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History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | million tons third largest world.the governments activist ministry international trade industry miti played major role coordination.transfer technology west establishment competitive firms involved far buying foreign hardware.miti located steel mills organized domestic market sponsored yawata steel company.japanese engineers entrepreneurs internally developed necessary technological organizational capabilities planned transfer adoption technology gauged demand sources raw materials finances.india bengal iron works founded kulti bengal began production followed tata iron steel company tisco established dorabji tata part fathers conglomerate. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | operated largest steel plant british empire.company launched major modernization expansion program .prime minister jawaharlal nehru believer socialism decided technological revolution india needed maximization steel production.therefore formed government owned company hindustan steel limited hsl set three steel plants s.the indian steel industry began expanding europe st century.january indias tata steel made successful .billion offer buy european steel maker corus group. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | mittal steel based london indian management merged arcelor takeover bid .billion become worlds biggest steel maker arcelormittal based luxembourg city worlds output.china communist party dictator mao zedong disdained cities put faith chinese peasantry great leap forward.mao saw steel production key overnight economic modernization promising within years chinas steel production would surpass britain.decided steel production would double within year using backyard steel furnaces run inexperienced peasants. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | plan fiasco small amounts steel produced poor quality diversion resources agriculture produced massive famine – killed millions.with economic reforms brought deng xiaoping led china china began develop modern steel industry building new steel plants recycling scrap metal united states europe.china produced million metric tons steel year making far largest steel producing country world.compared european union japan united states india.chinas steel production equivalent average .cubic meters steel per second. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | see also american iron steel institutebritish steel corporationdominion steel coal corporation canadasteelmaking references bibliography ashton t. s. iron steel industrial revolution nd edn..bernal john desmond science industry nineteenth century indiana university press .d’costa anthony p. global restructuring steel industry innovations institutions industrial change london routledge online versionhasegawa harukiyu.steel industry japan comparison britain online versionlandes david s. unbound prometheus technical change industrial development western europe present nd ed.cambridge university press pounds norman j. g. william n. parker coal steel western europe influence resources techniques production indiana university press online versionsinger charles joseph ed.history technology vol industrial revolution c –c ch vol late nineteenth century c –c ch online acls ebooksstoddard brooke c. steel mine mill metal made america short global popular history excerptwoytinsky w. s. e. s. woytinsky. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | world population production trends outlooks pp – many tables maps worldwide steel industryyonekura seiichiro.japanese iron steel industry continuity discontinuity – excerpt text search britain birch alan.economic history british iron steel industry routledge .burn d. l. “recent trends history steel industry.” economic history review pp.–.online.burn duncan. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | steel industry – study competition planning onlineburn duncan.economic history steelmaking – study competition.cambridge university press online versioncarr j. c. w. taplin history british steel industry harvard university press online versiontweedale geoffrey.steel city entrepreneurship strategy technology sheffield –.oxford u.p. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | online versionvaizy john.history british steel well illustratedwarren kenneth.british iron sheet steel industry since isbn economic geography.united states hoerr john p. wolf finally came decline american steel industry excerpt text searchhogan william t. economic history iron steel industry united states vol monumental detailingham john n. iron barons social analysis american urban elite krass peter.carnegie . |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | isbn .livesay harold c. andrew carnegie rise big business nd edition .isbn .misa thomas j. nation steel making modern america – chapter dominance railsnasaw david.andrew carnegie penguin press .paskoff paul f. iron steel nineteenth century encyclopedia american business history biography pp biographies brief corporate historiesrogers robert p. economic history american steel industry excerpt text searchscamehorn h. lee.mill mine cfi twentieth century university nebraska press online versionscheuerman william.steel crisis economics politics declining industry onlineseely bruce e. ed iron steel industry th century encyclopedia american business history biographytemin peter. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | iron steel nineteenthcentury america economic inquiry wall joseph frazier.andrew carnegie .isbn .warren kenneth big steel first century united states steel corporation –.university pittsburgh press online reviewwarren kenneth.bethlehem steel builder arsenal america excerpt text searchwarren kenneth. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | american steel industry – geographical interpretation isbn whaples robert.andrew carnegie eh.net encyclopedia economic business history onlineu.s.steels history u.s. steelurofsky melvin i. big steel wilson administration study businessgovernment relations online u.s. labor brody david.labor crisis steel strike mary margaret fonow union women forging feminism united steelworkers america university minnesota press online versionu.s.steels history u.s. steelurofsky melvin i. big steel wilson administration study businessgovernment relations primary sources u.s. commissioner corporations. |
Catalonia | report steel industry .warne colston e. ed.steel strike primary secondary documentscatalonia consists four provinces barcelona girona lleida tarragona.capital largest city barcelona secondmost populated municipality spain fifthmost populous urban area european union.comprises former principality catalonia remainder roussillon part frances pyrénéesorientales.bordered france occitanie andorra north mediterranean sea east spanish autonomous communities aragon west valencia south.official languages catalan spanish aranese dialect occitan.in late th century various counties across eastern pyrenees established frankish kingdom defensive barrier muslim invasions. |
Catalonia | th century county barcelona became progressively independent.barcelona kingdom aragon united marriage crown aragon.within crown catalan counties adopted common institutions rest aragon diputación del general tax collection purposes inspire name current government institution generalitat catalonia.later middle ages catalan literature flourished.king aragon queen castile married ruled realms together retaining distinct institutions legislation.during francospanish war – catalonia revolted – union arms consisted fairer distribution contribution various territories army crown went depending spanish crown french. |
Catalonia | funds catalans gave french finance army used conquer roussillon would never catalan again.shortly rebellion bishop vic wrote spanish king asking intervene immediately impose justice castile put end privileges arbitrary abuses powerful internal groups.treaty pyrenees northern parts catalonia mostly roussillon ceded france.war spanish succession – crown aragon sided bourbon philip v spain following catalan defeat september defending achiduke carlos austria king spain.nueva planta decrees new king unified institutions meant disappearance aragonese. |
Catalonia | throughout th century catalonia experienced economic growth.in th century catalonia severely affected napoleonic carlist wars.second third century experienced industrialisation.wealth industrial expansion grew saw cultural renaissance coupled incipient nationalism several workers movements appeared.loss cuba philippines war united states nationalism minority experienced increase support context crisis despite fact catalan textile industry benefited economic protectionism spanish government palliate effects successive territorial losses america.establishment second spanish republic – generalitat restored. |
Catalonia | spanish civil war francoist dictatorship enacted repressive measures abolishing catalan selfgovernment banning official use catalan language subsequent years use knowledge allowed process vernacular languages experienced.period autarky late catalonia saw rapid economic growth drawing many workers across spain making barcelona one europes largest industrial metropolitan areas turning catalonia major tourist destination.spanish transition democracy – catalonia regained selfgovernment one economically dynamic communities spain.following years nationalist separatist parties governed region.october catalan parliament unilaterally declared independence following disputed referendum. |
