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Politics of the Philippines | development philippine politics .oriental commercial.mendoza ronald beja jr edsel venida victor yap david july .political dynasties poverty resolving chicken egg question.munich personal repec archive.munich university library.muñoz mauro r. . |
Tsubasa Oozora | philippine governance constitution.goodwill trading co. inc. isbn .weissenbach kristina .political parties party types conceptual approaches institutionalization political parties transitional states case philippines.konradadenauerstiftung e.v.tsubasa prodigious association football player dreams winning fifa world cup japan one day.series follows tsubasas growth primary school life japan teams countries well japans national team.tsubasas usual position midfielder sometimes plays forward normally wearing jersey .also appeared series anime adaptations video games based manga series.takahashi conceptualized tsubasa strong player would appear multiple mangas grew up.make characters career stand takahashi decided tsubasa would never lose match though lost stating readers like strong characters. |
Tsubasa Oozora | major influences making character takahashi linked tsubasa reallife players including kazuyoshi miura .multiple voice actors played character animated adaptations series.tsubasa become iconic character japan worldwide impact reallife events.three statues placed katsushika japan readers manga anime series given support popularity polls.image used real players imitated characters playing techniques.critical reception acknowledged popular appealing character became personality playing talent inspirational dreams. |
Tsubasa Oozora | creation development manga author yōichi takahashi created tsubasa oozora part growth story intended show readers viewers characters developed plot.gave tsubasa multiple rivals differing traits make matches challenging.jun misugi first superior player tsubasa takahashi made misugi suffer heart problems bring conflict match two players.fans pointed tsubasas teams always tend win tie never lose takahashi stated make story longer make protagonists team participate matches readers want strong characters resulted tsubasa prodigy.tsubasas first team nankatsu based team takahashi took part child aimed become firstcategory team despite lowskilled time. |
Tsubasa Oozora | retrospect takahashi said tsubasa less realistic character protagonists created notably character kyosuke kano hungry heart wild striker series written realistic face family issues relearn rules sport.began writing original series takahashi told readers tsubasa football player players could relate cared sport.takahashi said rumors claiming tsubasa based musashi mizushima due similarities lives untrue however mizushimas move são paulo tenyearold boy partly used manga.takahashi said influenced kazuyoshi miura first japanese player play outside japan.world youth new character named shingo aoi trained italy joins japans team idol tsubasa.relationship characters likened hidetoshi nakata miura though tsubasa shingo friendlier. |
Tsubasa Oozora | takahashi plans finish tsubasas first year barcelona also wanted tell story japanese olympic football team tsubasa absent character misaki taro taking lead.takahashi stated plans end story tsubasas dream winning fifa world cup.because takahashi likes european football decided tsubasa would leave são paulo join spains barcelona age .takahashi traveled barcelona enjoyed camp nou ground inspired make barcelona team tsubasas future team said tsubasa would joined real madrid visited pitch.tsubasas inexperience reallife player rivaldo becomes mentor manga road .takahashi compared tsubasa lionel messi—another barcelona player. |
Tsubasa Oozora | takahashi highly enjoyed drawing tsubasas life barcelona team.since manga started takahashi inspired barcelona team.takahashi also linked tsubasa andrés iniesta inspired fictional match real madrid barcelona manga road .rivalry tsubasa another character kojiro hyuga also linked rivalry messi real madrid player cristiano ronaldo due powerful clashes.japan womens national football team first fifa womens world cup title germany takahashi drew comparisons tsubasa homare sawa womens teams captain.several voice actors portrayed tsubasa akari hibino characters first voice actor played first anime series original video animation sequel shin captain tsubasa. |
Tsubasa Oozora | adult anime captain tsubasa j voiced nozomu sasaki.anime road voiced kikuko inoue teenager tomokazu seki adult.anime yūko sanpei took role tsubasas japanese voice commented thought cheerful naturally talented soccer player first know actually practices diligently.appearances main manga captain tsubasa tsubasa first appeared protagonist manga captain tsubasa takahashi started writing .beginning series tsubasa lonely soccerobsessed unembittered elementary school pupil recently moved city nankatsu mother. |
Tsubasa Oozora | tsubasa life saved football roadtraffic accident barely able walk tsubasa held football front cushioned impact.immediately upon arrival tsubasa challenges shutetsus genius goalkeeper genzo wakabayashi duel.duel observed roberto hongo former member brazil national football team friend tsubasas father becomes mentor.joining nankatsu schools soccer team tsubasa meets taro misaki forms pairing later called golden duo ゴールデンコンビ gōruden konbi chief supporter sanae nakazawa soon develops crush him.when tsubasa chosen member citys team national championship friends face opposition kojirou hyuga becomes one biggest rivals.tsubasas team wins tournament roberto breaks promise going brazil train tsubasa believing still young. |
Tsubasa Oozora | nevertheless leaves tsubasa notebook instructions guide him.tsubasa becomes midfielder nakatsu creates shot known drive shoot ドライブシュート doraibu shūto change balls reach.following years training tsubasa perfects drive shoot severely wounded left arm causing tsubasa end final game hyugas toho team tie.following recovery many friends rivals selected coach part team wins u world championships japan.leaves japan follow dream becoming professional soccer player brazil periodically returns play national team. |
Tsubasa Oozora | leaving tsubasa tells sanae fell love her.world youth manga world youth tsubasa become são paulos captain encounters new rival named carlos santana plays cr flamengo.following match tsubasa returns japan help young japanese team pass world youths asian preliminaries.japan enters tournament country hosts war.tsubasa leads japanese team tournament encounters old enemies including carlos santana finals natureza—a teenager trained roberto. |
Tsubasa Oozora | japans victory tsubasa proposes sanae get married.aftermath barcelona fc invites join them.road manga series road tsubasa says farewell roberto final match são paulo.tsubasa sanae move spain tsubasa intends join barcelona team.meets rivaul highly skilled player surpassed tsubasa. |
Tsubasa Oozora | tsubasa able fit team instead sent lowclass division team fc barcelona b. scores goals assists sent back main barcelona team.rivaul wounded match tsubasa replaces game barcelona real madrid tsubasa faces natureza unable lead team victory wounded rivaul rejoins team.golden—onwards following series golden tsubasa debuts adult japan team match germany.continues playing barcelona japanese coach decides seek help international players olympic games elimination stages.tsubasa faces carlos santana playing valencia team misaki leading japan eliminatories. |
