Split (1)

train · 173k rows

title stringlengths 1 105	content stringlengths 5 58.1k
International relations since 1989	impact covid pandemic global economy emphasis poverty alleviation economic growth.economics .– online.aziz nusrate m. niaz asadullah.military spending armed conflict economic growth developing countries post–cold war era.journal economic studies .
International relations since 1989	–.brands hal.making unipolar moment u.s. foreign policy rise postcold war order .brown archie.rise fall communism random house .brügger niels ed web histories first years world wide web peter lang .cameron fraser.us foreign policy cold war global hegemon reluctant sheriff psychology press .cassani andrea luca tomini.autocratization postcold war political regimes springer .clapton william ed.
International relations since 1989	risk hierarchy international society liberal interventionism postcold war era palgrave macmillan uk.dai jinhua lisa rofel eds.post–cold war future chinese history duke .duong thanh.hegemonic globalisation u.s. centrality global strategy emerging world order routledge .the economist.world economist.
International relations since 1989	pocket world excerptgertler mark simon gilchrist.happened financial factors great recession.journal economic perspectives .–.onlineharrison ewam.
International relations since 1989	postcold war international system strategies institutions reflexivity .henriksen thomas h. cycles us foreign policy since cold war palgrave macmillan excerpt.howe joshua p. behind curve science politics global warming u washington press .jackson robert j. philip towle.temptations power united states global politics kotkin stephen.armageddon averted soviet collapse – nd ed.excerptlamy steven l. et al.introduction global politics th ed.
International relations since 1989	oxford mandelbaum michael rise fall peace earth oxford much peace –.excerptmaull hanns w. ed.rise decline postcold war international order oxford .oneill william.bubble time america interwar years – excerpt popular historyosterhammel jurgen niels p. petersson.globalization short history.
International relations since 1989	.pekkanen saadia m. john ravenhill rosemary foot eds.oxford handbook international relations asia oxford comprehensive coverage.priestland david.red flag communism making modern world penguin uk .onlineravenhill john ed.global political economy th ed.
International relations since 1989	oxford excerptreidhenry simon.empire democracy remaking west since cold war excerptrosefielde steven.putins russia economy defence foreign policy excerptrosenberg jerry m. .concise encyclopedia great recession – nd ed.. scarecrow press.isbn .rubin robert jacob weisberg.
International relations since 1989	uncertain world tough choices wall street washington .rudolph peter.sinoamerican world conflict german institute international security affairs.swp research paper february .doi .rp onlinesarotte mary elise ed.struggle create postcold war europe princeton .schenk catherine r. international economic relations since nd ed.
International relations since 1989	.service robert.comrades history world communism harvard .smith rhona k.m.et al.international human rights th ed.smith rhona km.
International relations since 1989	texts materials international human rights th ed.routledge .stent angela e. limits partnership u.s. russian relations twentyfirst century princeton excerpt text searchstiglitz joseph e. roaring nineties new history worlds prosperous decade norton economic historystrong jason.looking back dramatic decade onlinetaylorgooby peter benjamin leruth heejung chung eds.austerity welfare state transformation europe great recession oxford .tooze adam .crashed decade financial crises changed world.
International relations since 1989	new york viking.isbn .tooze adam.shutdown covid shook worlds economy .united nations.world economic situation prospects online annual reportsunited nations.world economic social survey – retooling global development online external links annual register london covers international diplomatic political economic affairs nations online libraries
Politics of the Philippines	country democracy led directlyelected president serves head state head government.president heads executive branch significant political powers.presidents limited single sixyear term office.bicameral congress serves legislature consisting small senate elected atlarge basis throughout country larger house representatives primarily made representatives elected specific geographic regions.judiciary headed supreme court philippines body expansive powers review actions taken political administrative bodies.the legal system mixture civil common law influenced prior rule spain united states.
Politics of the Philippines	spanish rule relied heavily local intermediaries setting system dominated elites.revolution emerged near end spanish rule defeated united states consolidated power entirety archipelago.american rule led introduction democracy institutions patterned american political system.following independence national politics took place within twoparty system.disrupted establishment martial law.
Politics of the Philippines	changes following restoration democracy led current multiparty system.leftwing insurgencies existed various strengths since independence longrunning islamic insurgency contributed establishment autonomous muslim region limited sharia law system.elections held every three years although president vicepresident senators elected sixyear terms.results determined plurality voting including pluralityatlarge elections senate multiple winners.mixedmember proportional representation system used elect minority house representatives.local government units revenuegenerating powers code intended decentralize power away national government.