Catalonia | spanish senate voted favour enforcing direct rule removing catalan government calling snap regional election.spanish supreme court imprisoned seven former ministers catalan government charges rebellion misuse public funds several others—including thenpresident carles puigdemont—eloped european countries.etymology pronunciation name catalonia — medieval latin cathalaunia catalan catalunya spelled cathalonia — began used homeland catalans cathalanenses late th century probably used territorial reference group counties comprised part march gothia march hispania control count barcelona relatives.origin name catalunya subject diverse interpretations lack evidence.one theory suggests catalunya derives name gothia gauthia launia land goths since origins catalan counts lords people found march gothia known gothia whence gothland gothlandia gothalania cathalaunia catalonia theoretically derived.middle ages byzantine chroniclers claimed catalania derives local medley goths alans initially constituting gothalania.other less plausible recent theories suggestcatalunya derives term land castles evolved term castlà castlan medieval term castellan ruler castle. |
Catalonia | theory therefore suggests names catalunya castile common root.the source celtic catalauni meaning chiefs battle similar celtic given name katuwalos although area known occupied celtiberians celtic culture present within interior iberian peninsula preroman times.the lacetani iberian tribe lived area whose name due roman influence could evolved metathesis katelans catalans.miguel vidal finding serious shortcomings earlier proposals original would normal sound laws local romance languages developed suggested arabic etymology qattāl قتال pl.qattālūn قتالون – meaning killer – could applied muslims groups raiders bandits southern border marca hispanica.name originally derogatory could reappropriated christians autonym.comparable attested development term almogavar nearby areas.model name catalunya derives plural qattālūn adjective language name català derives singular qattāl addition common romance suffixes.in english catalonia pronounced . |
Catalonia | native name catalunya pronounced kətəˈluɲə central catalan widely spoken variety whose pronunciation considered standard.spanish name cataluña kataˈluɲa aranese name catalonha kataˈluɲɔ.history prehistory first known human settlements catalonia beginning middle paleolithic.oldest known trace human occupation mandible found banyoles described sources preneanderthal years old sources suggest one third old.next prehistoric era epipalaeolithic mesolithic important remains survive greater part dated bc sant gregori falset el filador margalef de montsant. |
Catalonia | important sites eras excavated region moianès balma del gai epipaleolithic balma de lespluga late epipaleolithic early neolithic.the neolithic era began catalonia around bc although population slower develop fixed settlements places thanks abundance woods allowed continuation fundamentally huntergatherer culture.example settlements would la draga early neolithic village dates end th millennium bc.the chalcolithic period developed catalonia bc beginning construction copper objects.bronze age occurred bc.remnants era known settlements low segre zone.bronze age coincided arrival indoeuropeans urnfield culture whose successive waves migration began around bc responsible creation first protourban settlements. |
Catalonia | around middle th century bc iron age arrived catalonia.preroman roman period preroman times area called catalonia northeast iberian peninsula – like rest mediterranean side peninsula – populated iberians.iberians area – ilergetes indigetes lacetani cerretains – also maintained relations peoples mediterranean.urban agglomerations became relevant including ilerda lleida inland hibera perhaps amposta tortosa indika ullastret.coastal trading colonies established ancient greeks settled around gulf roses emporion empúries roses th century bc. |
Catalonia | carthaginians briefly ruled territory course second punic war traded surrounding iberian population.after carthaginian defeat roman republic northeast iberia became first come roman rule became part hispania westernmost part roman empire.tarraco modern tarragona one important roman cities hispania capital province tarraconensis.important cities roman period ilerda lleida dertosa tortosa gerunda girona well ports empuriæ former emporion barcino barcelona.rest hispania latin law granted cities reign vespasian ad roman citizenship granted free men empire edict caracalla ad tarraco capital already colony roman law since bc.rich agricultural province olive oil vine wheat first centuries empire saw construction roads important via augusta parallel mediterranean coastline infrastructure like aqueducts.conversion christianity attested rd century completed urban areas th century. |
Catalonia | although hispania remained roman rule fall rule vandals swabians alans th century main cities suffered frequent sacking deurbanization.middle ages fall western roman empire area conquered visigoths ruled part visigothic kingdom almost two half centuries.came muslim control became part alandalus province umayyad caliphate.conquest roussillon conquest barcelona frankish empire took control area septimania llobregat river muslims created heavily militarised selfgoverning counties.counties formed part historiographically known gothic hispanic marches buffer zone south frankish empire former province septimania northeast iberian peninsula act defensive barrier frankish empire muslim invasions alandalus.these counties came rule counts barcelona frankish vassals nominated emperor franks feudatories –. |
Catalonia | earliest known use name catalonia counties dates .end th century count barcelona wilfred hairy made title hereditary founded dynasty house barcelona ruled catalonia .in borrell ii count barcelona recognise new french king hugh capet king evidencing loss dependency frankish rule confirming successors ramon borrell ramon berenguer iv independent capetian crown regarded usurpers carolingian frankish realm.beginning eleventh century catalan counties suffered important process feudalisation partially controlled churchs sponsored peace truce assemblies negotiation skills count barcelona ramon berenguer began codification feudal law written usages barcelona becoming basis catalan law.ramon berenguer iv count barcelona decided accept king ramiro ii aragons proposal marry queen petronila establishing dynastic union county barcelona kingdom aragon creating crown aragon making catalan counties united county barcelona principality aragonese crown.in means treaty corbeil james aragon king aragon count barcelona king mallorca valencia renounced family rights dominions occitania recognised king france heir carolingian dynasty.king france louis ix formally relinquished claims feudal lordship catalan counties except county foix despite opposition king aragon count barcelona. |
Catalonia | treaty confirmed french point view independence catalan counties established exercised previous three centuries also meant irremediable separation geographical areas catalonia languedoc.as coastal territory catalonia became base aragonese crowns maritime forces spread power aragonese crown mediterranean made barcelona powerful wealthy city.period – new territories kingdom valencia kingdom majorca sardinia kingdom sicily corsica briefly duchies athens neopatras incorporated dynastic domains house aragon.expansion accompanied great development catalan trade creating extensive trade network across mediterranean competed maritime republics genoa venice.at time principality catalonia developed complex institutional political system based concept pact estates realm king.laws approved general court catalonia one first parliamentary bodies europe banned royal power create legislation unilaterally since .courts composed three estates presided king aragon approved constitutions created compilation rights citizenship principality. |
Catalonia | order collect general taxes courts established permanent representative deputies position called deputation general later usually known generalitat gained political power next centuries.the domains aragonese crown severely affected black death pandemic later outbreaks plague.catalonia lost percent population.king martin died without surviving descendants.compromise caspe ferdinand castilian house trastámara received crown aragon ferdinand aragon.reign son john ii social political tensions caused catalan civil war –. |
Catalonia | modern era ferdinand ii aragon grandson ferdinand queen isabella castile married later taking title catholic monarchs subsequently event seen historiographers dawn unified spain.time though united marriage crowns castile aragon maintained distinct territories keeping traditional institutions parliaments laws currency.castile commissioned expeditions americas benefited riches acquired spanish colonisation americas time also carried main burden military expenses united spanish kingdoms.isabellas death ferdinand ii personally ruled kingdoms.by virtue descent maternal grandparents ferdinand ii aragon isabella castile charles spain became first king rule crowns castile aragon simultaneously right.following death paternal house habsburg grandfather maximilian holy roman emperor also elected charles v holy roman emperor .over next centuries principality catalonia generally losing side series wars led steadily increased centralization power spain. |
