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History of France | allies shifted offensive.germans reinforcements overwhelmed day day high command saw hopeless.austria turkey collapsed kaisers government fell.germany signed armistice ended fighting effective november eleventh hour eleventh day eleventh month.wartime losses war fought large part french soil . |
History of France | million french dead including civilians four times many military casualties.economy hurt german invasion major industrial areas northeast.occupied area contained frances industrial workers produced steel coal.government implemented war economy controls rationing.war economy went high gear millions french women colonial men replaced civilian roles many million soldiers. |
History of France | considerable assistance came influx american food money raw materials .war economy would important reverberations war would first breach liberal theories noninterventionism.damages caused war amounted gdp chiefly destruction productive capital housing.national debt rose gdp reflecting heavy use bond issues pay war.inflation severe franc losing half value british pound.the richest families hurt top percent saw share wealth drop plunge percent present. |
History of France | great deal physical financial damage done world wars foreign investments cashed pay wars russian bolsheviks expropriated largescale investments postwar inflation demolished cash holdings stocks bonds plunged great depression progressive taxes ate away accumulated wealth.postwar settlement peace terms imposed big four meeting paris david lloyd george britain vittorio orlando italy georges clemenceau france woodrow wilson united states.clemenceau demanded harshest terms treaty versailles .germany forced admit guilt starting war permanently weakened militarily.germany pay huge sums war reparations allies turn large loans u.s. pay off.france regained alsacelorraine occupied german industrial saar basin coal steel region. |
History of France | german african colonies put league nations mandates administered france victors.remains ottoman empire france acquired mandate syria mandate lebanon.french marshal ferdinand foch wanted peace would never allow germany threat france treaty versailles signed said peace.armistice years.interwar years foreign policy great depression france part allied force occupied rhineland following armistice. |
History of France | foch supported poland greater poland uprising polish–soviet war france also joined spain rif war.death aristide briand prime minister five short intervals directed french foreign policy using diplomatic skills sense timing forge friendly relations weimar germany basis genuine peace within framework league nations.realized france could neither contain much larger germany secure effective support britain league.as response failure weimar republic pay reparations aftermath world war france occupied industrial region ruhr means ensuring repayments germany.intervention failure france accepted american solution reparations issues expressed dawes plan young plan.in france established elaborate system border defences called maginot line designed fight german attack.line extend belgium germany would exploit . |
History of France | military alliances signed weak powers – called little entente.the great depression affected france bit later countries hitting around .gdp grew strong rate .per year rate fell .. depression relatively mild unemployment peaked fall production output banking crisis.by contrast mild economic upheaval political upheaval enormous.socialist leon blum leading popular front brought together socialists radicals become prime minister first jew first socialist lead france.communists chamber deputies voted keep government power generally supported governments economic policies rejected foreign policies. |
History of France | popular front passed numerous labor reforms increased wages cut working hours hours overtime illegal provided many lesser benefits working class mandatory twoweek paid vacations.however renewed inflation canceled gains wage rates unemployment fall economic recovery slow.popular front failed economics foreign policy longterm stability disappointment failure legacy popular front.first popular front created enormous excitement expectations left—including large scale sitdown strikes—but end failed live promise.however socialists would later take inspiration attempts popular front set welfare state.the government joined britain establishing arms embargo spanish civil war –. |
History of France | blum rejected support spanish republicans fear civil war might spread deeplydivided france.financial support military cooperation poland also policy.government nationalized arms suppliers dramatically increased program rearming french military lastminute catch germans.appeasement germany cooperation britain policy france sought peace even face hitlers escalating demands.prime minister édouard daladier refused go war germany italy without british support neville chamberlain wanted save peace munich .world war ii germanys invasion poland finally caused france britain declare war germany. |