Tsubasa Oozora | tsubasa learns sanae pregnant.tsubasa hyuga aoi shingo return match hiroshima.oneshot la liga depicts another match barcelona team spanish teams.beginning rising sun tsubasa become teams valuable player made multiple hat tricks helped barcelona become champion la liga.following tsubasa joins japans team participate olympic games. |
Tsubasa Oozora | matches collapses forced leave team recovers.tecmos game series continuity tsubasa appeared multiple video games based manga.first game titled captain tsubasa altered tsubasas design called robin field.however video games starting super striker follow alternate life tsubasa.super striker tsubasa already playing são paulo youth. |
Tsubasa Oozora | aims defeat carlos santana win rio cup also joining fellow japanese players cup.kotei chosen tsubasa aims second consecutive win brazilian rio cup.japan challenges world youth.captain tsubasa iv pro rivaltachi tsubasa still remains são paulo become member brazilian league selection.final tecmo game hasha shogo tsubasa goes italy play u.s. lecce transfer brazil later joining japanese team. |
Tsubasa Oozora | media film captain tsubasa great european showdown tsubasa selected one japanese members international jr. youth tournament japan faces multiple western rivals.film followed sequel captain tsubasa danger japan jr. japan faces europe jr. team despite lacking hyuga wakabayashi.third film captain tsubasa run towards tomorrow follows tsubasa leads team japan jr. youth another team remembering met them.fourth recent film captain tsubasa world great battle jr. world cup involves new tournament multiple youth teams tsubasas japan jr. faces south america jr. team trained roberto hongo.his first manga oneshot appearance captain tsubasa world youth tokubetsu hen saikyo teki holanda youth tsubasa returns brazil japan play match hollands youth team.oneshot adapted original video animation ova tsubasa assist japan games second half due late arrival. |
Tsubasa Oozora | oneshot captain tsubasa millennium dream appears playable video game character competing brazils team gold medal.twopart story captain tsubasa golden dream barcelona faces japans júbilo iwata resulting first time tsubasa faces misaki.fivepart story captain tsubasa th anniversary japans team plays team composed famous international players.oneshot captain tsubasa golden japan dream tsubasa part japanese team plays team germany.in takahashi wrote oneshot captain tsubasa endless dream set franchises first story arc tsubasa depressed roberto left him.friends rivals cheer telling still comrades thanks football. |
Tsubasa Oozora | oneshot captain tsubasa tokubetsu hen live together test match japan argentina takes place.trilogy light novels written hitomi wada based captain tsubasa retell events tsubasas childhood depicted series first story arc.another oneshot captain tsubasa boyhood arc focuses tsubasas teenage years.outside franchise tsubasa mentioned hungry heart wild striker another manga takahashi.reception popularity tsubasa popular japanese readers series. |
Tsubasa Oozora | topped series popularity poll votes.rank fell fifth position votes.newtype poll tsubasa voted stmostpopular male anime character s. world cup.tsubasa depicted new bottle design kirin nuda official drink japans soccer team.tsubasa misaki appeared video promoting tokyo olympics presented closing ceremony summer olympics.several statues tsubasa appeared katsushika tokyo first one placed park march . |
Tsubasa Oozora | march two statues hyuga misaki added takahashi said captain tsubasa must happy teammates around.panel showing tsubasa misaki simultaneously kicking football— known twin shot—was depicted bronze statue created sited katsushika.another statue twin shot sponsored adidas sited displayed hysan place commemorate years world cup brazil.match japan fifa world cup japanese fans held tifo featuring illustration manga multiple message supported team.barcelona fc expressed delight tsubasas joining fictional counterpart impact character had.translator mangas arabic edition kassoumah mhd obada said wanted readers inspired tsubasas hard work live healthy life despite countrys problems. |
Tsubasa Oozora | critical response tsubasa one popular manga anime characters japans history.according book american soccer history culture class tsubasa inspiration throughout world due portrayal story.book sport literature society cultural historical studies calls one japans greatest soccer heroes characterization skills series published north america people united states familiar led tsubasa called triedandtrue fullfledged fictional cartoon.according huffington post captain tsubasa spawned multiple manga series tsubasa wakabayashi regarded icons multiple generations.in imperial sportive sporting lives service modern japan sandra collins stated series successful lead characters intense discipline within social groups rivalries.hobby consolas enjoyed tsubasas struggle strongest players thailand playstation game. |
Tsubasa Oozora | anime reviews wrote tsubasa obtained international reputation despite better known western countries oliver atom.tsubasas debut anime praised zona freak way engaged wakabayashi challenge involving kicking ball truck.mouse agreed scene tsubasa bonds football almost dies road accident faithful first anime.noting similarities lives tsubasa kazuyoshi miura book blizzard football quarterly issue twenty seven noted major contrast tsubasa usually cheerful proves skilled player despite move brazil miuras life far challenging early years life brazil.review new captain tsubasa ovas anime reviews noted voice actor akari hibino using highpitched voice tsubasa voice sounded strange comparing goku main character anime dragon ball characters played women regardless growth.according david martinez hobby consolas tsubasas barcelona debut tsubasa friends return japan play country situation within european clubs entertaining. |
Tsubasa Oozora | writer nippon said tsubasa become one likable fictional characters dream career influenced others.espinof wrote one series notable features tsubasas skills allow score goals training teammates also appealed readers.passion football relationship wakabayashi also praised.audience also found characters search become champion appealing.several tsubasas soccer techniques imitated reallife players julian draxler abel hernández.james rodríguez said related character watching television series enjoyed tsubasas playing techniques relationship father. |
Tsubasa Oozora | instagram account andrépierre gignac also expressed liking tsubasa comparing himself.japans hidetoshi nakata italys alessandro del piero chiles alexis sánchez also influenced tsubasa.spanish player fernando torres stated aspired become professional footballer enjoyed seeing tsubasa television wished like him.tsubasa misakis ridiculous yet appealing twin shot move inspired children try emulate according eifsoccer.references |
