty paris france lost north american empire.britains success seven years war allowed eclipse france leading colonial power.france sought revenge defeat choiseul france started rebuild.french kingdom annexed lorraine following year bought corsica genoa.having lost colonial empire france saw good opportunity revenge britain signing alliance americans sending army navy turned american revolution world war.spain allied france family compact dutch republic also joined war french side.admiral de grasse defeated british fleet chesapeake bay jeanbaptiste donatien de vimeur comte de rochambeau gilbert du motier marquis de lafayette joined american forces defeating british yorktown.
History of France	war concluded treaty paris united states became independent.british royal navy scored major victory france battle saintes france finished war huge debts minor gain island tobago.french enlightenment philosophes thcentury french intellectuals dominated french enlightenment influential across europe.interests diverse experts scientific literary philosophical sociological matters.ultimate goal philosophers human progress concentrating social material sciences believed rational society logical outcome freethinking reasoned populace.
History of France	also advocated deism religious tolerance.many believed religion used source conflict since time eternal logical rational thought way forward mankind.the philosopher denis diderot editor chief famous enlightenment accomplishment article encyclopédie –.made possible wide complex network relationships maximized influence.sparked revolution learning throughout enlightened world.in early part th century movement dominated voltaire montesquieu movement grew momentum century moved on.opposition partly undermined dissensions within catholic church gradual weakening absolute monarch numerous expensive wars.
History of France	thus influence philosophes spread.around reached influential period montesquieu published spirit laws jean jacques rousseau published discourse moral effects arts sciences .the leader french enlightenment writer enormous influence across europe voltaire –.many books included poems plays works satire candide books history science philosophy including numerous anonymous contributions encyclopédie extensive correspondence.witty tireless antagonist alliance french state church exiled france number occasions.exile england came appreciate british thought popularized isaac newton europe.astronomy chemistry mathematics technology flourished.
History of France	french chemists antoine lavoisier worked replace archaic units weights measures coherent scientific system.lavoisier also formulated law conservation mass discovered oxygen hydrogen.revolutionary france – background french revolution king louis xv died left grandson louis xvi heavy legacy ruined finances unhappy subjects faulty incompetent government.regardless people meanwhile still confidence royalty accession louis xvi welcomed enthusiasm.a decade later recent wars especially seven years war – american revolutionary war – effectively bankrupted state.taxation system highly inefficient.
History of France	several years bad harvests inadequate transportation system caused rising food prices hunger malnutrition country destabilized lower classes increased feeling royal court isolated indifferent hardships.in february kings finance minister charles alexandre de calonne convened assembly notables group nobles clergy bourgeoisie bureaucrats selected order bypass local parliaments.group asked approve new land tax would first time include tax property nobles clergy.assembly approve tax instead demanded louis xvi call estatesgeneral.national assembly paris anarchy storming bastille january– july august king agreed convene estatesgeneral may .third estate demanded granted double representation balance first second estate voting occur orders — votes third estate weighted — effectively canceling double representation.
History of France	eventually led third estate breaking away estatesgeneral joined members estates proclaiming creation national assembly assembly estates people.in attempt keep control process prevent assembly convening louis xvi ordered closure salle des états assembly met.finding door chamber locked guarded assembly met nearby tennis court pledged tennis court oath june binding never separate meet wherever circumstances demand constitution kingdom established affirmed solid foundations.joined sympathetic members second first estates.king fired finance minister jacques necker giving support guidance third estate worries surfaced legitimacy newly formed national assembly might threatened royalists.paris soon consumed riots widespread looting.royal leadership essentially abandoned city mobs soon support french guard including arms trained soldiers.
History of France	july insurgents set eyes large weapons ammunition cache inside bastille fortress also served symbol royal tyranny.insurgents seized bastille prison killing governor several guards.french celebrate july year bastille day french say quatorze juillet fourteenth july symbol shift away ancien régime modern democratic state.violence aristocracy abolition feudalism july–august gilbert du motier marquis de lafayette hero american war independence july took command national guard king july accepted wear twocolour cockade blue red later adapted tricolour cockade new symbol revolutionary france.although peace made several nobles regard new order acceptable emigrated order push neighboring aristocratic kingdoms war new regime.state struck several weeks july august violence aristocracy also called great fear.on august national constituent assembly abolished privileges feudalism sweeping away personal serfdom exclusive hunting rights seigneurial rights second estate nobility.
History of France	tithe also abolished main source income many clergymen.the declaration rights man citizen adopted national assembly august first step effort write constitution.considered precursor modern international rights instruments using u.s. declaration independence model defined set individual rights collective rights estates one.influenced doctrine natural rights rights deemed universal valid times places pertaining human nature itself.assembly also replaced frances historic provinces eightythree departments uniformly administered approximately equal one another extent population.curtailment church powers october –december mob paris attacked royal palace versailles october seeking redress severe poverty royal family forced move tuileries palace paris.under ancien régime roman catholic church largest landowner country.