Politics of the Philippines	administrative structures local levels designed foster civil society participation.politics dominated powerful elite dynastic politics common local national levels.political parties weak elections instead dominated individual familial personalities.political positions provide extensive opportunities patronage clientelism electoral fraud common.corruption considered widespread state institutions relatively weak.politics heavily influenced times catholic church philippine military united states.
Politics of the Philippines	despite pessimism potential political change democracy maintains strong public support voter turnout high.executive executive power vested president head state head government.individual directly elected sixyear term singleround first past post election limited one term unable seek reelection.eligible presidency individual must least years old must resided philippines decade prior election.presidents may legislate executive orders administrative actions must approve veto bills coming congress.the vice president limited two consecutive sixyear terms elected separately president.
Politics of the Philippines	means president vice president may different political parties.vice president constitutional powers aside acting president latter unable president may give former cabinet office.case death resignation incapacitation president vice president becomes president expiration term.vice president may also serve acting president president temporarily incapacitated.following line succession senate president speaker house.executive power exercised cabinet appointed president.
Politics of the Philippines	appointees may wield executive power powers responsibilities ultimately remain president may overrule decision made cabinet member.cabinet includes heads executive departments.actions taken executive administrative officials taken actions exercised president.– cabinet members may members congress.close relatives president explicitly barred certain offices.
Politics of the Philippines	president also commander chief armed forces philippines thereby ensuring civilian supremacy military.title gives president several emergency military powers – ability suspend habeas corpus declare martial law although powers automatically end days unless extended congress reviewed supreme court.president also proposes national budget congress may alter adopt it.president wields significant political power including considerable influence supposedly independent agencies due power appointment.president directly controlled philippine development assistance fund supreme court declared unconstitutional .
Politics of the Philippines	following disbursement acceleration program created allow president direct funds although parts new program similarly declared unconstitutional.influence means legislature never overcome presidential veto despite theoretical power so.commission appointments independent legislature made members power veto presidential appointments.however court rulings mean president renominate individual repeatedly upon rejection individual effectively carry role officially acting capacity.strength presidency combined weak state institutions exacerbates corruption country.
Politics of the Philippines	constitution house representatives power impeach president vote onethird members senate decides upon case.impeachment proceedings individual occur per year abused filing cases weak impeachment claims forestall filing stronger cases.president joseph estrada first asian head state tried following impeachment although ousted senate.president ever ousted impeachment.legislature congress bicameral legislature.
Politics of the Philippines	upper house senate composed senators.elected pluralityatlarge voting entire country considered single district.senators elect amongst senate president.half senate seats contested every three years senators limited serving maximum two consecutive sixyear terms.the lower house house representatives currently composed representatives elected via partylist system rest elected legislative districts.legislative districts intended roughly equal population every city population least people guaranteed least one representative.
Politics of the Philippines	– house representatives headed speaker.representatives elected every three years limited three threeyear terms.each bill needs consent houses submitted president signature.president vetoes bill congress override veto twothirds supermajority.either house voted bill fails act adjournment sine die bill lost would proposed next congress process starting again.congresss decisions mostly via majority vote except voting constitutional amendments matters.
Politics of the Philippines	house inherent power senate given power vote treaties money bills may introduced house representatives.constitution provides congress impeachment powers house representatives power impeach senate power try impeached official.control legislature funding includes individual discretionary funds.funds considered avenue patronage politics often seen symbol corruption.derogatorily referred pork barrel funds.
Politics of the Philippines	– addition able use funds curry favor gain support politicians personally benefit kickbacks often directly used reelection campaigns.. – priority development assistance fund scam highlighted link funding legislative support executive initiatives.– pdplaban nacionalista party np nationalist peoples coalition npc national unity party nup liberal party lp parties largest membership congress.party sitting president controls house representatives members often change party affiliation join presidents party.senate generally acted independently.– judiciary judiciary headed supreme court lies top three lower court levels.
Politics of the Philippines	supreme court court last resort – decide constitutionality laws.– vested responsibility overseeing branches government supreme court significant powers able go far overruling discretionary decisions made political administrative individuals bodies – giving powers usually seen executive legislature.court effectively create law without precedent decisions subject review bodies.– lower levels courts bases legislation rather constitution.proceedings determined supreme court.