Apprenticeship | apprenticeships also enable practitioners gain license practice regulated occupation.training done working employer helps apprentices learn trade profession exchange continued labor agreed period achieved measurable competencies.apprenticeship lengths vary significantly across sectors professions roles cultures.cases people successfully complete apprenticeship reach journeyman professional certification level competence.cases offered permanent job company provided placement. |
Apprenticeship | although formal boundaries terminology apprenticejourneymanmaster system often extend outside guilds trade unions concept onthejob training leading competence period years found field skilled labor.alternative terminology global consensus single term apprenticeship.depending culture country sector similar definitions used describe terms apprenticeship internship traineeship.latter two terms may preferred health sector.one example internships medicine physicians traineeships nurses – western countries. |
Apprenticeship | apprenticeship preferred term european commission one selected use european center development vocational training cedefop developed many studies subject.noneuropean countries adapt european apprenticeship practices.history system apprenticeship first developed later middle ages came supervised craft guilds town governments.master craftsman entitled employ young people inexpensive form labour exchange providing food lodging formal training craft.apprentices males female apprentices found crafts seamstress tailor cordwainer baker stationer. |
Apprenticeship | apprentices usually began ten fifteen years age would live master craftsmans household.contract craftsman apprentice generally apprentices parents would often governed indenture.apprentices aspired becoming master craftsmen completion contract usually term seven years would spend time journeyman significant proportion would never acquire workshop.coventry completing sevenyear apprenticeships stuff merchants entitled become freemen city.apprenticeship adopted military west african kingdom dahomey.soldiers army recruited young seven eight years old initially served shield carriers regular soldiers. |
Apprenticeship | years apprenticeship military experience recruits allowed join army regular soldiers.combination lifelong military experience monetary incentives cohesive welldisciplined military emerged kingdom dahomey.types apprenticeships apprenticeships divided two main categories independent cooperative.independent apprenticeships organized managed employers without involvement educational institutions.happen dissociated educational curricula means usually apprentices involved educational programme time even relation undergoing studies apprenticeship.cooperative apprenticeships organized managed cooperation educational institutions employers.vary terms governance employer lead others educational institution lead always associated curriculum designed mean students put theory practice master knowledge way empowers professional autonomy. |
Apprenticeship | main characteristics could summarized following apprenticeship systems worldwide australia australian apprenticeships encompass apprenticeships traineeships.cover industry sectors australia used achieve entrylevel career upskilling objectives.australian apprentices intraining march increase .previous year.australian government employer employee incentives may applicable state territory governments may provide public funding support training element initiative. |
Apprenticeship | australian apprenticeships combine time work formal training fulltime parttime schoolbased.australian apprentice traineeship services dedicated promoting retention therefore much effort made match applicants right apprenticeship traineeship.done aid aptitude tests tips information retain apprentice apprenticeship.information resources potential apprenticeship traineeship occupations available sixty industries.the distinction terms apprentices trainees lies mainly around traditional trades time takes gain qualification.australian government uses australian apprenticeships centres administer facilitate australian apprenticeships funding disseminated eligible businesses apprentices trainees support whole process underpins future skills australian industry.australia also fairly unusual safety net place businesses australian apprentices group training scheme.businesses able employ australian apprentice full period qualify able lease hire australian apprentice group training organisation. |
Apprenticeship | safety net group training organisation employer provides continuity employment training australian apprentice.in addition safety net group training organisations gto benefits additional support host employer traineeapprentice industry consultant visits regularly make sure traineeapprentice fulfilling work training obligations host employer.additional benefit traineeapprentice employed gto reducing payrollsuperannuation legislative requirements host employer pays invoiced per agreement.austria apprenticeship training austria organized school system longterm training parts.possible get matura needed enter university.wifi companybased training apprentices complemented compulsory attendance parttime vocational school apprentices berufsschule. |
Apprenticeship | lasts two four years – duration varies among legally recognized apprenticeship trades.about percent austrian teenagers enter apprenticeship training upon completion compulsory education age .number stable since s.the five popular trades retail salesperson people complete apprenticeship per year clerk year car mechanic year hairdresser year cook year.many smaller trades small numbers apprentices like edvsystemtechniker sysadmin completed fewer people year.the apprenticeship leave certificate provides apprentice access two different vocational careers.one hand prerequisite admission master craftsman exam qualification tests hand gives access higher education via tveexam higher education entrance exam prerequisites taking studies colleges universities fachhochschulen postsecondary courses postsecondary colleges.the person responsible overseeing training inside company called lehrherr ausbilder.ausbilder must prove professional qualifications needed educate another person criminal record otherwiserespectable person. |
Apprenticeship | law states person wanting educate young apprentice must prove ethical way living civic qualities good citizen.czech republic czech republic term vocational school učiliště refer two three four years secondary practical education.apprenticeship training implemented education act školský zákon.apprentices spend – time companies sociální partneři školy rest formal education.depending profession may work two three days week company spend two three days vocational school. |
Apprenticeship | switzerland switzerland end compulsory schooling two thirds young people follow vocational training.ninety percent dual education system.switzerland apprenticeship similarly germany austria.educational system ternar basically dual education system mandatory practical courses.length apprenticeship years.length apprenticeships length years persons weaker school results. |