History of France | allies launch massive assaults instead kept defensive stance called phoney war britain drôle de guerre — funny sort war — france.prevent german army conquering poland matter weeks innovative blitzkrieg tactics also helped soviet unions attack poland.when germany hands free attack west battle france began may blitzkrieg tactics proved devastating there.wehrmacht bypassed maginot line marching ardennes forest.second german force sent belgium netherlands act diversion main thrust.six weeks savage fighting french lost men.many civilians sought refuge taking roads france million refugees belgium netherlands joined million french civilians representing quarter french population heading south west. |
History of France | movement may well largest single movement civilians history prior .paris fell germans june british expeditionary force evacuated dunkirk along many french soldiers.vichy france established july govern unoccupied part france colonies.led philippe pétain aging war hero first world war.petains representatives signed harsh armistice june whereby germany kept french army camps germany france pay large sums gold food supplies.germany occupied threefifths frances territory leaving rest southeast new vichy government.however practice local government handled traditional french officialdom. |
History of France | november vichy france finally occupied german forces.vichy continued existence closely supervised germans.the vichy regime sought collaborate germany keeping peace france avoid occupation although expense personal freedom individual safety.jews deported german occupation often help vichy authorities murdered nazis extermination camps.women vichy france million french soldiers held pows forced laborers germany throughout war risk death combat anxieties separation wives high.government provided modest allowance one ten became prostitutes support families. |
History of France | gave women key symbolic role carry national regeneration.used propaganda womens organizations legislation promote maternity patriotic duty female submission marriage home childrens education.conditions difficult housewives food short well necessities.divorce laws made much stringent restrictions placed employment married women.family allowances begun continued became vital lifeline many families monthly cash bonus children. |
History of France | birth rate started rise higher century.resistance general charles de gaulle london declared bbc radio head rival government exile gathered free french forces around finding support french colonies recognition britain united states.attack merselkébir british fleet destroyed large part french navy still command vichy france killed sailors nationwide indignation feeling distrust french forces leading events battle dakar.eventually several important french ships joined free french forces.united states maintained diplomatic relations vichy avoided recognition de gaulles claim one government france. |
History of France | churchill caught u.s. de gaulle tried find compromise.within france proper organized underground grew vichy regime resorted strident policies order fulfill enormous demands nazis eventual decline nazi germany became obvious.formed resistance.famous figure french resistance jean moulin sent france de gaulle order link resistance movements captured tortured klaus barbie butcher lyon.increasing repression culminated complete destruction extermination village oradoursurglane height battle normandy.. |
History of France | p.m. afternoon june company nd ss panzer division das reich entered oradoursurglane.herded population barns garages church massacred men women children civilians.in men went trial bordeaux oradour killings.fourteen accused proved french citizens alsace.following convictions one pardoned french government.on june allies landed normandy without french component august allied forces landing provence time included men french first army.german lines finally broke fled back germany keeping control major ports. |
History of France | allied forces liberated france free french given honor liberating paris late august .french army recruited french forces interior de gaulles formal name resistance fighters continue war final defeat germany army numbered men september spring .the vichy regime disintegrated.interim provisional government french republic quickly put place de gaulle.gouvernement provisoire de la république française gprf operated tripartisme alliance communists socialists democratic republicans.gprf governed france replaced french fourth republic. |
History of France | tens thousands collaborators executed without trial.new government declared vichy laws unconstitutional illegal elected new local governments.women gained right vote.since political scene – controlled resistance numerous factions.charles de gaulle free france element based outside france came dominate alliance socialists christian democrats mrp remained radical party. |