Politics of the Philippines	courts arranged threelevel hierarchy – level unable review others rulings.within regular court system – court appeals secondhighest appellate court.regional trial courts original jurisdiction criminal matters main trial courts.regional trial courts organized within judicial regions correspond administrative regions.lowest level courts metropolitan trial courts.
Politics of the Philippines	alongside regular courts variety special courts set various levels judicial system.court tax appeals set specifically rule tax matters.sandiganbayan special court set deal cases government corruption.regional trial courts specialize particular sort case heinous crime courts family courts environmental courts.– sharia courts set regions level regional metropolitan courts rule personal law parties muslim.
Politics of the Philippines	administrative bodies able exercise specific quasijudicial powers determined law.president appoints justices judges judicial system.appointment supreme court president must select shortlist provided judicial bar council although influence shortlist ask changed.– judicial bar council responsible vetting appointments.congress control appointments reduce political influence judiciary.
Politics of the Philippines	however chief justice impeached legislature took place first time conviction chief justice renato corona .political pressure thought behind inconsistencies court decisions.– traditionally senior associate justice became chief justice.however tradition broken president gloria macapagal arroyo successor president benigno aquino iii also bypassed seniority judicial appointments.the ombudsman philippines selected president list provided judicial bar council.selection need confirmation lasts sevenyear term reappointment.
Politics of the Philippines	ombudsman investigates prosecutes public officials agencies except president immune office.considerable power lies position request information direct public officials carry certain tasks required law.office solicitor general independent body represents government legal cases.legal system philippine legal system hybrid form based spanish civil law american common law system – system sharia law place areas law involving muslims.constitution supreme law land laws passed congress must consistent constitution.
Politics of the Philippines	since establishment constitution three new constitutions implemented respectively.prior spanish constitution applied philippines short time numerous proposed constitutions philippine revolution.notable malolos constitution.presidential system established constitution replaced semiparliamentary system authoritarian rule president marcos concentrating power hands.– people power revolution brought president aquino power issued proclamation establishing temporary constitution created constitutional commission.
Politics of the Philippines	commission finished writing new constitution october subsequently approved referendum february .constitution restored presidential system – based constitution rather one.constitution designed provide number checks balances including establishment independent constitutional commissions ombudsman.ombudsman members commissions addition leaders executive president vicepresident judicial justices supreme court including chief justice branches may removed impeachment.presidents current constitution proposed type constitutional reform although none succeeded.
Politics of the Philippines	wariness around change exists due structural aim constitution limiting presidential power compared previous constitution leaving reform open accusations power grab.switch unicameral parliamentary system seen way make legislature government responsive effective.also argued change would weaken presidency strengthen role political parties.proposal gained majority support house along presidential support mids stalled due senate opposition.– reforming country federation recurring issue arising result desire local autonomy.
Politics of the Philippines	considerations influenced constitution maintained unitary state included provisions autonomous regions stronger local government.– civil code philippines based civil code spain extended philippines july .notable feature code influence catholic church remains day.code judicial decisions applying interpreting laws constitution part legal system doctrine stare decisis applies deciding legal controversies.however application stare decisis full common law jurisdictions incorporates civil law precedent.
Politics of the Philippines	constitution grants supreme court power judicial review determine whether grave abuse discretion amounting lack excess jurisdiction part branch instrumentality government.this power extensive enough court create new law without precedent situations decisions subject review another body.– president may issue executive orders proclamations executive issuance.philippines adopts dualist system incorporation international law laws able come force either adoption domestic legislation constitutional declaration.local legislative assemblies may enact local ordinances within respective territorial political boundaries accordance local autonomy granted local government code.elections since establishment commonwealth philippines elections administered commission elections comelec.
Politics of the Philippines	elected officials president vice president members congress regional governors assemblymen provincial governors vice governors board members city municipal mayors vice mayors councilors barangay village chairmen councilors.elections fixed terms.elected officials threeyear terms exceptions president vice president senators whose terms last six years.– terms barangay level begin end june election year elected officials limited three consecutive terms except senators vice president limited two president cannot reelected.senators election every years.
Politics of the Philippines	elected national basis voters selecting names list candidates.required fill names vote valid voters select .candidates average.system increases importance name familiarity onefifth voters reporting decide upon votes inside voting booth.– positions voted separately including president vicepresident.
Politics of the Philippines	despite plurality voting system used elect presidents elections effectively multiparty system.prior marcos regime country effectively twoparty system however restriction presidents one term likely prevented system reemerging.– even twoparty era internal party structures weak.three presidents previously switched parties falling obtain nomination previous partys conference.constitution elections barangay level held every three years since second monday may although senate seats presidency vice presidency contested every six years since .