Apprenticeship | certificate awarded successfully completing year apprenticeship called attestation de formation professionnelle afp french eidgenössisches berufsattest eba german certificato federale di formazione pratica cfp italian.could translated attestation professional formation.apprenticeship length years common ones.certificate awarded successfully completing year apprenticeship called certificat fédérale de capacité cfc french eidgenössisches fähigkeitszeugnis efz german attestato federale di capacità afc italian.could translated federal certificate proficiency.some crafts electrician educated lengths years.case electrician years apprenticeship gets theoretical background one years apprenticeship. |
Apprenticeship | also easily lost translation profession different name.each nationwide defined vocational profiles defined framework – conditions length education theoretical practical learning goals certification conditions.age apprentices typically apprenticeship started age finishing general education.apprenticeships recommend required age obviously leads higher average age.formally maximum age however persons hard find company due companies preferring younger ages due lower cost labour.canada canada apprenticeships tend formalized craft trades technician level qualifications. |
Apprenticeship | completion provincial exam may write provincial standard exam.british columbia one province uses exams provincial exam.means qualification province satisfy whole country.interprovincial exam questions agreed upon provinces time.time four provinces nova scotia new brunswick upper canada ontario lower canada quebec.in canada province apprenticeship program may route jobs within compulsory trades.organisations canadian council directors apprenticeship ontario college trades help oversee programmes. |
Apprenticeship | france france apprenticeships also developed ninth thirteenth centuries guilds structured around apprentices journeymen master craftsmen continuing way guilds suppressed.the first laws regarding apprenticeships passed .young people take hours theory general lessons subject year.minimum training time rose hours year .the first training centres apprentices centres de formation dapprentis cfas appeared apprenticeships legally made part professional training.age limit beginning apprenticeship raised .range qualifications achieveable apprenticeship widened include brevet professionnel certificate vocational aptitude bac professionnel vocational baccalaureate diploma brevet de technicien supérieur advanced technicians certificate engineering diplomas masters degree more.on january president jacques chirac announced introduction law programme social cohesion comprising three pillars employment housing equal opportunities. |
Apprenticeship | french government pledged develop apprenticeship path success school employment based success young french people completed apprenticeship entered employment.france term apprenticeship often denotes manual labor also includes jobs like secretary manager engineer shop assistant... plan aimed raise number apprentices .achieve aim government example granting tax relief companies take apprentices.since tax levied pay apprenticeships.minister charge campaign jeanlouis borloo also hoped improve image apprenticeships information campaign often connected academic failure school ability grasp practical skills theory. |
Apprenticeship | civil unrest end government led prime minister dominique de villepin announced new law.dubbed law equality chances created first employment contract well manual apprenticeship early years age.age students allowed quit compulsory school system order quickly learn vocation.measure long policy conservative french political parties met tough opposition trade unions students.germany apprenticeships part germanys dual education system. |
Apprenticeship | berufsakademie dual system get bachelor degree gesellenbrief.welding technology germany permitted work without valid schweißerprüfung .form integral part many peoples working life.finding good employment without completed apprenticeship almost impossible.technikerschule höhere fachschule betriebsleiterlehrgang seefahrt food technology completed apprenticeship work recommended.the degree staatlich geprüfter techniker statecertified technician. |
Apprenticeship | india india apprentices act enacted .regulates programme training apprentices industry conform syllabi period training etc.laid central apprenticeship council utilise fully facilities available industry imparting practical training view meeting requirements skilled manpower industry.the apprentices act enacted implemented effectively .initially act envisaged training trade apprentices.act amended include training graduate diploma engineers graduate technician apprentices. |
Apprenticeship | act amended bring within purview training vocational stream technician vocational apprentices.responsibility implementing apprentices act overall responsibility directorate general employment training dget union ministry skill development entrepreneurship.for trades apprentices itipassedfresher dget also responsible implementation act respect trade apprentices central govt.undertakings departments.done six regional directorates apprenticeship training located kolkata mumbai chennai hyderabad kanpur faridabad.state apprenticeship advisers responsible implementation act respect trade apprentices state government undertakings departments private establishments.for graduate technician polytechnic diploma holder technician h.s vocationalpassed apprentices department education ministry human resource development responsible implementation four boards apprenticeship training located chennai kanpur kolkata mumbai. |
Apprenticeship | ireland republic ireland apprenticeships split two main categories craft new.main craft trades professions designated solas come within scope statutory apprenticeship system organised solas cooperation department education skills employers unions.apprenticeship council also place.apprenticeship provides onthejob training employer.usually alternates offthejob training education centre onthejob training employers workplace. |
Apprenticeship | apprenticeship generally lasts years time different periods offthejob training.training phase takes place education training board etb training centre subsequent offthejob training phases take place institute technology.ongoing assessments onthejob competence testing well offthejob modular assessments examinations passed successfully apprentice awarded advanced certificate craft level national framework qualifications.new apprenticeships areas industry introduced lead award levels – national framework qualifications.apprenticeship programme lasts years.industryled groups work education training providers partners oversee development rollout new apprenticeships. |
Apprenticeship | new apprenticeships ict finance hospitality include software development accounting technician commis chef.liberia liberia tailor apprenticeships engage skilled tailors learn craft skills may taught traditional school settings.learn master tailors gives apprentices promised job training completed.apprentices must grasp patterns measurement mathematics skills.demonstrate full concept mastery moving next piece clothing. |
Apprenticeship | instead formal testing evaluation articles clothing must meet quality standards sold apprentice begin new design.nigeria igbo apprentice system framework formal informal indentured agreements parties ultimately facilitate burgeoning entrepreneurial communities within igbos.economic model practiced widely igbos originated southeastern nigeria.purposes still remains spur economic growth stability sustainable livelihood financing investing human resources vocational training.pakistan pakistan apprenticeship training implemented national apprenticeship ordinance apprenticeship rules . |