History of France	november assembly decided nationalize sell church property thus part addressing financial crisis.in july assembly adopted civil constitution clergy.law reorganized french catholic church arranged henceforth salaries priests would paid state abolished churchs authority levy tax crops cancelled privileges clergy.october group bishops wrote declaration saying could accept law fueled civilian opposition it.assembly late november decreed clergy take oath loyalty civil constitution clergy.stiffened resistance especially west france including normandy brittany vendée priests took oath civilian population turned revolution.
History of France	priests swearing oath designated constitutional taking oath nonjuring refractory clergy.making constitutional monarchy june–september june royal family secretly fled paris disguise varennes near frances northeastern border order seek royalist support king believed could trust soon discovered en route.brought back paris essentially kept house arrest tuileries.in august emperor leopold ii austria king frederick william ii prussia declaration pillnitz declared intention bring french king position consolidate basis monarchical government preparing troops action.instead cowing french infuriated militarised borders.with assembly still favoring constitutional monarchy rather republic various groups reached compromise.constitution september france would function constitutional monarchy louis xvi little figurehead.
History of France	king share power elected legislative assembly although still retained royal veto ability select ministers.perforce swear oath constitution decree declared retracting oath heading army purpose making war upon nation permitting anyone name would amount de facto abdication.war internal uprisings october –august october legislative assembly formed elected million men — population million — paid certain minimum amount taxes.group assembly members propagated war austria prussia remark politician maximilien robespierre henceforth designated girondins although really came southern province gironde.group around robespierre — later called montagnards jacobins — pleaded war opposition groups would harden become bitter next ½ years.in response threat war august austria prussia leaders assembly saw war means strengthen support revolutionary government french people well assembly thought would win war austria prussia.
History of France	april france declared war austria.late april france invaded conquered austrian netherlands roughly presentday belgium luxembourg.nevertheless summer paris king hoped assembly would depose king assembly hesitated.dawn august large angry crowd parisians soldiers france marched tuileries palace king resided.around king decided leave palace seek safety wife children assembly gathered permanent session salle du manège opposite tuileries.assembly temporarily relieved king task.
History of France	reaction august army prussian general duke brunswick invaded france besieged longwy.late august elections held male universal suffrage new national convention.august assembly decreed deportation refractory priests west france causes danger fatherland destinations like french guiana.reaction peasants vendée took town another step toward civil war.bloodbath paris republic established september september three hundred volunteers supporters revolution infuriated verdun captured prussian enemy rumours foreign enemy conspiring incarcerated prisoners paris raided parisian prisons.
History of France	jeanpaul marat called preemptive action prisoners murdered within hours september massacres many catholic nonjuring priests also aristocrats forgers common criminals.open letter september radical marat incited rest france follow parisian example.danton robespierre kept low profile regard murder orgy.assembly city council paris la commune seemed inapt hardly motivated call halt unleashed bloodshed.on september french battle prussian troops near valmy new national convention replaced legislative assembly.start convention suffered bitter division group around robespierre danton marat referred montagnards jacobins left group referred girondins right.
History of France	majority representatives referred la plaine member neither two antagonistic groups managed preserve speed conventions debates.right away september convention abolished monarchy making france french first republic.new french republican calendar introduced replace christian gregorian calendar renaming year year republic.war civil war november –spring wars prussia austria started earlier november france also declared war kingdom great britain dutch republic.exking louis xvi tried convicted guillotined january .introduction nationwide conscription army february spark march made vendée already rebellious since civil constitution clergy ignite civil war paris.
History of France	meanwhile france march also declared war spain.month vendée rebels victories paris french army defeated belgium austria french general dumouriez defecting austrians french republics survival real danger.on april prevent convention losing abstract debate streamline government decisions comité de salut public committee public safety created nine later twelve members executive government accountable convention.month girondins group indicted jeanpaul marat revolutionary tribunal attempting destroy sovereignty people preaching plunder massacre referring behaviour september paris massacres.marat quickly acquitted incident acerbated girondins versus montagnards party strife convention.in spring austrian british dutch spanish troops invaded france.showdown convention may–june rivalry even enmity national convention predecessors socalled montagnards girondins smouldering ever since late jacques hébert convention member leaning montagnards group may called sansculottes—the idealized simple nonaristocratic hardworking upright patriotic republican paris labourers—to rise revolt henchmen capet killed exking dumouriez defected general.
History of France	hébert arrested immediately convention committee investigating paris rebelliousness.committee consisted members la plaine girondins anger sansculottes directed towards girondins.may delegation la commune paris city council protested héberts arrest.conventions president isnard girondin answered members la commune … incessant rebellions something befalls representatives nation declare name france paris totally obliterated.on may lyon uprising overthrew group montagnards ruling city marseille toulon cities saw similar events.on june conventions session tuileries palace—since early may venue—not first time degenerated chaos pandemonium.time crowds people including armed soldiers swarmed around palace.

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.