Politics of the Philippines	ever since elections first introduced united states singlewinner elections carried using plurality voting system candidate highest number votes elected.multiplewinner elections except representatives elected partylist system done via pluralityatlarge voting.voter x votes x candidates highest number votes elected.constitutional commission assembled people power revolution part consider process elections.determined keep pluralityfirstpastthepost voting seats use mixedmember proportional representation party list system allocate seats.
Politics of the Philippines	however implemented .a group participating partylist system may running singlemember constituencies must receive votes cast enter congress win maximum three seats.election saw organizations run voters selecting partylist organization meaning organizations passed threshold taking seats allocated partylist organizations.comelec decided allocate remaining seats organizations reached threshold despite prior rules indicating would distributed among parties passed threshold vote share.following legal challenge supreme court overruled comelec implementing system allocate seats limiting maximum three seats mostvoted organization.runup election comelec approved organizations.
Politics of the Philippines	following legal challenge supreme court comelec disqualified including seven votes.two court later nullified two disqualifications.the commission also kept open ballot system voters write name chosen candidate voting form.distribution sample filledin ballots voters politicians provided opportunities patronage determination names appear politicians sample ballot increased power local politicians better able distribute ballots voters.presidential elections contested court following accusations electoral fraud.neither case succeeded.vote counting elections could take hours tabulation could take days.
Politics of the Philippines	comelec adopted strategic plan modernize voting first electronic votecounting pilot test took place autonomous region muslim mindanao general election.pilot considered success.law based calling open ballots replaced preprinted ballots.however may elections electronic votecounting used national election.change process saw ballots shift open ballot system ballots voters fill ovals next candidate names.
Politics of the Philippines	reported comelec new system reduces ability votebuyers monitor people vote.also reduced vote count time manual counting previously taking perhaps months.national local elections began held day may following passage republic act ra .country voting age .constitution registered parties allowed poll watchers whereas previous system poll watchers allowed two main parties.political advertising allowed beginning .
Politics of the Philippines	various forms electoral fraud occur throughout various elections even expected majority voters.vote buying especially prevalent campaigns estimated cost much times legal campaign finance limit.– local government philippines highly centralized since spanish rule governed imperial manila.spanish created bodies bring together barangays americans organized provincial governments .actions however left majority power capital.
Politics of the Philippines	commonwealth period local governments remained direct control president autonomy granted cities municipalities ra act amending laws governing local governments increasing autonomy reorganizing provincial governments barangays called barrios ra barrio charter act.powers given decentralization act ra local elections abolished imposition martial law .– constitution mandates local governments must local autonomy.local government code republic act shifted power away capital.barangays grouped municipalities cities municipalities cities may grouped provinces.
Politics of the Philippines	barangay municipality city province headed captain mayor governor respectively legislatures sangguniang barangay village council sangguniang bayan municipal council sangguniang panlungsod city council sangguniang panlalawigan provincial board.– local government code seeks enhance civil participation local government mandating civil society representation bodies school health boards.also mechanisms recall elected officials local legislation publicly organized referendum although mechanisms rarely used.regions groupings adjacent provinces created national government often linguistic ethnic similarities.however local government.
Politics of the Philippines	exception autonomous region muslim mindanao regional government.article x constitution allows autonomous regions cordilleras muslim mindanao bangsamoro autonomous region muslim mindanao barmm exists.referendum held led four provinces voting part autonomous region muslim mindanao armm.elections held regional governor vicegovernor representatives regional assembly.law confirmed plebiscite transformed armm powerful barmm.
Politics of the Philippines	elections mindanao reputation electoral anomalies.two laws aimed creating proposed autonomous region cordillera defeated two plebiscites.national capital region unique governing body metropolitan manila development authority carries regionequivalent functions.– concentration political economic power manila leads created demand changes decentralization federation.local government units autonomy budget derived internal revenue allotment ira disbursement national government ultimately derived taxes.
Politics of the Philippines	makes local government units ultimately dependent national government.however ability raise income measures taxes reflected significantly increased responsibilities.provinces capital tend poorer reliant ira funding national government.culture influences despite challenges faced filipino elections sometimes pessimistic view potential elections broad public support democracy coupled free press established legal system.voter turnout legislative executive elections averages percent.