History of France | communists largely dominated resistance inside france cooperated closely government – orders kremlin.general consensus important powers open collaboration germans nationalized renault automobiles major newspapers.new social security system called well important new concessions labor unions.unions divided among communist socialist christian democrat factions.frustrated inability control dominant forces de gaulle resigned early . |
History of France | october new constitution established fourth republic.fourth republic consisted parliamentary government controlled series coalitions.france attempted regain control french indochina defeated viet minh .months later france faced another anticolonialist conflict algeria debate whether keep control algeria home one million european settlers wracked country nearly led coup civil war.charles de gaulle managed keep country together taking steps end war. |
History of France | algerian war concluded évian accords led algerian independence.economic recovery wartime damage economy severe apart gold reserves france inadequate resources recover own.transportation system total shambles — allies bombed railways bridges germans destroyed port facilities.energy extremely short supply low stocks coal oil.imports raw material largely cut factories shut down. |
History of France | invaders stripped valuable industrial tools german factories.discussions united states emergency aid dragged repeated postponements sides.meanwhile several million french prisoners war forced laborers returned home jobs little food available them.plan percent german reparations paid france germany much worse shape even france position pay.after de gaulle left office january diplomatic logjam broken terms american aid.lend lease barely restarted unexpectedly handed august . |
History of France | u.s. army shipped food –.u.s. treasury loans cash grants given – especially marshall plan gave large sums –.postmarshall aid – designed help france rearm provide massive support war indochina.apart lowinterest loans funds grants involve repayment.debts left world war whose payment suspended since renegotiated blumbyrnes agreement . |
History of France | united states forgave .billion debt first world war gave france new loan million.return french negotiator jean monnet set french fiveyear plan recovery development.marshall plan gave france .billion repayment. |
History of France | total american grants credits france amounted .billion.a central feature marshall plan encourage international trade reduce tariffs lower barriers modernize french management.marshall plan set intensive tours american industry.france sent missions businessmen experts tour american factories farms stores offices.especially impressed prosperity american workers could purchase inexpensive new automobile nine months work compared months france. |
History of France | french businesses resisted americanization profitable especially chemicals oil electronics instrumentation seized upon opportunity attract american investments build larger market.u.s. insisted opportunities hollywood films french film industry responded new life.although economic situation france grim resources exist economy regained normal growth s. france managed regain international status thanks successful production strategy demographic spurt technical political innovations.conditions varied firm firm.destroyed damaged nationalized requisitioned majority carried sometimes working harder efficiently war.industries reorganized basis ranged consensual electricity conflictual machine tools therefore producing uneven results. |
History of France | despite strong american pressure erp little change organization content training french industrial managers.mainly due reticence existing institutions struggle among different economic political interest groups control efforts improve training practitioners.the monnet plan provided coherent framework economic policy strongly supported marshall plan.inspired moderate keynesian freetrade ideas rather state control.although relaunched original way french economy productive comparable west european countries.claude fohlen argues thatin france received million dollars used either finance imports needed get economy ground implement monnet plan….without marshall plan however economic recovery would much slower process — particularly france american aid provided funds monnet plan thereby restored equilibrium equipment industries govern recovery consumption opened way… continuing growth.growth affected third factor… decolonization. |
History of France | vietnam algeria pierre mendès france radical party leader prime minister eight months – working support socialist communist parties.top priority ending war indochina already cost dead wounded captured wake humiliating defeat battle dien bien phu.united states paid costs war support inside france collapsed.public opinion polls showed february french people wanted continue fight keep indochina hands communists led ho chi minh viet minh movement.geneva conference july mendès france made deal gave viet minh control vietnam north seventeenth parallel allowed france pull forces. |