Catalonia | despite fact th th centuries participation political community local general catalan government grew kings remained absent constitutional system continued consolidate.tensions catalan institutions monarchy began arise.large burdensome presence spanish royal army principality due francospanish war led uprising peasants provoking reapers war – saw catalonia rebel briefly republic led chairman generalitat pau claris french help spanish crown overstepping catalonias rights thirty years war.within brief period france took full control catalonia.catalonia reconquered spanish monarchy catalan rights recognised. |
Catalonia | roussillon lost france treaty pyrenees .the significant conflict concerning governing monarchy war spanish succession began childless charles ii spain last spanish habsburg died without heir .charles ii chosen philip v spain french house bourbon.catalonia like territories formed crown aragon rose support austrian habsburg pretender charles vi holy roman emperor claim spanish throne charles iii spain.fight houses bourbon habsburg spanish crown split spain europe.the fall barcelona september bourbon king philip v militarily ended habsburg claim spanish crown became legal fact treaty utrecht.philip felt betrayed catalan courts initially sworn loyalty presided . |
Catalonia | retaliation betrayal inspired french absolutist style government first bourbon king introduced nueva planta decrees incorporated lands crown aragon including principality catalonia provinces crown castile terminating separate institutions laws rights well pactist politics within united kingdom spain.second third th century onwards catalonia carried successful process protoindustrialization reinforced late quarter century castiles trade monopoly american colonies ended.late modern history beginning nineteenth century catalonia severely affected napoleonic wars.occupied french troops resistance occupation eventually developed peninsular war.rejection french dominion institutionalized creation juntas councils remaining loyal bourbons exercised sovereignty representation territory due disappearance old institutions. |
Catalonia | napoleon took direct control catalonia establish order creating government catalonia rule marshall augereau making catalan briefly official language again.catalonia annexed france organized four departments.french troops evacuated catalan territory end .bourbon restoration spain death absolutist king ferdinand vii carlist wars erupted new born liberal state isabella ii.catalonia divided coast industrialized areas support liberalism many inland areas hands carlists last ones proposed reestablish institutional systems suppressed nueva planta decrees ancient realms crown aragon.in second third th century became industrial center. |
Catalonia | process boosted amongst things national protectionist laws although policy spanish government times changed many times free trade protectionism conditions protoindustrialization prior two centuries catalan urban areas countryside.along century textile industry flourished urban areas countryside usually form company towns.day remains one industrialised areas spain.inaugurated barcelona factory bonaplata first country made use steam engine.first railway iberian peninsula built barcelona mataró. |
Catalonia | years barcelona focus important revolutionary uprisings called bullangues causing conflictive relation many sectors catalan society central government catalonia republican current began develop also inevitably many catalans favored federalized spain.meanwhile catalan language saw cultural renaissance renaixença among popular class bourgeoisie.fall first spanish republic restoration bourbon dynasty catalan nationalism began organized politically.the anarchists active throughout early th century founding cnt trade union achieving one first eighthour workday europe .growing resentment conscription military culminated tragic week barcelona .hegemony regionalist league catalonia gained lost degree administrative unity first time modern era. |
Catalonia | four catalan provinces authorized create commonwealth catalan mancomunitat de catalunya without legislative power specific political autonomy carried ambitious program modernization disbanded dictatorship primo de rivera .last steps dictatorship barcelona celebrated international exposition spain began suffer economic crisis.after fall dictator brief proclamation catalan republic events led proclamation second spanish republic received first statute autonomy spanish republics parliament granting considerable degree selfgovernment catalonia establishing autonomous body generalitat catalonia included parliament government court appeal leftwing independentist leader francesc macià appointed first president.governments republican generalitat led republican left catalonia erc members francesc macià lluís companys sought implement advanced progressive social agenda despite internal difficulties.period marked political unrest effects economic crisis social repercussions.statute autonomy suspended due events october barcelona response accession rightwing spanish nationalist party ceda government republic considered close fascism.after electoral victory popular front february government catalonia pardoned selfgovernment restored. |
Catalonia | spanish civil war – francos rule – defeat military rebellion republican government barcelona placed catalonia firmly republican side spanish civil war.war two rival powers catalonia de jure power generalitat de facto power armed popular militias.violent confrontations workers parties cntfai poum psuc culminated defeat first ones .situation resolved progressively favor generalitat time generalitat partially losing autonomous power within republican spain.francos troops broke republican territory two isolating catalonia rest republic. |
Catalonia | defeat republican army battle ebro led occupation catalonia francos forces.the defeat spanish republic spanish civil war brought power dictatorship francisco franco whose first tenyear rule particularly violent autocratic repressive political cultural social economical sense.catalonia kind public activities associated catalan nationalism republicanism anarchism socialism liberalism democracy communism including publication books subjects simply discussion open meetings banned.francos regime banned use catalan governmentrun institutions public events also catalan institutions selfgovernment abolished.prorepublic spain president catalonia lluís companys taken spain exile germanoccupied france tortured executed montjuïc castle barcelona crime military rebellion.during later stages francoist spain certain folkloric religious celebrations catalan resumed tolerated.use catalan mass media forbidden permitted early theatre. |
Catalonia | despite ban first years difficulties next period publishing catalan continued throughout rule.the years war extremely hard.catalonia like many parts spain devastated war.recovery war damage slow made difficult international trade embargo autarkic politics francos regime.late region recovered prewar economic levels second fastest growing economy world became known spanish miracle.period spectacular growth industry tourism catalonia drew large numbers workers region across spain made area around barcelona one europes largest industrial metropolitan areas. |
Catalonia | transition democratic period –present francos death catalonia voted adoption democratic spanish constitution catalonia recovered political cultural autonomy restoring generalitat exiled since end civil war adopting new statute autonomy defined catalonia nationality.first election parliament catalonia statute gave catalan presidency jordi pujol leader convergència unió ciu centerright catalan nationalist electoral coalition.pujol would hold position .throughout institutions catalan autonomy deployed among autonomous police force mossos desquadra broadcasting network televisió de catalunya first channel tv created .extensive program normalization catalan language carried out. |
Catalonia | today catalonia remains one economically dynamic communities spain.catalan capital largest city barcelona major international cultural centre major tourist destination.barcelona hosted summer olympic games.in november elections parliament catalonia gave government leftwing catalanist coalition formed socialists party catalonia pscpsoe republican left catalonia erc initiative catalonia greens icv socialist pasqual maragall appointed president.new government redacted new version statute autonomy aim consolidate expand certain aspects selfgovernment.the new statute autonomy catalonia approved referendum contested important sectors spanish society especially conservative peoples party sent law constitutional court spain.court declared nonvalid articles established autonomous catalan system justice improved aspects financing new territorial division status catalan language symbolical declaration catalonia nation. |