Politics of the Philippines	however forms political participation membership political party civil society organization labor unions rarely used.several examples mass direct action throughout history including longrunning communist rebellion philippines multiple people power events.distrust state state institutions police continuing legacy martial law.political parties continue weak often created propel single candidate fading relevancy.power president within political system may one factor limiting development stable political parties president position considerably support allies.
Politics of the Philippines	– parties often serve ally various political families common politicians elected losing party tickets switch allegiance party president.power traditional elites outside government also inhibited development strong national institutions.– broad democratic political debate linked concept good governance rather political movements related class.persistence poverty widely linked political discourse presence corruption.– campaigns focus personal qualities records rather party platforms.
Politics of the Philippines	strong continuity class structures spanish period present.– one prominent historical narrative sees philippine history lens unfinished revolution tracing takeover philippine revolution elites masses unfulfilled expectations reform following people power revolution.electoral pressure absorbed elections despite winners elections invariably coming various factions elite political parties differentiated patronage networks policies.importance election funding creates cyclic effect political positions provide access state power provides ability generate funds.– state capture means reforms occur slowly even popular.
Politics of the Philippines	questions land reform persisted since colonial era considered multiple administrations faced peasant communistrelated political instability links legislators landlords mean progress limited vast majority farmers continue work land owned others.failure achieve significant land reform thought restricted growth philippine economy linked continuing political inequality.– despite inequality strength left movement declined since restoration democracy.small professional technical middle class mostly concentrated urban areas metro manila relatively trusted within civil service play significant role civil society organization.organizations examples causebased politics exception usual model philippine political parties political organization.
Politics of the Philippines	small change overall political structure civil society organizations sometimes able influence policy specific issues.notably role played people power revolution led brief political consensus towards technocratic relatively economically liberal state.– tension exists middle class larger less active poorer class – clearly expressed different outcomes opinions regarding entwined edsa ii edsa iii protests.unlike first people power revolution saw joint participation classes following mass protests generally considered predominantly middle lower class movements respectively edsa iii failing overturn success edsa ii.– politicians local national levels usually either dynastic candidates popular celebrities.
Politics of the Philippines	dynastic politics common.members house local government officials elected maximum three terms although positions often pass family members.representatives restored congress children politicians represented third fourth generation.xviii half members house representatives half governors related someone congress previous years.highlevel local elective offices held dynastic candidate.
Politics of the Philippines	dynastic candidates celebrities voter familiarity names thought drive electoral success.levels education correlate voting types candidates less education likely vote celebrity candidates education likely vote dynastic candidates.less wealthy voters likely vote celebrity candidates although little impact votes dynastic candidates.older voters likely vote celebrity candidates voters luzon likely vote celebrity candidates voters visayas mindanao.– constitution bans political dynasties legislation passed define means.
Politics of the Philippines	term limits limited effect dynasties.in addition strong divisions class identity philippines diversity regional identities driven archipelagic nature varied history.regional ethnic identities sometimes stronger national identity national identity often driven christians specifically tagalogs.contrasted broad christian filipino identity muslims oftenmarginalized indigenous peoples.winning presidential election usually comes winning highly populous tagalog areas southern luzon.winning candidates done well throughout philippines winning pluralities luzon visayas mindanao.
Politics of the Philippines	however elections without visayas mindanao single case election presidency without plurality luzon.however importance national image increasing presidential contests.despite centralization national power politics decentralized.political patronage relationships extend vertically various levels political administration.national politicians relied local politicians drive turnout within constituency local politician incentivizing government funding local projects rather national ones shore support causing national political parties function alliance local politicians rather centralized platforms.decentralization power local governments widespread poverty reinforced presence clientelism within politics.
Politics of the Philippines	effect particularly strong geographically defined house representative seats.importance name recognition politics especially open ballot system use singlemember district entrenchs local politicians.politics defined clans personalities rather political parties politicians receive support members linguistic group geographical area identifies them.political cultural geographical borders mutually reinforcing.factional rivalries dominated local politics since late th century.democracy expanded american rule rivalries influenced provincial national politics.
Politics of the Philippines	local politics thus often personal potentially violent national politics.also grow authoritarian even national politics becomes democratic.competitiveness different localities varies greatly longentrenched dynasty regular electoral turnover.furthermore strong emphasis family entrenched enshrined civil code makes local familial links important state support personal links important ideological interests.particular families associated certain areas seat passing within family often seen political continuity competition provided instead seats passing another family.