History of France | left south vietnam standing alone.however united states moved provided large scale financial military economic support south vietnam.mendèsfrance next came agreement habib bourguiba nationalist leader tunisia independence colony began discussions nationalist leaders morocco french withdrawal.algeria mere colony.million european residents algeria piedsnoirs france refused grant independence algerian war independence turned french political civil crisis.algeria given independence unleashing massive wave immigration former colony back france piednoir algerians supported france. |
History of France | suez crisis another crisis struck french colonies time egypt.suez canal built french government belonged french republic operated compagnie universelle du canal maritime de suez.great britain bought egyptian share ismail pasha secondlargest owner canal crisis.the egyptian president gamal abdel nasser nationalized canal despite french british opposition determined european response unlikely.great britain france attacked egypt built alliance israel nasser.israel attacked east britain cyprus france algeria. |
History of France | egypt powerful arab state time defeated mere days.suez crisis caused outcry indignation entire arab world saudi arabia set embargo oil france britain.us president dwight d. eisenhower forced ceasefire britain israel soon withdrew leaving france alone egypt.strong international pressures french government ultimately evacuated troops suez largely disengaged middle east.president de gaulle – may seizure power algiers french army units french settlers opposed concessions face arab nationalist insurrection ripped apart unstable fourth republic. |
History of France | national assembly brought de gaulle back power may crisis.founded fifth republic strengthened presidency elected latter role.managed keep france together taking steps end war much anger piedsnoirs frenchmen settled algeria military supported return power maintain colonial rule.granted independence algeria progressively french colonies.proclaiming grandeur essential nature france de gaulle initiated politics grandeur.demanded complete autonomy france world affairs meant major decisions could forced upon nato european community anyone else. |
History of France | de gaulle pursued policy national independence.vetoed britains entry common market fearing might gain great voice french affairs.officially abandoning nato withdrew military integrated command fearing united states much control nato.launched independent nuclear development program made france fourth nuclear power.france adopted dissuasion du faible au fort doctrine meant soviet attack france would bring total destruction sides.he restored cordial francogerman relations order create european counterweight anglosaxon american british soviet spheres influence. |
History of France | de gaulle openly criticised u.s. intervention vietnam.angry american economic power especially finance minister called exorbitant privilege u.s. dollar.went canada proclaimed vive le québec libre catchphrase independent quebec.in may appeared likely lose power amidst widespread protests students workers persisted crisis backing army.party denouncing radicalism election increased majority assembly.nonetheless de gaulle resigned losing referendum proposed decentralization. |
History of France | war memoirs became classic modern french literature many french political parties figures claim gaullist heritage.economic crises ss late frances economic growth strong beginning lose steam.global currency crisis meant devaluation franc west german mark u.s. dollar one leading factors social upheaval year.industrial policy used bolster french industries.the trente glorieuses era – ended worldwide oil crisis increased costs energy thus production.economic instability marked giscard destaing government . |
History of France | giscard turned prime minister raymond barre advocated numerous complex strict policies barre plans.first barre plan emerged september priority stop inflation.included threemonth price freeze reduction value added tax wage controls salary controls reduction growth money supply increases income tax automobile taxes luxury taxes bank rates.measures restore trade balance support growth economy employment.oil imports whose price shot limited. |
History of France | special aid exports action fund set aid industries.increased financial aid farmers suffering drought social security.package popular pursued vigor.economic troubles continued early years presidency françois mitterrand.recession early led abandonment dirigisme favour pragmatic approach economic intervention.growth resumed later decade slowed economic depression early affected socialist party. |
History of France | liberalisation jacques chirac late strengthened economy.however world economy stagnated global crisis effects eurozone france dogged conservative government nicolas sarkozy lost reelection socialist francois hollande.frances recent economic history less turbulent many countries.average income france steady long time increased elevenfold constitutes .growth rate per year rate outdone almost every year since early eighties instance wages france slightly eec average.early st century fall ussr end cold war potential menaces mainland france appeared considerably reduced. |