Catalonia | decision severely contested large sectors catalan society increased demands independence.independence movement controversial independence referendum held catalonia october using disputed voting process.declared illegal suspended constitutional court spain breached constitution.subsequent developments saw october symbolic declaration independence parliament catalonia enforcement direct rule spanish government use article constitution dismissal executive council dissolution parliament snap regional election called december ended victory proindependence parties.former president carles puigdemont five former cabinet ministers fled spain took refuge european countries belgium puigdemonts case whereas nine cabinet members including vicepresident oriol junqueras sentenced prison various charges rebellion sedition misuse public funds. |
Catalonia | quim torra became st president government catalonia may spanish courts blocked three candidates.in assemblea nacional catalana joined unrepresented nations peoples organization unpo behalf catalonia.on october spanish supreme court sentenced several catalan political leaders involved organizing referendum catalonias independence spain convicted charges ranging sedition misuse public funds sentences ranging years prison.decision sparked demonstrations around catalonia.geography climate climate catalonia diverse.populated areas lying coast tarragona barcelona girona provinces feature hotsummer mediterranean climate köppen csa.inland part including lleida province inner part barcelona province show mostly mediterranean climate köppen csa. |
Catalonia | pyrenean peaks continental köppen even alpine climate köppen et highest summits valleys maritime oceanic climate subtype köppen cfb.in mediterranean area summers dry hot sea breezes maximum temperature around – °c – °f.winter cool slightly cold depending location.snows frequently pyrenees occasionally snows lower altitudes even coastline.spring autumn typically rainiest seasons except pyrenean valleys summer typically stormy.the inland part catalonia hotter drier summer.temperature may reach °c °f days even °c °f. |
Catalonia | nights cooler coast temperature around – °c – °f.fog uncommon valleys plains especially persistent freezing drizzle episodes subzero temperatures winter mainly along ebro segre valleys plain vic.topography catalonia marked geographical diversity considering relatively small size territory.geography conditioned mediterranean coast kilometres miles coastline large relief units pyrenees north.catalan territory divided three main geomorphological unitsthe pyrenees mountainous formation connects iberian peninsula european continental territory located north cataloniathe catalan coastal mountain ranges catalan mediterranean system alternating delevacions planes parallel mediterranean coastthe catalan central depression structural unit forms eastern sector valley ebro.the catalan pyrenees represent almost half length pyrenees extends kilometres miles. |
Catalonia | traditionally differentiated axial pyrenees main part prepyrenees southern axial mountainous formations parallel main mountain ranges lower altitudes less steep different geological formation.highest mountain catalonia located north comarca pallars sobirà pica destats followed puigpedrós m. serra del cadí comprises highest peaks prepyrenees forms southern boundary cerdanya valley.the central catalan depression plain located pyrenees precoastal mountains.elevation ranges metres feet.plains water descend pyrenees made fertile territory agriculture numerous irrigation canals built.another major plain empordà located northeast.the catalan mediterranean system based two ranges running roughly parallel coast southwest–northeast called coastal precoastal ranges. |
Catalonia | coastal range shorter lower two precoastal greater length elevation.areas within precoastal range include montserrat montseny ports de tortosabeseit.lowlands alternate coastal precoastal ranges.coastal lowland located east coastal range coast precoastal lowlands located inland coastal precoastal ranges includes vallès penedès plains.flora fauna catalonia showcase european landscapes small scale. |
Catalonia | square kilometres square miles hosting variety substrates soils climates directions altitudes distances sea.area great ecological diversity remarkable wealth landscapes habitats species.the fauna catalonia comprises minority animals endemic region majority nonnative animals.much catalonia enjoys mediterranean climate except mountain areas makes many animals live adapted mediterranean ecosystems.mammals plentiful wild boar red foxes well roe deer pyrenees pyrenean chamois.large species bear recently reintroduced.waters balearic sea rich biodiversity even megafaunas ocean various type whales fin sperm pilot dolphins live within area. |
Catalonia | hydrography catalonia belongs mediterranean basin.catalan hydrographic network consists two important basins one ebro one comprises internal basins catalonia respectively covering ..territory flow mediterranean.furthermore garona river basin flows atlantic ocean covers . |
Catalonia | catalan territory.the hydrographic network divided two sectors occidental slope ebro river slope one oriental slope constituted minor rivers flow mediterranean along catalan coast.first slope provides average cubic hectometres .cubic miles per year second provides average hm .cu miyear.difference due big contribution ebro river segre important tributary. |
Catalonia | moreover catalonia relative wealth groundwaters although inequality comarques given complex geological structure territory.pyrenees many small lakes remnants ice age.biggest lake banyoles recently recovered lake ivars.the catalan coast almost rectilinear length kilometres mi landforms—the relevant cap de creus gulf roses north ebro delta south.catalan coastal range hugs coastline split two segments one lestartit town blanes costa brava south costes del garraf.the principal rivers catalonia ter llobregat ebro catalan ebre run mediterranean.anthropic pressure protection nature majority catalan population concentrated territory mainly coastal plains. |
Catalonia | intensive agriculture livestock farming industrial activities accompanied massive tourist influx million annual visitors rate urbanization even major metropolisation led strong urban sprawl two thirds catalans live urban area barcelona proportion urban land increased ..growth .sixteen years complemented dense network transport infrastructure.accompanied certain agricultural abandonment decrease areas cultivated catalonia global threat natural environment. |
Catalonia | human activities also put animal species risk even led disappearance territory like gray wolf probably brown bear pyrenees.pressure created model life means countrys ecological footprint exceeds administrative area.faced problems catalan authorities initiated several measures whose purpose protect natural ecosystems.thus catalan government created nature conservation council catalan consell de protecció de la natura advisory body aim study protect manage natural environments landscapes catalonia.addition generalitat carried plan spaces natural interest pla despais dinterès natural pein eighteen natural spaces special protection espais naturals de protecció especial enpe instituted.theres national park aigüestortes estany de sant maurici fourteen natural parks alt pirineu aiguamolls de lempordà cadímoixeró cap de creus sources ter freser collserola ebro delta ports montgrí medes islands baix ter montseny montserrat sant llorenç del munt lobac serra de montsant garrotxa volcanic zone well three natural places national interest paratge natural dinteres nacional pnin pedraforca poblet forest albères.politics francos death adoption democratic constitution spain catalonia recovered extended powers gained statute autonomy lost fall second spanish republic end spanish civil war .this autonomous community gradually achieved autonomy since approval spanish constitution . |
Catalonia | generalitat holds exclusive jurisdiction education health culture environment communications transportation commerce public safety local government shares jurisdiction spanish government justice.analysts argue formally current system grants catalonia selfgovernment almost corner europe.the support catalan nationalism ranges demand autonomy federalisation spain desire independence rest spain expressed catalan independentists.first survey following constitutional court ruling cut back elements statute autonomy published la vanguardia july found voters would support independence referendum.february year poll open university catalonia gave less results.polls shown lower support independence ranging . |
Catalonia | although established whole territory support independence significantly higher hinterland northeast away populated coastal areas barcelona.since question started regularly surveyed governmental center public opinion studies ceo support catalan independence rise.according ceo opinion poll july .catalans would vote independence .question preferences according ceo opinion poll march .claim absolutely fairly favour independence. |
Catalonia | polls shown lower support independence ranging .polls show variable results according spanish cis december catalans rejected independence supported it.in hundreds nonbinding local referendums independence organised across catalonia september large majority voted independence although critics argued polls mostly held proindependence areas.december voting backed independence spain turnout .final local referendum held barcelona april .september proindependence march pulled crowd according spanish government . |