Politics of the Philippines	paternalistic landlordtenant relationship typifies politician voter relationships rural areas.local politicians attend events baptisms funerals weddings within constituency often providing direct financial donation.urban areas established patronclient links weaker patronage takes form machine politics specific shortterm.– situations electoral fraud physical coercion common.– vote buying extremely prevalent including negative vote buying voters taken constituency voting day fingers inked without cast ballot.
Politics of the Philippines	time model control supported economic benefits state capture become prominent compared older paternalistic model.– catholic church influence church civil society dates back spanish era church exercised considerable secular power.despite separation church state established american rule church retained social influence among elites wider population desire promote global values within country.– church provides unifying moral framework transcends class lines linking rich poor.national structures established shortly independence church became directly involved elections administrative hierarchy actions individual clergy.
Politics of the Philippines	– politicization church increased second vatican council great part due activism catholic youth.– another factor increasing filipinization church following independence.church initially strongly oppose marcos agreed anticommunist stance.however internal opposition grew course martial law era.public political opposition individual clergy members eventually shifted opinion church hierarchy supported candidacy corazon aquino subsequent people power revolution.
Politics of the Philippines	– due events church began see guardian democracy.later church one institutions became opposed presidency joseph estrada.religious orders society jesus opus dei run private educational establishments law medicine business.church active social economic development ways always alignment desire state authorities.organized assist anticorruption efforts.
Politics of the Philippines	church maintains strong influence topic family notably support large family size opposition birth control.– catholic influence led removal divorce laws following independence.the political influence church decreased st century following sexual abuse revelations death prominent cardinal jaime sin.– symbolic moment church influence passing reproductive health act benigno aquino administration.law aimed make contraception family planning accessible topic faced longstanding church opposition.public opinion thought favor law.
Politics of the Philippines	rodrigo duterte administration also clashed church duterte times directly positioning church.duterte favor divorce law proposals legalize divorce gained significant support congress following election one bill passed house representatives rejection senate.measure reintroduced next session congress.military philippine military became officially involved socioeconomic issues hukbalahap rebellion.constitution designated president commander chief constitution first explicitly include principle civilian control military.
Politics of the Philippines	despite change martial law ferdinand marcos military leaders took aspects local government became directly involved economy – military expanded threefold.– period communist islamist rebellions philippines led involvement military politics.internal opposition marcos developed corruption became apparent following elections apparently failed coup military faction sparked became people power revolution – militarys perceived role overthrowing president marcos created precedent direct intervention politics.constitution kept text civilian rule military although added armed forces protector people state.also separated philippine constabulary military shifting response internal security military police.
Politics of the Philippines	– however military remained involved politics martial law playing role second edsa revolution overthrew president estrada.failed suspected coups took place late – .civilian oversight military includes dedicated deputy ombudsman military investigation commission human rights jurisdiction civilian courts.philippine coup détat attempt led rebellion mutiny becoming crimes.institution military supportive democracy many factions often coming opposition attempted coups.
Politics of the Philippines	however weak civilian institutions continue provide openings military influence.amnesty granted involved past coup attempts .practice recruiting retired military officers executive branch roles ambassadorships within cabinet started marcos continued restoration democracy.separation police military impeded continuing communist islamic rebellions.president remains able use military rule decree.
Politics of the Philippines	localized instances martial law declared mindanao.united states even philippine independence united states remained entwined within philippine politics philippine economy.influence also remains social civil institutions.– context cold war direct indirect influence leveraged early days independence reinforce democratic institutions.– early civil influence particularly strong among veterans networks american military maintained support philippine military campaigns hukbalahap.
Politics of the Philippines	– hukbalahap rebellion united states also supported land reforms reduce potential attraction communism although pressure subsided rebellion ceased.marcos declared martial law muted american response general acquiescence strategic value philippines american military bases led continued official support.united states eventually pressured marcos bring back elections support enabled marcos stay power even civil society military began turn him.eventually united states supported development antimarcos coalition intervened halt coup new aquino government.influence united states decreased agreements host american military bases ended country increased regional aspects foreign policy.
Politics of the Philippines	following september attacks united states security ties deepened moro insurgency became linked global war terror.growing cooperation included limited return us forces philippine soil.history preindependence onset spanish rule th century philippines split numerous barangays small entities part regionwide trade networks.– arrival hindu influence increased power indianized datus.– first large state sulu adopted islam th century.
Politics of the Philippines	– spanish captaingeneral miguel lópez de legazpi established settlement cebu .maynila conquered manila subsequently became center spanish administration.spain gradually conquered majority modern philippines although full control never established muslims areas south cordillera highlands.th century spain eventually gained control seas coasts.– inward migration cordilleras escape spanish control increase trade saw settlements interior areas increase population political complexity.