Apprenticeship | regulates apprenticeship programs industry tvet institute theoretical instructions.obligatory industry fifty workers apprenticeable trade operate apprenticeship training industry.entire cost training borne industry including wages apprentices.provincial governments technical education vocational training authorities punjab tevta sindh tevta kp tevta balochistan tevta ajk tevta enforce implementation apprenticeship.the training period varies different trades ranging – years.apprentices trained industries trades across pakistan. |
Apprenticeship | figure constitutes less institution based vocational training i.e.thousand annually.recently government pakistan national vocational technical training commission navttc initiated reform existing system apprenticeship.highlights modern apprenticeship system are– inclusion services agriculture mining sector– cost sharing industry government– regulating formalizing informal apprenticeships– mainstream apprenticeship qualifications national vocational qualifications framework pakistan nvqf– increased participation female– training cost reimbursement industries training number apprentices required– assessment certification apprentices jointly industry – chamber commerce industry – government– apprenticeship management committee representation employers workers government officials turkey turkey apprenticeship part small business culture centuries since time seljuk turks claimed anatolia homeland th century.there three levels apprenticeship.first level apprentice i.e.çırak turkish. |
Apprenticeship | second level premaster called kalfa turkish.mastery level called usta highest level achievement.usta eligible take accept new ciraks train bring up.training process usually starts small boy age – becomes fullgrown master age –.many years hard work disciplining authority master key young apprentices education learning process.in turkey today many vocational schools train children gain skills learn new profession. |
Apprenticeship | student graduation looks job nearest local marketplace usually authority master.united kingdom apprenticeships united kingdom devolved.long tradition united kingdom dating back around th century.apprenticeships flourished th century expanded industrial revolution.modern times apprenticeships formalised act parliament continue widespread use four nations hundreds apprenticeships choose from. |
Apprenticeship | united states apprenticeship programs united states regulated smith–hughes act national industrial recovery act national apprenticeship act also known fitzgerald act.the number american apprentices increased federal government intends see particularly expanding apprenticeship model include whitecollar occupations information technology.analogues universities professional development modern concept internship similar apprenticeship rigorous.universities still use apprenticeship schemes production scholars bachelors promoted masters produce thesis oversight supervisor corporate body university recognises achievement standard doctorate.another view system graduate students role apprentices postdoctoral fellows journeymen professors masters .wealth nations adam smith states seven years seem anciently europe usual term established duration apprenticeships greater part incorporated trades. |
Apprenticeship | incorporations anciently called universities indeed proper latin name incorporation whatever.university smiths university tailors etc.expressions commonly meet old charters ancient towns ... wrought seven years master properly qualified necessary order entitle person become master apprenticed common trade studied seven years master properly qualified necessary entitle become master teacher doctor words anciently synonymous liberal arts scholars apprentices words likewise originally synonymous study him.also similar apprenticeships professional development arrangements new graduates professions accountancy engineering management consulting law.british example training contracts known articles clerkship.learning curve modern professional service firms law firms consultancies accountancies generally resembles traditional masterapprentice model newcomer firm assigned one several experienced colleagues ideally partners firm learns skills job. |
Apprenticeship | see also references reading modern apprenticeships way work report modern apprenticeship advisory committee dfes modern apprenticeships consultationapprenticeship british training market paul ryan lorna unwin university cambridge university leicester apprenticeship british ‘training market’creating ‘modern apprenticeship’ critique uks multisector social inclusion approach alison fuller lorna unwin pdfapprenticeship systems england germany decline survival.thomas deissinger towards history vocational education training vet europe comparative perspective pdfeuropean vocational training systems theoretical context historical development.wolfdietrich greinert towards history vocational education training vet europe comparative perspective.pdfapprenticeships uk design development implementation miranda e pye keith c pye dr emma wisby sector skills development agency pdfl’apprentissage changé c’est le moment d’y penser ministère de l’emploi du travail et de la cohésion sociale learning shop floor historical perspectives apprenticeship bert de munck steven l. kaplan hugo soly.berghahn books . |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | preview google booksthe social production technical work case british engineers peter whalley suny press .apprenticeship ‘golden age’ youth transitions really smooth unproblematic back sarah a.vickerstaff university kent uk higher apprenticeship ha engineering technology sector skills council science engineering manufacturing technologies uk external links media related apprenticeship wikimedia commonsfacts germany apprenticeships federal foreign officelapprenti frenchfurther education skills apprenticeships – gov.uknormele metodologice de aplicare legii nr.privind ucenicia la locul de muncă modificate și completate astăzi de guvern romanianiron steel industry began located large areas flat land near sea ports.history modern steel industry began late s. since steel become staple worlds industrial economy.article intended address business economic social dimensions industry since bulk production steel began result henry bessemers development bessemer converter .previously steel expensive produce used small expensive items knives swords armor.technology steel alloy composed . |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | .percent carbon balance iron.prehistory creation blast furnace iron produced iron ore wrought iron .– percent fe process making steel involved adding carbon iron usually serendipitous manner forge via cementation process.introduction blast furnace reversed problem.blast furnace produces pig iron — alloy approximately percent iron percent carbon. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | process steelmaking started pig iron instead wrought iron challenge remove sufficient amount carbon reduce .percentage steel.before steel expensive product made small quantities used mostly swords tools cutlery large metal structures made wrought cast iron.steelmaking centered sheffield middlesbrough britain supplied european american markets.introduction cheap steel due bessemer open hearth processes two technological advances made england.bessemer process molten pig iron converted steel blowing air removed furnace. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | air blast burned carbon silicon pig iron releasing heat causing temperature molten metal rise.henry bessemer demonstrated process successful operation going .bessemer steel widely used ship plate.speed weight quantity railway traffic limited strength wrought iron rails use.solution turn steel rails bessemer process made competitive price. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | experience quickly proved steel much greater strength durability could handle increasingly heavy faster engines cars.after bessemer process gradually supplanted openhearth steelmaking middle th century longer use.openhearth process originated germany france.usual openhearth process used pig iron ore scrap became known siemensmartin process.process allowed closer control composition steel also substantial quantity scrap could included charge.crucible process remained important making highquality alloy steel th century. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | electric arc furnace adapted steelmaking falling cost electricity allowed largely supplant crucible process specialty steels.britain th century britain led worlds industrial revolution early commitment coal mining steam power textile mills machinery railways shipbuilding.britains demand iron steel combined ample capital energetic entrepreneurs made world leader first half th century.steel vital role industrial revolution.in britain accounted world production pig iron third came middlesbrough area almost steel.british output exported u.s. rapidly building rail industrial infrastructure. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | two decades later however british share world production plunged pig iron .steel little sent u.s. u.s. world leader germany catching britain.britain lost american market losing role elsewhere indeed american products underselling british steel britain.the growth pig iron output dramatic.britain went .million tons . |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | million ..us started lower base grew faster .million tons .million . |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | million .germany went .million tons ... |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | france belgium austriahungary russia combined went .million tons .million tons eve world war.war demand artillery shells supplies caused spurt output diversion military uses.th century abé explores record iron steel firms victorian england analyzing bolckow vaughan company. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | wedded long obsolescent technology late adopter open hearth furnace method.abé concludes firm—and british steel industry—suffered failure entrepreneurship planning.blair explores history british steel industry since second world war evaluate impact government intervention market economy.entrepreneurship lacking government could persuade industry upgrade plants.generations industry followed patchwork growth pattern proved inefficient face world competition.first steel development plan put practice aim increasing capacity iron steel act meant nationalization industry form iron steel corporation great britain. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | however reforms dismantled conservative governments s. labour party control industry nationalized.twenty years political manipulation left companies british steel corporation serious problems complacency existing equipment plants operating capacity low efficiency poor quality assets outdated technology government price controls higher coal oil costs lack funds capital improvement increasing world market competition.labour government main goal keep employment high declining industry.since british steel main employer depressed regions kept many mills facilities operating loss.conservative prime minister margaret thatcher reprivatized bsc british steel plc. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | australia various ironmaking ventures th century steel made small scale.the first commercial scale production steel australia william sandford limited eskbank ironworks lithgow new south wales .plant became australias first integrated iron steel works .later expanded charles hoskins.first steel rails rolled australia rolled .operations lithgow transferred management cecil hoskins new plant port kembla still site australias steel production today.the minister public works arthur hill griffith consistently advocated greater industrialization newcastle william holman personally negotiated establishment steelworks g. d. delprat bhp. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | griffith also architect walsh island establishment.in bhp ventured steel manufacturing operation newcastle closed .long products side steel business spun form onesteel .bhps decision move mining ore open steelworks newcastle precipitated technical limitations recovering value mining lowerlying sulphide ores.discovery iron knob iron monarch near western shore spencer gulf south australia combined development bhp metallurgist archibald drummond carmichael technique separating zinc sulphides accompanying earth rock led bhp implement startlingly simple cheap process liberating vast amounts valuable metals sulphide ores including huge heaps tailings slimes ft high.germany ruhr valley provided excellent location german iron steel industry availability raw materials coal transport skilled labor force nearby markets entrepreneurial spirit led creation many firms often close conjunction coal mines. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | ruhr iron works fulltime employees.first modern furnace built .creation german empire gave impetus rapid growth germany started catch britain.world war industry ruhr area consisted numerous enterprises working separate level production.mixed enterprises could unite levels production vertical integration thus lowering production costs. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | technological progress brought new advantages well.developments set stage creation combined business concerns.the leading firm friedrich krupp ag run krupp family.many diverse largescale family firms krupps reorganized order adapt changing conditions meet economic depression reduced earnings german iron steel industry.krupp reformed accounting system better manage growing empire adding specialized bureau calculation well bureau control times wages.rival firm ghh quickly followed thyssen ag founded august thyssen . |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | germany became europes leading steelproducing nation late th century thanks large part protection american british competition afforded tariffs cartels.by american german exports dominated world steel market britain slipped third place.german steel production grew explosively million metric tons million peaked million .germany produced million tons output plunged million .nazis steel output peaked million tons dipped million allied bombing.the merger four major firms german steel trust vereinigte stahlwerke modeled u.s. steel corporation u.s. goal move beyond limitations old cartel system incorporating advances simultaneously inside single corporation.new company emphasized rationalization management structures modernization technology employed multidivisional structure used return investment measure success. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | represented americanization german steel industry internal structure management methods use technology emphasis mass production.chief difference consumer capitalism industrial strategy seem plausible german steel industrialists.in iron steel industries german firms avoided cutthroat competition instead relied trade associations.germany world leader prevailing corporatist mentality strong bureaucratic tradition encouragement government.associations regulated competition allowed small firms function shadow much larger companies.with need rebuild bombedout infrastructure second world war marshall plan – enabled west germany rebuild modernize mills.produced million tons steel million million million . |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | east germany produced tenth much.france french iron industry lagged behind britain belgium early th century.also lagged behind germany luxembourg.industry comprised many small inefficient firms.th century growth robust due traditional social economic attitudes inherent geographic population resource factors. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | despite high national income level french steel industry remained laggard.industry based large supplies coal iron ore dispersed across country.greatest output came .million metric tons.industry suffered sharply great depression world war ii. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | prosperity returned mids profits came largely strong domestic demand rather competitive capacity.late modernization delayed development powerful unions collective bargaining.italy italy shortage coal led steel industry specialize use hydroelectrical energy exploiting ideas pioneered ernesto stassano stassano furnace.despite periods innovation – growth – consolidation – early expectations partly realized.steel output averaged . |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | million metric tons.per capita consumption much lower average western europe.electrical processes important substitute yet improve competitiveness reduce prices.instead reinforced dualism sector initiated vicious circle prevented market expansion.italy modernized industry grew rapidly becoming second west germany s. strong labour unions kept employment levels high. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | troubles multiplied however foreign competition became stiffer.largest producer nuova italsider dubbed ilva company lost billion lira inefficient operations.italian steel industry mostly stateowned largely privatised.today country worlds seventhlargest steel exporter.united states see also history iron steel industry united statesfrom american steel production grew tons million tons annually making u.s. world leader. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | annual growth rates steel – .us .britain .germany .france belgium russia major producers. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | explosive american growth rested solid technological foundations continuous rapid expansion urban infrastructures office buildings factories railroads bridges sectors increasingly demanded steel.use steel automobiles household appliances came th century.some key elements growth steel production included easy availability iron ore coal.iron ore fair quality abundant eastern states lake superior region contained huge deposits exceedingly rich ore marquette iron range discovered operations began .ranges opened including menominee gogebic vermilion cuyuna greatest mesabi range minnesota.iron ore shipped lakes ports chicago detroit cleveland erie buffalo shipment rail steel mills. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | abundant coal available pennsylvania ohio.manpower short.native americans wanted work mills immigrants britain germany later eastern europe arrived great numbers.in iron already major industry accounting .manufacturing employment .manufacturing output. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | central figure andrew carnegie made pittsburgh center industry.sold operations us steel became worlds largest steel corporation decades.in transition wrought iron puddling massproduced bessemer steel greatly increased worker productivity.highly skilled workers remained essential average level skill declined.nevertheless steelworkers earned much ironworkers despite fewer skills.workers integrated synchronized mass production environment wielded greater strategic power greater cost mistakes bolstered workers status. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | experience demonstrated new technology decrease worker bargaining leverage creating interchangeable unskilled workforce.alabama alabama industrialization generating ravenous appetite states coal iron ore. production booming unions attempting organize unincarcerated miners.convicts provided ideal captive work force cheap usually docile unable organize available unincarcerated laborers went strike.southern agrarian economy accommodate convict leasing well industrial economy whose jobs often unappealing dangerous offering hardlabor low pay.competition expansion growth mining steel companies also created high demand labor union labor posed threat expanding companies. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | unions bargained higher wages better conditions often organizing strikes order achieve goals growing companies would forced agree union demands face abrupt halts production.rate companies paid convict leases paid laborer nothing regulated government state officials entered labor contracts companies.companies built prisons fed clothed convicts supplied guards saw fit.blackmon alabamas use convict leasing commanding counties regularly leased convicts serving misdemeanors rate per month equal .although influence labor unions forced states move away profitable convict lease agreements run traditional prisons plenty companies began substituting convict labor operations twentieth century. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | biggest user forced labor alabama turn century tennessee coal iron railroad co. u.s. steel carnegie andrew carnegie scottish immigrant advanced cheap efficient mass production steel rails railroad lines adopting bessemer process.early career railroads carnegie foresaw potential steel amass vast profits.asked cousin george lauder join america scotland.lauder leading mechanical engineer studied lord kelvin.lauder devised several new systems carnegie steel company including process washing coking dross coal mines resulted significant increase scale profits enterprise value. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | lauder would go lead development use steel armor armaments carnegie steel company spending significant time krupp factory germany returning build massive armor plate mill homestead steel works would revolutionize warfare forever.carnegies first mill edgar thomson works braddock pa outside pittsburgh.bought rival homestead steel works included extensive plant served tributary coal iron fields mile km long railway line lake steamships.would also add duquesne works empire.three mills monongahela river would make pittsburgh steel capital world. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | late carnegie steel company largest manufacturer pig iron steel rails coke world capacity produce approximately tons pig iron per day.consolidation carnegies assets associates occurred launching carnegie steel company.lauder would go lead development use steel armor armaments carnegie steel company spending significant time krupp factory germany returning build massive armor plate mill homestead steel works would revolutionize warfare forever.u.s. output steel exceeded britain andrew carnegie owned large part it.profits carnegie bros. company alone stood carnegies share.carnegie keystone supplied steel owned shares landmark eads bridge project across mississippi river st. louis missouri completed .project important proofofconcept steel technology marked opening new steel market.the homestead strike violent labor dispute ended battle strikers private security guards. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | dispute took place carnegies homestead steel works amalgamated association iron steel workers carnegie steel company.final result major defeat union setback efforts unionize steelworkers.carnegie sold steel holdings merged u.s. steel nonunion late s. us steel us largest producer also lowest cost producer demand steel seemed inexhaustible.output tripled since customers producers mostly benefitted.productivityenhancing technology encouraged faster faster rates investment new plants.however recessions demand fell sharply taking output prices profits. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | charles m. schwab carnegie steel proposed solution consolidation.financier j. p. morgan arranged buyout carnegie major firms put elbert gary charge.massive gary works steel mill lake michigan many years largest steel producing facility world.us steel combined finishing firms american tin plate controlled william henry judge moore american steel wire national tube two major integrated companies carnegie steel federal steel.capitalized .billion included manufacturing mills one thousand miles railroad mines. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | accounted americas steel output almost worlds.world war annual production exceeded combined output german austrian firms.the steel strike disrupted entire industry months union lost membership sharply declined.rapid growth cities made boom years.president harding social reformers forced end hour day .earnings recorded .billion . |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | bethlehem steel charles m. schwab – eugene grace – made bethlehem steel secondlargest american steel company s. schwab operating head carnegie steel us steel.purchased small firm bethlehem steel made grace president.innovation keynote time u.s. steel judge gary moved slowly.bethlehem concentrated government contracts ships naval armor construction beams especially skyscrapers bridges.subsidiary bethlehem shipbuilding corporation operated shipyards world war ii. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | produced ships builder war nearly onefifth u.s. navys fleet.peak employment workers companywide wartime peak .bethlehem doubled steel capacity measure widespread optimism industry.however company ignored new technologies developed europe japan.seeking labor peace order avoid strikes bethlehem like majors agreed large wage benefits increases kept costs high. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | grace retired executives concentrated short term profits postponed innovations led longterm inefficiency.went bankrupt .republic steel cyrus eaton – purchased small trumbull steel company warren ohio million.late purchased undervalued steel rubber companies.eaton consolidated steel holdings republic steel based cleveland became thirdlargest steel producer u.s. us steel bethlehem steel. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | unions american federation labor afl tried failed organize steelworkers .although strike gained widespread middleclass support demand hour day strike failed unionization postponed late s. mills ended hour day early s.the second surge unionization came auspices militant cio late set steel workers organizing committee.swoc focused almost exclusively achievement signed contract little steel major producers except us steel.grassroots however women steel auxiliaries workers picket line middleclass liberals across chicago sought transform strike something larger showdown union recognition.chicago little steel strike raised possibility steelworkers might embrace ‘civic unionism’ animated leftled unions era. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | effort failed strike resulting powerful united steelworkers america union suppressed grassroots opinions.apogee decline integration watchword various processes brought together large corporations mining iron ore shipping finished product wholesalers.typical steelworks giant operation including blast furnaces bessemer converters openhearth furnaces rolling mills coke ovens foundries well supported transportation facilities.largest ones operated region chicago st. louis baltimore philadelphia buffalo.smaller operations appeared birmingham alabama california.the industry grew slowly industries grew even faster downward spiral began steel accounted . |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | manufacturing employment .manufacturing output.american steel producers could longer compete effectively lowwage producers elsewhere.imports local minimills undercut sales.percapita steel consumption u.s. peaked fell half staging modest recovery levels well peak.most mills closed.bethlehem went bankrupt . |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | republic merged jones laughlin steel company new firm went bankrupt .us steel diversified oil marathon oil spun .finally us steel reemerged plants three american locations plus one europe employed fewer onetenth workers .steel accounted .manufacturing employment . |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | manufacturing output.the world steel industry peaked .year thyssenkrupp spent billion build two modern mills world alabama brazil.worldwide great recession starting however heavy cutbacks construction sharply lowered demand prices fell .thyssenkrupp lost billion two new plants sold steel cost production.finally thyssenkrupp offered plants sale billion. |
History of the steel industry (1850–1970) | legacy president united states authorized declare may steelmark month recognize contribution made steel industry united states.asia japan yonekura shows steel industry central economic development japan.nations sudden transformation feudal modern society late nineteenth century heavy industrialization imperialist war ventures – postworld war ii higheconomic growth depended iron steel.great japanese industries shipbuilding automobiles industrial machinery closely linked steel.industry increased crude steel production virtually nothing . |
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