Catalonia | million according guàrdia urbana de barcelona million according promoters whereas poll results revealed half population catalonia supported secession spain.two major factors spains constitutional courts decision declare part statute autonomy catalonia unconstitutional well fact catalonia contributes .central governments tax revenue receives .central governments spending.parties consider either catalan nationalist independentist present catalan governments since .largest catalan nationalist party convergence union ruled catalonia returned power election.leftist coalition composed catalan socialists party proindependence republican left catalonia leftistenvironmentalist initiative cataloniagreens implemented policies widened catalan autonomy.in november catalan parliamentary election sovereigntist parties supporting secession referendum gathered . |
Catalonia | votes held seats catalan parliament.parties supporting independence rest spain obtained .votes majority seats.artur mas president catalonia organised early elections took place september .elections convergència esquerra republicana decided join presented coalition named junts pel sí catalan together yes.junts pel sí seats voted party cup candidatura dunitat popular farleft independentist party another sum independentist forcesparties seats reaching absolute majority number individual votes comprising total. |
Catalonia | statute autonomy statute autonomy catalonia fundamental organic law second spanish constitution statute originates.in spanish constitution catalonia along basque country galicia defined nationality.constitution gave catalonia automatic right autonomy resulted statute autonomy catalonia .both statute autonomy current one approved state catalonia nationality exercises selfgovernment constituted autonomous community accordance constitution statute autonomy catalonia basic institutional law always law spain.the preamble statute autonomy catalonia states parliament catalonia defined catalonia nation spanish constitution recognizes catalonias national reality nationality.statute approved sanctioned catalan spanish parliaments later referendum catalonia subject legal challenge surrounding autonomous communities aragon balearic islands valencia well conservative peoples party.objections based various issues disputed cultural heritage especially statutes alleged breaches principle solidarity regions fiscal educational matters enshrined constitution.spains constitutional court assessed disputed articles june issued judgment principal allegation unconstitutionality presented peoples party .judgment granted clear passage articles make fundamental text. |
Catalonia | court approved articles peoples party contested declaring articles unconstitutional whole part imposing restrictive interpretation others.court accepted specific provision described catalonia nation however ruled historical cultural term legal weight spain remained nation recognised constitution.government law catalan statute autonomy establishes catalonia autonomous community organised politically generalitat catalonia catalan generalitat de catalunya conformed parliament presidency generalitat government executive council institutions established parliament among ombudsman síndic de greuges office auditors sindicatura de comptes council statutory guarantees consell de garanties estatutàries audiovisual council catalonia consell de laudiovisual de catalunya.the parliament catalonia catalan parlament de catalunya unicameral legislative body generalitat represents people catalonia.members diputats elected universal suffrage serve fouryear period.according statute autonomy powers legislate devolved matters education health culture internal institutional territorial organization nomination president generalitat control government budget affairs. |
Catalonia | last catalan election held february current speaker president laura borràs incumbent since march .the president generalitat catalonia catalan president de la generalitat de catalunya highest representative catalonia also responsible leading governments action presiding executive council.since restoration generalitat return democracy spain presidents catalonia josep tarradellas – president exile since jordi pujol – pasqual maragall – josé montilla – artur mas – carles puigdemont – imposition direct rule madrid quim torra – pere aragonès .the executive council catalan consell executiu government govern body responsible government generalitat holds executive regulatory power accountable catalan parliament.comprises president generalitat first minister conseller primer vice president ministers consellers appointed president.seat palau de la generalitat barcelona.current government coalition two parties republican left catalonia erc together catalonia junts made ministers including vice president alongside president secretary government. |
Catalonia | security forces justice catalonia police force mossos desquadra officially called mossos desquadrapolicia de la generalitat de catalunya whose origins date back th century.since command generalitat since expanded number order replace national civil guard national police corps report directly homeland department spain.national bodies retain personnel within catalonia exercise functions national scope overseeing ports airports coasts international borders custom offices identification documents arms control immigration control terrorism prevention arms trafficking prevention amongst others.most justice system administered national judicial institutions highest body last judicial instance catalan jurisdiction integrating spanish judiciary high court justice catalonia.criminal justice system uniform throughout spain civil law administered separately within catalonia.civil laws subject autonomous legislation codified civil code catalonia codi civil de catalunya since .navarre basque country catalonia spanish communities highest degree autonomy terms law enforcement. |
Catalonia | administrative divisions catalonia organised territorially provinces subdivided comarques municipalities.statute autonomy catalonia establishes administrative organisation three local authorities vegueries comarques municipalities.provinces catalonia divided administratively four provinces governing body provincial deputation catalan diputació provincial spanish diputación provincial.four provinces populations areprovince barcelona populationprovince girona populationprovince lleida populationprovince tarragona population comarques comarques singular comarca entities composed municipalities manage responsibilities services.current regional division roots decree generalitat de catalunya effect suppressed franco. |
Catalonia | catalan government reestablished comarcal division three new comarques added alta ribagorça pla durgell pla de lestany.created additional comarca moianès.present excluding aran.every comarca administered comarcal council consell comarcal.the aran valley val daran previously considered comarca obtained particular status within catalonia due differences culture language occitan native language valley administed body known conselh generau daran general council aran.since definied unique territorial entity powers conselh generau expanded. |
Catalonia | municipalities present municipalities municipis catalonia.municipality run council ajuntament elected every four years residents local elections.council consists number members regidors depending population elect mayor alcalde batlle.seat town hall ajuntament casa de la ciutat casa de la vila.catalan provincial capitals vegueries vegueria new type division defined specific territorial area exercise government interlocal cooperation legal personality.current statute autonomy states vegueries intended supersede provinces catalonia take many functions comarques.the territorial plan catalonia pla territorial general de catalunya provided six general functional areas amended law december recognizing alt pirineu aran new functional area differentiated ponent. |
Catalonia | july catalan parliament approved creation functional area penedès.alt pirineu aran alta ribagorça alt urgell cerdanya pallars jussà pallars sobirà val daran.àmbit metropolità de barcelona baix llobregat barcelonès garraf maresme vallès oriental vallès occidental.camp de tarragona tarragonès alt camp baix camp conca de barberà priorat.comarques gironines alt empordà baix empordà garrotxa gironès pla de lestany la selva ripollès.comarques centrals anoia municipalities bages berguedà osona solsonès.penedès alt penedès baix penedès anoia municipalities garraf.ponent garrigues noguera segarra segrià pla durgell urgell.terres de lebre baix ebre montsià ribera debre terra alta.economy highly industrialized land nominal gdp catalonia € billion second community madrid € billion per capita gdp € behind madrid € basque country € navarre €.year gdp growth .. recent years increasingly following unilateral declaration independence negative net relocation rate companies based catalonia moving autonomous communities spain.independence referendum end example catalonia lost companies parts spain mainly madrid gaining new ones rest country .catalonias longterm credit rating bb noninvestment grade according standard poors ba noninvestment grade according moodys bbb low investment grade according fitch ratings.catalonias rating tied worst autonomous communities spain depending rating agency. |