Politics of the Philippines	throughout spanish rule archipelago remained divided regional identity language.– rule spanish era dominated church especially friars.ultimate power held king council indies philippines part new spain although islands functioned practically autonomously.philippines governor judicial body established .direct spanish rule extend far manila locals relied upon administration.
Politics of the Philippines	– traditional native elites along native officeholders highvalue tax payers became part group known principalia.– time elite class became culturally distinct gaining education unavailable intermarrying spanish officials chinese merchants.– th century philippine ports opened world trade shifts started occurring within filipino society.expanding civil service changing economy saw complex social structures emerge new upper middle classes.– latin american wars independence renewed immigration led shifts social identity term filipino shifting referring spaniards born iberian peninsula philippines term encompassing people archipelago.
Politics of the Philippines	identity shift driven wealthy families mixed ancestry developed national identity.class educated individuals became known ilustrados.group gained prominence philippine administration became increasingly involved politics.– prominent ilustrados launched propaganda movement.– part campaign secular selfgovernment full part spain – proposed liberal reforms rejected saw movement beginning national awakening.
Politics of the Philippines	katipunan split movement led members manilas urban middle class.katipunan advocated complete philippine independence began philippine revolution .spanish–american war reached philippines may battle manila bay.katipunan emilio aguinaldo proclaimed independence philippines june .aguinaldo proclaimed revolutionary government convened congress approved malolos constitution inaugurating first philippine republic.
Politics of the Philippines	spain ceded philippines united states .philippine–american war erupted february skirmish manila.aguinaldo captured april .americans gave filipinos limited selfgovernment local level .– hierarchical social structure existed spanish rule coopted united states democracy introduced manner threaten power existing elites.
Politics of the Philippines	local elites entrenched national system.first election philippine assembly independencesupporting nacionalista party led sergio osmeña.– nacionalista party would maintain electoral dominance independence.rural areas opposition american rule persisted among poorer population – development class consciousnessbased political organization led peasant revolts s. – american forces extended control entirety islands securing sultanate sulu establishing control interior mountainous areas.philippine government pursued policy gradually strengthening government mindanao supported immigration christian areas.
Politics of the Philippines	– despite traditional political structures sultanates datus continued parallel political structure.jones law envisioned eventual philippine independence.nacionalistadominated legislature grew powerful seizing state bodies using nationalism weaken american oversight.– establishment senate led nacionalistas forming opposing camps loyal osmeña unipersonalistas senate president manuel l. quezon colectavistas.tydings–mcduffie act paved way commonwealth philippines mandated u.s. recognition independence philippine islands tenyear transition period.
Politics of the Philippines	quezon osmeña elected president vice president respectively .voting franchise expanded include literate women.national curriculum similarly sought impose single vision filipino identity across diverse ethnolinguistic groups islands tagalog established national language.treatment commonwealth united states inconsistent sometimes treated separate country sometimes us jurisdiction.– presidential system commonwealth government based united states.
Politics of the Philippines	however dividing power three branches similarly constitution united states constitution gave philippine president significantly power politically economically accorded president united states.japanese invasion onset world war ii forced commonwealth government go exile subjected country puppet government.kalibapi became sole legal political party jose p. laurel declared president independent second philippine republic.– rural areas sudden vacuum elite power led formation new local governments remaining populace beginning hukbalahap rebellion.americans reconquered philippines osmeña succeeded quezon upon latters death restored commonwealth government.
Politics of the Philippines	nacionalistas divided following war leadership struggle leading manuel roxas setting would later liberal party.roxas defeated osmeña presidential election became last president commonwealth.leftwing political movement spawned hukbalahap fight japanese suppressed former elite american support leading continuation rebellion new government.americans granted independence july roxas became first president new republic philippines.independence impact war led weaker civil service reduction dominance manila provincial politicians gaining political power cases de facto autonomy.
Politics of the Philippines	many leveraged provincial power engage national politics.– universal suffrage saw expansion voter participation although power remained concentrated hands small elite.– diversifying postwar economy largely brought end landbased cacique democracy patronage system.political offices became lucrative patronage became reliant access government funds.changes shift overall shape filipino politics remained twoparty system dominated narrow elite.
Politics of the Philippines	little policy difference parties.roxas suffered fatal heart attack allowing vice president elpidio quirino rule country next six years.quirino sought significantly expand executive power.quirinos liberal government widely seen corrupt easily beaten former defense secretary ramon magsaysay .magsaysay oversaw surrender longrunning hukbalahap rebellion massively popular.