History of France | france began reducing nuclear capacities conscription abolished .france led françois mitterrand joined short successful gulf war iraq french participation war called opération daguet.terrorism grew worse.air france flight hijacked terrorists captured.conservative jacques chirac assumed office president may campaign focused need combat frances stubbornly high unemployment rate.france continues revere rich history independence french leaders increasingly tie future france continued development european union.france ratified maastricht treaty establishing european union. |
History of France | euro introduced replace french franc.beyond membership european union france also involved many joint european projects airbus galileo positioning system eurocorps.the french stood among strongest supporters nato eu policy balkans prevent genocide former yugoslavia.french troops joined nato bombing federal republic yugoslavia.france also actively involved international terrorism.alliance base international counterterrorist intelligence center secretly established paris. |
History of France | year france contributed toppling taliban regime afghanistan strongly rejected invasion iraq even threatening veto us proposed resolution.jacques chirac reelected mainly socialist rival lionel jospin removed runoff right wing candidate jeanmarie le pen.conservative nicolas sarkozy elected took office may .problem high unemployment yet resolved.in election president socialist françois hollande defeated sarkozys try reelection.hollande advocated growth policy contrast austerity policy advocated germanys angela merkel way tackling european sovereign debt crisis.hollande stood merkel us president obama imposing sanctions russia actions ukraine.in election president winner emmanuel macron founder new party la république en marche. |
History of France | declared left right.called parliamentary elections brought absolute majority députés.appointed prime minister centre right ministers centre left centre right.sophie meunier ponders whether france still relevant world affairsfrance much relative global clout used to.decolonization… diminished frances territorial holdings therefore influence.countries acquired nuclear weapons built armies. |
History of France | message universal values carried french foreign policy encountered much resistance countries developed following different political trajectory one preached france.country become words stanley hoffmann ordinary power neither basket case challenger.public opinion especially united states longer sees france essential power.last time foreign policy put france back world spotlight outset iraq intervention…with frances refusal join usled coalition….in reality however france still highly relevant power world affairs….france country major military importance nowadays….france also showed mattered world environmental affairs with….the paris agreement global accord reduce carbon emissions. |
History of France | election trump may reinforce demands france step lead global environmental governance us disengages new president promised variety policies.muslim tensions close algerian war hundreds thousands muslims including supported france harkis settled permanently france especially larger cities lived subsidized public housing suffered high unemployment rates.october predominantly arabimmigrant suburbs paris lyon lille french cities erupted riots socially alienated teenagers many second thirdgeneration immigrants.schneider saysfor next three convulsive weeks riots spread suburb suburb affecting three hundred towns….nine thousand vehicles torched hundreds public commercial buildings destroyed four thousand rioters arrested police officers wounded.traditional interpretations say race riots spurred radical muslims unemployed youth.another view states riots reflected broader problem racism police violence france.in march muslim radical named mohammed merah shot three french soldiers four jewish citizens including children toulouse montauban.in january satirical newspaper charlie hebdo ridiculed islamic prophet muhammad neighborhood jewish grocery store came attack angry muslims born raised paris region.world leaders rally paris show support free speech. |
History of France | analysts agree episode profound impact france.new york times summarized ongoing debateso france grieves also faced profound questions future large radicalized part countrys muslim population largest europe deep rift frances values secularism individual sexual religious freedom freedom press freedom shock growing muslim conservatism rejects many values name religion see also notes reading surveys reference esmein jean paul hippolyte emmanuel adhémar .francehistory .chisholm hugh ed.. encyclopædia britannica.vol. |
History of France | th ed.. cambridge university press.pp.–.fenby jonathan .france modern history revolution war terror.fierro alfred .historical dictionary paris abridged translation histoire et dictionnaire de paris ed..goubert pierre . |