Catalonia | city barcelona occupies eighth position best world city live work research visit according report worlds best cities prepared resonance consultancy released sunday january barcelonas town hall .the catalan capital despite current moment crisis also one european bases reference startups fifth city world establish one companies behind london berlin paris amsterdam according eustartsup study.barcelona behind london new york paris moscow tokyo dubai singapore ahead los angeles madrid.archived january wayback machinein context financial crisis – catalonia expected suffer recession amounting almost contraction regional gdp .catalonias debt highest spains autonomous communities reaching € million i.e.total debt autonomous communities recent years economy recovered positive evolution gdp grew ..catalonia amongst list country subdivisions gdp billion us dollars member four motors europe organisation.the distribution sectors followsprimary sector . |
Catalonia | amount land devoted agricultural use .secondary sector compared spains tertiary sector compared spains main tourist destinations catalonia city barcelona beaches costa brava girona beaches costa del maresme costa del garraf malgrat de mar vilanova la geltrú costa daurada tarragona.high pyrenees several ski resorts near lleida.november catalonia started charging tourist tax.revenue used promote tourism maintain upgrade tourismrelated infrastructure.many savings banks based catalonia independence referendum spanish savings banks headquarters region time.list included europes premier savings bank la caixa october week referendum moved headquarters palma de mallorca balearic islands caixabank valencia valencian community. |
Catalonia | first private bank catalonia banc sabadell ranked fourth among spanish private banks also moved headquarters alicante valencian community.the stock market barcelona volume around € billion second largest spain madrid fira de barcelona organizes international exhibitions congresses different sectors economy.the main economic cost catalan families purchase home.according data society appraisal december catalonia madrid second expensive region spain housing €m average see spanish property bubble.unemployment unemployment rate stood .lower national average.transport airports airports catalonia owned operated aena spanish government entity except two airports lleida operated aeroports de catalunya entity belonging government catalonia.barcelona el prat airport aenagironacosta brava airport aenareus airport aenalleidaalguaire airport aeroports de catalunyasabadell airport aenala seu durgell airport aeroports de catalunya ports since middle ages catalonia well integrated international maritime networks. |
Catalonia | port barcelona owned operated puertos del estado spanish government entity industrial commercial tourist port worldwide importance.teus first container port catalonia third spain valencia algeciras andalusia th mediterranean sea th europe th world.sixth largest cruise port world first europe mediterranean passengers .ports tarragona owned operated puertos del estado southwest palamós near girona northeast much modest.port palamós ports catalonia operated administered ports de la generalitat catalan government entity.the development infrastructures resulting topography history catalan territory responds strongly administrative political organization autonomous community. |
Catalonia | roads kilometres mi roads throughout catalonia.the principal highways ap autopista de la mediterrània autovia de la mediterrània.follow coast french border valencia murcia andalusia.main roads generally radiate barcelona.ap autopista del nordest autovia del nordest connect inland onward madrid.other major roads arepublicown roads catalonia either managed autonomous government catalonia e.g.c roads spanish government e.g. |
Catalonia | ap n roads.railways catalonia saw first railway construction iberian peninsula linking barcelona mataró.given topography lines radiate barcelona.city suburban intercity services.main east coast line runs province connecting sncf french railways portbou coast.there two publicly owned railway companies operating catalonia catalan fgc operates commuter regional services spanish national renfe operates longdistance highspeed rail services ave avant main commuter regional service rodalies de catalunya administered catalan government since .highspeed rail ave services madrid currently reach lleida tarragona barcelona. |
Catalonia | official opening barcelona madrid took place february .journey barcelona madrid takes twoandahalf hours.connection french highspeed tgv network completed called perpignan–barcelona highspeed rail line spanish ave service began commercial services line january later offering services marseille high speed network.shortly followed commencement commercial service french tgv january leading average travel time parisbarcelona tgv route h m. new line passes girona figueres tunnel pyrenees.demographics official population catalonia . |
Catalonia | residents spanish citizenship accounting population.the urban region barcelona includes people covers area km sq mi.metropolitan area urban region includes cities lhospitalet de llobregat sabadell terrassa badalona santa coloma de gramenet cornellà de llobregat.in population catalonia people .sizeable increase population due demographic boom spain early well consequence largescale internal migration rural economically weak regions prospering industrial cities.catalonia wave internal migration arrived several regions spain especially andalusia murcia extremadura.estimated catalans descended th century migrations parts spain.immigrants countries settled catalonia since large percentage comes africa latin america eastern europe smaller numbers asia southern europe often settling urban centers barcelona industrial areas. |
Catalonia | catalonia foreign residents .total population nonspanish id cards without including acquired spanish citizenship.religion historically catalan population christian specifically catholic since trend decline christianity parallel growth irreligion including stances atheism agnosticism religions.according recent study sponsored government catalonia .catalans identify christians . |
Catalonia | ..catholics .protestants evangelicals .orthodox christians . |
Catalonia | jehovahs witnesses.time .population identify atheists .agnostics .muslims . |
Catalonia | religions.languages according linguistic census held government catalonia spanish spoken language catalonia .claim spanish language followed catalan .claim catalan language.everyday use . |
Catalonia | population claim use languages equally whereas .mainly use spanish .mainly use catalan.significant difference barcelona metropolitan area lesser extent tarragona area spanish spoken catalan rural small town areas catalan clearly prevails spanish.originating historic territory catalonia catalan enjoyed special status since approval statute autonomy declares catalonias language term signifies language given special legal status within spanish territory historically spoken within given region.languages official status catalonia spanish official status throughout spain aranese occitan spoken val daran.since statute autonomy aranese gascon dialect occitan also official subject special protection val daran. |
Catalonia | small area inhabitants place dialect occitan received full official status.august new statute came force occitan became official throughout catalonia.occitan mother tongue .population val daran attracted heavy immigration spanish regions work service industry.catalan sign language also officially recognised.although considered official language way catalan spanish occitan catalan sign language users catalonia granted official recognition support public authorities shall guarantee use catalan sign language conditions equality deaf people choose use language shall subject education protection respect.as case since ascent bourbon dynasty throne spain war spanish succession exception short period second spanish republic francoist spain catalan banned schools official use example families allowed officially register children catalan names. |
Catalonia | although never completely banned catalan language publishing severely restricted early religious texts smallrun selfpublished texts released.books published clandestinely circumvented restrictions showing publishing dates prior .policy changed restricted publishing catalan resumed.rural–urban migration originating parts spain also reduced social use catalan urban areas increased use spanish.lately similar sociolinguistic phenomenon occurred foreign immigration.catalan cultural activity increased teaching catalan began thanks initiative associations òmnium cultural.after end francoist spain newly established selfgoverning democratic institutions catalonia embarked longterm language policy recover use catalan since enforced laws attempt protect extend use catalan. |
Catalonia | policy known linguistic normalisation normalització lingüística catalan normalización lingüística spanish supported vast majority catalan political parties last thirty years.groups consider efforts way discourage use spanish whereas others including catalan government european union consider policies respectful even example disseminated throughout union.today catalan main language catalan autonomous government public institutions fall jurisdiction.basic public education given basically catalan also hours per week spanish medium instruction.although businesses required law display information e.g.menus posters least catalan systematically enforced. |