Politics of the Philippines	magsaysay implemented plan settle surrendered hukbalahap rebels mindanao cementing demographic shift mindanao muslim christian majority.election magsaysay killed plane crash.vice president carlos p. garcia succeeded election.continued magsaysays filipino first policy implemented austerity program.garcia defeated vice president diosdado macapagal liberal party .
Politics of the Philippines	macapagal initiated return system free enterprise sought land reform electrification.macapagal defeated senator ferdinand marcos.the growing diversifying economy led growth private business power expansion mass media.marcos first president reelected although election tainted violence allegations fraud vote buying.civil unrest heightened election.communist rebellion strengthened marcos rule – moro insurgency emerged mindanao.
Politics of the Philippines	marcos declared martial law .attempts end war mindanao led marcos recognize islamic holidays introduce code muslim personal laws formally recognize number sultans mindanao sulu.– marcos framed government fighting rich landed elite traditionally dominated politics.relied growing technocratic civil service receptive arguments effectively run country martial law.– marcos also relied military gained increased power resources martial law period.
Politics of the Philippines	– constitutional convention finalized new constitution november introduced semipresidential system.marcos continued rule decree without elections interim batasang pambansa ibp legislature elected.marcos complete control bureaucracy local governments military press comelec.parliamentary local elections dominated marcos kilusang bagong lipunan party.unicameral ibp little real power.supreme court affirmed expansive executive powers claimed martial law.
Politics of the Philippines	– marcos laid vision new society would represent end old oligarchies.political dynasties marcos allies stripped assets power many cases replaced local politics marcos allies.marcos ended martial law shortly visit philippines pope john paul ii although retained immense executive powers.– opposition groups still boycotted presidential election marcos easily won.opposition leader benigno aquino jr. slain upon return philippines .
Politics of the Philippines	time government marred weak economy rampant corruption loss political support.– united opposition participated parliamentary election making gains.snap election saw opposition nominate benignos widow corazon candidate.marcos declared winner election opposition refused accept result alleging election rigged.people power revolution drove marcos power aquino became president.
Politics of the Philippines	constitution restored democracy along lines constitution.new constitution introduced elements direct democracy.local elections saw traditional elite recapturing local political office.aquinos government mired coup attempts saw continued rebellions communists islamic separatists.new local government code shifted power resources lower levels government.
Politics of the Philippines	aquino wish run election leading presidential election supported fidel v. ramos left party form own.ramos albeit controversial circumstances allegations electoral fraud.elections first synchonized presidential legislative local elections held simultaneously.– asian financial crisis damaging image economy liberalism clear successor ramos – ramoss vice president joseph estrada election comfortable margin populist campaign appealing directly poorer voters.– estrada administration embroiled charges cronyism corruption leading impeachment house representatives.
Politics of the Philippines	– impeachment trial estradas allies senate successfully prevented evidence presented triggering massive protests.military withdrew support estrada transferred allegiance vice president arroyo supreme court later ruled presidency vacant estrada left malacañang palace.arroyo sworn president january .estradas supporters launched mass movement ultimately unsuccessful.– arroyos people power coalition majority seats elections therefore consolidated power.failed coup attempt took place central business district.
Politics of the Philippines	served less four years president arroyo eligible reelection.election slim plurality.later exposed arroyo rigged election.second term saw another coup attempt.end presidency arroyo unpopular president since people power revolution.before election former president aquino died son benigno aquino iii election.
Politics of the Philippines	administration politically stable seen relatively clean highest ratings since marcos.– popularity dipped towards end administration linked perceptions failure change within wider political system rather aquino himself.presidential election aquinos handpicked successor decisively defeated davao city mayor rodrigo duterte.duterte ran populist platform winning votes various socioeconomic classes particularly strong appeal middle classes.duterte implemented war drugs led thousands deaths.duterte prioritized infrastructure spending sought end communist insurgency.
Politics of the Philippines	administration made peace moro islamic liberation front replacing armm powerful bangsamoro region.duterte government largely continued aquinos economic policies including focused poor.political policies shown shift towards illiberal democracy politicization legal institutions less regard checks balances.– see also sovereignty philippines notes references constitution republic philippines.official gazette government philippines.
Politics of the Philippines	.reading hutchcroft paul d. .booty capitalism politics banking philippines.cornell university press.isbn .kalaw maximo m. .

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.