History of France | course french history.french textbookguérard albert .france modern history.isbn .haine w. scott .history france. |
History of France | textbookjones colin ladurie emmanuel le roy .cambridge illustrated history france.isbn .jones colin .paris biography city.mcdonald ferdie marsden claire kindersley dorling eds.. |
History of France | france.europe.gale.pp.–.mcmillan james f. . |
History of France | twentiethcentury france politics society france –.popkin jeremy d. .history modern france.price roger .concise history france.raymond gino .historical dictionary france nd ed.. social economic cultural history ariès philippe .centuries childhood social history family life.beik william . |
History of France | social cultural history early modern france.cameron rondo .france economic development europe – conquests peace seeds war.economic business historycaron françois .economic history modern france.charle christophe .social history france th century.clapham h. g. . |
History of France | economic development france germany –.clough s. b. .france history national economics –.dormois jeanpierre .french economy twentieth century.dunham arthur l. .industrial revolution france –.hafter daryl m. kushner nina eds.. |
History of France | women work eighteenthcentury france.louisiana state university press.essays female artists printer widows women manufacturing women contracts elite prostitutionhewitt nicholas ed..cambridge companion modern french culture.heywood colin . |
History of France | development french economy –.mcmillan james f. .france women – gender society politics.routledge.mcphee peter .social history france – nd ed.. middle ages duby georges .france middle ages – hugh capet joan arc. |
History of France | survey leader annales schoolbloch marc .feudal society.bloch marc .french rural history essay basic characteristics.le roy ladurie emmanuel .montaillou cathars catholics french village –.le roy ladurie emmanuel .peasants languedoc english translation ed..murphy neil . |
History of France | violence colonization henry viiis conquest france –.past present.–.doi.pastjgtw.potter david .france later middle ages –. |
History of France | early modern collins james b. .state early modern france.doi.cbo.isbn .davis natalie zemon .society culture early modern france.diefendorf barbara b. . |
History of France | reformation wars religion france oxford bibliographies online research guide.isbn .historiographyholt mack p. .renaissance reformation france –.holt mack p. ed.. |
History of France | society institutions early modern france.potter david .history france – emergence nationstate.old regime doyle william .old regime france –.doyle william ed.. |
History of France | oxford handbook ancien régime.goubert pierre .louis xiv twenty million frenchmen.social history annales schooljones colin .great nation france louis xv napoleon.le roy ladurie emmanuel .ancien régime history france –. |
History of France | isbn .survey leader annales schoollynn john a. .wars louis xiv –.roche daniel .france enlightenment.wideranging history –wolf john b. . |
History of France | louis xiv.biography enlightenment baker keith michael .inventing french revolution essays french political culture eighteenth century.blom philipp .enlightening world encyclopédie book changed course history.chisick harvey .historical dictionary enlightenment.davidson ian . |
History of France | voltaire.life.isbn .delon michel .encyclopedia enlightenment.goodman dena .republic letters cultural history french enlightenment.hazard paul . |
History of France | european thought eighteenth century montesquieu lessing.kaiser thomas e. spring .strange offspring philosophie recent historiographical problems relating enlightenment french revolution.french historical studies.–.doi.. jstor .kors alan charles . |
History of France | encyclopedia enlightenment nd ed..roche daniel .france enlightenment.spencer samia i. ed..french women age enlightenment.vovelle michel cochrane lydia g. eds.. |
History of France | enlightenment portraits.wilson arthur .diderot.vol.ii appeal posterity.isbn . |
History of France | revolution andress david .french society revolution –.doyle william .oxford history french revolution.doyle william .french revolution short introduction.isbn . |
History of France | archived original april .forrest alan .french revolution poor.fremontbarnes gregory ed..encyclopedia french revolutionary napoleonic wars political social military history.abcclio.frey linda s. marsha l. frey . |
History of France | french revolution.furet françois .french revolution – also published revolutionary france –.pp.–.survey political historyfuret françois ozouf mona eds. |
History of France | .critical dictionary french revolution.history ideashampson norman .social history french revolution.hanson paul r. .historical dictionary french revolution.hardman john . |