Catalonia | obligation display information either occitan spanish although restriction languages.use fines introduced linguistic law aims increase public use catalan defend rights catalan speakers.hand spanish constitution recognize equal language rights national minorities since enshrined spanish official language state knowledge compulsory.numerous laws regarding instance labelling pharmaceutical products make effect spanish language compulsory use.the law ensures catalan spanish – official languages – used citizens without prejudice public private activities.generalitat uses catalan communications notifications addressed general population citizens also receive information generalitat spanish desire. |
Catalonia | debates catalan parliament take place almost exclusively catalan catalan public television broadcasts programs basically catalan.due intense immigration spain general catalonia particular experienced first decade st century many foreign languages spoken various cultural communities catalonia rifberber moroccan arabic romanian urdu common ones.in catalonia high social political consensus language policies favoring catalan also among spanish speakers speakers languages.however policies criticised trying promote catalan imposing fines businesses.example following passage law catalan cinema march established half movies shown catalan cinemas catalan general strike cinemas took place.catalan government gave dropped clause forced movies dubbed subtitled catalan law came effect.hand organisations plataforma per la llengua reported different violations linguistic rights catalan speakers catalonia catalanspeaking territories spain caused institutions spanish government territories.the catalan language policy challenged political parties catalan parliament. |
Catalonia | citizens currently main opposition party one consistent critics catalan language policy within catalonia.catalan branch peoples party ambiguous position issue one hand demands bilingual catalan–spanish education balanced language policy would defend catalan without favoring spanish whereas hand local pp politicians supported municipalities measures privileging catalan spanish defended aspects official language policies sometimes positions colleagues parts spain.culture art architecture catalonia given world many important figures area art.catalan painters internationally known among others salvador dalí joan miró antoni tàpies.closely linked catalan pictorial atmosphere pablo picasso lived barcelona youth training artist creating movement cubism. |
Catalonia | important artists claudi lorenzale medieval romanticism marked artistic renaixença marià fortuny romanticism catalan orientalism nineteenth century ramon casas santiago rusiñol main representatives pictorial current catalan modernism end nineteenth century beginning twentieth century josep maria sert early thcentury noucentisme josep maria subirachs expressionist abstract sculpture painting late twentieth century.the important painting museums catalonia teatremuseu dalí figueres national art museum catalonia mnac picasso museum fundació antoni tàpies joan miró foundation barcelona museum contemporary art macba centre contemporary culture barcelona cccb caixaforum.in field architecture developed adapted catalonia different artistic styles prevalent europe leaving footprints many churches monasteries cathedrals romanesque best examples located northern half territory gothic styles.gothic developed barcelona area influence known catalan gothic particular characteristics.church santa maria del mar example kind style.middle ages many fortified castles built feudal nobles mark powers.there examples renaissance palau de la generalitat baroque neoclassical architectures.late nineteenth century modernism art nouveau appeared national art. |
Catalonia | worldrenowned catalan architects style antoni gaudí lluís domènech montaner josep puig cadafalch.thanks urban expansion barcelona last decades century first ones next many buildings eixample modernists.field architectural rationalism turned especially relevant catalonia republican era highlighting josep lluís sert josep torres clavé members gatcpac contemporany architecture ricardo bofill enric miralles.monuments world heritage sites several unesco world heritage sites cataloniaarchaeological ensemble tarraco tarragonacatalan romanesque churches vall de boí lleida provincepoblet monastery poblet tarragona provinceworks lluís domènech montanerpalau de la música catalana barcelonahospital de sant pau barcelonaworks antoni gaudísagrada família barcelonaparc güell barcelonapalau güell barcelonacasa milà la pedrera barcelonacasa vicens barcelonacasa batlló barcelonathe church colònia güell santa coloma de cervelló barcelona province literature oldest surviving literary use catalan language considered religious text known homilies dorganyà written either late th early th century.there two historical moments splendor catalan literature.first begins historiographic chronicles th century chronicles written thirteenth fourteenth centuries narrating deeds monarchs leading figures crown aragon subsequent golden age th th centuries. |
Catalonia | period th th centuries romantic historiography defined era decadència considered decadent period catalan literature general falling disuse vernacular language cultural contexts lack patronage among nobility.the second moment splendor began th century cultural political renaixença renaissance represented writers poets jacint verdaguer víctor català pseudonym caterina albert paradís narcís oller joan maragall àngel guimerà.th century avantgarde movements developed initiated generation called noucentisme catalonia represented eugeni dors joan salvatpapasseit josep carner carles riba j.v.foix others.dictatorship primo de rivera civil war generation francoist period catalan literature maintained despite repression catalan language often produced exile.outstanding authors period salvador espriu josep pla josep maria de sagarra latter three considered main responsible renewal catalan prose mercè rodoreda joan oliver sallarès pere quart pere calders gabriel ferrater manuel de pedrolo agustí bartra miquel martí pol. |
Catalonia | addition several foreign writers fought framework international brigades recount experiences fighting works historical fictional example homage catalonia british george orwell le palace georgics frenchman claude simon.after transition democracy – restoration generalitat literary life editorial market returned normality literary production catalan bolstered number language policies intended protect catalan culture.besides aforementioned authors relevant thcentury writers francoist democracy periods include joan brossa agustí bartra manuel de pedrolo pere calders quim monzó.ana maría matute jaime gil de biedma manuel vázquez montalbán juan goytisolo among prominent catalan writers spanish language since democratic restoration spain.festivals public holidays castells one main manifestations catalan popular culture.activity consists constructing human towers competing colles castelleres teams.practice originated valls region camp de tarragona th century later extended along next two centuries rest territory. |
Catalonia | tradition els castells els castellers declared masterpiece oral intangible heritage humanity unesco .in main celebrations elements catalan popular culture also usually present parades gegants giants bigheads stickdancers musicians correfoc devils monsters dance spray showers sparks using firecrackers.another traditional celebration catalonia la patum de berga declared masterpiece oral intangible heritage humanity unesco november .christmas catalonia lasts two days plus christmas eve.th christmas celebrated followed similar feast called sant esteve saint steves day.allows families visit dine different sectors extended family get together friends second day.one deeplyrooted curious christmas traditions popular figure tió de nadal consisting often hollow log face painted often two little front legs appended usually wearing catalan hat scarf.note word nothing spanish word tío meaning uncle. |
Catalonia | tió means log catalan.log sometimes found woods event staged children adopted taken home fed cared month so.christmas day christmas eve game played children march around house singing song requesting log poop tap log gently stick magic wand make poop lo behold magic poops candy sometimes small gifts.usually larger main gifts brought three kings january tió brings small things.another custom make pessebre nativity scene home shop windows latter sometimes competing originality shear size detail.churches often host exhibits numerous dioramas nativity scene makers single nativity scene put town halls generally put nativity scene central square. |
Catalonia | barcelona every year main nativity scene designed different artists often ends interesting postmodern conceptual strange creation.home nativity scene often consists strips cork bark represent cliffs mountains background moss grass foreground wood chips dirt aluminum foil rivers lakes.traditional figurines often included three wise men camels horses moved every day go closer manger star long tail background lead people spot annunciation shepherds meal angel appearing hanging something washer lady washing clothes pond sheep ducks people carrying packages backs donkey driver load twigs atrezzo starry sky miniature towns placed distance either orientalstyled locallooking bridge river trees etc.one astonishing suigeneris figurines traditionally placed nativity scene great glee children caganer person depicted act defecating.figurine hidden corner nativity scene game detect it.course churches forgo figurine main nativity scene barcelona instance likewise feature it. |
Catalonia | caganer popular together tió long major part christmas markets come guise favorite politicians famous people well traditional figures catalan farmer.people often buy figurine caganer guise famous person actually fond contrary one would imagine though sometimes people buy caganer guise someone dislike although means look home...another extended christmas tradition celebration epiphany january called reis meaning three kings day.every important catalonia catalanspeaking areas families go watch major parades eve epiphany greet kings watch pass pomp circumstance floats preceded followed pages musicians dancers etc.often give kings letters gift requests collected pages.next day children find gifts three kings brought them.in addition traditional local catalan culture traditions parts spain found result migration regions instance celebration andalusian feria de abril catalonia.on july second canary islands catalonia became another spanish territory forbid bullfighting. |
Catalonia | ban went effect january originated popular petition supported signatures.music dance sardana considered characteristic catalan folk dance interpreted rhythm tamborí tible tenora oboe family trumpet trombó trombone fiscorn family bugles contrabaix three strings played cobla danced circle dance.tunes dances traditional music contrapàs obsolete today ball de bastons dance sticks moixiganga goigs popular songs galops jota southern part.havaneres characteristic marine localities costa brava especially summer months songs sung outdoors accompanied cremat burned rum.art music first developed nineteenth century much europe liturgical setting particularly marked escolania de montserrat.main western musical trends marked productions medieval monodies polyphonies work abbot oliba eleventh century compilation llibre vermell de montserrat red book montserrat fourteenth century. |
Catalonia | renaissance authors pere albert vila joan brudieu two mateu fletxa old young.baroque composers like joan cererols.romantic music represented composers fernando sor josep anselm clavé father choir movement catalonia responsible music folk reviving felip pedrell.modernisme also expressed musical terms end th century onwards mixing folkloric postromantic influences works isaac albéniz enric granados.avantgarde spirit initiated modernists prolonged throughout twentieth century thanks activities orfeó català choral society founded monumental concert hall palau de la música catalana catalan built lluís domènech montaner barcelona symphony orchestra created composers conductors musicians engaged francoism like robert gerhard eduard toldrà pau casals.performances opera mostly imported italy began th century native operas written well including ones domènec terradellas carles baguer ramon carles isaac albéniz enric granados.barcelona main opera house gran teatre del liceu opened remains one important spain hosting one prestigious music schools barcelona conservatori superior de música del liceu. |
Catalonia | several lyrical artists trained institution gained international renown th century victoria de los ángeles montserrat caballé giacomo aragall josep carreras.cellist pau casals admired outstanding player.popular musical styles born second half th century nova cançó lluís llach group els setze jutges catalan rumba peret catalan rock late la banda trapera del río decibelios punk rock sau els pets sopa de cabra laxnbusto pop rock sangtraït hard rock electropop since obk indie pop s. media cinema catalonia autonomous community along madrid media tv magazines newspapers etc.. catalonia wide variety local comarcal media.restoration democracy many newspapers magazines hands franco government recovered order convert free democratic media local radios televisions implemented.televisió de catalunya broadcasts entirely catalan language main catalan public tv.five channels tv el super esport tvcat.tv became first television channel viewed one nine consecutive years catalonia. |
Catalonia | state televisions broadcast catalonia spanish language include televisión española emissions catalan antena cuatro telecinco la sexta.smaller catalan television channels include tv owned grup godó barça tv local televisions greatest exponent betevé tv channel barcelona also broadcasts catalan.the two main catalan newspapers general information el periódico de catalunya la vanguardia editions catalan spanish.catalan published newspapers include ara el punt avui fusion el punt avui well part local press.spanish newspapers el país el mundo la razón also acquired.catalonia long tradition use radio first regular radio broadcast country ràdio barcelona .today public catalunya ràdio owned catalan media corporation private rac belonging grup godó two main radios catalonia catalan.regarding cinema democratic transition three styles dominated since then. |
Catalonia | first auteur cinema continuity barcelona school emphasizes experimentation form focusing developing social political themes.worn first josep maria forn bigas luna marc recha jaime rosales albert serra genre achieved international recognition.documentary became another genre particularly representative contemporary catalan cinema boosted joaquim jordà català josé luis guerín.later horror films thrillers also emerged specialty catalan film industry thanks particular vitality sitges film festival created .several directors gained worldwide renown thanks genre starting jaume balagueró series rec codirected valencian paco plaza juan antonio bayona el orfanato jaume colletserra orphan unknown nonstop.catalan actors shot spanish international productions sergi lópez.the museum cinema tomàs mallol collection museu del cinema col.lecció tomàs mallol catalan girona home important permanent exhibitions cinema precinema objects. |
Catalonia | important institutions promotion cinema gaudí awards premis gaudí catalan replaced barcelona film awards created serving equivalent catalonia spanish goya french césar.philosophy seny form ancestral catalan wisdom sensibleness.involves wellpondered perception situations levelheadedness awareness integrity right action.many catalans consider seny something unique culture based set ancestral local customs stemming scale values social norms society.sport sport distinct importance catalan life culture since beginning th century consequently well developed sport infrastructure. |
Catalonia | main sports football basketball handball rink hockey tennis motorsport.despite fact popular sports represented outside spanish national teams catalonia officially play others like korfball futsal rugby league.catalan sports federations long tradition participated foundation international sports federations catalan federation rugby one founder members fédération internationale de rugby amateur fira .majority catalan sport federations part sports federation union catalonia catalan unió de federacions esportives de catalunya founded .the catalan football federation also periodically fields national team international opposition organizing friendly matches.recent years played bulgaria argentina brazil basque country colombia nigeria cape verde tunisia.biggest football clubs fc barcelona also known barça five european cups uefa champions league rcd espanyol twice runnerup uefa cup. |
Catalonia | play la liga.the catalan waterpolo one main powers iberian peninsula.catalans triumphs waterpolo competitions european world level club barcelona champion europe catalonia national team one gold one silver olympic games world championships.also many international synchronized swimming champions.motorsport long tradition catalonia involving many people world champions several competitions organized since beginning th century.circuit de catalunya built one main motorsport venues holding catalan motorcycle grand prix spanish f grand prix dtm race several races.catalonia hosted many relevant international sport events summer olympics barcelona also mediterranean games world aquatics championships mediterranean games.held annually fourtholdest stillexisting cycling stage race world volta catalunya tour catalonia. |
Catalonia | symbols catalonia representative distinctive national symbols asthe flag catalonia called senyera vexillological symbol based heraldic emblem counts barcelona coat arms crown aragon consists four red stripes golden background.official symbol since statute catalonia .the national day catalonia september commonly called la diada.commemorates siege barcelona defeat war spanish succession.the national anthem catalonia els segadors written present form emili guanyavents .song official law february .based events catalan revolt.st georges day diada de sant jordi widely celebrated towns catalonia april includes exchange books roses couples family members. |
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