History of France | louis xvi silent king nd ed.. biographyhardman john .french politics – accession louis xvi fall bastille.jones colin .longman companion french revolution.jones colin .great nation france louis xv napoleon.jones peter .peasantry french revolution.lefebvre georges . |
History of France | french revolution.isbn .lucas colin ed..political culture french revolution.montague francis charles holland arthur william .french revolution . |
History of France | chisholm hugh ed.. encyclopædia britannica.vol.th ed.. cambridge university press.pp.–.neely sylvia . |
History of France | concise history french revolution.paxton john .companion french revolution.hundreds short entriesschwab gail m. jeanneney john r. eds..french revolution impact.scott samuel f. barry rothaus . |
History of France | historical dictionary french revolution –.short essays scholarsschama simon .citizens.chronicle french revolution.narrativesutherland d. m. g. . |
History of France | france –.revolution counterrevolution nd ed.. longterm impact berenson edward duclert vincent eds..french republic history values debates.short essays leading scholars political values french republicenglund steven . |
History of France | church state france since revolution.journal church state.–.doi.jcs...furet françois .revolutionary france –.gildea robert . |
History of France | past french history.harison casey..teaching french revolution lessons imagery nineteenth twentieth century textbooks.history teacher.–. |
History of France | doi.. jstor .orourke kevin h. .worldwide economic impact french revolutionary napoleonic wars –.journal global history.–.doi.s.palmer robert r. . |
History of France | age democratic revolution political history europe america –.vol..comparative historyshusterman noah .french revolution faith desire politics. |
History of France | isbn .stromberg roland n. .reevaluating french revolution.history teacher.–.doi.. jstor . |
History of France | napoleon bergeron louis .france napoleon.isbn .emsley clive.napoleon .succinct coverage life france empire little warfareenglund steven . |
History of France | napoleon political life.political biographyfisher herbert .napoleon.fremontbarnes gregory ed..encyclopedia french revolutionary napoleonic wars political social military history. |
History of France | abcclio.grab alexander .napoleon transformation europe.isbn .maps synthesisharold j. christopher .age napoleon. |
History of France | popular history stressing empire diplomacylefebvre georges .napoleon tilsit waterloo –.isbn .markham felix.napoleon .mclynn frank .napoleon biography. |
History of France | stress militarymessenger charles ed..readers guide military history.pp.–. |
History of France | isbn .evaluation major books napoleon warsnafziger george f. .historical dictionary napoleonic era.nicholls david .napoleon biographical companion.richardson hubert n. b. .dictionary napoleon times.roberts andrew . |
History of France | napoleon life.pp.–.isbn .biographythompson j. m. . |
History of France | napoleon bonaparte rise fall.tulard jean .napoleon myth saviour.restoration – agulhon maurice .republican experiment –.cambridge history modern france. |
History of France | isbn .artz frederick .france bourbon restoration –.harvard university press.campbell stuart l. .second empire revisited study french historiography.charle christophe .social history france nineteenth century.echard william e. . |
History of France | historical dictionary french second empire –.fortescue william .revolution counterrevolution france –.blackwell.furet françois .revolutionary france .pp. |
History of France | –.survey political historygildea robert .children revolution french –.jardin andré andrejean tudesq .restoration reaction –.cambridge history modern france.plessis alain . |
History of France | rise fall second empire –.cambridge history modern france.spitzer alan b. .good napoleon iii.french historical studies.–. |
History of France | doi.. jstor .historiographystraussschom alan .shadow emperor biography napoleon iii.wolf john b. .france present.prentice hall. |
History of France | third republic – bell david scott et al.eds..biographical dictionary french political leaders since .bernard philippe henri dubief .decline third republic –. |
History of France | cambridge history modern france.bury john patrick tuer .france –.university pennsylvania press.chapters –.kedward rod .france french modern history. |
History of France | pp.–.lehning james r. .citizen political culture early french third republic.mcmillan james f. .twentiethcentury france politics society france –.mayeur jeanmarie rebérioux madeleine .third republic origins great war –. |
History of France | isbn .price roger .social history nineteenthcentury france.robb graham .discovery france historical geography revolution first world war.shirer william l. .collapse third republic.new york simon schuster.sowerwine charles . |
History of France | france since culture society making republic.tombs robert .france –.isbn .weber eugen .peasants frenchmen modernization rural france –.isbn .wolf john b. . |
History of France | france present.prentice hall.pp.–.zeldin theodore .france –. |
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